INDUSTRY SAFETY AND DETECTION SYSTEM

A Seminar report submitted in the partial fulfilment of requirement for the

reward of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

N.MOUNIKA

Reg 17NM5A0214)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN

KAPUJAGGARAJUPETA, VISAKHAPATNAM-530046

2016-2020

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 VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN

Kapujaggarajupeta, Visakhapatnam-530046

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this seminar report titled “ INDUSTRY SAFETY

AND DETECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by N.MOUNIKA
(17NM5A0214).In the Department of Electrical and Electronics Enginnering
during the academic year 2019-2020 in the partial fulfilment for the award of
degree of B.Tech in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Internal Guide Head Of The Depatment

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to place on record my gratitude to a number of individuals, who

have directly or indirectly been instrumental in the successful completion of this
seminar.

I would like to thank Mr. K. DURGA SHAM PRASAD, sir professor&

Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his
encouragement and valuable guidelines during my study in the department.

At the outset, with great solemnity, I offer my profuse thanks to

Mr.CHANDRAIAHsir professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for guiding me all through my seminar, giving a right direction and
shape to my learning. I am deeply motivated by his guidance and kind
cooperation through out the making of the seminar.

(P.BHARGAVI)

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 CONTENTS

Sl.No Title Introduction Page .NO.

1. Abstract & Introduction 1-5

2. Working Principle 6

3. Operation 7-10

4. Circuit 11-13

5. Compenent Specifications 13-16

6. Advantages & future prospective 17-18

7 Capacity & Time of charging 19

8. case study 20

9. Conclusion 21

10. Reference 22

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 ABSTRACT:
INDUSTRY SAFETY AND DETECTION SYSTEM
 To design and implement a system that detects gas as well as fire
outbreaks.
 Alerts the industry personnel accordingly so that proper action may be
taken to control or stabilize the condition of the damage.
 And go forward with damage control measures.with your cell phone
when you purchase it.

Car Chargers

Car chargers plug into the cigarette lighter outlet or accessory

outlet in your vehicle, allowing you to charge your cell phone while
you drive. Car chargers come in three varieties: fast chargers, rapid
chargers and trickle chargers. All three types allow you to use your
cell phone while the battery is charging. The primary difference is the
speed of charge. Use fast chargers with caution. If you do not unplug
your cell phone as soon as the battery is charged, the battery can
overheat and become damaged.

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Desktop Chargers

Desktop chargers, also known as docking stations, contain a base

with one or more slots to hold your cell phone or other electronic
devices. These chargers typically connect to your computer with a
USB cable. One drawback of desktop chargers is that you cannot use
your cell phone while it is charging.

Emergency Chargers

Emergency chargers generally require AAA batteries. They do not

give enough power to charge your cell-phone battery completely, but
you can get at least a half-hour of talk time in the event of an
emergency.

Green Chargers

Some companies have begun manufacturing green chargers.

Numerous companies, such as ElectroHiFi and IST SideWinder,
produce crank chargers that permit you to charge your cell phone by
turning a crank. These chargers typically produce small amounts of
power, enough to make an emergency call. Solio has a solar-powered
charger that can also use USB ports or wall outlets if there is not
enough sunlight. Nokia has created a bicycle charger that allows you
to charge your cell phone as you pedal your bike.

The disadvantages of using conventional portable chargers for the

purpose of charging mobile phones include the conventional portable
chargers' requirement of a power supply, which is very impossible in
the conditions of no power or low voltage. This causes fluctuation in
the electromagnetic field of the battery. Since it uses electricity, you
should be very careful while handling the charger. Thus the user’s
safety is not guaranteed while using a conventional portable charger.

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Turning apart from the conventional methods of charging the battery
of our mobile phones, this project aims at introducing a new way of
mobile phone charging and also conserving energy.

Why do we need Walk n Charge?

Phones have become essential parts of our lives. So keeping them
charged is also out utmost priority. Walk n charge helps you save
some expensive electricity and keeps you healthy and fit. This
technology comes with the dual benefit, easy on the pockets and
beautiful on your body. The main concept behind the technology is to
convert our mechanical energy, which we generate while walking into
useful electrical energy so we can use it to charge our phones, mp3
players and even medical devices like pacemakers.

WnC Technologies

Two technologies have come up so far which efficiently convert our

walking power into electric power. The first one is through a
piezoelectric material while the second one involves electro-
mechanical devices.

Piezoelectric Material

Piezoelectric materials are transducers which can convert

mechanical power into electrical power and the phenomenon is
known as piezoelectricity. When mechanical pressure is applied to
the surface of the piezoelectric material, a corresponding amount of

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voltage is produced in the crystal which can be successfully used for
charging our devices.

In walk n charge, a piezoelectric crystal is inserted in the heel of the

shoe or placed discreetly in the shoe, so that whenever we walk, and
pressure is applied, the crystal experiences mechanical stress and a
substantial voltage is produced. This voltage is passed through a
circuit and stored in a battery and then eventually used for charging.

Dynamo

The other technology of Walk n Charge is a Dynamo. A lot of you

must have heard this word, but must not be aware of what exactly it
is. A dynamo is nothing but a small DC generator. It is an electro-
mechanical device, which converts mechanical pressure into electrical
current. So as you start walking and your heel strikes the surface of
the ground, you produce a little amount of current. This current when
passing through a circuit and appropriate electronics, is then used to
charge your mobiles.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE:
This device has to be worn below the knee cap on one leg and a light
string is attached to the other leg. The strides taken help in pulling and
retracting the string, which is further attached to a dynamo that
generates about 3.5 Watts; enough to charge low-powered devices
such as our mobile phones. This device captures the energy by
connecting an electrical generator to leg movements. When the person
extends the gap between the legs, power is generated by a gear that
turns and spins the generator. The flexion of the leg turns off the gear
so as not to discomfort the person.
Walking involves a change in relative displacement of around 35 cm
between legs. This repeated linear motion could be converted to
rotary motion with the help of a pulley and string. Thus, the bio-
mechanical work is converted into mechanical form and eventually
stored as chemical energy in batteries to store electric energy. The
device is clamped on one leg and a hole lets out a string that is
attached to the other leg that helps in the conversion of the
displacement into rotary motion. Even a slight displacement pulls the
string out, thereby rotating the pulley, which turns the central shaft.
The shaft is common to the gearbox, the dynamo and the recoil
mechanism. So, when the displacement reduces, there is a slack in the
string, which is removed by the tension produced by the recoil
system. Since the electricity produced is bi-directional and contains
spikes, an electronic circuit encompassing a rectifier and a filter
converts it into a unidirectional, spike-free wave and stores the energy
produced in rechargeable batteries. This stored energy is used as an
input supply to mobiles with the help of different adapters.
This new device is motion sensitive, being auto-activated by leg
movements and it does not increase the energy spent with walking.

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OPERATION:

The mechanism involves three basic stages:

 Conversion of mechanical to electrical energy
 Storing the electrical energy
 Using this energy to charge mobile phones

Mechanical to Storing the

Electrical electrical
Energy energy

Usingthis
energyto
charge Mobile
Phones

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Conversion of mechanical to electrical energy:
People are an excellent source of portable power. An average-sized
person stores as much energy in fat as a 1,000-kilogram battery.
People recharge their body batteries with food and, lucky for us, there
is about as much useful energy in a 35-gram granola bar as in a 3.5-
kilogram lithium-ion battery. The device could be used to power
computers in remote regions where electricity is scarce.
The repeated linear motion could be converted to rotary motion with
the help of a pulley and string. Thus, the bio-mechanical work is
converted into mechanical form and eventually stored as chemical
energy in batteries to store electric energy. The device is clamped on

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one leg using a Velcro strap and a hole lets out a Nylon string that is
attached to the other leg that helps in the conversion of the
displacement into rotary motion. Even a slight displacement pulls the
string out, thereby rotating the pulley, which turns the central shaft.
The shaft is common to the gearbox, the dynamo and the recoil
mechanism. So, when the displacement reduces, there is a slack in the
string, which is removed by the tension produced by the recoil
system.

A dynamo generally means a generator that produces direct current

with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical
generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion
devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-
current alternator, and the rotary converter.

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Storing the electrical energy:
Since the electricity produced is bi-directional and contains spikes, an
electronic circuit encompassing a rectifier and a filter converts it into
a unidirectional, spike-free wave and stores the energy produced in
rechargeable batteries. This stored energy is used as an input supply
to mobiles

Using this energy to charge mobile phones:

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Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that
provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost
always contained within the mobile phone. They are notably diverse,
having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of
which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even
different models of phones from a single manufacturer.

 P1 = 20K
 P2 = 20K
 R1 = 390R

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  R2 = 680R
 R3 = 39R-1W
 R4 = 27K
 R5 = 47K
 R6 = 3.3K
 R7 = 100R-1W
 C1 = 4.7uF-25V
 C2 = 0.01uF
 C3 = 0.001uF
 D1 = 5.6V-1W Zener
 D2 = 3mm. Red LED
 Q1 = SL100
 S1 = On/Off Switch
 B1 = 1.5vx8 AA Cells in Series
 IC1 = NE555 Timer IC

Timer IC NE555 is used to charge and monitor the voltage level

in the battery. Control voltage pin 5 of IC1 is provided with a
reference voltage of 5.6V by Zener diode D1. Threshold pin 6 is
supplied with a voltage set by P1 and trigger pin 2 is supplied with a
voltage set by P2. When the discharged cell phone battery is
connected to the circuit, the voltage given to trigger pin 2 of IC1 is
below 1/3Vcc and hence the flip-flop in the IC is switched on to take
output pin 3 high. When the battery is fully charged, the output
terminal voltage increases the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 above the
trigger point threshold.

This switches off the flip-flop and the output goes low to terminate
the charging process. Threshold pin 6 of IC1 is referenced at 2/3Vcc
set by P1. Transistor Q1 is used to enhance the charging current.
Value of R3 is critical in providing the required current for charging.
With the given value of 39-ohm the charging current is around 180
mA. The circuit can be constructed on a small general-purpose PCB.

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For calibration of cut-off voltage level, use a variable DC power
source. Connect the output terminals of the circuit to the variable
power supply set at 7V. Adjust P1 in the middle position and slowly
adjust P2 until LED (D2) goes off, indicating low output. LED should
turn on when the voltage of the variable power supply reduces below
5V. Enclose the circuit in a small plastic case and use suitable
connector for connecting to the cell phone battery.

COMPONENT SPECIFICATION:

NE555 TIMER IC:

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a

variety of timer and multivibrator applications.

The 555 Timer has three operating modes:

 Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-

shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection,
bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc.

 Astable - free running mode: The 555 can operate as an

oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse

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 generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse
position modulation, etc.

 Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-

flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used.
Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc.

The connection of the pins is as follows:

PIN NAME PURPOSE

1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this
input falls below 1/3 VCC.
3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.
4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by
driving this input to GND.
5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage
divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is
greater than at CTRL.
7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a
capacitor between intervals
8 V+,Vcc Positive supply voltage is usually between 3
and 15 V.

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These specifications apply to the NE555.

Supply voltage (VCC) 4.5 to 15 V

Supply current (VCC = +5 V) 3 to 6 mA

Supply current (VCC = +15 V) 10 to 15 mA

Output current (maximum) 200 mA

Maximum Power dissipation 600 mW

30 mW@5V,
225 mW@15V
Power Consumption (minimum
operating)

Operating temperature 0 to 70 °C

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ADVANTAGES and FUTURE PROSPECTIVES:

 Increasing the effectiveness of mobiles in rural India by

providing a portable means of charging of mobiles, torches,
radios.

 Helping military personnel charge their GPS devices and other

low-power electronic gadgets while on the move.

 Providing an alternate means to wall-based charging for MP3

players, mobiles, etc in cities, thereby, helping today’s fast
generation to move faster without mobile battery problems.

 Charging your cell phone might soon be as simple as taking a

walk around the block.

Even if 0.1% of the Indian population uses this device, it

can generate 1500 kW/h of energy and can help reduce carbon
emission by 2.25 tonnes per day. Thus, Walk-N-Charge
promises us a source of energy that is not only clean, portable
and inexpensive, but also charges our mobile while you get
charged up

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FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

• India has signed the Kyoto protocol- an acknowledgement that we

share the concern of global warming, which also expresses our
commitment to slow down climate change. Walk n charge would
just add to the efforts put in by India in various innovative ways.

• This technique of charging helps us to use the renewable energy

from human movement.

• we can consume electricity without worrying about power

shutdown.

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• Capability & Time for charging

How much you have to walk?

• A walk n charge device can charge your phone for a day’s usage
only in 20 minute walk as it produces the same amount of current
as an AA battery does in 20 minutes. If we go into the statistics, if
only 0.1% Indian uses this device, we can save carbon emissions
by almost 2.25 tons per day.

• The WNC device can produce up to 3.5 watts of power, if you are
walking at a normal pace of 4km/ hour. In short, 20 minute of
walking can charge your phone for the day. If you are running or
jogging, you will be doing the same task in 10 minutes. If the WnC
is worn on both the legs, 5 volts is produced which is just enough
to run phones, music players, pacemakers, GPS system or even a
robotic prosthetic joint in case of any handicap.

• This technology is easy to use, keeps you fit and is portable and
inexpensive. This clean means of energy will not only save
electricity but fulfils your own needs charging your lifeline phone.

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CASE STUDY
Delhi-based youngsters Mohak Bhalla and Anand Gangadharan are
childhood buddies. In Class X, the duo decided to put a physics
theory they had been taught to use in a project for a science exhibition
by the physics department.

Within three months, they had developed one of the first prototypes of
what they later christened, the Walkie Mobi Charger—a device that
charges your mobile phone using the kinetic energy produced by
walking.

This charger claims to charge your phone 20 per cent faster than your
standard charger.

While Mohak is pursuing BTech from Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College

of Engineering, Delhi, Anand is doing the same at the Vellore
Institute of Technology, Chennai. The young innovators are working
on upgrading the device for the last four years with the hopes of
introducing it in the market in another year or two.

The Better India (TBI) got in touch with the duo to find out how the
innovation was conceived.

“When we were brainstorming for the project we came across stories

of how a country abroad used electricity generated by the footsteps of
commuters to light up the work stations and platforms. It motivated us
to think—why don’t we use a concept like this that could help
individuals generate electricity for themselves, while also helping
them to stay fit by walking?” begins Anand. Another source of
inspiration was the idea of how individuals could reduce their carbon
footprint by turning to a sustainable way of generating electricity.

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CONCLUSION:

Future is bright and healthy

The future scope of walk n charge technology is immense. This clean

technology gives an easy way for the user to run or walk anywhere to
charge their phones, in case of any emergencies. The fear of dying
batteries will be completely eliminated by WnC. In the future, it is
estimated to generate more than 3 W of power from WnC so other
devices like GRS systems, microelectronic devices and smartphones
can also be easily charged without the fear of low charge.

The piezoelectric material does not produce very high voltage; it is

only about 150 mW which is only sufficient to charge a battery at a
slow pace. But in the future, more piezoelectric materials can be
found and upgraded to reach upto 3 W of power. The dynamo can
produce much higher current and thus have more power but their
design is more complex and they are more costly in comparison to the
piezoelectric crystals.

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REFERENCE:

1. Rocha .J.G, Goncalves L M, Rocha.P.F, Silva. M P., And

Lanceros-Mendez. S.(2010) “Energy Harvesting From
piezoelectric Materials Fully Integrated in Footwear”. IEEE
Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57,NO 3, March 2010

2. Faruk Yildiz Sam “Energy Harvesting From Passive Human

Power” Houston state university International Journal of
Innovative Resarch in science, Engineering And Technology
vol. 2, Issue7, july 2013

3.
4. www.google.com/walk and charge technology.

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