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1941 1945 Japanese Occupation in Philippines

This document summarizes key events in the Philippines from 1941 to 1942 during World War 2 and the Japanese occupation. It describes Japan's invasion and defeat of Allied forces, the capture of Manila, and the brutal treatment of prisoners of war. It also discusses the Japanese propaganda efforts to gain cooperation from Filipinos and the establishment of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
140 views10 pages

1941 1945 Japanese Occupation in Philippines

This document summarizes key events in the Philippines from 1941 to 1942 during World War 2 and the Japanese occupation. It describes Japan's invasion and defeat of Allied forces, the capture of Manila, and the brutal treatment of prisoners of war. It also discusses the Japanese propaganda efforts to gain cooperation from Filipinos and the establishment of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1941: The Zero Hour War in the Christmas Ad

Sunday Tribune - In the full page, Philippine Herald


featured a Christmas advertisement
- War in Europe was the regular headline indicative of the coming threat and that
on the local newspaper until Sunday 1941 Christmas was not a happy one
Tribune unusually covered Japanese
military action in Asia Tutuban Waiting

Round-up Japs - Crowded Tutuban train station before


and after the Japanese invasion
- The Japanese in Manila were arrested indicates the fear felt by the people
by American and Filipino soldiers as a despite of the assurances from the
way of protecting the nation from
Americans that war won’t last long
enemy invasion
Folk Ballad
Open City
- Gone are the high hopes and trust of
- On December 26, 1941, Quezon’s gov’t
the Filipinos toward the strength of the
and all military defenses moved out; USAFFE on December 1941 as shown in
Japanese entered Manila on January 2, this descriptive and emotional folk
1942 ballad
Pontoon bridge Bataan Radio
- It was built for pre-war exercises; it - Communication from Bataan to various
became useful for soldiers and civilians fighting units inside and outside Bataan
during actual war peninsula sustained the spirit of all the
Japanese Order of Battle besieged to continue resisting the
besiegers
- Japanese ground, air, and naval forces
invaded various strategic places in the Sandbags
Philippines (Leyte was not part of their - Sandbags were hurriedly filed up in
plan) Manila to protect people from Japanese
- December 1491 – May 1942 air raids
Christmas Catalogue Statue of Jesus
- As a way of getting ready for the - Reverence to the statue of Jesus is
traditional Christmas shopping, known shown in this photo by this man who
Aguinaldo’s Department Store in Manila saved it from a burning church
released its Christmas catalogue on
December 7, 1941, a day before the war Raid of Cavite
broke out
- Bombing of Cavite was rendered to - Japanese Propaganda corps posted on
sketch and color by an identified the Filipino houses their campaign
Japanese artist; US navy base in Cavite materials to invite Filipino cooperation
was destroyed completely on December
10, 1941 Sleep My Sons …

- Lines like these will always remind


Rushing Vehicles
every Filipino and American of the
- Civilian Emergency Assistance (CEA) sacrifices made by the prisoners of war
army vehicles and ambulances are (POW’s) in defending freedom
usually seen rushing through streets of
Manila during the numerous air raids Flying Infantry
made by the Japanese - Due to the limited number of planes
during the war years, American pilots
Rice Distribution
without planes became a plain walking
- Through the help of women volunteers, air force; they were called the “Flying
it was one of the first actions made by Infantry”
the Philippine gov’t in Manila on
Malinta Tunnel
December 1941
- Impenetrable and ever strong war
Oil Storage Explosion
shelter, Malinta Tunnel housed USAFFE
- Oil depot in Pandacan was blasted by headquarters, including command and
the USAFFE as part of the “scorched communication centers, and a fully
earth policy” to prevent the Japanese in equipped hospital
getting the strategic resources of the
Phils. Captured USAFFE Soldiers

Vendors - Denial of food and water, clubbing,


beatings are the horrors of war;
- Selling on the street of various food and exposure of the POWs to the blazing
drinks was a common source of and scorching heat of the sun
livelihood for the Filipinos even during aggravated it all
the pre-war year
Capt. Jesus A. Villamor
“Mabuhay”
- Capt. Villamor was the “Distiguished
- The incessant attacks made by the Service Cross” awardee; he was the fist
Japanese in the Philippines was the Filipino to shoot down a Japanese sero
main topic of Mabuhay newspaper for plane; he was honored in this ten-
its 1942 New Year Edition centavo commemorative stamp

Japanese Propaganda Death March


- POWs experiences range from humane - Leaders of the Kapisanan sa
and kind treatment from sympathetic Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
Japanese to brutal and barbaric (Kalibapi) take their oath at Luneta on
treatment from atrocious Japanese’ December 30, 1942
Colonel Masanobu Tsuji was the one
who ordered the atrocities Greater East Asia

Japanese Prison Guards - Rare photo of Greater East Asia Co-


Prosperity Sphere’s sign posted on the
- The mere mention of the word could fence of Sto. Tomas Camp in 1942; note
make the Filipinos tremble; brutalities that the English language is the one
inflicted by them are unforgettable for used to instruct the Filipinos; the sign
the nation was intended not for internees but for
Filipino passersby

Japanese Victory Parade


1942: Gasp of a Nation
- Various rallies were held in Luneta,
Victorious Japs at Mt. Limay specifically in front of the bandstand;
mandatory checking of attendance was
- Triumphant grin of the Japanese
done to ensure the presence of more
soldiers at Mt. Limay, Bataan meant
people
“banzai” to the Japanese Imperial Army;
for the Filipinos, it meant defeat and Jugun Ianfu
loss
- Comfort women suffered from the
The Leaders – Homma and Vargas unthinkable brutality of the Japanese
military; the photo shows one of the
- Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, over-all
houses made as sex posts in Tarlac
commander of the Japanese military
units in the Philippines with Jorge Released USAFFE
Vargas, the acting mayor of Greater
Manila; Homma failed to conquer the - By July 1942, the Japanese released
Philippines on schedule because of the USAFFE prisoners after thousands had
Bataan resistance already died from sickness and hunger

Stealing and Punishment Japanese Lantern Parade

- Rampant lootings were the offshoot of - The Japanese introduced to the


widespread poverty caused by war and Filipinos a lot of ceremonials, such as
punishment like this was inflicted even this Night Lantern Parade to celebrate
to suspected young ones their victory

Kalibapi Oath Sweepstakes


- The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes - The Japanese propaganda corps put up
continued to operate even during the lessons on the walls using Nihonggo and
Japanese occupation; note the draw English; Nihonggo and Tagalog are
date (December 19, 1942) official languages recognized by the
Japanese during the time
Stamps
Match-box
- Stamps during the Japanese Occupation
were issued to honor Jose P. Laurel as - Japanese Co-Prosperity Propaganda
president of the Japanese sponsored used these match-box labels to turn the
Republic, to show food production, to people of conquered territories against
feature “kalayaan”, and to celebrate the Allies; US President F. Roosevelt and
the Fall of Bataan Great Britain PM W. Churchill were the
usual subjects of the ridicule
Burning of Intramuros
Abaca Industry
- Japanese bombs and USAFFE
demolition caused thick black clouds of - This industry was controlled by the
smoke to billow over Intramuros and Americans before the war and by the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran Japanese during their regime here in
the Philippines
Japs and ice cream
Guerilla money
- Japanese soldiers getting a taste of
Filipino ice cream - Guerilla bills in Cebu, Apayao, and
Lanao circulated from 1942 to 1945;
C. Agustin’s drawing take note that these bills do not have
- Kempetai savage way of torturing serial numbers; the bills were estimated
prisoners in Fort Santiago as sketched from 6 to 11 trillion pesos and were
by Conrado Gar Agustin, military never redeemed even after the war
prisoner no. 258 Coconut Barge
T. Velasquez’s Cartoons - Coconut’s potential for fuel, food, and
- Tony Velasquez created and other basic needs led the Japanese to
popularized the “kenkoy” strip before closely supervise barges loaded with
the war and also “kalibapi family” coconuts from Laguna down to Pasig
during the Japanese occupation; these River
cartoon strips talk about “profiteering” Rehabilitated Train
commonly practiced by the Filipinos
during those trying times - The Japanese immediately put back to
operation the train system disabled by
Language Lesson the USAFFE; this action was mainly for
military purposes
Buy and Sell - The “Liberator” was secretly distributed
in Manila and other areas; anyone
- It is one of the lucrative businesses caught with this underground
engaged into by the Filipinos during the newspaper was severely punished
Japanese time
Huk and Taruc March
Rice, Guitars, and Sacks
- Luis Taruc inspired the peasant and
- Enough food supply is the utmost desire labor groups called HUKBALAHAP to
of the Japanese propaganda; abundant fight and resist the Japanese; benefit
rice production would sustain the claims of Hukbalahap members were
Japanese Imperial Army; the ploy used
later denied by the Phil. gov’t and the
was farming to the tune of a guitar;
US gov’t
even rice sacks were being recycled due
to shortage of materials Surrender of supplies

Bakya - The surrender of USAFFE led to the


Death March and the confiscation of
- Bakya from Paete, Laguna became the supplies and logistics
“in thing” for the commuting ladies due
to the Japanese controlled means of
transportation and short supply of
gasoline 1943: Fatal Japanese Charm

Japs poster Tanaka and Vargas

- Japanese propaganda posters rivaled - The picture was taken before Gen.
pre-war American advertisements Shizuichi Tanaka secretly returned to
Japan in 1943
Aguinaldo and a Japanese soldier
Arrival of Tojo
- Former President Emilio Aguinaldo with
a Japanese soldier - Premier Hideki Tojo was said to be
impresses with the “sincere
Asia for Asiatics cooperation” of the Filipinos

- Japanese navy appeal: “Asia for the Preparatory Commission for Philippine
Asiatics” Independence (PCPI)

Wainwright during surrender - Members of the PCPI signed the draft of


the Japanese-inspired Constitution on
- Negotiations for surrender held in
September 4, 1943 at the balcony of
Cabcaben, Bataan between Gen.
the Metropolitan Waterworks Building
Jonathan Wainwright and Gen.
in Manila
Masaharu Homma (May 6)
Philippine Flag
Liberator PQOG
- On October 14, 1943, E. Aguinaldo and - The Filipinos gathered in one of
Artemio Ricarte hoisted the Philippine Manila’s main thoroughfares and
flag; Japan granted a four-day holiday sheered for Prime Minister Tojo; they
to celebrate the “independence” were told to shout “Banzai”, but some
shouted “Bangkay”
Seal of the Republic
Japanese Banquet
- The triangle in the middle stands for the
Republic’s official seal - A Japanese artist painted “The Birth of
the New Philippines” with Jose P. Laurel
Ifugaos “Bow” in black suit
- The picture shows how the Ifugao girls
Book Censorship
bow to a Japanese soldier
- The Japanese strictly censored
Neighborhood Association publication of books; almost all book,
- They are the night guards assigned by bookstores, and schools had to be
the Japanese checked and stamped

Crime Does Not Pay Shin Seiki

- These cartoon strips show that stealing - The dissemination of Japanese culture
electric wire is a crime; it also is the primary concern of Shin Seiki;
discourages the Filipinos to join the note the languages used – Nihonggo,
guerilla English, and Filipino

Calisthenics Textile Mills’ Float

- The Filipinos are required to do their - One of the primary concern of the
daily exercises by listening to Radio Japanese is textile production; take
Taiso note of the float in the middle of the
parade
Sumo wrestling in Ifugao
Hat-making
- The Ifugao children learned the
Japanese way of wrestling from the - The use of local materials in hat-making
soldiers was encouraged by Japanese’ local
industry such as this was immediately
Parade in Native Costume re-opened

- Filipinos were ordered to parade in Cigarette Factory


their native costumes to celebrate
Philippine Independence - Cigarette production was strictly
supervised by the Japanese; it was
Tojo welcomed intended to supply the cigarette needs
of the Imperial Army
Real Estate Tax Liberator of Asia

- Taxes were continued to be collected - A leaflet showing the Japanese as the


under the Japanese time as shown in real liberator in Asia
this 1943 tax receipt issued to a certain
Narciso Padilla The “Front”

Spinning Mills - The magazine shows the much played


up independence for the Filipinos; this
- Cotton production is vital for explosive is part of the propaganda campaign
making, thus the spinning mills inside intended to all the occupied territories
the factory are under the strict control of Japan
of the Japanese
Isang Watawat, Bansa, Wika
PRIMCO
- This is one of the popular nationalistic
- The Philippine Prime Commodities slogans of Jose P. Laurel as the
Distribution Control Association takes president of the Japanese sponsored
charge of the rationing of basic Republic; note the use of sakura or
commodities like soap, matches, cherry blossom in the middle of this
cigarettes, and others; note the poster
signatures of those who got their
supplies Carlos Francisco’s posters

Tanaka inspects mining site - Carlos Francisco, a Filipino artist,


prepared these posters to encourage
- General Shizuichi Tanaka led the mine- members of the Philippine Constabulary
inspecting team in Luzon; Japan favored to support gov’t of Jose P. Laurel
copper to gold; Japan favored anything
that will be advantageous to its military “Bayang Magiting”
ambition and operations - Hunter’s ROTC is one of those guerilla
Women in KALIBAPI units during the Japanese time; the
song expresses the Hunters’ patriotic
- Women began to be involved in the and nationalistic feelings
KALIBAPI Propaganda; the boy in the
middle of the two women in the picture Farewell, American …
is meaningful in the Japanese - The leaflet was intended to increase the
propaganda number of Japanese sympathizers and
to discourage resistance from the
The Japanese touch
Filipinos and Americans
- The Japanese used children in their
propaganda materials to soften the
hearts of resisting Filipinos
1944: Deliverance, it has come!
Laurel at Malacañang - Another one of those newspapers
showing suspicious Japanese even to
- In 1944, Pres. Jose P. Laurel distributed the Women Auxiliary Corps (WAC) from
goods in his attempt to get people’s USA
cooperation with the Japanese
government Down with the flag

Death of Quezon - A 1944 advertisement of an anti-


American movie, which stars both
- This face shows a dedicated but very Japanese and Filipino actors
sick president of the Philippine
Commonwealth; Manuel Quezon died Gas Ration
of tuberculosis in Saranak Lake, New
- Scarcity of supplies was one of the
York
marks of the Japanese rule and the war
Bamboo Spears years; record of rationed gas for
cooking is shown in a picture
- Fighting using bamboo spears was one
of the tactics used and taught by the Lumber
Japanese soldiers to the Filipinos; it was
used against the Americans and - Huge amount of trees were cut down
during the war years to supply the high
guerillas
demand for lumber by the Japanese
MacArthur and the guerillas
Mankayan Copper Mine
- MacArthur’s promise of return served
as a battle cry for every Filipino to - Opened under the management of the
continue resisting the invaders Japanese, copper was badly needed for
their war effort; in fact, gold mines
Cuttings in UST were closed so that the machineries
may be used in acquiring copper
- This was the inside portion of the
university with the Cuttings family Japanese Money
interned inside; Mr. Cutting was the
owner-founder for Sime Darby, an - The picture shows the first ten peso bill
released and circulated by the Japanese
American firm closed by the Japanese
gov’t in the Philippines
Tatlong Marias
America Challenged
- Filipino artists headed by Carmen
Rosales starred in this 1944 movie; - Upon the return of the American planes
Cinema was used by the Japanese as in 1944, posters encouraging the
part of their propaganda ploys to get Filipinos to fight against the Americans
spread but it failed for the Filipinos
the Filipino to their side
have suffered under the Japanese and
Final Morning Extra
have long awaited for the return of the very few bases and air craft carriers in
Americans contrast to what the Allied had

Laurel Challenge and the 1899 Republic Japanese ship under attack

- The pictures represent Japanese - A huge ship carrying the Japanese army
propaganda of declaring war with the faced a major attack from the American
Americans; the first one was the Filipino aircrafts in Leyte
revolutionary republic of 1899, a move
of the Congress to fight against the Leyte Beach
Americans, and the second one was - Large ships carrying American soldiers,
Laurel’s challenge of war against the many of which started to move down to
Americans build sandbag piers out to the ramps; it
was done in order to fasten up the
Nationalism and the food ads from “Front”
unloading operation of the American
- The picture from the Front magazine operations in Leyte
illustrates the encouragement for the
Filipinos to work and solve hunger WAAC in Leyte
problem in the Philippines; this move - The “Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps”,
was not intended for the starving consisted of military nurses from the
Filipinos but to feed the Japanese Armed Forces of the United States,
Imperial Army were sent in Leyte to aid the wounded
Strand members of the US army

- One of the stage shows presented


during the time of occupation side by
1945: Silhouette of the Rising Sun
side with various moving pictures; it
involves some of the biggest stars of the MacArthur back in Luzon
period
- The successful landing of Gen. D.
Guerilla tearing a poster MacArthur in Leyte and Luzon led to the
liberation of the whole archipelago (had
- The poster was removed and torn in the
with him 680 ships but news spread
middle by an unbelieving guerilla; it was
saying that he had 800, which was a
one of the propagandas spread which
plan of MacArthur to scare the
spoke of the failure of rice production
Japanese)
Kamikaze
Japanese Delegation
- By August 1944, Vice Admiral Takajuro
- The Japanese delegation arrived on USS
Ohnishi adopted an extraordinary tactic
Missouri, Sept. 2, 1945; the delegation
using kamikaze to save Japan because
met Gen. D. MacArthur to discuss
the air army of the Japanese navy had
Japan’s surrender
MacArthur at Santo Tomas

- Gen. D. MacArthur inside UST after he


liberated it from the Japanese

American tanks

- The American tanks rush in Manila to


liberate the city

Rizal Avenue during the war

- The picture shows how the Filipinos run


and save their belongings when their
houses were burned by the Japanese

Service to the dying

- The battle for Manila killed over a


million people; take note of the make
shift ambulance used to save the
wounded and the dying

Guerilla parade

- The guerillas join in the celebration of


the Philippine liberation

Healing the wounded

- A volunteer from the Women Auxiliary


Corps giving service to the wounded
and sick soldiers

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