Internet of Things

Principles and Paradigms

Page left intentionally blank
Internet of Things
Principles and Paradigms

Edited by
Rajkumar Buyya
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory
Department of Computing and Information Systems
The University of Melbourne, Australia
Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia

Amir Vahid Dastjerdi

Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory
Department of Computing and Information Systems
The University of Melbourne, Australia
 -

Notices

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Publisher:
Acquisition Editor:
Editorial Project Manager:
Project Manager:
Designer:
Contents

PART I IoT ECOSYSTEM CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURES

CHAPTER 1 Internet of Things: An Overview 3
F. Khodadadi, A.V. Dastjerdi, R. Buyya
1.1
1.2 5
5
5
5
5

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8
1.9

v
vi Contents

1.10
1.11
1.12

CHAPTER 2 Open Source Semantic Web Infrastructure for Managing IoT

Resources in the Cloud 29
N. Kefalakis, S. Petris, C. Georgoulis, J. Soldatos
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

CHAPTER 3 Device/Cloud Collaboration Framework

for Intelligence Applications 49
Y. Yoon, D. Ban, S. Han, D. An, E. Heo
3.1
3.2
3.3 50
50

3.4

3.5
3.6

CHAPTER 4 Fog Computing: Principles, Architectures, and Applications 61

A.V. Dastjerdi, H. Gupta, R.N. Calheiros, S.K. Ghosh, R. Buyya
4.1
4.2
4.3
 Contents vii

4.4
4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

PART II IoT ENABLERS AND SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 5 Programming Frameworks for Internet of Things 79
J. Krishnamurthy, M. Maheswaran
5.1
5.2

5.3

5.4
5.5
viii Contents

CHAPTER 6 Virtualization on Embedded Boards as Enabling

Technology for the Cloud of Things 103
B. Bardhi, A. Claudi, L. Spalazzi, G. Taccari, L. Taccari
6.1
6.2

6.3
6.4

6.5
6.6

CHAPTER 7 Micro Virtual Machines (MicroVMs) for Cloud-Assisted

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 125
J.V. Pradilla, C.E. Palau
7.1
7.2

7.3
7.4
7.5

7.6

7.7
7.8
 Contents ix

PART III IoT DATA AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 8 Stream Processing in IoT: Foundations, State-of-the-Art,
and Future Directions 145
X. Liu, A.V. Dastjerdi, R. Buyya
8.1
8.2

8.3
8.4

8.5

CHAPTER 9 A Framework for Distributed Data Analysis

for IoT 163
M. Moshtaghi, C. Leckie, S. Karunasekera
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

9.5

9.6

9.7
x Contents

PART IV IoT RELIABILITY, SECURITY, AND PRIVACY

CHAPTER 10 Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things 183
V. Chellappan, K.M. Sivalingam
10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

CHAPTER 11 Internet of Things—Robustness and Reliability 201

S. Sarkar
11.1
11.2

11.3
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 12 Governing Internet of Things: Issues, Approaches,

and New Paradigms 219
M. Maheswaran, S. Misra
12.1
12.2

12.3

12.4
12.5

CHAPTER 13 TinyTO: Two-Way Authentication for Constrained

Devices in the Internet of Things 239
C. Schmitt, M. Noack, B. Stiller
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

13.5

13.6
xii Contents

CHAPTER 14 Obfuscation and Diversification for Securing

the Internet of Things (IoT) 259
S. Hosseinzadeh, S. Hyrynsalmi, V. Leppänen
14.1
14.2

14.3
14.4

14.5
14.6

PART V IoT APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 15 Applied Internet of Things 277
S.J. Johnston, M. Apetroaie-Cristea, M. Scott, S.J. Cox
15.1
15.2
15.3

15.4
15.5

15.6

15.7

CHAPTER 16 Internet of Vehicles and Applications 299

W. Wu, Z. Yang, K. Li
16.1
 Contents xiii

16.2

16.3

16.4

16.5

CHAPTER 17 Cloud-Based Smart-Facilities Management 319

S. Majumdar
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

17.6

17.7
17.8

17.9
Page left intentionally blank
List of Contributors
D. An
Keimyung University, Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, South Korea
M. Apetroaie-Cristea
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
D. Ban
Samsung Electronics, South Korea
B. Bardhi
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
R. Buyya
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia
R.N. Calheiros
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
V. Chellappan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, India
A. Claudi
ADB Broadband S.p.A., Viale Sarca, Milano, Italy
S.J. Cox
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
A.V. Dastjerdi
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing
and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
C. Georgoulis
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
S.K. Ghosh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India
H. Gupta
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India
S. Han
Samsung Electronics, South Korea

xv
xvi List of Contributors

E. Heo
Samsung Electronics, South Korea
S. Hosseinzadeh
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
S. Hyrynsalmi
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
S.J. Johnston
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
S. Karunasekera
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
N. Kefalakis
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
F. Khodadadi
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
J. Krishnamurthy
School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
C. Leckie
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
V. Leppänen
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
K. Li
Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, NY, United States of America
X. Liu
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
M. Maheswaran
School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
S. Majumdar
Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
S. Misra
Ericsson Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
M. Moshtaghi
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
M. Noack
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
C.E. Palau
Distributed Real-Time Systems Research Group, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de
Telecomunicación at the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
 List of Contributors xvii

S. Petris
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
J.V. Pradilla
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación at the Universitat Politècnica de
Valencia, Spain
S. Sarkar
Department of CSIS, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K.Birla Goa Campus,
Goa, India
C. Schmitt
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
M. Scott
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
K.M. Sivalingam
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, India
J. Soldatos
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
L. Spalazzi
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
B. Stiller
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
G. Taccari
Par-Tec S.p.A., Milano, Italy
L. Taccari
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
W. Wu
Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Z. Yang
Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Y. Yoon
Hongik University, Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Page left intentionally blank
About the Editors

Rajkumar Buyya
-

-
-

Journal of Software: Practice and Experience

Amir Vahid Dastjerdi

xix
Page left intentionally blank
Preface

-
-

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

-

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

xxi
xxii Preface

-
-

-
Acknowledgments

Rajkumar Buyya
The University of Melbourne and Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia

Amir Vahid Dastjerdi

The University of Melbourne, Australia

xxiii
Page left intentionally blank
 PART

IoT ECOSYSTEM
CONCEPTS AND
ARCHITECTURES
1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 OPEN SOURCE SEMANTIC WEB INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MANAGING IoT RESOURCES IN THE CLOUD. . . . . . . . 29
3 DEVICE/CLOUD COLLABORATION FRAMEWORK FOR INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4 FOG COMPUTING: PRINCIPLES, ARCHITECTURES, AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Page left intentionally blank
 CHAPTER

INTERNET OF THINGS:
AN OVERVIEW
F. Khodadadi*, A.V. Dastjerdi*, R. Buyya*,**
*Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing
and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia **Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia

1.1 INTRODUCTION

3
4 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

FIGURE 1.1 IoT Ecosystem

 1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION EVOLUTION 5

1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION EVOLUTION

1.2.1 IoT EMERGENCE
-

1.2.2 INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

1.2.3 INDUSTRIAL IoT

1.2.4 SMARTNESS IN IoT

-

-
6 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

1.2.5 MARKET SHARE

-
-

FIGURE 1.2 IoT Trend Forecast [13]

 1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES 7

1.2.6 HUMAN IN THE LOOP

1.2.7 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE

1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES

-
8 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

FIGURE 1.3 A Reference Architecture for IoT

1.3.1 SOA-BASED ARCHITECTURE

 1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES 9

-
-

1.3.2 API-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE

-

-
-

-
10 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

1.4 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

-

1.4.1 RESOURCE PARTITIONING

Containers -

-
 1.4 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 11

FIGURE 1.4 Taxonomy of Resource Management in IoT

1.4.2 COMPUTATION OFFLOADING

12 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

1.4.3 IDENTIFICATION AND RESOURCE/SERVICE DISCOVERY

1.5 IoT DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYTICS

-
 1.5 IoT DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYTICS 13

1.5.1 IoT AND THE CLOUD

-
14 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

1.5.2 REAL-TIME ANALYTICS IN IoT AND FOG COMPUTING

-
-

-
 1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 15

Table 1.1 Cloud Versus Fog

Fog Cloud

FIGURE 1.5 Typical Fog Computing Architecture

1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

-
16 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

FIGURE 1.6 Use of Various Protocols in IoT Communication Layers

1.6.1 NETWORK LAYER

1.6.2 TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYER

1.
 1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 17

2.

3.

Table 1.2 IoT Communication Protocols Comparison

Protocol Transport
Name Protocol Messaging Model Security Best-Use Cases Architecture

DDS
18 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

1.7 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS

-
-

-
-

1.7.1 MONITORING AND ACTUATING

-
-

-
-
 1.8 SECURITY 19

1.7.2 BUSINESS PROCESS AND DATA ANALYSIS

-

Society level

Industry level

Organizational level

Individual level

1.7.3 INFORMATION GATHERING AND COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION

-

1.8 SECURITY

-
20 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

Table 1.3 List of IoT-Related Projects

Name of Project/Product Area of Focus

-
 1.10 PRIVACY 21

1.9 IDENTITY MANAGEMENT AND AUTHENTICATION

1.10 PRIVACY

-
22 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW

Table 1.4 IoT Standards

Organization Name Outcome

1.11 STANDARDIZATION AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS

-

-
-

1.12 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES 23

REFERENCES
24 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
REFERENCES 25
26 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
REFERENCES 27