Transformer

Experiment # 01
Task:
To study static machine Transformer its working & types.

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which, by the principles of electromagnetic
induction, transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, without changing the
frequency. The energy transfer usually takes place with a change of voltage and current.
Transformers either increases or decreases AC voltage.
Working principle:
The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual induction
between two windings linked by common magnetic flux.
It is important to remember that transformers do not generate electrical power; they transfer
electrical power from one AC circuit to another using magnetic coupling. The core of the
transformer is used to provide a controlled path for the magnetic flux generated in the transformer
by the current flowing through the windings, which are also known as coils.
There are four primary parts to the basic transformer. The parts include the Input Connection, the
Output Connection, the Windings or Coils and the Core.

Fig. 1.1 (Transformer)

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Expression:
Vp- Primary voltage
Vs-Secondary voltage
Ip- Primary current
Is- Secondary current
Np- No of turns of Primary coil
Ns- No of turns of Secondary coil
Vp Np Is
= = =𝛼
Vs Ns Ip
Parts:
1. CONSERVATOR:
Conservator is a type of tank, used to help oil filling this is situated upper portion of
the power transformer. Mainly these are cylindrically shaped.
2. TANK:
Basically this is a container used to keep windings (both) and cooling oil.
3. BUTCHHOLZ RELAY:
This is a protecting device used to protect our transformer windings. This is a double
ended device one end is connected to conservator other is connected to tank. There are two
windings inside the relay one for detecting oil level going to empty and other is connected to
an alarm circuit for warning
4. BREATHER:
Breather is a device used for absorb the moisture content of an oil and sucked air.
5. SILICA JELL:
It is a chemical material these are the only one main component inside the breather
basically silica jell is a brown colored one after the absorption silica jell become pink
6. OIL LEVEL SCALE
This is an ordinary part situated on the side of the conservator for proper oil checking
oil tank wants a specific amount of oil
7. PRIMARY WINDING:
In the case of power transmission primary windings are the main element external
connection from the power is connected to the winding
8. SECONDARY WINDING:
This is a another winding for reducing power (in the case of step down purpose)
9. DRAIN VALVE:
This valve is used for taking damaged oil from the oil tank for the proper oil collection
this valve is situated under the oil tank.
10. PORCELIN BUSH:
This is an outer unit, this is used to prevent unwanted leakage of electricity
11. RADIATOR:
This device is used to cooling oil

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Types of transformers:
Transformers can be classified on different basis, like types of construction, types of
cooling etc.
On the basis of construction:
Transformers can be classified into two types as;
(i) Core type transformer
(ii) Shell type transformer,
which are described below.

Fig. 1.2 (Core type transformer) Fig. 1.3 (Shell type transformer)
(i) Core type transformer
In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted on the core
limbs as shown in the figure above. The cylindrical coils have different layers and each layer is
insulated from each other. Materials like paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation. Low
voltage windings are placed nearer to the core, as they are easier to insulate.

(ii) Shell Type transformer

The coils are former wound and mounted in layers stacked with insulation between them.
A shell type transformer may have simple rectangular form (as shown in above fig), or it may have
a distributed form.

On the basis application:

1. Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at secondary.
2. Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase in current) at
secondary.

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On the basis of type of supply:

1. Single phase transformer
2. Three phase transformer

On the basis of their use:

1. Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
2. Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower rating than
that of power transformers.
3. Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different instruments in
industries
o Current transformer (CT)
o Potential transformer (PT)

Auto Transformer:
One single winding is used as primary winding as well as secondary winding. But in two
windings transformer two different windings are used for primary and secondary purpose.

When an input voltage is applied to the primary winding, alternating current starts to flow
in the primary winding. As the current flows, a changing magnetic field is set up in the transformer
core. As this magnetic field cuts across the secondary winding, alternating voltage is produced in
the secondary winding.
The ratio between the numbers of actual turns of wire in each coil is the key in determining
the type of transformer and what the output voltage will be. The ratio between output voltage and
input voltage is the same as the ratio of the number of turns between the two windings.
A transformers output voltage is greater than the input voltage if the secondary winding
has more turns of wire than the primary winding. The output voltage is stepped up, and considered
to be a "step-up transformer". If the secondary winding has fewer turns than the primary winding,
the output voltage is lower. This is a "step-down transformer".

Fig. 1.4 (Auto Transformer)

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Answers of the following questions:

1. Why transformer does not work on DC?

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2. What will be the effect of frequency on transformer?

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3. Which of the two winding will be having larger cross sectional area in core or shall
type transformer?
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4. Application of auto transformer?

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5. What is the effect of air gap in a transformer core?

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Conclusion:
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