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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

This document discusses vector analysis and provides information about scalars, vectors, vector fields, vector algebra, and coordinate systems. It defines scalars and vectors, and describes how vectors can be represented by directed line segments with magnitude and direction. It also discusses scalar and vector fields, and how they can be defined as functions of position. Vector addition and multiplication are explained, as well as component vectors and unit vectors in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Conversion between the different coordinate systems is shown through transformation matrices.

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Masaru Nakaegawa
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157 views

Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

This document discusses vector analysis and provides information about scalars, vectors, vector fields, vector algebra, and coordinate systems. It defines scalars and vectors, and describes how vectors can be represented by directed line segments with magnitude and direction. It also discusses scalar and vector fields, and how they can be defined as functions of position. Vector addition and multiplication are explained, as well as component vectors and unit vectors in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Conversion between the different coordinate systems is shown through transformation matrices.

Uploaded by

Masaru Nakaegawa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/4/2010

Vector Analysis

1. Scalars and vectors


2. Scalar and vector fields
3. Vector Algebra
4. Component vectors and unit vectors

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Scalar - a quantity whose value may be represented


by a single (positive or negative) real number.
Example: height, temperature, speed
Vector - a quantity with both magnitude and
direction in space. Example: force, velocity
Convention: a quantity is a vector if it is written in
bold font or has an arrow above, e.g.

Vectors are usually represented by directed


segments:

 A field (scalar or vector) may be defined


mathematically as some function of that
vector which connects an arbitrary origin to a
general point in space.
 “Function of position”
 Types of fields: Scalar field and Vector Fields

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 density at any point P within a volume, ρ(P)


P)
 elevation of a point with coordinates (x,y)
from sea level, h(x,y)

 temperature at any point A inside a container,


T(A)
A)

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 wind strength and direction in a region

 Magnetic field of the earth

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 Vector addition follows the parallelogram law


and is commutative and associative

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 Negating a vector reverses its direction:


“negative” B = -B
A - B = A + (-
(-B)

 Multiplication of vectors and scalars obey the


associative and distributive laws
(r + s)(A
A + B) = r(A + B) + s(A + B)
= rA
A + rB + sA + sB
 A vector reverses its direction when multiplied by a
negative scalar
 Division of a vector by a scalar is multiplication by
the reciprocal of the scalar
A ÷ a = A x 1/a
 Two vectors are equal if their difference is zero
A = B if A - B = 0

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 Also known as the rectangular coordinate system


 The right-handed Cartesian coordinate system:

 A point in space may be described by stating its x,


y and z coordinates. These coordinates are the
distances from the origin to the intersection of a
perpendicular dropped from the point and the x, y
and z axes.

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 The x-coordinate is equal to the distance of P from


the yz plane. The y-coordinate is equal to the
distance of P from the xz plane. The z-coordinate
is equal to the distance of P from the xy plane.

 Example: The point (2,-1,4) is 2 units in


front of the yz plane, 1 unit at the back of
the xz plane and 4 units above the xy
plane.

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 A vector is identified by giving its three component


vectors, each lying along the three coordinate axes,
whose vector sum is the given vector.

r = x + y +zz
x, y and z are the
three component
vectors of r

 Unit vectors are vectors with unit magnitude


and directed along the coordinate axes in the
direction of increasing coordinate values.
Symbols: ax, ay, az or i, j, k or
or
 A vector pointing from the origin to a point
P(x = x0, y = y0, z = z0) is written as
rP = x0 ax + y 0 ay + z 0 az
rP is called a position vector

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 Illustration:
For P(2, -3, 1)
rP = 2ax - 3ay + az
 2, -3 and 1 are the
component scalars and
2aax, -3ay and az are the
component vectors
 Note: rP may be also
written as <2, -3, 1>

 Vector RPQ is a vector whose tail is at P and head


(arrow) at Q
RPQ = rQ – rP

Illustration:
For rP = 2ax - 3ay + az and rQ = -4ax - ay + 2az:
RPQ = (-
(-4-2)a
2)ax + (-
(-1-(-3))ay + (2-
(2-1)a
1)az
= -6aax + 2ay + az
 to add two vectors, add the corresponding
component vectors

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 For a vector B = Bx ax + By ay + Bz az, the


magnitude |BB| or B is given by:

 The unit vector in the direction of B, or aB, is


given by:

 Example: Given H = ax + 2ay - 2az,

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Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

ax ay az ap aΦ az ar aθ aΦ

ax 1 0 0 CosΦ -SinΦ 0 Sinθ CosΦ Cosθ CosΦ -SinΦ

ay 0 1 0 SinΦ CosΦ 0 Sinθ SinΦ Cosθ SinΦ CosΦ

az 0 0 1 0 0 1 Cosθ -Sinθ 0

ap CosΦ SinΦ 0 1 0 0 SinΦ CosΦ 0

aΦ -SinΦ CosΦ 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

az 0 0 1 0 0 1 CosΦ -SinΦ 0

ar Sinθ CosΦ Sinθ SinΦ Cosθ SinΦ 0 CosΦ 1 0 0

aθ Cosθ CosΦ Cosθ SinΦ -Sinθ CosΦ 0 -SinΦ 0 1 0

aΦ -SinΦ CosΦ 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

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