Lesson 7

Life Stories

 Look at the two photographs and answer the questions in Spanish.

 The Story of Helen Keller, The Girl Who Could Not See, Hear or Speak

1. Do you know her story?

No, no la conozco.

2. What kind of text do you suppose is the following?

Una historia, biografico.

 Read the following article about Hellen Keller.

You must know the story of Helen Keller, who cannot see nor hear from the time she is a baby.
Yet the most brilliant girl should overcome all those handicaps, to graduate from a college with
honors and become a useful citizen.
I must say there is nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she was born. Her father and mother must be very
proud of their pretty baby.
For nineteen months Helen must grow bigger and stronger. She should walk when she is a year old; she should
say a few words.
But one day the child is ill. She should be very ill. For days she is in bed with a high fever and soon the parents
learn that their darling can never see and hear.
The little child is now in a life of silence and darkness.
Helen is 6 years old, her parents must take her to Baltimore to famous doctors to see if they can do something to
make her hear and see again, but the doctors cannot do nothing. The child is hopelessly deaf. Dr. Bell says the
Kellers should address the Perkins Institution for the blind in Boston and ask if they can send someone to help
the child.
Today it must be a wonderful day for Helen Keller. Ann Sullivan will arrive in March to live with the child who
cannot hear nor speak. Helen is nearly seven, Ann Sullivan is past twenty.
Ann Sullivan is finding a way to make herself understand. She is giving the child a doll, and the girl should take
Helen Keller’s hand and should spell out "d-o-l-l". The child is learning for the first time that things must have
names.
During the next 3 months, she should learn 300 words and should even put them into sentences.
Miss Sullivan loves her pupil who is so quick to learn. She is living with Helen, playing with her and working with
her every hour of the day. By the hand language, Helen must talk.
Helen learns to read books for the blind. She is also learning to use the typewriter to write what she wants to say.
Helen is determined that she should learn to speak.
In her story life Helen Keller writes, “I will never forget the surprise and delight when I utter my first connected
sentence: “It must be very warm outside.”
Helen must practice speaking day after day until at last she develops her best clear voice. She mustn´t stop!

 Write a list of the key words in Spanish which summarize the main
ideas of the text . You can also include important dates.
Hellen kellers nació Se enteran que estaba Cerca de los 7 años Se graduo con honores
sana, a los 19 meses sorda aprender sus primeras de la universidad
enfermo palabras, aprende rápido superándolo todo
mas de 300

Los padres se dieron Los padres la llevaron a Aprendio a leer libros l

cuenta que no veía ni Boston, al instituto para para ciegos y usa la
hablaba ciegos en busca de maquina de escribir para
ayuda comunicarse
A los 6 años la llevaron Encuentran ayuda, ann Hellen aprende a hablar.
a Baltimore con Sullivan al poco tiempo
especialistas va a vivir con ella.

 Read the story carefully and answer the following questions in Spanish.
1. What is special about Helen?
No podia ver, ni hablar como consecuencia de la sordera y tampoco podia ver, lo cual agravaba
Mas el caso

2. Why should she overcome her handicaps?

Para graduarse y convertirse en una ciudadana útil.

3. How do her parents feel about her?

Ellos estaban contentos y orgullosos de ella.

4. What is the matter with her one day?

Un día se enfermó, cuando se enfermó pronto sus padres supieron que no podría ver ni oír
 5. What is her life like?
Es una vida condenada al silencio y la oscuridad.

6. Where must her parents take her at the age of 6?

La llevaron a Baltimore, con doctores muy reconocidos en búsqueda de alguna solución. No
Tuvieron solución ahí pero los derivaron al instituto perkins donde les recomendaron una maestra,
Ann Sullivan quien en el mes de marzo estaría arribando a vivir con ellos, la familia Kellers.

7. Does her teacher love her? Why?

Si, la amaba. Porque era muy rápida aprendiendo, jugaba y trabajaban cada hora del día.

8. Why is her story important in the world?

Porque se graduó del a Universidad superando todas sus dificultades, superandose a si misma
convirtiéndose en una ciudadana útil.

 Decide if the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE. Justify the false ones in
Spanish.
True False Justification

Helen can only read books for the blind. x

She doesn´t want to speak. x Esta determinada en aprender a hablar

She will always forget the experience of Ella jamás olvidará la primer oración conectada
x
speaking. que dijo

She must practice speaking every day. x

 Identify examples.

Proper nouns Hellen/ Baltimore/Boston/

Common nouns Institution/ college/ citizen/

Neuter adjectives Brilliant/ famous/proud/

Comparative and Most brilliant/ bigger/ stronger/

superlative adjectives
Two examples of verb to IS-WAS
be
MUST= se utiliza en este caso para afirmar certezas
MUSN´T= en este caso se lo usa como una fuerte obligación como podría ser también una
fuerte recomendación.
Modal verbs and explain SHOULD= se utiliza tanto como recomendación y como obligación
their uses
CAN= se lo usa para hablar de posibilidades y habilidades generales
CANNOT= se lo usa para decir que ciertas actividades generales no podrán ser hechas

A sentence which There is nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she was born
indicates existence

Possessive adjectives Her- their

 “Her parents must take her to Baltimore.” Why does the author use HER?
What/Who does he refer to?
Se utiliza generalmente, cuando el sujeto ya fue mencionado anteriormente, en este caso hace
referencia a Helen

 “She should even put them into sentences.” Why does the author use THEM?
What/Who does he refer to?
Porque habla de un sustantivo que ya fue mencionado y cumple función de objeto, pronombre
personal, función objeto. Lo usa el autor en esta oración para referirse a las “palabras”
“she should learn 300 words and should even put them into sentences”

 Find NOUN-NOUN Structures.

Brillant girl
Useful citizen
Pretty baby
Famous doctors

 Tenses. Complete the following chart.

Tense Example (verb) Person Use / function
Rutina, actos que son
present simple writes 3 rd
verdad en el presente
Acciones que estan
present continuous finding 3 rd
pasando en el presente

MODAL VERBS
Verbos modales
1. What kind of words are the bold ones?
Verbos modales

2. Why are they used?

Se usan para modificar un verbo mediante este. Se utilizan tambien para expresar habilidades,
Obligaciones, permiso, certeza, dependiendo del modal que se utilize.

3. What is the intention of the author in using them?

Expresan la obligacion de helen por si misma, su determinacion de aprender a hablar, indica la
Suposición cuando indica “you must know the helen keller story”, la imposibilidad de cannot.
Dependiendo del modal que usemos sera la función que obtendremos, en general el must en el
Texto esta dado como certezas de algo, can la posibilidad no de que pueda ver o oir

4. Can you understand the meaning of the words in bold in your language?
Si,si puedo

Un verbo modal es un verbo que modifica otro verbo. Usamos verbos modales en el
idioma inglés para expresar habilidad, posibilidad, certeza, permiso, prohibición,
obligación, opinión, especulación. Dependiendo del modal que usemos, será la
función que expresemos. Normalmente, estos modales no se usan en diferentes
tiempos.

Las siguientes características se aplican a todos los modales.

 Misma conjugación para todas las personas.
 No es posible usar dos modales juntos
 Verbo modal + infinitivo sin TO
 Modifican el verbo principal
  No es necesario el uso de auxiliares para interrogativo y negativo

Must
 Se usa para obligaciones, es I must clean my teeth. I want to be healthy.

E.g.
personal porque expresa la opinión You must go there. And do it right now!
 del hablantepara
Lo usamos o suindicar
voluntad.
certeza o They must be at school by now. It's already 9

E.g.
deducción. o'clock.
Mum, must I wash up?

E.g.
 El opuesto de “must” es “neednot”.
No, you needn't. Not now!!!
 “Mustnot” tiene un significado We mustn't come late today. Or the teacher will

E.g.
diferente, se usa para expresar be very angry.
prohibición que involucra la

Should
 Se usa para recomendaciones I should be at work before 9:00. You shouldn’t
E.g.

-fuertes. Puede usarse en do that.

interrogativo, afirmativo o negativo. Susan should be in New York by now.
E.g.

 Se usa para expresar suposiciones.

Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next

Ought to &Should
You ought to stop
Recomendación
 Tiene el mismo uso que “should”, smoking.
pero es más formal. Se espera porque él la Jim ought to get the
merece. promotion.

 Watch the logos and try to identifythem.

1. Which logos do you associate with famous ones?

CNN- CBS-NBC-Fox news
 2. Are they from important companies?
Yes, they are.

 Read the following text about IWS. Can you tell what is it?

Lifestyles: Not Personal Enough?

International Wire Service

In some countries, people who are interested in others go for help to personal ads in newspapers and magazines,
and online.
A surprising number of busy people look at these ads as a practical way of increasing their social circle.
“I always try hard to meet people on my own” says one satisfied customer. “I am new in town and want to make
friends fast. The personals usually give me a quick method to meet many interesting people in a short period of
time”. Others are not so impressed. “I think it´s kind of depressing when people need ads TO MAKE FRIENDS”
observes one man. “A friend of mine usually tries the ads many times but he is really disappointed with the results.
It’s not just personal enough.
  Answer TRUE or FALSE. Justify the false ones in Spanish.
True False Justification

People use personal ads to meet people ONLY

x Es una agencia internacional
in Argentina

Está decepcionado, dice que no es lo

The writer really likes the method very much. x
suficientemente personal

People usually try to meet people in different

x
occasions.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN “ING” AND “ED”

Adjetivos acabados en“ing” y “ed”

 Read the article and identify:

Underline ed participial adjectives.
Circle ing participial adjectives.

 Answer these questions in Spanish.

1. Why does the author use them?
Porque necesita describir estados de animo de la persona y caracterisitcas

2. What kind of words are the bold ones?

adjetivos

3. Why are they used?

4. What is the intention of the author in using them?

 5. Can you understand the meaning of the words in bold in your language?
si

-ed Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en “-ed” indican o describen John is interested in art.

E.g.
emociones. Estos adjetivos suelen acabar en “-ado” o “-ido” en
Denise was bored in class.
español y van después del verbo “estar”.

-ing Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en “-ing” indican o describen una John is an interesting
característica de algo o alguien. A diferencia de los adjetivos que person.

E.g.
terminan en “-ed”, no hay regla en español para formar estos adjetivos y The class is very boring
van después del verbo “ser”. so Denise is sleeping
sleep.

Resumiendo“ed”vs “ing”
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, el uso de un adjetivo en vez de otro cambia el sentido de
la frase.
English Spanish
Steve is embarrassed. Steve está avergonzado.
Steve is embarrassing. Steve es vergonzoso.
Lesson 8

Health

 Answer the following questions in Spanish.

 1. How often do you go to the hospital for a blood test?
Only when I need to do.

2. What do you do after having the test results?

I read them, and I take a conclusion for myself of the results.

3. Do you know your blood type?

Yes, I do.

 Read the following article carefully.

Enzimes convert all donor blood to group 0

Scientists are working on the discovery of a new O-type blood. They will
convert A, B and AB type blood groups into O-type blood. Doctors will be able
to transfuse 0-type blood into people without medical risk.
There are two different types of sugar molecules carried on the surface of red
blood cells. The blood cells of people with A blood carry one of these types of
sugar molecules; people with B blood carry the other type and people with AB
blood have both types of molecules while people with 0 type have no sugar
molecules. These antigens give name to the four blood groups, respectively: A,
B, AB or 0.
Today researchers know that there are two bacterial enzymes that can remove the A and B antigen from red
blood cells.
Professor Olsson from Copenhagen University, Denmark says: “That´s our dream: to get a unified blood supply,
not fragmented due to the different groups.
Olsson's team is working on clinical trials to test the blood´s safety and effectiveness.
This conversion technique will increase the stock of blood available for transfusions and prevent the accidental
transfusion of the wrong blood group into patients.

How to Determine Your Blood Type.

There are different ways you can find out your blood group. You can buy a
blood type testing kit. They have a finger prick and a test card. You will
dispense the drop of your blood on the test card and clumping will appear in
the corresponding group: A, B, AB or no clumping if you have type 0. If you
do not dare do it on your own, please go to the nearest hospital to have it
done.
 Using the information above, complete
the following chart in Spanish.
 Go back to the text and find the bold words or expressions. Tick the correct
answers.
1. In “…without medical risk”, without means:
a. being accompanied by.
b. having.
c. not having.
2. In the sentence “…sugar molecules carried on the surface of red blood cells.” the word carried,
means:
a. transported.
b. transformed.
c. transfused.
3. “… can remove” expresses:
 a. a possibility.
b. an ability.
c. an obligation.
4. “… a unified blood supply” means:
a. only one blood stock.
b. different blood stocks.
c. a fragmented blood stock.
5. “due to” means:
a. because of.
b. where.
c. and.
6. In the word “effectiveness”, what does the suffix Ness indicate?
a. an adverb indicating manner.
b. an adjective indicating quality.
c. a noun indicating state, condition or quality.
7. “…to test the blood´s safety and effectiveness.” introduces:
a. an example
b. a condition
c. a purpose.

 Read the following article.

Advance warning

Gary, a four-year-old boy from Burleith, Washington D.C., goes

with his mum to the Washington Children´s Hospital for a
blood test. He is really anxious to find out his blood type.
Nurse Helen Dugan, from Washington Children´s Hospital, usually likes
her patients to know exactly what is going to happen to them. She
never carries out a procedure without explaining it to her patient first.
She thinks:.” “If you explain them the procedure carefully beforehand,
they will feel quiet during the extraction
Gary comes to the hospital for a blood test with his mother. The boy
and the nurse are both sitting on the stretcher. The nurse takes some
time to explain the little boy exactly what is going to happen. The nurse
says: “Listen Gary, I´m going to use this needle.” The nurse is holding
up the needle for Gary to see. “I´m going to prick you finger with this
needle. The needle is going to make a small cut in your finger. It will
hurt a little bit, but not too much. Then I´m going to squeeze some
blood out of the cut. That may scare you. But I´m not going to hurt you at all.”
The nurse goes on explaining calmly: “I´m going to put the blood that I take out of your finger right here in this
tube. In a couple of minutes, I´m sending the tube to the laboratory and they will quickly find out your blood type.
That´s the first step.
In the next hours, the people in the laboratory are monitoring your blood carefully and if they tell us that you are
very healthy, we´ll mail to your home a copy the tests results and you won´t need to come to the hospital.”
The nurse smiles and she is pleased to see that Gary smiles back.
“Now, Gary”, the nurse says, feeling confident that she has a heroic boy in front of her: “Will you cry or make a
fuss? If you are scared, try not looking at the needle.”
“I promise I won´t!, Gary responds.

 Answer the following questions about the texts in Spanish.

1. Is it easy to know your blood type? Explain the procedure.
Si lo es. Es un proceso rapido en el cual te pinchan el dedo y te sacan un poco de sangre que
Luego es depositada en un tubo. Esta es llevada al laboratorio y se determina el tipo de sangre
Que tiene el paciente, y si tiene alguna enfermedad o no. En caso de no tener los resultados son
Enviados al domicilio del paciente, para que este no tenga que regresar al hospital.

2. Why does Gary go to the hospital?

Para conocer su tipo sanguineo

3. What does Helen use to get the blood out?

Utiliza una aguja y un tubo.

4. Is the procedure going to be painful?

No mucho.

5. Where does she put the blood after the extraction?

En un tubo para llevarla al laboratorio

6. Where is she going to take Gary´s blood? Why?

La llevara al laboratorio para que sea analizada.

7. Will Gary cry or make a fuss?

Nope!

 Let´s do some guessing.

 blood healthy hospital patient

hurt laboratory stretcher needle

Definition Word

It is a noun. It is a red fluid. It circulates in the

vascular system of human beings and other
vertebrates.

blood
It is a noun. It is a person. He/She goes to the doctor
Patient
´s because he/she is ill.

It is a noun. It is a couch for carrying ill people. Stretcher

It is a verb. To cause harm or pain. Hurt

It is a noun. People make blood tests or scientific

Laboratory
experiments there.

It is an adjective. Characteristic of good health. Healthy

It is a noun. It is a place. You go there when you are

Hospital
ill.

FUTURE SIMPLE
Futuro simple
Hay dos formas principales para expresar el futuro: “will” y “going to”. Ambas describen acciones
que tendrán lugar en el futuro.

Will
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
This conversion technique willbe in hot
E.g.

sujeto + will + verbo principal

demand.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
This conversion technique will notbe in

E.g.
sujeto + willnot + verbo principal
hot demand.

ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
Will this conversion technique be in hot

E.g.
will + sujeto + verbo principal
demand?

Existe una forma contracta del verbo auxiliar “will”  ‘LL

Existe una forma contracta del verbo auxiliar “willnot” WON’T

Usos del futuro simple

 Se usa cuando predecimos una situación futura y, en I think this conversion
E.g.
general aparece acompañado de las siguientes technique willbe in hot
expresiones: “I (don't) think...”, “I expect...”, demand.
The blood is ready; I ´lltake it
E.g.
 Para decisiones espontáneas o inmediatas.
to the laboratory.
If we convert all blood types
E.g.

 En el primer condicional.
into only one, there willbe a
unified blood unit.
I promise the extraction won
E.g.

 Para promesas, ofrecimientos o amenazas.

´thurt you.
Will you take the blood to the
E.g.

 Peticiones o solicitudes formales.

laboratory, please?
 Órdenes o instrucciones empleando una predicción en You will startthe extraction at
E.g.

vez de usarlas palabras “must” o “should”. seven o'clock sharp.

GOING TO
Futuroinmediato
“Going to”equivalea“ir a” en español. Esta forma del futuro denota una intención o determinación
por parte del hablante.

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
sujeto + verbo auxiliar “to be” + going to + Scientists are going to work in the first phase of
E.g.

verbo principal the clinical trials.

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
sujeto + verbo auxiliar “to be” + not + going Scientists are not going to work in the first
E.g.

to + verbo principal phase of the clinical trials.

ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
Verbo auxiliar “to be” + sujeto + going to + Are scientists going to work in the first phase of
E.g.

verbo principal the clinical trials?

Usos del “going to”
 Empleamos “going to” para hablar de intenciones o

E.g.
I am going to donate blood.
planes para el futuro, es decir, decisiones ya
 tomadas.
Predicciones para el futuro cuando existe algún tipo Look at those test tubes! They

E.g.
de evidencia. are going to falldown!

Existen algunas situaciones en las que usamos el presente continuo o el presente

simple para expresar acciones en el futuro.
Es importante en estos casos emplear la expresión de tiempo que indique el tiempo futuro.

 Se puede usar el presente continuo para acciones I am walking to the hospital this

E.g.
en el futuro cercano. afternoon.
 Se usa el presente simple para eventos

E.g.
Our hospital hours starts at 9pm.
programados en un futuro próximo.

Expresiones de tiempo que generalmente utilizamos para

indicar el futuro.
Son adverbios o frases adverbiales que expresan en que momento ocurrirá la acción. Responden a la pregunta
When? (¿Cuándo?)
Time expression Translation
Tomorrow mañana
Tomorrow morning/afternoon mañanapor la mañana, mañanapor la tarde
Next Monday el lunes próximo
Next week la semanapróxima
Next month el mespróximo
Next year el añoqueviene
In an hour or so enuna hora más o menos
Later mástarde, luego
In two days en dos días
The day after tomorrow pasadomañana

 Which of these expressions from the text express the future? Circle
them.

usually never in the next hours in a couple of minutes

 Ways of talking about the future. Match the sentences with the most
appropriate descriptions from 1-7.
 1. A future personal arrangement. 5. An event which happens regularly.
2. A future prediction. 6. Something in the future which will definitely happen.
3. A future prediction based on present evidence. 7. Something that the speaker has intended to do in the
4. A decision taken at the moment of speaking. future for some time.

I think this conversion technique will be in great demand. 2

I am so anxious. I will open the envelope with the results right now. 4

I am going to donate blood for transfusions every three months for the rest of my life. 7

The hospital opens at 9.a.m. 5

I am donating blood tomorrow morning. 1

Look at those needles! They are going to discard them improperly. 6

My first blood extraction will be tomorrow morning. I am so nervous! 3

 Which of the following verbs express things that will almost certainly happen
in the future?

I´m going to use this needle. x

The nurse holds up the needle.

That may scare you.

Will you cry? x

I´m donating blood tomorrow morning.

 Read the following sentences in the future simple or “going to” and identify
the functions of this tense in each case.
Example Use (Spanish)

They will feel at ease during the extraction. Prediccion en el futuro cercano

That will hurt a little bit, but not too much. Decision inmediata, promesa

Then I´m going to squeeze some blood out of the cut. Decision inmediata, decision ya tomada

Will you cry or make a fuss? peticion

 Who is going to do what?

Listen carefully Send a tube to the laboratory
 Smile heroically
Have a blood extraction
Talk too much

Use a needle Listen carefully

Talk too much Smile heroically

Send a tube to the laboratory Have a blood extraction

 Read the dialogue between the nurse and Gary and underline the
future forms.
Gary: Nurse, where are you going to put my blood?
Nurse: I´m going to send it to the laboratory.
Gary: What are they going to do with it?
Nurse: They are going to look at it and tell me if everything is all right.
Gary: Will I have my blood back after that?

 Before going to the hospital, Gary´s mother gets a message from

the nurse with the extraction procedures. Read it carefully and
identify the future forms.
Mrs. Plummet,
Bring Gary tomorrow and everything will be all right. He must not eat 12 hours before the
extraction.
First, I am going to get the blood extraction. Then, I am going send it to the laboratory. Please,
do not tell Gary about the procedure beforehand. Young children do not always need to know
what is going to happen! They may get a bit anxious.
See you tomorrow!
Nurse Helen.

 Language analysis. Find the bold words or expressions and choose

the correct answer.
 1. In the sentence “He must not eat 12 hours before the extraction”, the modal verb must expresses:
a. a prohibition.
b. a recommendation.
c. an obligation.
2. In “Please, do not tell Gary about the procedure beforehand”, the imperative expresses:
a. a warning.
b. a piece of advice.
c. an invitation.
3. The sentence “Young children do not always need to know what is going to happen!”, means:
a. It is necessary for children to know the procedure before they go the hospital.
b. It is not necessary for children to know the procedure before they go the hospital.
4. In “See you tomorrow”, the object pronoun you refers to:
a. Gary.
b. the nurse.
c. Gary and his mother.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Oracionescondicionales
Cuando deseás hablar acerca de una posible situación y sus resultados, debés utilizar una oración
condicional.

Type 1
En este tipo de oraciones condicionales existe una If we convert all donor blood into type
E.g.

posibilidad real de que suceda lo que en ellas se expresa. 0, we will have a unified blood unit.

CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL

IF + present simple WILL / 'LL / WON'T + infinitive

 Podemos utilizar can, may, might, must If we continue working on these clinical
E.g.

or even going to en vez de will. trials, we may obtain great results.

 Tambiénesposible el uso de modales tales If we canobtain a unified blood supply, we
E.g.

comocan o mustluego del if. will have the dream scenario.

 Copy from the texts what is missing and give an appropriate

translation in Spanish.
If you explain them the procedure carefully beforehand,

Translation: si les explicas el procedimiento de cuidadosamente de antemano

 Choose a sentence from the texts that describes a real or possible condition
and translate it into Spanish. Justify its use.
Conditional sentence: “If you explain them the procedure carefully beforehand, they will feel quiet
during the extraction

Translation: si les explicas cuidadosamente el procedimiento de antemano ellos se van

A sentir tranquilos durante la extracción

 Which conditional in the text gives a piece of advice? Translate it into Spanish.
Conditional sentence: If you are scared, try not looking at the needle
Translation:
Si estas asustado trata de no mirar la aguja