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1. Review of C++ Programming
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1. What are token? What are different types of tokens used in C++?
Tokens are the basic building blocks of a C++ program. There are five types of tokens in C++.
1. Key words: Key words are tokens that carry a specific meaning to the language compiler.
Eg. int, switch etc..
2. Identifiers: Identifiers are user defined words that are used to name different program elements
such as memory locations, statements, functions, classes etc.
Identifiers used for naming memory location is known as variables.
Identifiers assigned to statements are known as labels.
Identifiers used for set of statements are known as functions.
3. Literal : Literals are data items that never change their values during the program running. They
are also known as constants. There are 4 types of literals
a) Integer literal: tokens formed only by digits. It must have at least one digit and must
not have decimal point. It may contain +ve or _ve sign as first character
Eg. 15, -20, +40
b) Floating Point Literal (Real constants): They have fractional part. They can be
written in two forms: Fractional and exponential form.
They have at least one digit and a decimal point. They have either +ve or –ve sign.
In exponential form, there are two parts, Mantissa (Parts appearing before E) and
Exponential(Power).
Eg: 52.15, -715.12, .458E04
c) Character Literal : Single character enclosed with single quotes and that never
changes its value during program run. Non graphical symbols can be represented by
using escape sequence which consists of a back slash(\) followed by one or more
characters. (eg. \n, \a)
Eg. Valid Character Literal: ‘s’, ‘$’,’\n’
Invalid Character Literal: ‘82’, “k”, ‘\8’
d). String Literals: Sequence of one or more characters enclosed within a pair of
double quotes.
Eg. “computer”. Every string in C++ terminated by a null (\o) character.
4. Punctuators: Special symbols that have syntactic or semantic meaning to the compiler.
Eg: #, : , ’ , ” ,() ,[]
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5. Operators: Operators are the tokens that trigger some kind of operations. The operations applied
on a set of data called operands.
Based on the number of operands, operators are classified into three, Unary operator, Binary
operator and Ternary operator.
A unary operator acts on a single operand. A binary operator acts on two operands. A ternary
operator(? :) acts on three operands.
Based on the nature of operation operators are classified into three Arithmetic, Relational and
Logical operator.
a). Arithmetic operator are used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division(+, - , * , / ).
C++ provides a special operator modulus operator(%) for getting remainder of division operation.
For example 10 % 2 returns 0.
b) Relational operators
Relational operators are used to compare values. They produces only ‘True’ of ‘False’ values.
The following are the relational operators in C++.
c). Logical operator
Logical operators allows us to combine two or more conditions. They are often referred to as
Boolean operators. The logical operators are &&(logical AND),||(logical OR),and !(logical NOT).
There are some other operators such as,
d). Input-Output operators
The Input-Output operators are used to take input and display output. The operator(>>) is used
for taking input, and the operator(<<) is used to display the output. The >> operator is called
extraction or get from operator. The operator << is called insertion or put to operator. These are
binary operators.
The input operator is used with standard input stream, cin and the output operator is used with
standard output stream, cout. The input operator takes the value through cin and stores in a variable.
cin >> number;
cout << number+2;
Cascading of I/O operators
The multiple use of input or output operators in a single statement is called cascading of I/O
operators.
Eg. cin>>a>>b;
e). Assignment operator (=)
The assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable.
For example a=10 Assigns the value 10 to a
The symbol = assigns a value, where as the symbol == compare two values(Relational Operator).
2. What are rules in naming of identifiers?
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a). It may contain an arbitery long sequence of letters, digits and _(under score)
b). First character must be letter or _
c). White space and special characters are not allowed.
d). Key words can not be used.
e). Upper and Lower case letters are treated separately(case sensitive).
Eg.
Valid identifiers: _dob, FOR, Count
Invalid identifiers: sum of, 1styear, for…..
3. What are Data Types?
These are means to identify the type of data and associated operations handling these data. Data
types are classified into fundamental and user-defined data types.
Fundamental data types represent atomic values and they include int, char, float, double and
void.
4. What are type modifiers?
Type modifiers are used to modify the size of memory space and range o data supported by the
basic data types.
Eg. long, short, signed, unsigned
5. What are expressions?
Expressions are constitutes by operators and operands to perform an operation. Based on the operators
used, there are different types of expressions like ,
i). Arithmetic expressions Arithmetic expressions are also divided into
a). Integer expression :All operands in the expressions are integers. An integer expression yields
an integer result.
b). Floating point (decimal ) expression: All operands in the expression are floating
points(decimals).A floating point expression yields a floating point result.
ii). Relational expression ; The relational expression consists of relational operators. They are also
called conditions.
iii). Logical expression : A logical expression is an expression whose value is either True or False.
For example x>y is a logical expression, since it can be either ‘True’ or ‘False’.
6. What is type conversion?
Type conversion means converting one data type to another data type. There are two types of type
conversion, Implicit type conversion (Type Promotion) and Implicit type conversion(Type
Casting)
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a). Implicit type conversion also known as automatic type conversion is performed by
the compiler. The conversion is always from lower type to higher type, it is also known as
type promotion.
b) Explicit type conversion Type casting refers to conversion that is performed explicitly
using cast operator. The operator used for this purpose is known as cast operator. The cast
operator takes on the format cast type (expression)
eg. int a = (int) 10.5 , Here the value 10.5 is converted to integer type
7. What are different statements in C++?
Statements are the basic executable units of a program. There are different types of statements,
a). Declaration statements : Used to declare identifiers before their usage.
Eg. int n,x;
Variable initialization statements are used to assign values at the time of declaration.
float pi = 3.14;
b). Input statements : Identifier cin with >> operator( extraction operator or get from operator) and
variable name
eg. cin>>x;
c). Output operator: cout with << operator( insertion operator or put to operator)
eg. cout<< x;
d). Assignment statement: Used to store a data in a memory location;
eg. x = 25;
8. What are arithmetic assignment operator?
The operators like +=, - = , *=, /=, %= used for an arithmetic operation and an assignment
operation.
Eg. n+=2; equivalent to n=n+2;
9. What are Control Statements in C++?
Control statements are used to alter the normal sequence of execution of a program. They are classified
into two types,
a) Decision Making or Selection Statements
b). Iteration Statements
a). Selection statements
The Selection statements are based on a condition. They are also known as branching
statements. The flow of control depends on the result of a particular condition. C++ supports three
types of decision statements,
a) if statement
b) if – else statement
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c) Switch statement
a). if statement
The if statement is a single path statement, which executes statement only if the condition is true.
Syntax :
if(condition or expression)
statement1;
If the condition is true then the statement1 will be executed.
if (mark >=18)
cout <<”You have Passed “ ;
In the above example the message You have passed will be displayed only
when the condition is true ie, mark >=18 is true.
b). if – else statements
The if... else statement is used to test a logical condition and choose one of
the alternatives based on the result of logical condition.
The syntax :
If (condition or expression)
statement 1;
else
statement 2;
eg.
if (a > b)
cout << “First number is largest: ” ;
else
cout <<”Second number is largest: ” ;
c). Nested if
An if – else statement can be placed inside another if – else statement, is called nesting of if.
Example
if (mark >=80)
{
if (age>18)
cout<<”Eligible for higher studies” ;
else
cout <<”Not Eligible” ;
}
d). else-if ladder
The else-if ladder helps to select one out of many alternative block of statements.
Syntax :
if (test-expression)
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{
Statement 1;
}
else if (test-expression)
{
Statement 2;
}
else if (test-expression)
{
Statement 3;
}
else
{
Statements;
}
Eg.
if ( percentage>=90)
cout<<”A+”’
else if ( percentage>=80)
cout<<”A”’
else if ( percentage>=70)
cout<<”B+”’
else if ( percentage>=60)
cout<<”B’
else if ( percentage>=50)
cout<<”C+”’
else
cout<<”Low Score”’
Switch statement
The Switch enables to select one among several alternatives. It is a multipath statement.
Syntax:
Switch (expression)
{
case value1 :Statement 1;break;
case value2 :Statement 2;break;
case value3 :Statement 3;break;
default : Statement n;
}
The expression is evaluated and statements are executed according to the value . If no match is
found, then default statement is executed.
Eg.
switch(day_no)
{
case 1 : cout<<”Sunday”;
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break;
case 2 : cout<<”Monday”;
break;
case 3 : cout<<”Tuesday”;
break;
……………………..
……………………..
default : cout<<”Invalid entry”;
Looping Statements
a). for statement :
The for statement is the most commonly used statement in C++.It is an
entry controlled loop.
Syntax :
For(initialisation ; test expression ; updation)
{
Body of loop;
}
Example :Program to Print first 10 natural numbers
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cout<< i;
cout<<" ";
}
}
b). While Statement
The while ... loop is an entry controlled loop. The condition is checked first and if it is true the
loop will be executed.
Syntax:
While (expression)
{
Body of loop;
Update expression;
}
Example: Program to print first 10 even numbers
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int i;
i=2;
while(i<=10)
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{
cout<<i;
i=i+2;
}
}
c). do ... while loop
The do while loop executes statement before the expression is tested.
Syntax:
do
{
Statements ;
}
while (expression)
Example: Program to print first 10 even numbers
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int i;
i=2;
do
{
cout<<i;
i=i+2;
} while(i<=10);
}
10. What is the Difference between do .... while and while Loop ?
In the while loop the condition is tested and the body gets executed( Entry controlled
statement). In do..while loop the condition is checked at the end of the loop(Exit controlled loop).
The do...while loop executes at least one time even if the condition is false.
11. What is Conditional Operator (?:):
The conditional operator is a ternary operator(ie, it takes three operands).The general form is
Condition? true-part: false-part;
The condition is a boolean expression. If it is true the result is the true part, else the result is the
false-part .
Eg. final_ce = (ce1>ce2) ? ce1 : ce2;
12. What are Jump statements?
Jump statements are used to jump unconditionally to a different statement. It is used to alter
the flow of control unconditionally. There are four types of jump statements in C++ : break,
continue, and go to.
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a).break statement is used to terminate a loop or switch statement.
b). continue statement is used to continue to the beginning of a loop. When a continue statement is
executed in a loop it skips the remaining statements in the loop and proceeds with the next iteration of
the loop.
c). goto statement is used for unconditional jump. It transfers the control from one part of the program
to another.
Syntax: goto label; (A label is an identifier followed by a colon)
Eg: int i=1;
start: cout<<i;
++i;
if (i<=50)
goto start;
Previous Questions:
1.Which among the following is an insertion operator ?
(a) << (b) >> (c) < (d) >
2.What are the main components of a looping statement ?
3.How do continue and break statement differ in a loop ?Explain with an example.
4.Write a C++ program to accept a string and count the number of words and vowels
in that string.
5. Write a C++ program to accept N integer numbers and find the sum and average of
even numbers.Use array to store numbers.
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6…………… is an exit control loop.
a)for loop b)while loop c)do …while loop d)break
7. Explain switch statement with an example.
8. How does a ‘goto’ statement work ?
9. Which one of the following is equelent to the statement series b = a; a = a +1;
a). b + = a b) b= a ++ c). b = ++ a d) b + = a + b;
10 . Re- write the following C++ code using “ switch ‘’ statement.
cin >> pcode;
if(pcode == ‘C’ )
cout<< “Computer”;
else if(pcode == ‘M’ )
cout<< “Mobile Phone”;
else if(pcode == ‘L’ )
cout<< “Laptop”;
else
cout<< “ Invalid Code”;
11. ………………. Statement in a loop forces the termination of that loop.
12. Identity the following C++ tokens
(a) "welcome" (b) int (c) >= (d) ++
13. ….. …… … opeqator is the arithmetic assignrnent operator ?
(a) >> (b) ++ (c) += (d) =
14. Explain break and continue statement with example
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