Reinforced Concrete I

CIVE 352

Assistant Professor:
Hamid FARROKH GHATTE

Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department

Room No: A1-64

Emails:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Class Policies

Quiz 15%

Midterm Exam 20%

Homework 15%

Final Exam 50%

Requirements to being acceptable to Final Exam:

 Submission of Homework in acceptable level

 Minimum attendance 70%

Assist. Prof. Hamid F GHATTE

Reference Books

U. Ersoy, G. Ozcebe and T Tankut; Reinforced Concrete

A.H Nilson; Design of Concrete Structures
All of Books about RC Structures
U. Ersoy; Betonarme
Z. Celep; Betonarme Yapilar

Seismic Design Codes:

ACI
CSA
Eurocode
TS 500, TS 498 and Turkish Seismic Design Code

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Course Content :

Introduction

Historical Background

Reinforced Concrete Members

Materials; Concrete and Steel

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Introduction

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Introduction

Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension.

Concrete members are durable and relatively fire resistant
due to their large cross sections and low conductivity.

Steel is strong in tension, but weak in compression due to

buckling. Steel is susceptible to corrosion if not protected and
properly maintained. Steel members exhibit poor fire
performance if not protected.

Using steel reinforcing bars in concrete sections; namely reinforced concrete,

eliminates these problems.

Reinforced concrete is probably most common construction system, which is

applicable to buildings, bridges, retaining walls, tunnels, liquid tanks, silos, etc.

With the widespread application of high strength concrete, today, most of the
high rise buildings are also constructed with reinforced concrete structural
system.

Assist. Prof. Hamid F Ghatte

 Introduction

Concrete:
is a compound material made from sand, gravel and cement.

Cement:
is a mixture of various minerals which when mixed with water,
hydrate and rapidly become hard binding the sand and gravel
into a solid mass.

Background:
The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the
Romans from 300 BC

The Romans found that by mixing a pink sand like material which they obtained
from Pozzuoli with their normal lime based concretes they obtained a far
stronger material.

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Introduction

Assist. Prof. Hamid F Ghatte

Introduction
Material
Concrete

 Cements
Portland cements
Nonportland cements
 Aggregates
Coarse and fine (sand, gravel, crushed stone)
 Water PH w/c Ratio
 Chemical admixtures
Accelerating admixtures
Air entraining admixtures
Water reducing and set controlling admixtures
Finely divided admixtures
Polymers (for polymer modified concrete)
Super plasticizers
Silica fume admixture (for high strength concrete)
Corrosion inhibitors

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 Introduction Material
Concrete

 Gains generally 60-90% of its ultimate strength in 28 days.

(strength gain rate depends on cement type and admixtures)
Unit weight of concrete is assumed as 24 kN/m3
Unit weight of reinforced concrete is assumed as 25 kN/m

 For proper concrete;

Aggregate must be clean and free of clay, strength of the aggregate
is also effective on the strength of concrete. The rules about
aggregate is given in TS706 and ACI.

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Introduction

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Introduction Seismic Design Codes
ACI CSA Eurocode ,… TS 500

Reinforced Concrete Members

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Introduction
Reinforced Concrete Elements

Loads ( Self Weight and Live Load)

Slab

Beam

Column 1999 İzmit earthquake

Bhuj, India 2001

Lower Story Column

Lowest Story Column

Foundation
Bam, Iran, 2003 Van, Turkey, 2011

Ground
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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction
Concrete Uniaxial Compressive Test (Cube or Cylinder)

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Introduction Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Example :

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Introduction Poisson’s Ratio

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Introduction
Tensile Strength of Concrete

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Introduction
Split Cylinder Test

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Introduction
Workability
Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete
which determines the homogeneity with which it can be mixed,
placed, consolidated and finished' as defined by ACI

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Introduction
Durability
The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for which it is designed without
deterioration for a long period of years is known as durability. Durability of
concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action and
chemical attack.

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Introduction
Cold Joint / Chapping
A cold joint is a plane of weakness in concrete caused by an interruption or delay in
the concreting operations. It occurs when the first batch of concrete has begun to set
before the next batch is added, so that the two batches do not intermix.

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Introduction
Shrinkage

1.Plastic Shrinkage: Its a initial stage , as soon as you start

placing concrete, due to hydration of cement the concrete starts
gaining strength. Its a short term process .

2.Drying Shrinkage: Its a long term process. Here the loss of

moisture content is very less.

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Introduction Settlement of Concrete
Plastic Settlement
Cracks caused when the settlement of fresh concrete is restrained by reinforcement or
formwork. Plastic settlement cracks can form in young concrete, within the first few hours after
placing. As water moves upward through the mixture, the denser constituents move downward.

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Introduction
Creep

If long-term stress acts on concrete, there might be somewhat larger-than-usual

deflections. This change in shape usually occurs in the direction of application of force.
Creep is a time-dependent process and does not necessarily cause concrete to fail or
fracture.

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Introduction
Concrete Cancer
Concrete cancer is a serious problem that occurs within concrete and it is caused by
the steel reinforcing inside the concrete rusting. As the steel reinforcing rusts, it
expands, causing the concrete around the steel to be displaced.

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Introduction

Different types of concrete;

Normal Strength Concrete High-Strength Concrete

Reinforced Concrete High-Performance Concrete
Prestressed Concrete Self – Consolidated Concrete
Precast Concrete Shotcrete Concrete
Light – Weight Concrete Vacuum Concrete
High-Density Concrete Pumped Concrete
Air Entrained Concrete Asphalt Concrete
Ready Mix Concrete Roller Compacted Concrete
Polymer Concrete Rapid Strength Concrete
1.Polymer concrete Glass Concrete
2.Polymer cement concrete ,…
3.Polymer impregnated concrete

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Introduction Steel Reinforcement

Plain bars;
no more being used (most of the existing structures), poor bonding.
Deformed bars;
used for every type of structural members, better bonding.
Wire mesh;
generally used for slabs, web reinforcement of shear walls, prefabricated
beams. Either rectangular or square grids are formed by using reinforcing bars in
orthogonal directions. The bars are welded at each join
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Introduction Steel Reinforcement

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Introduction

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Introduction
RC Beam
Introduction
Flexural Behavior

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Introduction
Flexural Behavior

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Introduction
Strain Gauge and Linear Variable Differential Transformer LVDT

SG

LVDT

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Introduction
Flexural Behavior

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Introduction
Flexural Behavior

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Crack?

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Three Stages in Flexural Analysis
Concrete

Steel

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Three Stages in Flexural Analysis

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Types of Cracks

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Moment Curvature Diagram

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 Moment Curvature Diagram
What is the difference between an over reinforced and under reinforced RC
beam and also, what are the effects of using more steel than required in a Beam?

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Three Stages in Flexural Analysis Based on Moment Curvature Diagram

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 Neutral Axis Locations

1) A – B Moment of Inertia will decrease

2) A – B and C Stress in Steel will increase
3) A – B and C Neutral Axis moves upward

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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 Introduction
A) Under-Reinforced Section
B) Balanced Section
C) Over Reinforced Section

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Ductility
Introduction
Ductility Definitions and Types

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Elastic Stage Design

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Elastic Stage Design

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 Example -1
Determine the stress in the following section based on the presented specification
and 4000 kg.m Bending moment, then find Mcr.

fy = 4000 kg/cm2 or 400 MPa

fc = 300 kg/cm2 or 30 Mpa
Es = 2e6 kg/cm2 or 2e5 Mpa

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 Homework # 1
Deadline: 22.03.2019
Determine the stress in the following section based on the presented specifications
and 10000 kg.m Bending Moment, then find Mcr.

fy = 4200 kg/cm2 or 420 MPa

fc = 450 kg/cm2 or 45 Mpa
Es = 2e6 kg/cm2 or 2e5 Mpa

 Check the results for M= 6000, 20000 and 50000 kg.m as well.

 Compare the Moment of Inertia and Stress in Steel and Concrete

by using a Table.

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Important Announcement
Quiz # 1
Reinforced Concrete I
Date: March 22 (Friday)
From 14.00 to 15.30

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Ultimate Strength Design Method

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Assist. Prof. Hamid F GHATTE
Plastic Stage Design ACI

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Reinforcement Ratio for Balanced Section ρb

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Criteria for Beam Design ACI

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 Example -2

Design a rectangular cross section for the beam by consideration of the following
conditions. (ACI)

fy = 2300 kg/cm2 or 230 Mpa

fc = 250 kg/cm2 or 25 Mpa (C25)
Es = 2e6 kg/cm2 or 2e5 Mpa
d/b= 1.5-2
Use ρ =0.5ρMax
ρ Max =0.75ρb
D.L = 2000 kg /m
L.L = 3600 kg /m

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Example -2

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Example -2

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 Homework # 2
Deadline: 29.03.2019

Design a rectangular cross section for the beam by consideration of the following
conditions based on ACI. (A and B are fixed)

fy = 4200 kg/cm2 or 420 Mpa

fc = 350 kg/cm2 or 35 Mpa (C35)
Es = 2e6 kg/cm2 or 2e5 Mpa
d/b= 1.5-2
Use ρ =0.25ρb -0.45ρb
ρ Max =0.75ρb

D.L = 4500 kg /m
L.L = 3800 kg /m

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Double Reinforcement Beam
Plastic Stage Design ACI

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Double Reinforcement Beam

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Plastic Stage Design TS 500

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Email: [email protected] & [email protected]