CEPE10

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES &

EQUIPMENTS

Unit 1: Scaffolding
Shoring &
Underpinning

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Definition:
Scaffolding:
Any temporary structure erected to facilitate the construction,
repair or maintenance of walls at heights more than 1.5m
Shoring:
Temporary support given to improve the lateral strength of walls
during repairs
Underpinning:
Repair, strengthening or renewal of the foundation of an existing
building.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

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Scaffolding:

Shoring

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

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 Underpinning
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT
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Scaffolding – Parts:
1. Standards:
The vertical posts
2. Ledgers:
Horizontal members parallel
to the wall
3. Braces:
Diagonal members fixed on
standards
4. Putlogs:
Horizontal members normal to
the wall. One end is supported
on the wall and the other end
on the ledgers
5. Transoms:
Putlogs supported on ledgers on both ends
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Scaffolding – Parts:
6. Boarding:
Planks on which workers stand.
7. Toeboard:
Boards placed parallel to the
Boarding near the wall to give
protection to the workers
8. Guard rail:
Railing provided like a ledger
at a ht of 0.8 to 1.0m from the
working platform
9. Base Plate or Sole Plate:
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:
Following are types of Scaffolding in construction:
 Single scaffolding
 Double scaffolding
 Cantilever scaffolding
 Suspended scaffolding
 Trestle scaffolding

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

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Single Scaffolding
 Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and is also
called as brick layer’s scaffolding.
 Single scaffolding consists of only one row of standards which is
placed at a distance of about 1.2 from the wall.
 Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m.
 Ledgers connect the standards. The ledgers are placed at vertical
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
 Putlogs are taken out from the
hole left in the wall to one end of
the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
 Boarding and guard rails are also
provided
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT
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 Double Scaffolding
 Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also
called as mason’s scaffolding.
 In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to support
putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong.
 The first row is 200 – 300 mm away from the wall
and the other one is 1m away from the first row.
 Then putlogs are placed which are supported
by the both frames.
 To make it more strong rakers and cross braces
are provided. This is also called as independent
scaffolding.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Cantilever Scaffolding
The scaffolding is cantilevered from the wall and is required under the
following conditions,
 When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards,
 When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic,
 When upper part of the wall is under construction.
 Single frame type scaffolding:
 This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on
series of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the
wall.
 Independent or double frame type scaffolding: In this type
needles are strutted inside the floors through the openings
 Care should be taken while construction of cantilever scaffolding.
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
 Suspended Scaffolding
 In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from
roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains.
 It can be raised or lowered to our required level.
 This type of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing, paintings.
Advantage:
 Do not disturb the workers
and activities performed on
ground level .
 Cheap and provides optimum
level for work.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

K.SHENBAGAVALLI
 Trestle Scaffolding
 In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable
tripods or ladders.
 This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings,
repairs etc., up to a height of 5m

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Shoring:
Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building,
vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in danger of
collapse or during repairs or alterations.
 The structure may require shoring for the following reasons:
(i) the stability of which has been endangered due to
1. the unequal settlement of the foundation, or
2. the removal of adjacent buildings, or
3. the defective or bad workmanship.
4. when certain alterations are required to be done in the
structure itself (such as re-modelling of walls, etc.)
5. during the alterations of adjacent buildings such as
underpinning of (the adjacent building) foundations,
dismantling of adjacent building, etc.
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Types of Shoring:
Shoring are classified into three categories according to their positions as
1. Raking or inclined shores
2. Flying or horizontal shores
3. Dead or vertical shores
Raking or Inclined shores:
Inclined members known as rakers are used to support the wall laterally. The
components in raking shores are
1. Rakers
2. Wall plate
3. Needles
4. Cleats
5. Barces and
6. Sole plate
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Raking or Inclined shores

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Raking or Inclined shores:
1. Rakers:
 The size of the raker depends on the anticipated thrust from the wall.
 The center line of the raker and the wall should meet at the floor level.
 The raker should preferably make an angle of 45° to the horizontal and
it should not exceed 75°.
 Should be braced properly
 For tall buildings, the length of the raker can be reduced by introducing
a ride raker
2. Wall plate:
 It is a wooden plate 200-250 mm wide and 50-75 mm thick.
 It is placed vertically along the face of the wall
3. Needle:
 These are plates of size 100x25mm and are used to secure the wall
panels.
 The penetrate into the wall upto 100 mm
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Raking or Inclined shores:
4. Cleats:
 Wooden pieces nailed to the wall plate
 Provided to strengthen the needle
 Cleat prevent shearing off of the needles
5. Braces:
Members provided to strengthen the rakers
6. Sole plate:
 These plate are required to secure the feet of rakers firmly to the
ground.
 They are embedded into the ground by means of iron dogs.
 Sole plate is embedded in the ground at an inclination.
 The size of the sole plate must be enough to occupy all the rakers
meeting at the point and a cleat.
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Flying or Horizontal shores:
 These shore are used to support two parallel walls which are in
danger due to the removal of an intermediate building.
 All types of shores which do not reach the ground come under this
category.
 The centre-lines of flying shores and struts; and flying shore and walls,
should meet at the floor levels.
 The flying shores are kept in position so long as the adjacent buildings are
made stable by constructing the building to a sufficient height.
 In this type, only one set of shoring is employed to strengthen the two
adjacent walls.
 A larger factor of safety should be adopted in design analysis of flying
shores because of uncertainty of actual loads. For shores to be more
effective, the struts should be inclined at 45°.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Two types of flying shores.
1. Single (if the distance between the walls is upto 9m)
2. Double flying shores
Single flying shore:
 Consists of wall plates, struts, straining pieces, horizontal shore (or,
horizontal strut), needles, cleats and wedges.
 Like inclined shores, in this system also, the wall plates are secured against
the walls by means of needles and cleats.
 The horizontal shores is held in
position by wedges, needles and cleats
to the wall plate.
 The inclined struts are supported by
the needles at their one end and straining
sill at the other end.
 Straining sill, in turn, is spiked to the horizontal shore.
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
For Different Floor Levels:
If the floor levels of two buildings
are different or their strengths are
different, then shore positions
should be provided as shown in the
figure.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT

K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Dead or Vertical Shore:
 Vertical members known as ‘dead shores’ are used to support
temporarily the walls, roofs, floors, etc., by providing horizontal
members known as needles, to meet one or more of the following
objectives:
(i) To rebuild the lower part of a defective load bearing wall; or
(ii) To rebuild (or replace) or deepen the existing foundations,
(iii) To provide large openings in the existing walls such as doors,
windows, shop fronts or garages at a lower level
 Wooden needles consisting of thick sections are used to transfer the
overhead loads to the properly braced vertical shores.
 These vertical or dead shores, in turn, transfer those loads to the
ground on firm foundations below.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Steps to be followed while providing opening in walls:
 Before providing shores to a building, all door and window openings
must be properly strutted to resist any possible deformation.
 Inside floors of the building must be strutted by props or vertical
posts.
 At the top and bottom of these vertical struts or posts, timber heads
and sole pieces are provided to distribute the load more effectively
 Wedges are also used at the bottom or foot of prop for tightening
purpose.
 Holes are than cut in the wall by crow bar at points above the
required opening, at a distance of I to 2.5 m depending upon the
weight of structure above.
 Through these holes, timber or steel horizontal beams, called
needles, are inserted and projected at right angles on each side of the
wall
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Steps to be followed while providing opening in walls:
 The projected ends of needle beams are supported on heavy transfer
the loads to the ground and hence are made to rest on a sole plate,
firmly bedded on the ground.
 The shores are removed only after the new construction work has
attained sufficient strength and this period of removal usually is not
less than 7 days.
 The sequence of removal of shoring system should be needles first
and then strutting from openings and floor strutting inside the
building.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Underpinning: (Generally means support from below)
Underpinning is a method for repair, strengthening or renewal of
building foundations.
There are many reasons underpinning is required for
Stabilisation of substructure may be required for the following reasons:
 The degradation of timber piles used as a foundation for normal
buildings would cause settlement. This degradation of structures is
due to water table fluctuations.
 Rise and lowering of the water table can cause a decrease of bearing
capacity of soil making the structure to settle.
 Structures that are built over soil with a bearing capacity not suitable
for the structure would cause settlement.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Underpinning:
Underpinning is required for the following reasons:
1. To correct faulty foundation in case it has suffered a lot of cracks and
settlement.
2. If the foundation is not strong or stable enough to hold the weight of
the property.
3. To increase the load bearing capacity of the existing foundation.
4. To add floors to the existing foundation, rather than constructing a new
building.
 To choose the correct method, you should keep the following points in
mind:
1. The structure of the foundation
2. The factors that may have caused damage to the existing foundation
3. Depth of excavation
4. Site restraints
5. Local permits and regulations
6. Cost of the entire process
7. Time duration
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Methods of Underpinning:
1. Pit Method:
 The existing wall is divided into suitable sections of length 1.2 to
1.5m.
 Underpinning is taken up from
the middle section and strengthening
is carried out in alternate sections.
 The method involves the
following steps
1. A hole is made in the wall above
the plinth level.
2. Strong needles are then inserted
through the holes to carry the entire
load of the structure.
CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT
K.SHENBAGAVALLI
Methods of Underpinning:
1. Pit Method:
2. Generally, the needles are made of timber beam or steel joist
3. Wooden bearing plates are used between the beams and supporting
wall to minimize the masonry crushing
4. Jacks are provided to support the needle beams. Jacks should be
placed sufficiently away from the supporting walls to enable the
working space for trench excavation and concreting.
5. The foundation pit is then excavated to the desired new level and
timbering is provided for the trench.
6. New foundation is laid and after it gains enough structural strength,
the needles are removed and the hole in the masonry is closed.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Methods of Underpinning:
2. Pile Method:
1. Bore holes are made at regular intervals along the wall on either
side.
2. Then under reamed piles are cast
3. Concrete needle passes through the
wall and are supported on piles.
4. Concrete needles are permanently
left there to act as pile caps.
5. Suitable for clayey soil.
6. By transferring load to piles, the old
foundation is considerably relieved of the load.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

Methods of Underpinning:
2. Pile Method:
1. Bore holes are made at regular intervals along the wall on either
side.
2. Then under reamed piles are cast
3. Concrete needle passes through the
wall and are supported on piles.
4. Concrete needles are permanently
left there to act as pile caps.
5. Suitable for clayey soil.
6. By transferring load to piles, the old
foundation is considerably relieved of the load.

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI

CEPE10 Construction Techniques & Equipments, NITT K.SHENBAGAVALLI