KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B

ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)

ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Stratigraphy
Three cores were collected from an Oligo-Miocene sequence of rocks in the ocean. A total of
thirteen species of foraminifera were collected from throughout these cores. Eight taxa are
benthic forams, and their preferred habitat (in depth) is shown below. The other five are planktic
forams with restricted periods of time over which they were abundant. The occurrence of the
planktic forams correlated with time, is also shown below.
 KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Using the known distributions of these forams as a guide, divide this section into parts based
upon the depth of deposition or the age of deposition. Keep in mind that 1) gravity works, and 2)
old specimens may be reworked.

50 m 7 Ma
The division based The division based
upon the depth of upon the age of
deposition illustrated 16 Ma deposition illustrated
by the blue line. Ma by the green line.
Upper section has Upper section has
deeper depth of younger age of
deposition rather than deposition rather than
the lower section. the lower section.
And then, there is a 500 m Hence the lower
reworked of 1500 m section has older age
Foraminifera from the of deposition.
50m-500m at the very
top of the section. 20 Ma
Ma

500 m

Division based on
depth

Division based on
age
150 m

50 m

23 Ma
Ma
0m
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Using these forams as references, correlate the following sections by LITHOLOGY.

A B C

What interpretations can you make from this correlation? What was the environment like?

From the lithocorrelation, it can be said that the transportation or sedimentation process of the
sediment materials in those section are not constant and changed relatively. We can see from the
lithology these sections consist of sandstone and silt limestone. Section B is the prove of the
inconsistency of sedimentation rate because there are limestones in between laminated sandstone
strata.

The environment of these section could be coastal to shallow marine because in section A there
is a thick sandstone layer that illustrate the coastal area and in section B and C there are
limestone layers that illustrate the shallow marine environment.
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Using these forams as references, correlate the following sections by WATER DEPTH
during deposition using benthic forams.

A B C

What interpretations can you make from this correlation? What was the environment like?

From the correlation based on water depth, we can conclude that the sections are deposited in
various way. In section A, fossils that can be found in the depth of 50m-150m are in between
fossils that can be found in the depth of 50m-150m. From section A it can be seen that there are
depositional patterns at certain depth which can be describe as the changes in sea level. In
section B and C, the water depth is keep getting deeper because fossils that deposited in 500m-
1500m can be found.

The environment of these sections can be identified as coastal until shallow marine environment
because there are changes in sea level and fossils that deposited in 1500m can be found.
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Using these forams as references, correlate the following sections by AGE using planktonic
forams.

A B C

What interpretations can you make from this correlation? What was the environment like?

From the correlation based on age, we can conclude that the sections are deposited from older
layers at the bottom of the sections to the younger layers at the top of the sections. The oldest
layers are deposited from 23 Ma and the youngest are deposited from 7 Ma. From the correlation
we can see that the sections are deposited constantly and there is no unconformity.

So we can see that the environment in these sections based on the age has constant sedimentation
rate and there are no disturbance in the area.
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

EXERCISE 7 – CORRELATION NAME______________________________

Recently, an ash layer (pink) was discovered and is known to be correlative through the three
sections (that is, it is the same age in all three sections). Does this adjust any of your prior
correlations? Yes, the newly discovered ash layer does adjust our prior correlations.

A B C

Look at the blue-shaded parts of the sections. In these areas there is an increase in the
abundance of course-grained sediments. What do you suppose could have caused this?

The abundance of coarse-grained sediments can be caused by the change of sedimentation rate.
The sedimentation rate can be unusually high so the coarse-grained sediments can be deposited.
Other possibilities are there is landslide in the area so there are coarse-grained sediments that act
as the debris from the landslide.

Can you develop a complete interpretation of these sections? If section A is to the West and
section B, then C, are to the East, where might one expect to find fossils representing the
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

deepest parts of the ocean? Why? What might a researcher expect to find if they go in the
opposite direction?

A. Complete Interpretation

These sections show the inconsistency of sedimentation rate based on the lithology. It shows
that the sedimentation rate is not constant and is relatively changed. The changes in
sedimentation rate can be seen in the lithology of the sections that varies from sandstone to silt
based limestone. And then in section B there is limestone layer in between the laminated
sandstone layer that strongly proved the sedimentation rate is not constant.

From the water depth we can infer that the environment of these sections are between coastal to
shallow marine environment. It is because fossils that range 0-1500m can be found in these
sections. And then from the age, we can conclude that the sections are deposited from older
layers at the bottom of the sections to the younger layers at the top of the sections. The oldest
layers are deposited from 23 Ma and the youngest are deposited from 7 Ma. From the
correlation we can see that the sections are deposited constantly and there is no unconformity.
So we can see that the environment in these sections based on the age has constant
sedimentation rate and there are no disturbance in the area.

B. The Deepest Part of the Ocean

From the water depth correlation we know that section C is the deepest part of the ocean. It is
because in section C there is fossils that can be found in the depth of 500m-1500m. These fossils
are proof that section C is the deepest part of the ocean. So, from west to the east, the sections
are getting deeper.

C. The Opposite Direction

If a researcher go in the opposite direction, they will expect that the sections are getting
shallower. They can also expect the change of the abundance of the fossils. If they going to the
west, the fossils are getting less abundance and if they going to the east, the fossils are getting
more abundance.
KELOMPOK 5 – PRINSIP DAN SEKUEN STRATIGRAFI B
ACHMED AL RIDHO ZULKARNAEN (1806198162) ERIKA AURELLIA (1806198414)
ADINDA CAMELIA (1806198616) FARAS SYADAD (1806137324)

Exercise 5
Biostratigraphy

Biostratigraphy is the subdiscipline of geology that is concerned with

determining the relative ages of sedimentary rocks on the basis of their
contained fossils. The practical application of biostratigraphy is
biostratigraphic correlation: i.e., establishing the temporal equivalence of
widely separate rock units on the basis of fossils.

Fossils are useful in relative age determination because the processes of

evolution have produced a unique sequence of life forms through time. Every
species of fossil plant, animal and protist has a definite stratigraphic range, the
range in geologic time from its evolutionary origin to its extinction. Similarly,
every interval of geologic time has been characterized by its own distinctive
faunas and floras.

The age of a fossil-bearing sedimentary rock can be determined if the

stratigraphic ranges of its contained fossils are known. For example, suppose
that a particular trilobite species is known to have lived in late Cambrian time. It
follows that any rock containing fossils of that particular trilobite must be late
Cambrian in age. In practice, determining the precise stratigraphic ranges of
fossil species can be quite involved. Nevertheless, the stratigraphic ranges of
thousands of species are well known, and they can be used to correlate rocks
with a precision that generally exceeds that of radiometric dating.

Part 1
Before fossils can be used to help determine the relative age of a sedimentary
rock, their stratigraphic ranges must be known. The following exercise is a
simplified example of how one might go about documenting the stratigraphic
ranges of some fossil species in rocks of known ages, and then using that
information to infer the ages of rocks in previously unexplored areas.

5–1
 M

Figure 1—Occurrences of two fossil species at five separate localities. Ages of rocks in regions I, II, and III are known on the
basis of independent evidence. Ages of rocks in regions IV and V must be determined on the basis of their contained fossils.
Abbreviations: C = Cambrian; O = Ordovician; S = Silurian; D = Devonian; M = Mississippian (from Brice et al.
2001).

a. Use letter abbreviations to complete the geologic column at the left in

Figure 1, with Cambrian at the bottom and Mississippian at the top.

b. Now, with your knowledge of the geologic time scale and the Principle of
Superposition, use heavy vertical lines to show the stratigraphic ranges of
species F-1 and F-2 in the two columns under the heading “Fossil Ranges.”
You can determine the stratigraphic ranges of these species by observing their
occurrences in rocks of known ages in regions I, II and III.

c. Using the stratigraphic ranges of species F-1 and F-2, what inference can you
make about the age of the fossil-bearing layers in region IV?

It can be seen that there is only species F-1 in the layer of unexplored region IV.
So, we can infer that the age of the layer in unexplored region IV is between
Cambria to Ordovician.

d. What inference can you make about the age of fossil-bearing strata in
region V?

In the unexplored region V layer, there are species F-1 and F-2 fossils. So,
we can infer that the age of the layer in unexplored region V is Silurian.