ORALS PREPARATION

BOOKLET
CREATED BY

JUSTIN KELLY

2015

GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR ORALS

COLREGS SECTION IS INCOMPLETE. IF IN DOUBT OF ANY OF THE ANSWERS

PLEASE USE YOUR OWN DUE DILLIGENCE AND RESEARCH YOURSELF

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 1

 CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE
IMSBC CODE 3
BLU CODE/MANUAL 10
CARGO 16
IMDG CODE 23
LOADING OF VARIOUS CARGO 26
ISPS CODE 34
STABILITY REVISION 38
DUTIES OF OOW 46
NAVIGATING WITH PILOT 49
ONBOARD
BRIDGE EQUIPMENT 51
IAMSAR 61
GMDSS 63
MASTREP 65
NAVIGATION 66
AZIMUTHS AND AMPLITUDES 68
LOAD LINE CONVENTION 70
CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES 76
SURVEYS 79
MARITIME LAW 83
P&I CLUBS 100
NOPSEMA 103
SALVAGE 104
NATIONAL PLAN 105
HELICOPTER OPERATIONS 107
CERTIFICATES 110
LSA AND FFA 116
SHIP CONSTRUCTION 124
OH&S(MI) 125
BALLST WATER MANAGEMENT 133
PORT STATE CONTROL 136
ISM CODE 138
MLC 140
MARPOL 145
COLREGS 153

SOME CHAPTERS MAY SEEM BRIEF. NO NEED TO BOG DOWN IN THE SMALL
STUFF

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 2

IMSBC Code
International Solid Bulk Cargoes Code(BC Code)
Solid Bulk Cargoes MO 34
IMDG Code MO 41
Cargo Stowage and Securing MO 42
BLU Code
SOLAS Chapter VI

Aim
❖ Is to provide information on the dangers associated with the shipment of certain types of
solid bulk cargoes and instructions on procedures to be adopted when the shipment of
solid bulk cargoes is required.

What information and documentation should the shipper supply to the Master prior
to arrival in port?

❖ The shipper shall provide the master or his representative with the appropriate
information on the cargo well in advance of loading, this will be in the form of a shippers
declaration form.
❖ This is to enable the master or mate to take all precautions into consideration, to ensure
proper stowage and safe carriage of the cargo.

The info shall include as per Marine Order 34:

- A general description of the cargo and use the Bulk Cargo Shipping Name
(BCSN)
- The IMDG Class of Cargo
- The UN Number
- Define the Group A, B or C
- The total quantity
- The stowage factor
- The angle of repose
- Trimming procedures
- Likelihood of shifting
- Transportable Moisture Limit (TML)
- Toxic and flammable gasses that may be emitted
- Chemical Hazards (Flammability, oxygen depleting, toxicity and corrosiveness)
- Tendency to self heat
- Radioactive properties

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What information should the vessel give to the terminal prior to arrival?

❖ The ETA of the vessel, and updated as required

❖ Name, call sign, IMO number, flag state and port of registry
❖ A loading plan stating:
- Quantity
- Hatch sequence
- Quantity for each pour
❖ Arrival and proposed departure drafts
❖ Time required for deballasting
❖ Ships length, beam
❖ Height from the waterline to the first hatch coaming
❖ Location of ships accommodation ladder
❖ Air draft
❖ Details and capacity of ships cargo handling gear
❖ Number and type of mooring lines

What issues does the IMSBC code highlight?

❖ The dangers associated with carrying different types of bulk cargoes

❖ Guidance on various types of bulk cargoes
❖ Advice on the properties of products shipped in bulk
❖ Description of the test procedures
❖ General precautions of shipping bulk cargoes

What are the three categories of solid bulk cargoes as per the IMSBC Code?

Group A - Cargoes which may liquify

Group B - Cargoes which possess a chemical hazard
Group C - Cargoes which are neither Group A or B
Goods can be categorised into both Groups A and B

What are some examples of Group A cargos?

❖ Group A cargos are those that may liquefy

❖ Mineral concentrates which are refined ores such as, copper, iron, lead, nickel
❖ Nickel concentrate
❖ Coal

What are the requirements for loading Group A cargos?

❖ The shipper must:

- The shipper must test the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML)
- The moisture content must be below the TML in order to be shipped
- The shipper must provide a signed certificate or declaration stating the TML
❖ The Master must:
- Ensure the correct information has been required, stating the TML and the actual
moisture content

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 - Refuse to take the cargo if the TML exceeds the maximum allowable TML value
- You may request another test if you believe the figure is to high
- Monitor the cargo as you load and stop loading if there are indications of high
moisture content
- Trim the cargo to minimise the possibility of cargo shift
- Minimise the likelihood of extra moisture during loading and throughout the
voyage

How are Class B cargos classified?

❖ Dangerous goods in solid form in bulk under the IMDG Code

❖ Materials Hazardous in Bulk (MHB)
❖ Bulk cargo classified as dangerous will have a UN number in the BCSN

What is the major risk of Group B cargos?

❖ The risk of fire and explosion

❖ The risk of toxic gas and corrosion

What are some examples of Group B cargoes?

❖ Coal due to its self heating properties, corrosive properties, oxygen depleting and its
ability to produce carbon monoxide and methane
❖ Metal Sulphide, due to oxidation, self heating, oxygen depletion, corrosive and toxic
fumes
❖ Ammonia nitrate can be very explosive, and release toxic fumes and gases
❖ Wood products can deplete oxygen and increase carbon dioxide

Group C cargo does not liquify, nor is it a chemical hazard. So why can it still be a
concern?

❖ Due to the fact that the cargo can still be of high density and can cause stresses to the
cargo
❖ Trimming procedures should take place
❖ Other materials may have fine dust that pose a risk of inhalation
❖ Materials may be very abrasive

Vessels loading solid bulk cargoes are required to carry a booklet. What does this
booklet contain?

❖ The booklet should be in the working language of the officers handling the cargo
❖ Stability data
❖ Ballasting and de-ballasting rates and capacities
❖ Maximum allowable load per hold
❖ Maximum allowable load per unit surface area of the tank top plating
❖ General loading and unloading instructions, including any limitations on the vessel in the
worst condition during loading, unloading and ballasting
❖ Any special restrictions set out by the Administration or Organisation

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 5

❖ Maximum permissible forces and and moments during loading, unloading and during
the voyage

Inspection and Preparing Cargo Spaces

❖ Before loading a cargo you must inspect and prepare the cargo spaces:
❖ Bilge wells and strainer plates are prepared, and prevent cargo from entering the bilge
system
❖ Bilge lines, sounding pipes and other service lines are in good order and not leaking
❖ Cargo space fittings are protected from damage
❖ Minimise dust entering the living quarters and other spaces, or coming in to contact with
moving parts of deck machinery and external navigational aids
❖ Testing of the water tight integrity of the holds

What are some of the stability considerations when loading the vessel?

❖ Always make sure the cargoes are properly distributed throughout the ships hold
❖ Consult the stability book
❖ Consult the IMSBC book to determine what the trimming requirements may be
❖ Use the approved loadicator
❖ Ensure the vessel is never overstressed and minimise the shearing forces and bending
moments
❖ The master will need to calculate for the worst conditions during loading and for arrival
at the next port and ensure that the vessel will have sufficient stability throughout the
voyage
❖ Ensure that the vessel has sufficient GM however not so much that the vessel may be
to stiff upon departure

What are the hazards of carrying coal?

❖ It is classed as Group A and B cargo

❖ May liquefy depending on the moisture content and the size of the gravel
❖ Emission of methane and and or hydrogen gas
❖ Emission of carbon dioxide and or carbon monoxide
❖ Formation of sulphuric acid in bilges
❖ Self heating
❖ Oxygen depletive

What precautions would you take prior to loading coal?

❖ All the correct information has been provided by the shipper on a shippers declaration
❖ The hatch coamings have been adequately greased to prevent sparks when closing and
opening
❖ All the electrical equipment in and around the space is intrinsically safe
❖ Isolate non insulated lighting by removing the fuses
❖ Test all gas and heat measuring equipment
❖ All bare steel to be protected
❖ Ships hold should be well swept and dry

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❖ Bilges thoroughly cleaned and inspected

What precautions would you take with coal during the voyage?

❖ Keep the cargo as cool as possible

❖ Pump the bilges dry regularly
❖ Monitor hold temperatures
❖ Take regular gas samples
❖ Surface ventilate
❖ No smoking or naked lights on deck
❖ Hold entrances must be locked and labelled as confined space
❖ If carbon monoxide is detected it is an indication of fire. Seal the hatch openings and
ventilators and if needed boundary cool

When carrying coal the vessel shall be fitted with measuring instruments so the
space does not need to be entered. What are these instruments designed to
measure?

❖ They are to measure the oxygen content

❖ The carbon monoxide content
❖ The methane content
❖ The temperature
❖ The pH value in the bilge water

What does a high pH level indicate?

❖ It indicates that the acidity level of the liquid is high

❖ It is dangerous due tot he fact it can lead to corrosion
❖ The bilges should be pumped out regularly to prevent the liquid staying on the tank tops
for too long

If the carbon monoxide levels are reaching 50ppm what could this indicate and
what action should you take

❖ This could indicate that the coal is self heating

❖ The Master must inform the shipper and the vessel owner of the quantity, type of coal,
the hatch location, the test result from the gas and heat monitoring equipment, the times
the ventilators were opened
❖ Once this is detected the space shall be completely closed immediately
❖ The Master shall seek expert advice
❖ Boundary cooling with water may take place

When carrying self heating coals how would you ventilate it?

❖ Ventilation should be kept t a bare minimum

❖ It should only be done to decrease the methane content

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What is the maximum permissible temperature for accepting coal cargo?

❖ 55 degrees

Explain the definitions below?

Transportable Moisture Limit (TML)

❖ The maximum moisture content of the cargo which is considered safe for carriage in
ships
❖ If the moisture content exceeds the TML then the cargo cannot be accepted
❖ TML is less than the FML by a safety margin of 10%
❖ i.e. If there is 100 tonnes of iron ore and the FML is 10%, the TML must not exceed 9%

Flow Moisture Point

❖ The percentage moisture content in which a flow state develops

Moisture Content
❖ The percentage of a sample consisting of water, ice or other liquid

Angle of Repose
❖ Means the maximum slope angle of free flowing material
❖ Angle of repose varies with the density of cargo

Why is it necessary to trim the cargo as per section 5 of the IMSBC Code

❖ Under Section 5 of the IMSBC Code it states that:

- Trimming cargo reduces the likelihood of cargo shifting
- Minimises the air entering the cargo which could lead to spontaneous heating
- Cargo spaces should be as full as practicable so as to not stress the vessel and
tank top
- Cargo should be spread as widely as practical
- Alternate hold loading may be necessary

What is meant by incompatible cargoes?

❖ Incompatible generally means cargos from Group B (Cargos which present a chemical
hazard)
❖ There are segregation and stowage requirements specified in the code

How do you handle incompatible cargoes simultaneously?

❖ They should not be handled simultaneously!!!!

❖ When completion of loading one type of cargo is completed, the hatch covers of every
cargo space should be closed
❖ The decks cleaned of all residue before loading the next cargo
❖ When discharging the same procedures should apply

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Will the IMDG code list cargos that are Materials Hazardous in Bulk (MHB)?

❖ No
❖ They will only be found in the IMSBC code

If a bulk cargo has a UN number where would you find the risks of handling that
cargo?

❖ You should refer to to the IMDG code as the code states that it will provide information
on dangerous goods in packaged form and also hazardous materials in bulk

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 9

Code of Safe Loading
and Unloading of Bulk
Carriers (BLU Code)
Marine Orders 34

What is the BLU code for?

❖ It was adopted after a series of vessel loses in the 90's due to the unsafe loading of bulk
carriers, and the way in which they were constructed
❖ The BLU Code provides guidance to the Masters, Mates and terminal operators for the
safe loading and unloading of solid bulk cargoes
❖ It is to assist persons involved in the loading and unloading of solid bulk cargos

Other than the BLU Code book, where else could I find the BLU Code?

❖ It is published in the IMSBC Code as a supplement

❖ MO 34 covers the guidelines set out in IMSBC and the BLU Code

What does the BLU Code consist of?

❖ The front section of the code contains recommendations regarding:

- The suitability of the ship and the terminal
- Procedures between ship and shore
- Guidance on ballast management during cargo ops
- Examples of loading and unloading plans
- A generic ship to shore safety checklist for ship and shore staff
❖ The appendixes in the back of the book cover:
- Appendix 1 - Recommendations of port and facility information books
- Appendix 2 - Loading or Unloading plan and worked examples
- Appendix 3 - Emergency schedule (EmS) for materials listed in Appendix B.
- Actions to be taken in the case of emergency
- MFAG table numbers
- Special equipment to be carried

What the recommendations under the BLU Code?

❖ The suitability and construction of ships is appropriate and can withstand the normal
perils of the sea when loaded and on her voyage
❖ Ship to shore procedures and communications are carried out
❖ There is a ballast discharge/load plan put in place that will harmonise with the loading or
discharging of cargo

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❖ There are guidelines on the need for, and recommendations on what information needs
to be in a Port and Terminal Booklet
❖ The requirements to have an agreed upon loading and unloading plan

Under MO 35 and SOLAS Ch XII, Additional Safety Measures for Bulk Carriers, what
do these require bulk carriers to have, and to which vessels?

❖ For vessels 150m or more

❖ Vessels carrying cargoes with density greater than 1780 kg/m3 and above must have
additional construction strengthening
❖ If the vessel does not have additional strengthening she cannot load
❖ Bulkheads shall have sufficient strength to withstand flooding of any cargo hold
❖ High level alarms need to be fitted
❖ Pumping arrangements should include the draining of all spaces in front of the collision
bulkhead
❖ All bulk carriers shall be fitted with a loading instrument which provides shear force
details and bending moments

What are the restrictions on older bulk carriers?

❖ Bulk carriers greater than 150 and older than 10 years old which are not modified to
include the additional safety measures
❖ Cannot sail with empty (a hold with less than 10%) compartments when in a loaded
condition (90% of her maximum load)
❖ Vessel must display a solid triangle with the apex pointing upwards

What is a high density cargo?

❖ It is a cargo that is 1.78 tonnes/m3

Before loading what must the Master and the Terminal Representative agree upon?

❖ There must be an agreed plan

❖ They must agree on the loading rates, number of pours, quantities and the hatch
sequence
❖ The plan must also take into consideration the ballast discharge rate
❖ The loading/unloading rate of the cargo must harmonise with the ballast discharge/load
rate

What is the Masters responsibility when loading solid bulk cargos?

❖ The Master at all times during loading/discharging must ensure the safety of the vessel
❖ The vessel should at no point come out of synch of the arrange ballast and load rates, if
so the Master shall stop the operation to assess if the plan needs to be change or the to
let the loading or ballasting catch up to the proposed plan
❖ The Master must ensure that at no point are the bending moments or the shearing
forces are exceeded
❖ The ships crew continuously monitor the progress

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❖ Drafts are observed at regular intervals
❖ Records are made of the progress in the Cargo Record Book

What information must the be provided to AMSA prior to loading and when?

❖ AMSA must be notified 48 hours prior to loading with a Notice of Intention to Ship Solid
Bulk Cargo
❖ The information required is to include:
- The Name of the Vessel the IMO Number
- Port of berthing
- The Bulk Cargo Shipping Name (BCSN)
- The dangerous cargo if loading Group B cargo other then for cargo that is
Materials Hazardous in Bulk
- The UN Number if a Group B cargo
- Approximate quantity
- Shipper of the cargo
- Density of the cargo

What information must be provided to the Master from the terminal prior to
loading?

What is a certificate of test?

❖ A "Certificate of Test" is to be carried out by the terminal prior to loading

❖ The test is to find out all the properties of the cargo that may pose a risk to the vessel
❖ The test will show results on moisture content, harmful gasses, temperature and any
other results that may be of importance for the Master

Why is the load plan so important when loading bulk cargoes, and what does it
consist of?

❖ Consult the Code for the Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers (the BLU
Code) and MO34
❖ The load plan must be completed prior to arrival by the Terminal Representative
❖ The plan must ensure that the shearing forces and bending moments are not exceeded
❖ The load plan will show the quantities for each cargo hold and the loading rate in which
the facility should pour
❖ The rate has to harmonise with the ballast discharging rate so as to not cause any
stresses to the vessel
❖ If the cargo required testing prior to loading, the Master must have received a signed
certificate of declaration stating the TML and the moisture content on a certificate of
test
❖ A master must not take a ship to sea with a bulk cargo in excess of its TML
❖ All bulk cargo must be loaded, trimmed and carried in accordance with the guidance

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What is the supplement to the BLU code, and what is it for?

❖ The BLU Manual

❖ It is for the guidance of Terminal Representatives when loading and unloading Solid
Bulk Cargos
❖ Includes those responsible for training of personnel

What is the Facility Representatives role, and how is he different to the PIC?

❖ The Facility Representative is in charge of ensuring the safety of the vessel during
loading and unloading of bulk cargoes

Describe to me what is in an Inert Gas, the system and how it works?

❖ Inert Gas: A gas that is not chemically reactive

❖ Inert gases are neither explosive or combustible
❖ Sourced onboard the vessel from the uptake gas from the ships main and auxiliary
boilers or from an Inert Gas generator
❖ It is a SOLAS requirement for the IG Supplied to the tanks from the IG system can only
have 5% oxygen
❖ Used to prepare the tank to receive cargo
❖ Inert gas system provides protection against fire and explosion in the vapour space of
the cargo tank
❖ Inert Gas keeps the O2 levels below 8%
❖ Uses a fixed piping arrangement to blow the inert gas into the tank to displace the
oxygen and makes the atmosphere non-flammable and non-explosive

Some cargos react to liquid, how do you dry tanks before receiving a cargo?

❖ In order to dry or remove the moisture from a tank a process called "sweeping" is used
❖ Sweeping is done by injecting Nitrogen into the tank

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International Code for Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)
What conventions does the IBC Code stem from?

❖ SOLAS Chapter VII - The Carriage of Dangerous Goods

❖ MARPOL Annex II - The Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk

There are three kinds of vessels defined in the IBC Code. What are they?

❖ Type 1 - Which will mainly carry Category X cargoes and some Y cargoes
- Cat X being the most harmful chemicals to carry and present a MAJOR
hazard to personal health and the environment
- Requiring the maximum preventative measures to prevent spill if damaged
- Tanks are to be located at the maximum prescribed distance inboard from
the shell plating
❖ Type 2 - Which will mainly carry Category Y cargoes, and some Z cargoes
- Cat Y deemed to be a hazard to personal and the environment
- Requires significant preventative measures
❖ Type 3 - Which will mainly carry substances that are a minor threat to personnel and the
environment
- Requires a moderate degree of containment

What certificate does a tanker need to carry to ensure it is capable of carrying a

particular chemical?

❖ All vessels should carry a certificate of fitness

❖ It will outline the chemicals that the vessel can carry and it is to demonstrate that the
vessel complies with the IBC Code
❖ The certificate will be issued after an Initial Survey and is subject to annual,
intermediate and renewal after 5 years

Can a vessel carry a liquid that is not on the COF?

❖ Yes
❖ It is called an Addendum to Certificate of Fitness
❖ It can only be done if it is an approved IMO substance
❖ Class and Flag must be notified

Can a vessel carry a liquid that is not approved by IMO

❖ Only if the vessel is capable of doing so

❖ A tripartite agreement must be made between the shipper, Flag State, Class and the
receiver

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What are the for a tanker to have emergency tow lines?

❖ SOLAS Ch V
❖ All tankers over 20 000 DWT must have emergency tow arrangements bot fore and aft
❖ The line must be fitted with a buoy with a light
❖ Must be fitted with chaffing gear, strong point, roller and fairlead arrangements
❖ Aft must be able to be deployed in 15 mins in harbour conditions
❖ Forward must be able to be deployed in 60 mins

What is the Flammable Range and the Flash Point?

❖ The Flammable Range if the range of hydrocarbon gas concentration in air between the
'lower and upper" flammable limits
❖ The "Flash Point" is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapour of
flammable gas near the surface of the liquid

What is the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and where would you find this information?

❖ A Time Weighted Average (TWA) for the concentration of a substance to which workers
may be exposed to over a normal 8 hour working day in a 40 hour week
❖ It is the limit in time in which a person can inhale a substance, or whose skin can be
exposed to, without incidence
❖ Measured in so many parts per million(PPM)
❖ TWA - Time Weighted Average
❖ STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit
❖ The TLV will be on the MSDS

What is LEL and UFL?

❖ The Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) in the concentration of hydrocarbons in the air below
the amount that requires combustion.
❖ The atmosphere is to lean
❖ The Upper Flammable Limit is the concentration of hydrocarbon gas is so high that
there is not sufficient amounts of oxygen for combustion Upper Explosion Limit)
❖ The atmosphere is to rich

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Cargo
COGSA Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
MO 32 Cargo Handling Equipment
MO 42 Cargo Stowage and Securing

Wire Rope

What is standing rigging?

❖ Used for anchoring equipment, such as stays

❖ It has a wire core
❖ Steel Wire Rope (SWR)
❖ Lesser amount of wires and strands but they are thicker

What is running rigging?

❖ It has a flexible natural fibre core

❖ Designed with flexibility to run over sheaves
❖ Flexible steel wire rope (FSWR) Extra Flexible Steel Wire Rope (EFSWR)
❖ More wires, more flexibility
❖ Natural fibre core provides self-lubrication
❖ 6 x 24 - 6 strands of 24 wires each
❖ M/O 32 requires lifting gear to have at least 114 wires (6 x 19)

How do you determine the strength of wire rope?

❖ For a mild steel wire rope 6 x 24

- BS = 20D2/500 tonnes
- BS = 6 x SWL or SWL = BS/6

Under MO 32 who is the "Competent Person"?

❖ It is a person qualified to carry out thorough inspections

❖ The Competent Person can issue certificates
❖ They will be a person from a:
- Recognised Class Society
- A proper testing establishment
- The manufacturer of the equipment

Under MO 32 who is the "Responsible Person"

❖ Is a person that has enough practical and theoretical knowledge so as to be able to

detect any defects that may effect the performance of the equipment
❖ The Chief Officer, Chief Engineer or First Engineer

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Who is the "Person in Charge"?

❖ A "PIC" must be present during cargo and will be appointed by the stevedoring
contractors
❖ The PIC must notify the Master and make an entry into the Logbook at the time of
commencement and termination
❖ The PIC is responsible for the safe loading and unloading of cargo when using the ships
gear
❖ The PIC must do a visual inspection of all equipment prior to loading or unloading,
ensuing the equipment is in good order, the equipment is marked with SWL's and the
Materials Handling Register is being maintained

When is the Master the Person in Charge?

❖ When the cargo is being moved by the ships crew and not stevedores the Master is the
PIC

What is a Materials Handling Register, and what needs to be entered into it?

❖ It is a requirement to keep a MHR in accordance with Marine Order 32

❖ It is a register for all inspections, thorough examinations, certificates and testing
❖ It consists of 4 parts
Part 1
- 6 monthly, annual and 5 yearly tests, thorough examination and inspections
- Cranes, derricks, winches and cargo lifts
Part 2
- 6 monthly and annual thorough examinations and inspections
- Ropes, nets, slings, loose gear
Part 3
- 6 Monthly, annual inspections, cert details
- Wires and terminal fittings
Part 4
- Test and thorough examination of Material Handling Equipment after repair and
heat treatment

What is the "Proof Load" and how much can be lifted for testing purpose of
equipment?

❖ The "Proof Load" is weight required for testing

❖ It is more than the SWL but less than the breaking strain (BS)
❖ As per MO 32 proof load tests are:
- SWL below 20t = SWL + 25%
- SWL between 20t and 50t = SWL + 5t
- SWL above 50t = SWL + 10%

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Can you exceed the SWL for a lift if it is not a test?

❖ Yes
❖ Only if it is a one off lift
❖ An application to the Duty Inspector(AMSA Inspector) must be made
❖ It must not exceed the Proof Load
❖ Written permission from the Owner or Master
❖ The lifting gear must be inspected by a Competent Person

How do you conduct a load test on a crane?

❖ Hoisting moveable weights

❖ Using a spring balance
❖ Load to be applied at a minimum working angle
❖ The weight is to be slewed through its operational arc

What does a structural test consist of when testing a crane?

❖ Conduct test by using moveable weights

❖ Crane is to be slewed in each direction to the maximum of the slew angle

What is the operational test requirements for a crane?

❖ Testing of the limit switches

❖ Hoisting of a load to the SWL
❖ Brakes tested by suspended a load and measuring the "slippage" if there is any

If a load to be lifted exceeds 50t, what needs to be done prior to lifting?

❖ The crane must be classed

❖ Class must be notified and concur
❖ The method of loading must not comprise the safety of the vessel or persons if anything
were to break
❖ The lifting gear must be inspected by a Competent Person

What precautions or inspections would you carry out after a proof load test or a lift
that has exceeded the SWL?

❖ A thorough examination of the lifting equipment shall take place

❖ All of the limit switches shall be reset

What is the minimum weight that a cargoes mass needs to be marked?

❖ A shipper of cargo must mark the cargo if the gross mass is 1 tonne or more
❖ The marking is to be a minimum of 25mm in height
❖ Is must not be loaded or unloaded unless there is a gross mass marking

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What is the difference between an "Inspection", "Thorough Inspection" and
"Complete Testing and Examination"?

Inspection
❖ Is conducted every 6 months
❖ Consists of a careful, close up visual examination by a Responsible Person
❖ Inspect all cranes, derricks, winches, hoisting appliances and accessories
❖ Eye plates, eye bolts and permanent attachments
❖ Needs to be entered into Part 1 of the Materials Handling Register

Thorough Inspection
❖ Is conducted every 12 months
❖ The examination is conducted by a Competent Person or by a Class Society
❖ Inspect all cranes, derricks, winches, hoisting appliances and accessories
❖ Eye plates, eye bolts and permanent attachments
❖ It will be a visual inspection and dismantling of equipment
❖ Entered into Part 1 of the Materials Handling Register

5 Yearly Inspection
❖ Carried out by a Competent Person
❖ Equipment is to be thoroughly examined and tested
❖ Examination and testing before equipment is to be put into service or after heat
treatment
❖ Inspect all cranes, derricks, winches, hoisting appliances and accessories
❖ Eye plates, eye bolts and permanent attachments
❖ It will be a visual inspection and dismantling of equipment
❖ Entered into Part 1 of the Materials Handling Register
❖ The certificates must be kept with the Materials Handling Register

How often do wire ropes need to be inspected and by whom?

❖ A wire rope that does not move over a sheave or winding drum (wire slings) needs to
be inspected at intervals not exceeding 12 months by a competent person
❖ A wire rope that does move over a sheave or winding drum (crane wire) needs to be
inspected at intervals not exceeding 6 months by a responsible person and annually by
a competent person

Who conducts the inspections every 12 months of the cargo handling equipment?

❖ The survey items every 12 months by a Competent Person

❖ Non survey items every 12 months by a Responsible Person

What is MO42 and what are the codes that it covers?

❖ MO 42 is for Cargo Stowage and Securing

❖ It incorporates Code of Safe Practices for Cargo and Stowage and Securing (CSS
Code)
❖ Code of Safe Practices for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 19

When would you need to submit a "notice of intention to ship cargo"

❖ A submission must be made to the flag state at least 48 hours before commencing load
when:
- Any large item that will project over the ships side
- Any single item of more than 100 tonnes mass
- Containers on deck more than one high when the vessel is not specifically
designed to carry containers

Which vessels must carry a cargo securing manual, and who approves them?

❖ All vessels other than passenger vessels, bulk solids, liquid and gas tankers must have
an approved cargo securing manual
❖ The cargo securing manual is approved by the Classification Society
❖ Must be written in the working language of the crew
❖ If the language is not english, a copy must be translated into english

What is in the Cargo Securing Manual?

❖ Information on how to transport and secure standardised, semi-standardised and non-

standardised cargos
❖ Information on how to secure drums, machinery and heavy equipment
❖ Information on the cargo securing equipment that is available on board
❖ The inspections that need to take place of the cargo securing equipment
❖ A Cargo Safe Access Plan (CSAP) should be in place

What is the maximum securing load and the "rule of thumb"?

❖ The maximum securing load is a percentage of the breaking strain of the lashing
material
❖ The "rule of thumb" is that the total strength of the lashings should be 3 times the weight
of the cargo

Can you use a cargo securing equipment to lift cargo?

❖ No
❖ Cargo securing equipment can only be used to secure cargo
❖ Cargo lifting equipment can be used to secure cargo
❖ Cargo securing equipment does not have individual certificates
❖ Cargo securing equipment has batch certificates
❖ Lifting gear has individual certificates

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 20

Is the "cargo securing manual" and the associated equipment inspected at port
state control?

❖ Yes
❖ The CSM is subject to Port State Inspection
❖ The lashing equipment and and additional associated securing equipment are also
subject to inspection
❖ Any violations may be subject to vessel detention and or prosecution

As per MO 32, when should you discard a wire rope?

❖ When a wire is corroded, worn out or defective that renders it unfit for its intended use
❖ When strands are broken
❖ When the wire has been used beyond its designed proof load
❖ Where a wire is broken, the wire rope must not be used unless:
- The rope has be inspected by a competent person within 1 month immediately
prior to its use
- The total number of wires broken in a length equal to 10 times its diameter does
not exceed 5% of the total amount of wires in the rope
- There is no more than one wire broken immediately adjacent to a compressed
metal ferrule
- Free from knots or kinks
- Inspection period at intervals of not more than 12 months
- It has been tested before being put to use for the first time, and at intervals not
greater than 5 years

What markings should a crane have on the side?

❖ The SWL marked clearly in contrasting colours

❖ The numbers need to be no less than 77mm in height
❖ The SWL at various out reaches

What documentation should be provided with your cargo securing equipment?

What is The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act and how is it implemented in Australia?

❖ It incorporates the Hague-Visby Rules

❖ For goods shipped from Australia
❖ It ensures that that shipper packs the goods in a safe manner and provides the correct
documentation and declarations to accompany it
❖ It imposes responsibilities on the vessel to handle, and stow the cargo correctly
❖ The vessel must proceed en-route with due despatch without deviation
❖ The vessel must be manned, equipped and constructed in a way which can withstand
the normal perils of the sea
❖ Upon receiving cargo the shipper must be given a Bill of Lading

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 21

What limit switches will be found on a crane?

❖ A limit on the slewing movements

❖ A limit on the boom up and down for operating angles
❖ A limit on the wire up to prevent double blocking of the crane hook

What are the means of escape from a crane cab in the event of an emergency?

❖ There can be an escape ladder on the outside of the crane

❖ There can be abseil equipment from the escape hatch

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 22

IMDG Code
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
Marine Orders 41
SOLAS Ch VII

What is the purpose of the IMDG Code?

❖ Describe Classes and hazards of DG

❖ Labelling and placarding of DG
❖ Colour Coding
❖ Stowage Requirements
❖ Segregation requirements
❖ Medical advice and emergency response
❖ To aid and educate shippers and seafarers about the carriage, hazards, segregation
and packaging and labelling of dangerous goods

Consists of:

❖ Volume 1
❖ Volume 2
❖ Supplement

❖ Supplement has information regarding:

- MFAG Medical First Aid Guide
- EMS Emergency Procedure Schedule
- Reporting Procedures
- Use of Pesticides onboard vessels
- Carriage of Radio Active Materials (INF Code)

How do you use the IMDG Code?

❖ Identify the hazardous goods with the PSN or UN No. in the index of Volume 2
❖ Take the UN Number to the Dangerous Goods List (DGL) in Vol 2
❖ Look across the 18 columns to find the requirements
-
- Columns (6) to (14) for packaging requirements
- Columns (3) and (4) for labelling
- Column (16) for Segregation and Stowage
- Columns (15) and (17) for emergency response
- Columns (1) to (5) for preparing the shipping documentation - UN No., PSN,
Hazardous Class, Marine Pollutant and Packing Group

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 23

What are the classes of DG?

❖ 1. Explosives
❖ 2. Gasses
❖ 3. Flammable Liquids
❖ 4. Flammable Solids
❖ 5. Oxidising Substances
❖ 6. Poisonous Toxic Substances
❖ 7. Radio Active Substances
❖ 8. Corrosive Substances
❖ 9. Miscellaneous

How do you determine the proper shipping name(PSN) of a product?

❖ To determine the PSN of a product, refer to the the name in the alphabetical index of
Volume 2 of the IMDG code to get the UN No. of the product
❖ Use this UN No. to go to Chapter 3.2, Part 3. The PSN is found in Column (2)
❖ The index provides an alphabetical list of the technical names that may be the PSN
❖ If the name of the product appears in UPPER CASE, this is the authorised PSN
❖ If the word see, appears after the products name this means it is a synonym of the
substance

What would you do if you were only supplied the Unique Number (UN No.)?

❖ Is the PSN is not supplied you should refer to Chapter 3.2, Part 3, Column (1), to locate
the UN Number
❖ Then refer to Column (2) to get the PSN, but only use the name if it is in UPPER CASE

How do you know if the substance is identified as a Marine Pollutant and where
would you stow it?

❖ By using the authorised PSN which is shown in UPPER CASE consult the MP column
❖ If the letter P appears in the MP column (4), it is regarded as a marine pollutant
❖ As long as it is safe to do so, the MP should be stowed below the deck to reduce the
possibility of the substance releasing into the sea
❖ If it is not possible to stow it below deck, make all attempts to stow it as inboard as
possible where it can be protected

What is a subsidiary risk as per column (4) of the DGL?

❖ Example: Sulphuric acid is leaking from container, you then use water to was it off the
deck. The acid then reacts giving off toxic gasses.
❖ The subsidiary risk is shown with a Placard placed under the primary risk
❖ It will display it in a number as a reference to Vol 1 of the Code

If you are going to load DG what documentation do you need to have and who do
you need to inform?

❖ As per Marine Orders 41

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 24

❖ A vessel must have a Document of Compliance for the carriage of DG
❖ A shippers declaration on a Multimodal Form Stating the goods that are to be shipped
❖ AMSA to be notified 24 Hours prior to loading with DG manifest
- Vessel Name
- Ships IMO number
- Port of loading
- Date of loading and departure
- Classes of goods to be loaded
❖ The Master must inform an AMSA surveyor, in writing, to an office nearest to the port of
loading, any changes to the manifest before the goods are loaded on board the ship
❖ The load plan must be amended during the voyage when further loading, or any
discharges of DG cargo takes place

What are some of the things you would take into consideration when loading DG?

❖ All the information has been provided from the shipper in shippers declaration
❖ Is the vessel allowed to carry the goods as per the Document of Compliance
❖ The local authority has been notified as per MO 41 on with a DG manifest 24 hours prior
to loading
❖ Consult the IMDG Code prior to loading
❖ Check all the DG labelled and Packaged
❖ DG Segregated as per the Code
❖ Ensure there is sufficient emergency equipment onboard to deal with an incident in
accordance with the EmS and MFAG
❖ Vessel shall have an DG Emergency Response Plan
❖ DG manifest and stow plan is continually updated during the voyage
❖ Conduct drills relating to the DG you are carrying
❖ Post stowage plans in the bridge, office and mess room so the crew are aware of the
location of DG

What are "Limited Quantities"?

❖ Limited Quantities are goods of low or medium danger in small containers

❖ If they are packaged in inner packaging and placed in suitable solid outer packaging
their quantities shall not exceed 30kg
❖ If shrink wrapped the quantities shall not exceed 20kg
❖ Limited Quantities only need to be marked with the a UN Number within a diamond and
labelled Limited Quantity
❖ Limited Quantities shall be stowed as per the IMDG Code

How do you distinguish if something is a marine pollutant?

❖ It should have a black and white placard with a dead fish and a tree
❖ A Marine Pollutant (P) shall be limited to 5 litres for liquids and 5 kgs for solids
❖ A severe Marine Pollutant (PP) shall be limited to less than 500g

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 25

Loading of Various
Cargos
LOADING OF GRAIN
International Grain Code(IGC Code)
Marine Order 33

What are the documents required prior to loading grain in bulk?

❖ As per MO33 the ship will need a Document of Authorisation from the flag state, stating
it is capable of meeting the SOLAS VI requirements
❖ Approved grain stability book, stating that it does meet the IMO grain rules
❖ Approved grain stability calculations for the load
❖ Approved loading plan
❖ Shear forces and bending moments calculated

What are the steps involved prior to loading grain in bulk?

❖ Give at least 72 hours, 'Notice of Intention to Load Grain' on form MO33/1 to

AMSA
❖ AMSA surveyor attends the vessel to sight and check documentation
❖ The Master needs to provide stability calculations prior to loading to prove that
the vessel can meet the grain stability criteria
❖ If cargo spaces need treatment then a 'Treatment Order' will be issued.
❖ If not treated the "Grain Loading Permit" will not be issued

Vessel Loads Grain:

❖ Notify AMSA when loading is complete

❖ AMSA checks loading is per the Grain Application form
❖ Vessel free to sail

What are the precautions that are required for loading bulk grain?

❖ Loading should be as per the IGC Code(International Grain Code)

❖ Bilges and bilge suctions cleaned and checked and made grain tight
❖ Tank top to be made grain dry, clean and free of stains and surface rust
❖ Surface ventilation is necessary to to prevent germination
❖ Grain to be loaded up into the hatch combings, trimmed and level
❖ Vessel must be upright, with less than 1 degree list prior to departure
❖ The hold and access lighting must be isolated prior to loading

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 26

On what AMSA form would you find the process of how to carry out the Grain
Stability criteria?

❖ AMSA form 226 goes through step by step process for calculating heeling
moments and the stability criteria

Loading Grain. Why is it dangerous and what precautions should be taken?

❖ Grain can shift and have a free flowing effect

❖ It has a small angle of repose and a low moisture content
❖ Can become explosive due to dust particles becoming exposed to electrical
sources
❖ All lighting shall be intrinsically safe and electrical fans shall be safe
❖ Must be kept dry to avoid germination
❖ Thorough inspection of the cargo hold for cleanliness, tainting, infestations or
contamination
❖ It is possible for grain to gain weight with moisture

Can a ship that does not usually carry grain be allowed to load grain?

❖ Under MO33 a vessel not carrying a Document of Authorisation cannot load in

Australia, however in other parts of the world it is possible
❖ Yes. A vessel can load even if it does not hold the required documentation nor an
approved grain stability book, providing it can meet the following IMO rules:
- Total weight of grain does not exceed 1/3 of the deadweight
- All compartments to be trimmed and fitted with longitudinal boards
- All hatches when filled can be closed and the grain secured
- All free grain surfaces in partly filled spaces shall be trimmed level, and
secured by over stow, bundling, strapping or lashing
- GMf after correction shall not be less than 0.3m through out the entire
voyage

What preparation must you do prior to loading grain?

❖ Clean, dry and ventilate and odour free

❖ All electrical equipment and conduits must be intrinsically safe
❖ Free from infestation
❖ Pressure test the surrounding tanks and sounding pipes against leakage
❖ Hatches are weather tight
❖ No loading in the rain
❖ Notice of confined space at hold doors (oxygen depleting cargo)
❖ No smoking

What is the purpose of the 'Document of Authorisation'?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 27

❖ It is to prove that the vessel has been inspected and approved by the
administration, or an approved recognised organisation for the safe carriage of
grain
❖ It proves that the vessel meets the requirements set out in the code and MO33

Three inspectors will attend the vessel prior to loading grain. Who are they,
and what are they inspecting?

❖ An AQIS inspector to check the vessel is free from vermin, foreign pests, and if
the vessel is carrying out correct quarantine procedures, no residues from
previous cargo
❖ A person from AMSA to check documentation, stability criteria, trimming and
stow
❖ An approved independent Grain Surveyor appointed by the owner of the cargo to
inspect the vessels suitability

What are the requirements if a vessel wants to sail with a hold that is
"Partially Filled" under MO 33?

❖ AMSA225 needs to be completed

❖ The nearest AMSA surveyor needs to be notified 24 hours prior to departure
❖ The partially discharged hold must be trimmed
❖ The vessel needs to meet the stability requirements and demonstrated on
AMSA226
❖ A form must be submitted for every port if new parcels are discharged

State the notification times to AMSA before loading grain in bulk and sailing
after partially discharging?

❖ 72 hour notification prior to loading grain in bulk

❖ 24 hour notification prior to discharging and sailing with a partially filled hold

What are the documents required under the grain code that a vessel must
provide prior to loading?

❖ Approved grain stability books

❖ Document of Authorisation to carry grain
❖ Provide AMSA with an intention to load on AMSA 225 form
❖ Show stability calculations proving that the vessel can meet the grain stability
requirements
❖ Provide a load plan showing the shearing forces and bending moments

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 28

LIVESTOCK

What considerations do you need to take prior to loading livestock?

❖ MO 43 should be consulted
❖ Vessel must carry a Australian Certificate for the Carriage of Livestock
❖ The stability must be meet IMO criteria
❖ A Notification of Intention needs to be sent to AMSA 72 hours prior to loading
❖ A pre inspection of the vessel needs to take place by an AMSA surveyor

What certificate must the vessel carry in order to transport livestock and
what is its validity?

❖ The vessel is to carry the Australian Certificate of the Carriage of Livestock

❖ Valid for 5 years
❖ Subject to annual surveys

When loading livestock what must be taken into consideration?

❖ Livestock other than sheep, pigs and goats cannot not be loaded in half tiers
❖ The livestock must not obstruct access to accommodation, hatches or
emergency exits
❖ Must not obstruct access to LSA and FFE equipment
❖ Must have appropriate space allocation
❖ Must not interfere with sounding points
❖ Must be separated from dangerous goods
❖ Avoid close proximity to heated boundary spaces
❖ Must not interfere with the safe navigation of the vessel
❖ Must not be transported in cross access ways

If a beast dies during the voyage. How do you dispose of this, and how do
you report it?

❖ The beast can be disposed at sea

❖ The vessel must be a minimum of 100nm from land
❖ If possible it should pass through a grinder or comminuted
❖ Or slit in a way to open up the thoracic and abdominal areas

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 29

TIMBER DECK CARGO
What are the precautions of loading timber deck cargo?

❖ Timber can absorb up to 40% of its own weight in water

❖ Loss of stability due to the loading on deck
❖ Absorption from constant water coming over the ships side which can create a large list
❖ Increased weight on deck may be great than the deck load capacity
❖ The swelling of cargo due to absorption may break the lashings
❖ The timber on deck may trap water increasing the free surface effect
❖ The trapped water on deck and the water on the timber may freeze causing a decrease
in GM due to ice accretion

Are there any publications that may assist in the loading of timber cargo?

❖ The Code of Safe Practices for the Carriage of Timber Deck Cargos
❖ Commonly referred to as the "TDC Code"
❖ The vessels approved Cargo Securing Manual

How do you determine the maximum height in which to load your timber on
deck?

❖ The stability of the vessel

❖ The load capacity of the hatches
❖ The height must not be more than 1/3 of the beam of the vessel
❖ The timber must not obstruct the view from the bridge
❖ The strength of the lashings

CONTAINER SHIPPING
What are the codes, conventions and marine orders regarding containers?

❖ The International Convention for Safe Containers

❖ MO 44

Under MO44 what is the Safety Approval Plate for?

❖ Every container must have a SAP

❖ The container shall be refused if it does not have a SAP
❖ The SAP must be permanently fixed to the container
❖ The SAP provides info such as:
- The date of construction
- The date of last survey
- The racking strength

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 30

 - The maximum operating gross weight
- The maximum allowable stacking weight

How often are surveys carried out on containers?

❖ There is to be a survey after the first 5 years of service

❖ Followed by a survey every 2.5 years after that
❖ The survey is to be marked on the SAP

What happens if the container has ACEP notation?

❖ Approved Container Examination Program

❖ The container is under an inspection program
❖ The inspections occur at regular intervals
❖ The container must display the colour code for the previous inspection

What would the notation of 22G1 mean if this was marked on a container?

❖ The first digit is the length of the container - 20 foot

❖ The second is the height of the container - 8'6"
❖ The third and fourth characters indicate the type - General Freight

What would the notation of 45R1 mean if this was marked on a container?

❖ The first digit is the length of the container - 40 foot

❖ The second is the height of the container - 9'6"
❖ The third and fourth characters indicate the type - Reefer Container

What is bale capacity

❖ It is the amount of space that one package, bale or crate takes up in the hold
❖ Not including the gaps between the frames and longitudinals

What is Deadweight Tonnage?

❖ It is the amount of stores, cargo, fresh-water and fuel that a vessel can carry
❖ Deadweight = Displacement - Lightship

What is broken stowage?

❖ The space lost in a stow due to the irregular size of the cargo or the irregular shape of
the ships hold

What is stowage factor?

❖ The space occupied by one metric tonne of cargo i.e. M3/tonne

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 31

How do you determine cargo quantities?

❖ By weight in tonnes
❖ By measurement of volume ie. Whats the stowage factor, whats the volume of the
cargo, whats the broken stowage
❖ By tallying the cargo coming on board
❖ By ullage ie. the amount of product already in the tank, you measure what space is
remaining and compare the measurement to the tank calibration tables

How do you weigh the cargoes?

❖ The shippers declaration will have the weight of the cargo

❖ Scales
❖ Weighbridge ie. Tare weight - Gross weight = Net weight of cargo
❖ Weigh bin. Three tiered bin, top bin loaded, middle bin has the scale, then releases to
the lower bin. Very accurate used for grains, sugar, fodder
❖ Belt weigher. Scales of a conveyor belt, mathematical formula. Not very accurate, so
always accompanied by a draft survey. Usually for coal, ores and other minerals

DRAFT SURVEYS

Why do you conduct a draft survey?

❖ It is to determine the amount of cargo loaded

❖ You will need to do an "initial survey" before loading and a "final survey"
❖ To initially find out the weight of the vessel and then the non cargo weights to work out
the constant
❖ The difference between the two will give you the weight of the cargo
❖ This needs to be done to ensure the shippers declaration matches whats been loaded
so that the Bill of Lading can be finalised

What is the difference between a 'draft survey hydrometer" and a "load line
hydrometer"

❖ A "draft survey hydrometer" is made of glass and is calibrated in air and is used to
measure the dock water density for calculating the mount of cargo onboard
❖ A "load line hydrometer" is made of brass and is calibrated in vacuum and is used to
measure the dock water density for water you are in for your dock water allowance

What is the procedure for doing a draft survey?

❖ Read all 6 draft marks, forward, midships and aft on both the port and starboard sides
❖ Correct the drafts to perpendiculars
❖ Determine the dock water density/sea water density with the "draft survey hydrometer"
❖ Sound all fuel, fresh water and ballast tanks
❖ Calculate the vessels draft from the hydrostatic tables to calculate the displacement of
the vessel

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 32

❖ Assess the underwater volume
❖ Convert the volume of dock/sea water displaced to weight in tonnes = weight of the
vessel
Displacement = Volume x Density

❖ Deduct the total known weights from the lightship to get the constant:

Displacement - (Ballast water + Fresh water + Fuel + Ligthship) = Constant

❖ After loading repeat the steps above as fuel and water will have been consumed, and
ballast water discharged
❖ Deduct the total known weights and the constant from the vessels total displacement
❖ The residual weight is that of the cargo

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 33

ISPS Code
SOLAS Chapter 11
All ships 500 GRT
All Passenger Ships
All port facilities serving the ships

What are the objectives of the ISPS Code?

❖ To create and international framework between Contracting Governments, Government

Agencies, Local Administrations and the shipping and port industries, to detect security
threats and heighten awareness to minimise security incidents affecting ships and port
facilities

How is it achieved?

❖ Gathering and assessing information on possible security threats and sharing this
information with contracting governments
❖ Having restricted access to vessels in ports and port facilities
❖ Preventing the introduction of weapons and explosives to ship and facilities
❖ Provide means of raising the alarm when there is a threat
❖ Compiling ship and port security plans
❖ Training, drills and exercises to increase familiarity with security plans and procedures

How is the ISPS Code empowered under in Australian Law?

❖ Under the Marine Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Act 2003

What does a ship security plan consist of?

❖ Ways to respond to security threats to the vessel

❖ It will have identified areas on the vessel where access should be restricted i.e. Engine
room, wheel house....
❖ Provide communications to shoreside personnel via various means
❖ Ensures regular training and drills
❖ Nominates specific security jobs for personnel, CSO, SSO
❖ Records must be kept for audits
❖ Plans should be protected from unauthorised access, including the port authorities

What are the levels of security?

❖ Level 1 - The level at which ports and ships normally operate. The minimum security
measures are maintained
❖ Level 2 - Heightened risk of security. Advised that protective measures are maintained
❖ Level 3 - Exceptional or imminent risk of a security incident. Specific measures need to
be maintained and follow the direction of the port

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 34

What is the Company Security Officers (CSO) role

❖ In charge of developing security plans for ships, and these plans need to be approved
by OTS before issuing of the ISSC Cert
❖ Must be suitably trained
❖ Must be approved for the position
❖ Needs to ensure correct security levels are being maintained and is to liase with the port
security officer when the vessels are in port

There are two parts to the ISPS code. What are they?

Part A
❖ This part contains mandatory provisions covering the appointment of security officers
for shipping companies, individual ships and port facilities. It also includes security
matters to be covered in security plans to be prepared in respect of ships and port
facilities

Part B
❖ contains guidance and recommendations on preparing ship and port facility security
plans.

What is a Declaration of Security?

❖ At times it may be decided that the ports security level is not adequate and that the
vessel would like to operate at a higher security that the port
❖ A Declaration of Security needs to be sent to the Port Security Officer by the SSO and
signed by both parties in agreement

Who implements and issues the certificates under the ISPS Code?

❖ The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development or DIRD authority is

responsible for the issue of the ISSC
❖ They are responsible for the assessment and approval of port facility, company and
shipboard security plans
❖ They ensure that a CSO and SSO has been appointed
❖ The issuing of the International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC) is valid for 5 years
❖ Subject to intermediate surveys
❖ Compliance checking and assessment of foreign flagged vessels entering into
Australian waters

What information are you required to send to prior to entering Australian waters?

❖ When sending in the "Pre Arrival Form" between 96 and 24 hours prior to arrival, you
need to include certain security information on the form
- Details of the ISSC
- The current security level of the vessel

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 35

 - The last 10 ports of call
- When the security levels at any of these ports was different to that of the ship
- Details of any ship to ship activity in the last 10 ports
- Next 4 ports, including Australian ports

What is a SSAS test?

❖ The Ship Security Alert System is a requirement under the ISPS Code
❖ It is an activation button to alert designated authorities of the immediate threat of piracy
or terrorism
❖ The activation button is located in two positions on the vessel
❖ It is activated via the Inmarsat-C network and will notify the personnel designated in the
system
❖ The message should be sent directly to the CSO and the Administration

What is a DOS, and how do you raise your security level?

❖ DOS is a "Declaration of Security"

❖ It is used to when visiting a port and working alongside another vessel which is
operating at a lower security level than your own
❖ The Declaration is used to request that the other party raise their security levels
❖ It is to ensure that there are adequate security measures in place especially if there has
been a security incident threat recently in the port
❖ There must be an agreement between the PFSO and the SSO, and justification as to
why the security level needs to be raised
❖ The declaration will outline who is responsible for maintaining various security
measures during the port and ship to ship activities

Who is responsible for raising the Security Levels in a port?

❖ The Contracting Government shall set the security levels for the port
❖ In Australia this organisation will be the Department of Infrastructure and Regional
Development (DIRD)
❖ Where a potential risk has been identified the Contracting Government shall notify all
vessels of:
- The security level
- The security measures that should be put in place
- The security measures the Coastal State has put in place
❖ Local port facilities will raise their levels in accordance to the recommendations

What are the requirements of the SSAS, and what information will it transmit?

❖ When activated the SSAS shall:

- Transmit ship to shore to an approved organisation approved by the
Administration
- It will transmit to the CSO
- It will consist of the vessels name, the location and indicate that the vessel is
under threat or compromised

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 36

 - It will not transmit to other vessels
- Not raise the alarm on the vessel
- Continue to transmit until deactivated or reset
❖ It shall be capable of activation from the bridge and at least one other location
❖ It shall not in a place where it could be accidentally activated

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 37

Stability Revision
How to Draw a GZ curve
1. Find the Displacement
2. Find the total Moments
3. Find the new KG (Moments/Displacement)
4. Find the FSC (FSM/Displacement)
5. Find the KGf (KG + FSC)
6. With the new Displacement find the KN values
7. Calculate the GZ values for each 10 Degrees(GZ = KN - KGf x SinO)
8. Calculate the area under the curves for the IMO criteria
- 0 ~ 30 (Use Simpsons Rule 2) 1-3-3-1 Rule FORMULA: 3/8 x h x SUM Func
- 0 ~ 40 (Use Simpsons Rule1) 1-4-1 Rule FORMULA: 1/3 x h x SUM Func
- 40 ~ 30 (Subtract rule 2 from 1)
9. Find the various angles of flooding
- Tan x Angle of Deck Edge Immersion = Depth - Draft @ LCF
1/2 Breadth
- Tan x Angle of Potential Down Flooding = Depth of PDF - D @ LCF
1/2 Breadth
- Tan x Angle of Down Flooding = Depth @ DF - D @ LCF
1/2 Breadth

How to Calculate an Angle of Loll

1. Find the new Displacement
2. Find the new Moments
3. Find the new KG (Moments/Displacement)
4. Correct KG for FSE
5. Find GMf
6. Find KM and KB from the tables to find BM
7. Calculate the Angel of heel for the -GM
(Tan Angle of Heel = The sq. root of 2GM / BM)

How to Calculate to Moment of Statical Stability MSS

The moment of statical stability is the force used to return the ship to its upright position.

1. Find the new Displacement

2. Find the new GM fluid
3. Find the GZ (GZ = GMf x Sin0)
4. Find MSS (MSS = GZ x Displacement)

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 38

IMO Stability Criteria
For a Standard Vessel

1. Area under the curve to 30 of heel shall not be less than 3.12 m-deg.
2. The area under the curve at 40 or the angle of down flooding, which ever is least,
shall not be less than 5.16 m-deg.
3. The area under the curve between 30 and 40 of heel(or the angle of down flooding
if less than 40), shall not be less than 1.72m-deg.
4. The Max GZ shall occur at an angle preferably not less than 30 degrees of heel
and certainly not less than 25 degrees.
5. The GZ shall be at least 0.2 metres at 30 of heel or greater.
6. The initial GM shall be at least 0.15 metres

Criteria For Vessels Carrying Grain

Consult the Grain Code

Consult Marine Order 33(Cargo and Handling - Grain)

❖ The vessel must carry a Document of Authorisation from the flag state to carry grain
cargoes and also an approved Grain Loading Stability Book

1. Angle of heel due to grain shift shall not be greater than 12 Degrees
2. The initial GMf shall not be less than 0.3m
3. The area under the curve between the intersection of the angle of list(shaded area)
and 40 Degrees is equal to or greater than 4.3 m-degrees
4. The vessel must be upright before loading
5. The righting lever at 40 degrees must be greater than .307m

❖ Volumetric Healing Moment @ 0 degrees = i / SF x Displacement

❖ Volumetric Healing Moment @ 40 Degrees = VHM @ 0 deg. x 0.8
❖ Where the line intersects the stability curve must not exceed 12 degrees

Criteria For Vessels Loading Timber Deck Cargo

Consult The Code of Safe Practices for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes TDC Code

1. Area under the curve to 30 of heel shall not be less than 3.15 m-deg.
2. The area under the curve at 40 or the angle of down flooding, which ever is least,
shall not be less than 4.58 m-deg.
3. The area under the curve between 30 and 40 of heel(or the angle of down flooding
if less than 40), shall not be less than m-deg.
4. The GZ shall be at least 0.25 metres at 30 degrees of heel or greater.
5. The initial GM shall be at least 0.10 metres

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 39

Where do you find ships stability information and what does it contain? Who issues
it?

❖ Stability information is found in the ships stability booklet. There may be more than one
copy, however only the original, stamped and approved copy can be used for
calculations.
❖ It contains:
1. The particulars of the vessel
2. A drawing of the load line with respective measurements
3. There will be the hydrostatic table
4. The vessel stability in various conditions
5. KN curves or tables
6. Diagram showing the Angle of Downflooding, Angle of Deck Edge Immersion,
Angle of Potential Downflooding
7. Inclining experiment details
8. Drawing of the draft marks
9. tank calibration tables
10. Cargo space particulars of dimensions and volumes.

MO Part 12. Construction - Stability and Subdivision, Machinery and Electrical

Installations
❖ It is a requirement under the Load Line Certificate that vessels must carry the approved
and stamped, original copy of the Stability Book

Why is the inclining experiment so important?

❖ It is to determine the initial VCG (KG) and LCG of the vessel in the lightship condition.
❖ To determine the lightship displacement
❖ It will be the basis for all calculations regarding the stability of the vessel.

What is statical stability? And how is it calculated?

❖ It is the ability for a vessel, once heeled by an external force to return to its upright
position
❖ It is calculated by Moment of Statical Stability (MSS) = GZ x Displacement

How does the change in density of the water effect the change in trim?

❖ Firstly there will be a change in draft

❖ With the change of the underwater area there will be a change in the position of LCB
❖ As the displacement does not change the position of the LCG remains the same
❖ It will create a change in the vessels trimming lever (LCB~LCG)
❖ If the vessel is on even keel sailing from salt into dock water the vessel will trim by the
head

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 40

What are the dangers of the trim changing when the density of the water changes?

❖ If the vessel was on even keel in salt water, then the vessel would trim by the head on
entering the dockwater density
❖ If the vessel loaded in dockwater and departed on an even keel the vessel would trim by
the stern when entering salt water as the draft decreases

Draw a diagram of the angle of loll and explain how it is developed.

❖ A negative GM will develop through a rise or virtual rise of G

❖ This will occur when either top weight is added to the ship through a build up of
moisture in cargoes, ice accretion, overloading. Or through the loss of bottom weights
due to the consumption of fuel and water during a voyage
❖ Most commonly it occurs through Free Surface Effect due to slack tanks
❖ In all cases G will rise above M
❖ The righting lever will then be negative
❖ The ships stability will increase as she list, due to the increasing of her beam
❖ The BM increases as the beam increases
❖ M will then rise
❖ The ship will reach equilibrium when B moves out, and M,G and B are once in line again
and M has moved above

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 41

Explain longitudinal stability?

❖ Longitudinal stability is determined by the the longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG), the
longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB) and the longitudinal centre of floatation (LCF)
❖ The LCF is the point about which the vessel trims
❖ If LCB and LCG are vertically in line then the vessel will be considered to be on an even
keel
❖ If there is a separation between the LCG and LCB this is the trimming lever
❖ If the LCB is forward and the LCG is aft then the vessel will be trimmed by the stern
❖ The LCB will move to the centre of the underwater volume
❖ LCG will move depending of the distribution of weights
❖ The separation caused will create the trimming lever

With regards to stability, what is the danger of having excessive trim?

❖ Excessive trim will lower your freeboard, and will bring that part of the vessel closer to
deck edge immersion

How is your stability reduced when the keel touches the block in dry dock and how
do you calculate the up-thrust or P force?

❖ When ship floats there is an upthrust acting through the centre of buoyancy
❖ When the vessel touches the blocks the up-thrust now acts through the the point where
the vessel touches the blocks
❖ The up-thrust reduces the KG of the vessel
❖ There is a danger of the force to raise G above M if there is not enough GM when taking
to the blocks
❖ Up-thrust (P) = Trim x MCTC
Distance from LCF to 'P' (where the vessel is to touch the blocks)

What is Fresh Water Allowance and how do you calculate it?

❖ FWA allowance is the amount that the summer loadline can be submerged in a water
density of 1.000
❖ The measurement is in millimetres
❖ FWA = Displacement
4 x TPC

What is Dock Water Allowance and how do you calculate it?

❖ Dock water is the density of water between salt water and fresh water
❖ DWA is the number of millimetres that the summer loadline can be submerged in dock
water
❖ This is so that when the vessel sails from dock water to salt water the the vessel will
have a bodily rise and will be at its summer loadline
❖
❖ DWA = FWA x (1025 x DW Density)
25

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 42

How do you calculate the Dock Water TPC?

❖DW TPC = TPCsw x DW Density

SW Density
What is the Dock Water Allowance calculation?

❖ It is a calculation to determine how far you can sink your summer loadline at a river
berth
❖ It is so you can be at your summer loadline when you enter salt water
❖ DWA = FWA x (1025 - Dock Water Density)
25
❖ The answer is in millimetres

What are static, dynamic and localised stresses?

Static Stresses

❖ Result from different weights loaded/discharged or moved within the ship

❖ They are constant and continuous as long as the stresses are not moved
❖ Caused by any load,ships structure, equipment, machinery, cargo, bunkers, stores or
the constant pressure of seawater on the hull

Dynamic Stresses

❖ Result from the movement of the ship in the ocean

❖ The varying effects of the sea, swell and motion through the water
❖ There may be internal dynamic stresses caused by the movement of liquids inside holds
and tanks

Localised Stresses

❖ These are stresses due to the operation being carried out

❖ The movement of the crane and vibration
❖ Point loading from cargo

Explain Free Surface Effect and how it occurs?

❖ It is due to the unrestrained movement of fluid or cargo

❖ A ships stability is measured by the size of the ships righting lever
❖ Due to the shift of the centre of gravity of the fluid, the centre of gravity of the vessel
moves towards the centre of gravity of the weight thus shortening the righting lever and
causes the virtual rise of G
❖ The free surface correction should be added to the KG

Explain step by step free surface effect?

❖ The centre of gravity of the liquid within the tank moves from 'g' to 'g1'
❖ The weight shift of the liquid causes the ships centre of gravity to move from 'G' to 'G1'

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 43

❖ This in turn shortens the righting lever from 'GZ' to 'G1Z1"
❖ The length of 'G1Z1' would be the same had the centre of gravity had a vertical rise of
'G' to 'Gv'
❖ The distance 'GGv' should be added onto KG

What is meant by the hydrostatic draft?

❖ It is the draft at the centre of floatation

What is the maximum heel due to wind loading?

❖ The heel of the vessel is not to exceed 10 degrees of heel in 55 knots of wind

How would you find the angle of "deck edge immersion"?

❖ Tan DEI = Freeboard

1/2 Breadth

What is the point of contraflexion?

❖ It is the point of deck edge immersion

❖ It is the point at which the vessels beam has reached its maximum
❖ Any greater heel will see a reduction in the beam

How do you establish the initial GM from the stability curve?

❖ A tangent is drawn from the beginning of the curve

❖ The line continues out to the 57.3 degrees on the angle of heel axis
❖ The height of that axis should be measured against the GZ axis
❖ The initial GM should be .15m or greater

What effect does the width of the beam have on the stability of the vessel?

❖ As the beam increases BM increases

❖ The GM will increase
❖ The GZ at all angles of heel will be greater
❖ The range of stability will be greater
❖ DEI occurs earlier

What is Statical Stability, and what is it used for?

❖ Statical Stability is the vessels ability to return to the upright position

❖ You can find out the vessels statical stability by GZ times by displacement

What is Dynamical Stability?

❖ It is the work done to incline the vessel

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 44

❖ Find the Dynamical Stability by multiplying the area under the curve to any given angle
by the displacement of the vessel

What information can you gather from a curve of statical stability?

❖ The range of stability

❖ The initial GM
❖ The points of DEI, potential down flooding, angle of down flooding
❖ The point of vanishing stability
❖ The size of the righting lever at any angle of heel
❖ If the vessel meets the IMO stability criteria
❖ The moment of statical stability at at angle of heel GZ x Displacement
❖ The moment of dynamical stability - area under the curve to any angle x Displacement

What is the the wind heel criteria, and is there anything that could aid you to
calculate this?

❖ The criteria requires that with a steady wind of 55knots that the vessel does not heel
greater than 10 degrees
❖ The stability book may have wind heel curves for various loaded conditions
❖ The curves will have displacement and the size of the heeling lever in various conditions
❖ The lever shall be plotted onto the stability diagram as a straight line
❖ Where the two intersect this is the angle of heel the vessel will experience

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 45

Duties of the OOW
What is the primary role of the OOW while on duty?

❖ Under the STCW Code, as the OOW you are the Masters representative and hold the
responsibility to safely navigate the vessel in accordance with the COLREGS and to
maintain the safety of the vessel and the safety of the crew while the OOW is on duty.
❖ The OOW must maintain the watch in accordance with the Navigation Policy and the
companies Safety Management Procedures
❖ The bridge at anytime should not be left unattended

What are the primary duties of the OOW while on navigational watch?

❖ Maintaining a proper and effective lookout

❖ Maintaining general surveillance as per ISPS
❖ Collision avoidance in compliance with the COLREGS
❖ Recording the bridge activities and making periodical checks on the bridge equipment
❖ Ensure all procedures are followed as per the standing and Masters orders
❖ Performing your duties in compliance with the SMS ie. Documentation, handovers,
rounds, compass errors
❖ The passage plan should be executed safely and monitor the progress of the ship
against the plan
❖ Regular fixing of the ships position
❖ Maintain a continuous watch of the GMDSS equipment
❖ Ensure that frequent fire and safety rounds are conducted
❖ Ensure that the vessels stability is being maintained
❖ Regular checks on the cargo to ensure the cargo is secure

Explain how you would effectively maintain a lookout?

❖ A proper and effective lookout shall be maintained at all times, using sight and sound,
and by using all available means appropriate to the prevailing conditions in accordance
with Rule 5 of the COLREGS
❖ This is to be able to make a full appraisal of the circumstances and to be able to
determine if a risk of collision exists
❖ All the navigational aids should be used
❖ Radars tuned and on the correct ranges as per the proximity to danger
❖ AIS should be transmitting and interrogating the vessels
❖ Radios should be on the correct channels for the local area and respective working
channels
❖ The ECDIS screen should be on the correct scale so as to show all the appropriate
information
❖ Binoculars should be at hand
❖ The correct up to date navigational chart for the area should be used, and at the largest
scale for that area

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 46

❖ Regular position fixes plotted on to the navigation chart or ECDIS, and done so with the
respect to the proximity to danger
❖ A full assessment at all times must be made of the state of the weather, visibility, traffic
density and proximity to navigational hazards

What needs to be recorded on the Bridge whilst on watch?

❖ It is vital to keep a running record of all the events during the watch
❖ Regular entries into the vessels Deck Log Book detailing the ships position, course and
speed, weather, course alterations, fire and safety rounds, and any events that are note
worthy that may be useful if you needed to construct the events of the day at a later
date
❖ Any relevant activities that are taking place, in regards to work, operations and
important communications that may affect the vessel
❖ Position fixes on the chart should be kept on the until the completion of the voyage
❖ Any relevant radio communications should be logged into the GMDSS Log Book
❖ Any discharge of garbage or food waste should be recorded in the Garbage Record
Book
❖ Any discharge of the oily water should be logged into the Oil Record Book Part I
❖ Any discharges into the sea of noxious liquid substances needs to be recorded in the
Cargo Record Book

What are the periodical checks to be made on the navigational equipment during
the watch?

❖ Operational checks should be made on equipment on a regular basis

❖ At the beginning of every watch the radars should be checked to see if they are tuned
correctly and on the correct scale
❖ All equipment should be checked prior to entry to port and before departure
❖ Compass error should be checked every watch to ascertain the deviation error
❖ Check that the radios are tuned to the correct channels and transmitting at the correct
volume

What information should be transferred between the OOW's when there is a

handover?

❖ Before any transfer of information the overtaking officer needs to be fully adjusted to the
his surroundings and an appraisal needs to be made of the OOW fitness for work
❖ A handover checklist should be followed as per the SMS
❖ The present position should be verified
❖ Any traffic in the vicinity should be identified visually and also verified on the various
navigational equipment
❖ Navigational hazards to be aware of
❖ The current weather state, and any forecasts
❖ Identification of any navigational lights and vessel lights
❖ Any operational information that may effect the watch ie. ETA's, required speed, Pilot
boarding time

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 47

❖ Any defects of the bridge equipment and any defects in any other departments of the
vessel

You arrive on the bridge to carry out your anchor watch, what information exchange
would take place?

❖ When arriving at the bridge notify the off going officer of your presence
❖ Do a lap of the bridge to take view the surrounding vessels, proximity to hazards and
the weather being experienced
❖ Have a discussion with the vessel about his watch and any general information he may
wish to exchange
❖ Then carry out the formal handover as per the companies Anchor Watch Handover
Checklist found in the SMS
❖ The information will include:
- Which anchor is being used, and the amount of cable
- What the weather is doing and weather to be expected
- The operational status of the bridge equipment
- The status of readiness of the vessel
- The persons on duty
- When was the last round conducted
- The positively verify the position of the vessel
- Any operational requirements: bunkers, departure times, visiting contractors/
surveyors
- What VHF stations the radios are on for port operations and general listening
watch
❖ The Masters Night Orders need to view and signed by the oncoming officer

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 48

Navigating with a Pilot
onboard
Marine Orders 28 "Safety of Navigation"
SOLAS Chapter V

Why do you use a Pilot when navigating in certain areas?

❖ With many ports it is mandatory to have a Pilot onboard unless the Master has an
exemption for that particular port
❖ The Pilot brings local knowledge of the area to the bridge team
❖ They can provide you with updates on local navigational hazards and and changes to
the port in recent times
❖ They can provide you with information on vessel movements in the port that may effect
your passage within the port
❖ If in a foreign port, even though english is the international language of the sea, they
can communicate with local traffic and authorities more effectively

What information would a Pilot provide to you before boarding?

❖ If there is more than one Pilot boarding ground the Pilot will stipulate which one to go to
❖ The Pilot which side of the vessel he would like to board on
❖ To provide a lee on the side on boarding
❖ The height of the bottom of the boarding ladder
❖ The speed of the vessel

What information would you provide the Pilot after he boards

❖ The Pilot should be shown the vessels Pilot card

❖ The current passage plan should be shown to the Pilot to seek his approval and advice
❖ The Pilot should be made aware of the manoeuvring characteristics and any defects of
the vessel
❖ The current draft of the vessel

What are the SOLAS requirements for a Pilot Boarding Ladder

❖ The ladder must be one continuos piece and not two ladders joined by shackles
❖ The first 4 steps from the waterline must be rubber
❖ The 5th step must be a spreader no less than 1.8m long
❖ There shall be no less then 9 steps between spreaders
❖ The ladder must extend above the bulwark or freeboard deck
❖ There must be adequate lighting
❖ There must crew standing by at the boarding zone
❖ A life buoy must be on stand by

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 49

❖ Man ropes must be fitted and they are to be no less than 28mm and not greater than
32mm, and made of natural fibre
❖ If the ladder is greater than 9 meters a combination ladder must be used

What would you do if it was apparent that the Pilot was incapacitated?

❖ They Pilot should be instructed that you do not believe that he is fit for duty
❖ The port should be notified and you should request for another Pilot
❖ The vessel shall not proceed any further into port
❖ It may be necessary to find an anchorage or to slow steam outside the port entrance
❖ Make an entry into the log book
❖ Keep authorities notified and request advice from the P&I Club and the DPA

What is the Masters responsibility when the Pilot is onboard?

❖ The Master always assumes overall control of the vessel except for the Panama Canal
❖ To assess if the Pilot is fir for duty
❖ To inform the Pilot of the condition and characteristics of the vessel
❖ The MAster is required to integrate the Pilot into the bridge team
❖ Monitor the Pilots instructions and the vessel during the passage
❖ Intervene if at any stage the Master feels as though the Pilot is putting the safety of the
vessel in jeopardy
❖ Ensure the bridge is manned adequately at all times
❖ Encourage challenge and response if anyone is not confident with the proceedings of
the vessel

What are the OOW responsibilities while the Pilot is onboard?

❖ The OOW is required to assist the MAster and Pilot as required and directed
❖ To fix the position of the vessel at regular intervals
❖ Monitor that the passage plan is being executed correctly
❖ Monitor the helmsman and their actions
❖ Ensure that closed loop communications are carried out between the bridge members
❖ Utilise the ability to challenge and response in any case that you feel that the safety of
the vessel is in jeopardy

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 50

Bridge Equipment
What is Compass Error?

❖ It is the difference between true north and where the north is pointing on the compass
card
❖ It is a combination of variation and deviation on a magnetic compass
❖ There can be errors on a gyro compass, this also being the difference between true
north and where the card is pointing

Explain how a Gyro Compass work?

❖ It has a wheel or rotor which spins at a very high rate

❖ It is mounted in gimbals so that it has freedom to turn in any direction
❖ It will align with the spin axis and it will be fixed onto a celestial point

What are the errors of a Gyro Compass?

Settling Error (Latitude Error)

❖ It is an easterly error in north latitudes
❖ Westerly error in south latitudes
❖ The value varies as the latitude changes
❖ The error increases as the latitude increases

Steaming Error (Speed Error)

❖ The error depends on the course, speed and latitude in which the vessel is sailing
❖ The error will be westerly when steaming north and easterly when steaming south
❖ It is easy to maintain the latitude however not so easy to maintain the speed
❖ Set the speed to the service speed or maximum speed

The gyro error should be checked with an object with a known true bearing. This should
be done every watch. If the reading of the gyro is greater than the true bearing it is said to
be reading high. If it is less it is said to be reading low

What are the errors of a magnetic compass?

Variation
❖ It is the angle between the true meridian (true north) and the magnetic meridian
(magnetic north)
❖ Variation changes all over the earths surface
❖ Named east or west depending on the direction of the disturbance
❖ Variation for a particular area on a navigation chart in the compass rose

Deviation
❖ It is the disturbance from magnetic influences on the vessel
❖ It is the difference between the reading of the magnetic compass and magnetic north

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 51

❖ Named east or west depending on which way the needle is pointing from magnetic
north
❖ A deviation card should be onboard displaying the deviation on various headings
❖ The card is usually created by a compass adjuster

Dip
❖ Dip is when the compass needle points down due and towards the magnetic pole
❖ Dip is greater nearer the poles an least at the magnetic equator

When is it required to have the magnetic compass swung?

❖ The compass must be swung when the deviation exceeds 5 degrees or more
❖ When large alteration have occurred to the vessel or long periods in the ship yard
❖ If the vessel has been struck by lightning, collision or grounding

Which certificate covers compasses?

❖ Compasses are covered on the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate

❖ The CSSE cert is valid for 5 years and is subject to annual surveys

What are the operational requirements of an ARPA Radar?

❖ 340 mm Screen
❖ It must be able to display range, bearing, speed, CPA, TCPA, bow crossing, course with
in three minutes of selecting the target
❖ Trial manoeuvre
❖ Relative and true motion
❖ Auto acquisition
❖ 20 targets
❖ Audible and visual alarm

What are some operational checks with ARPA?

❖ The presentation and motion verified

❖ Is on water speed not on speed over ground
❖ The heading line is correct to the gyro reading
❖ Correct information from the AIS and the ECDIS
❖ EBL is checked with the heading line
❖ The VRM is checked against the range rings
❖ The gain, sea clutter and rain clutter are tuned correctly

What is an S Band radar?

❖ S Band radar is a 10cm radar and operates on 3 Ghz

❖ Shows less sea clutter and rain clutter
❖ Better target detection in bad weather
❖ Not good at detecting small close targets
❖ More expensive components

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 52

Why are mercator charts used for navigation?

❖ They are used because all course lines appear as straight lines
❖ Distances are easily measured on the vertical axis
❖ The coast line is a true depiction and can be easily referenced visually on the radar
(Orthomorphic)

What are the chart projections you will find onboard?

❖ Mercator Projections
❖ Gnomic Projection

What is an X Band Radar?

❖ X Band radar is a 3cm radar and operates on 9 Ghz

❖ Clear picture, well defined
❖ Shows small close targets in bad weather
❖ Detects SART's
❖ Shows more clutter which distorts targets

What the radar carriage requirements for vessels?

❖ All vessels must carry a 3cm X Band radar

❖ Vessels over 3000 GRT must carry a second radar which can be either a 10cm radar or
3 cm radar

What are the limitations of the radar?

❖ Height of the scanner

❖ Height of the object
❖ The beam width
❖ The pulse length
❖ The target characteristics - size, shape, composition
❖ The set up of the radar by the operator

How does AIS work?

❖ AIS operates by using VHF units on two separate VHF channels. AIS 1 and AIS 2
❖ They are managed by a VHF Data Link (VDL)
❖ The transmission broadcasts into a designated time slot
❖ The IMO minimum of 2000 time slots per minute
❖ Once its transmits from one time slot it automatically reserves another time slot in the
future for the next broadcast
❖ At the same time all the AIS units in the area listen to the information being broadcast
❖ To save on clutter vessels at anchor broadcast over greater time frames

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 53

❖ Information from vessel equipped with AIS A (commercial vessels) have priority over
vessels with AIS B (recreational vessels)

What is AIS and what is its purpose?

❖ Automatic Identification System

❖ Transmits via VHF
❖ It aids in positively identifying vessels
❖ Assists in target tracking
❖ Simplifies target information
❖ Reduces radio transmissions
❖ Provides additional information to assist in collision avoidance
❖ It aids VTS to track vessels in and around the port
❖ Assists VTS in traffic management
❖ In Australia it is used for MASTREP

What is static information on the AIS?

❖ Information that is programmed into the AIS system at the time of installation
❖ Static information does not change
❖ The information is:
- MMSI
- IMO Number
- Radio call sign
- Name of the ship
- Type of ship
- Length and beam of ship
- Location of antenna

What is dynamic information on the AIS?

❖ Dynamic information is information that will can be change as required

❖ Destination
❖ Number of persons onboard
❖ Draft
❖ Ships position
❖ Speed over ground (SOG)
❖ Course over ground (COG)
❖ Heading
❖ Navigational status (anchor, moored, underway, aground.....)
❖ Rate of turn

Are there any factors that need to be taken into consideration with the AIS system?

❖ Not all vessels use AIS

❖ Some vessels may not have the AIS switched on
❖ The information that is being received may not be up to date or reliable

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 54

❖ The datum used between AIS, ECDIS and ARPA may be different which will lead to
discrepancies
❖ Check info inputs to known data
❖ Dangers in using AIS in collision avoidance
❖ Some targets may be undetected even when AIS is switched on
❖ Ensure that the inputs from gyro, log, GPS and static data is correct

What vessels are required to carry AIS?

❖ Stated in SOLAS Ch V
❖ All vessels 300 GRT and over engaged on international voyages
❖ All cargo vessels 500 GRT not engaged on international voyages
❖ All passenger vessels regardless of the size

What are AIS Class A and AIS Class B vessels?

❖ Class A is the IMO mandated minimum carriage requirements for commercial vessels
❖ Class B is for non SOLAS vessels and recreational vessels

AIS has four functions what are these?

❖ To pass information from ship to ship

❖ To pass information from ship to shore
❖ Used for virtual navigation
❖ Used in Australia for MASTREP polling

What are the three segments of GPS?

❖ The "space segment" which is the satellites

❖ The "ground control segments", which monitors the health and accuracy of the
satellites, and corrects the clocks and the satellites orbit
❖ The "user segment", which is the receiver

What are the errors associated with GPS

❖ Ionospheric effect - when the message from the satellite passes through the ionosphere
it is refracted. Meaning the distance is greater. The effect of the error varies with the
condition of the ionosphere
❖ Tropospheric effect - much the same as the ionosphere
❖ Number of satellites - At least three satellites need to be observed for a cocked hat to
be resolved
❖ Satellite clock error - The error in the clock may not have been corrected by the ground
control segment
❖ Signal masking - High objects may hide satellites from the receivers antenna. Which
reduces the number of satellites
❖ Multi-path effects - Reflection of the signal which will cause the signal to travel greater
distance
❖ Satellite geometry - The dilution of precision

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 55

What is Differential GPS?

❖ It is designed to increase the accuracy of of GPS positions

❖ The signal is transmitted from the satellite with the errors
❖ The shore based receiver corrects the errors as it is a known fixed position
❖ The shore based unit transmits the corrected signal to a DGPS beacon
❖ The DGPS beacon then transmits the corrected signal to the vessels DGPS receiver
❖ Highly accurate
❖ Corrects the unknown and varying affects of the ionosphere and tropospheric delays
❖ It cannot correct for multi-path errors

How does GPS work?

❖ A satellite carrying an atomic clock sends a signal that includes a time which it was
generated
❖ The GPS receiver generates its own signal
❖ When the satellite signal is received, the generated signal from the receiver is
compared with the satellite signal
❖ The difference between the GPS position and the known location of the station enables
to calculate the error in the pseudo-range
❖ The users receiver applies the corrections to its own range measurements and this
gives a position circle
❖ At least three satellites are needed to create a position

What is GDOP?

❖ Geometric Dilution of Procession

❖ The higher the value of GDOP the less accurate the position
❖ It is a combination of HDOP and VDOP

How do you construct a Radar Plot and what information will you obtain?

❖ O = The original bearing of the vessel

❖ A series of bearings over a time frame should be taken depending on the range of the
other vessel
❖ The closer the vessel the shorter the intervals between bearing
❖ OA is the relative course of the vessel
❖ Continue the OA line past the centre of the card and draw a line perpendicular to it to
obtain P which is the CPA
❖ Calculate the TCPA by OA(Dist) / AP (Dist) x OA (Time) = TCPA
❖ WO is the way of your own vessel it is parallel to your course
❖ WO distance = Speed x Plot time

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 56

❖WA gives you the Way of Another true course
What is HDOP?

❖ Horizontal Dilution of Precession

❖ Used for 2D accuracy fixes (Lat and Long)
❖ Used for marine receivers
❖ A minimum of 3 satellites is needed to get an accurate position
❖ Four satellites are usually used and the least accurate is rejected
❖ The lower the value of HDOP the better the "cut" or accuracy

What is RAIM?

❖ Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

❖ In order for RAIM to work a minimum of 6 satellites need to be in view
❖ It is a built in program into the satellites to assess the health of the surrounding satellites
that are being used to fix a position
❖ If a pseudo-range differs to greatly from the other satellites then that satellite will be
rejected

What does ECDIS mean?

❖ Electronic Chart Display Integrated System

What is the purpose of ECDIS?

❖ It is to be able to integrate other bridge equipment such as ARPA, AIS, Echo Sounder
and GPS to reduce the time and the workload
❖ It assists the seafarer to focus on other duties in order to safely navigate the vessel

What is the difference between an ENC and a RNC?

❖ An ENC (Electronic Navigational Chart) contains all the chart information required for
the safe navigation
❖ In vector format

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 57

❖ Made by the Hydrographic Office and then IMO approved
❖ Information can be added by the user in the form of layers over the original IMO
standard base layer
❖ Do not loose image quality when you zoom in
❖ Seamless display
❖ Can be integrated with the ARPA, GPS, AIS, Echo Sounder

❖ An RNC (Raster Navigational Chart) is a coloured copy of a navigational chart

❖ Can overlay info from other navigational aids
❖ You cannot not add or remove information or layers
❖ Loose resolution when zoomed in to far

What are the requirements of navigating in areas that only have RNCS?

❖ You must have a full compliment of updated Paper Navigational Charts for that
particular area
❖ The ECDIS system cannot be used as the primary tool for navigation

What is the purpose of a safety contour and how is it distinguishable?

❖ It is a dynamic setting that the user can enter due to the depth of water that the vessel
can operate in due to its draft
❖ If the navigator does not choose a safety contour the system will default to 30m
❖ "Unsafe shallow water" will be displayed in blue
❖ Light blue will be displayed between Shallow and Safe water
❖ White will be the "safe water"
❖ An alarm should sound when approaching the "Unsafe Shallow Water"

What are the mandatory alarms and indicators on the ECDIS?

❖ Crossing safety contours

❖ Deviation from the route
❖ Position fixing method failure
❖ Approaching critical point
❖ Different geodetic datum
❖ Information over scale

How do you know if your vessel is an ECDIS vessel?

❖ You can identify if the vessel is an ECDIS vessel by looking at the attachments to the
safety certificates:
- Passenger Ship Safety Certificate - Form (P)
- Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate - Form (E)
- Cargo Ship Safety Certificate - Form (C)

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 58

The certificate must clearly state the back up arrangements. How would know what
the back up arrangements are?

❖ The certificate will stipulate whether the approved back up arrangements are either
nautical publications or an approved ECDIS back up system

What are the requirements to be ECDIS compliant?

❖ You must have an approved system meeting the IMO requirements

❖ The vessel must have adequate back up arrangements if there is failure of the ECDIS
system
OPTION 1
❖ If the back up is another ECDIS system, the ECDIS must have independent power from
the emergency power supply
❖ The system must have the route fully loaded prior to sailing
❖ Upon change over the position of the vessel must be automatically plotted immediately
❖ There must be an independent positioning reference system integrated
OPTION 2
❖ If not fitted with another ECDIS system the vessel must carry a full portfolio of up to date
charts
❖ The course already plotted onto the charts

What are the requirements for training or courses in regards to ECDIS?

❖ All Masters and Officers in charge of a navigational watch shall have under gone a
Generic ECDIS Training course
❖ All Masters and Officers shall undergo a ECIDS Familiarisation for the particular unit
that is carried onboard the vessel
❖ No officer can hold a navigational watch if the familiarisation is not completed

When updating your ECDIS charts you can receive a "Base CD" and an "Update
CD", what is the purpose of these?

❖ An Base CD is issued once every 6 months and shall be uploaded and the previous one
is to be discarded to save confusion
❖ The Base CD should be retained until the next BASE comes out for back up reasons
❖ Up Date CD's are issued every 2 weeks
❖ They only contain the updates since the latest Base CD
❖ Errors will be experienced if using the old Base CD with the latest Update CD

With regards to chart corrections what a T Notices?

❖ T Notices refers to Temporary Notices

❖ The information or update will be valid for a short period
❖ It should be placed on the chart in pencil so as to be removed at a later date once the T
Notice is lifted

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 59

What are P Notices?

❖ These are Preliminary notices

❖ Used to depict an object when works are in progress
❖ Once works are completed a Permanent Correction will be issued

What is "nominal range" and "luminous range"?

❖ Nominal Range is the range at which you can see the lights at normal atmospheric
conditions and a visibility of 10nm
❖ Luminous range is the maximum range the light could be seen due to the capabilities
and power of the light

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 60

IAMSAR
International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Convention

What is the IAMSAR manual and which version do we need to carry?

❖ Vessels are required to carry IAMSAR Vol 3 for Mobile Facilities - Vessels and Aircrafts
❖ It is to help perform "on scene co-ordination" duties
❖ Provides guidelines for those called upon to help in a SAR situation
❖ Helps the "on scene co-ordinator" to organise and communicate with multiple facilities in
the vicinity of the destress
❖ It assists those who experience actual or potential emergencies and having to carry out
SAR duties

Is a Master obliged to assist? If not, on what grounds?

❖ Under international law the Master is required to assist others in distress when it is safe
to do so
❖ However the Master may deem that through certain circumstances it may be
unreasonable, unnecessary or that the vessel is unable
❖ The Master should make an entry into the Official Log Book
❖ The Master should also notify RCC if he had previously acknowledged the distress

What role does AMSA play in regards to search and rescue?

❖ AMSA is in charge of search and rescue operations

❖ They maintain and run the Rescue Co-Ordination Centre in Canberra
❖ They are responsible for maritime and aviation search and rescue
❖ The RCC manages and receives COSPAS-SARSAT system for satellite detection of
distress beacons
❖ AMSA also operates the MASTREP system

Who is the "on scene co-ordinator"?

❖ The "on scene co-ordinator" may be the first or closest vessel to respond to a SAR
situation
❖ However, the duties may be passed to another vessel that is more capable

What are the duties of an OSC?

❖ The co-ordination of on scene vessels that are assisting

❖ The OSC relays and communicates with RCC
❖ If the Action Plan is not provided by the SMC, the OSC will need to create one
❖ The OSC will need to modify the Action Plan during the search
❖ The OSC should provide SITREPS to RCC at regular intervals, stating:
- The weather and conditions being experienced

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 61

 - The results of the search
- Any findings
- Any casualties/survivors found and the vessel which they are on
- Any actions taken
- Any further recommendations
- Advise the RCC to release vessels

How does the SAR Satellite system work?

❖ Initially there will be an activation of either an EPIRB on vessels, or a ELT from a plane
❖ The signal will transmit via 406Mhz to a COSPAS-SARSAT satellite which is a polar
orbiting satellite
❖ These satellites are dedicated to detect distress signals
❖ The information is then relayed to the RCC through ground stations
❖ The ground stations are located in Bundaberg and Albany
❖ From there the RCC will co-ordinate a response

What is an EPIRB?

❖ An Emergency Positioning Radio Indicating Beacon

❖ It operates on 406Mhz
❖ It is designed to float free and activate via a hydrostatic release
❖ It can be manually activated
❖ It is required to operate for a minimum of 48 hours minimum once activated
❖ The EPIRB should be registered to the Flag State prior to use, providing information on
the vessels call sign and particulars
❖ It should be tested monthly to test the battery
❖ It must be tested annually and there must be certification to prove that the test has been
completed

What is the MASTREP system, and what is it used for?

❖ Modernised Australian Ship Tracking and Reporting System and Marine Order 63
❖ Designed to contribute to the Safety of Life at Sea, and to ensure only the closest
vessels need to respond to a matter of SAR
❖ It is operated by the AMSA through the RCC
❖ It utilises AIS data to get vessel positions
❖ MASTREP uses Position Reports transmitted at intervals between 5 minutes and 5
hours depending on the location
❖ MASTREP does not require vessels to submit Sail Plans (SP), Deviation Reports (DR)
and Final Reports (FR)
❖ It replaces the old AUSREP system

Which vessels does MASTREP apply to?

❖ It applies to a regulated Australian vessels

❖ a foreign vessel from its arrival at its first Australian port until its departure from its final
Australian port

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 62

GMDSS
What does GMDSS stand for and what equipment does it include?

❖ Global Maritime Distress and Safety Systems

❖ It includes:
- INMARSAT ship earth station
- VHF, MF, HF DSC radio
- NAVTEX and Safety-net messages
- Handheld VHF equipment
- EPIRB
- SART

Under Annex IV of the Collision Regulations list the distress signals?

❖ Code flags N over C

❖ Waving of arms
❖ Distress parachute or rocket flare giving off a red light
❖ An orange smoke signal
❖ Shooting of a rifle or other explosive device fired at intervals of not less than one minute
❖ A smoke signal from burning oil in a drum
❖ Morse code SOS (...---...)
❖ Continuous sounding of the ships horn or whistle
❖ A square over a ball
❖ Mayday, Mayday, Mayday via radiotelephony
❖ A DSC call via:
- VHF Ch 70
- MF/HF frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 12 577 kHz,
16 804.5 kHz
❖ A signal from an INMARSAT station
❖ A signal from and EPIRB
❖ A signal from a SART

What are the VHF channels used for VHF communications in the case of SAR?

❖ Ship to aircraft is VHF Ch 6

❖ Ship to Ship is VHF 13

What are the minimum carriage requirements for all SOLAS vessels?

❖ EPIRB (Category A needs to be fitted with hydrostatic release)

❖ SART (1 for vessels 300GRT ~ 499GRT / 2 for vessels 500GRT and over)
❖ Hand held VHF (2 for vessels below 499GRT / 3 for vessels 500GRT and over)
❖ VHF DSC and voice
❖ Navtex
❖ EGC Receiver

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 63

How do you identify transmission from a survival craft?

❖ The transmission will end in 22

Which INMARSAT 2 figure Special Access Code (SAC) would you use for medical
advice?

❖ 32
❖ When this is transmitted it will automatically send to a doctor who will refer advice
❖ The RCC will also receive a copy

How are ship, land and SAR aircraft MMSI numbers composed?

❖ They all have a 9 digit number

❖ Ship starts with 503 ... ...
❖ Land starts with 005 03. ...
❖ SAR aircraft 111 503 ...

503 is Australia's designated MMSI number.These numbers will vary depending on the
flag state of the vessel. The number will remain with the vessel until Flag State changes. It
will not change if owner changes

How often will your EPIRBS have to undergo a functinality test?

❖ This should be conducted once a year during the Safety Equipment Radio Survey
❖ The batteries will require testing
❖ The test will be a transmission to RCC carried out by the person carrying out the survey
or by a testing facility

How long must the vessels radios be operable when on battery power?

❖ If the vessel is power by a generator with an Emergency Generator onboard the battery
need only supply power for 1 hour
❖ If the vessel is not equipped with an Emergency Generator it must be able to supply
power for 6 hours

What are the fuel supply periods for the emergency generators?

❖ For a Passenger Ship the fuel must supply fuel to the generatorfor a period of 36 hours
❖ For a Cargo Vessel the fuel is to supply the generators for a period of 18 hours

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 64

MASTREP
What does MASTREP mean?

❖ Modernised Australian Ship Tracking and Reporting

What are some of the incidents reports to be sent under MASTREP?

❖ Marine Incidents need to be reported on form AMSA 18 and form AMSA 19

❖ Special reports need to be sent on either a POLREP form or phoned in via RCC or the
AMSA contact list
❖ A Special Report is for Dangerous Goods (DG), Harmful Substances (HS), and Marine
Pollutants (MP)

What is the MASTREP system, and what is it used for?

❖ Modernised Australian Ship Tracking and Reporting System and Marine Order 63
❖ Designed to contribute to the Safety of Life at Sea, and to ensure only the closest
vessels need to respond to a matter of SAR
❖ It is operated by the AMSA through the RCC
❖ It utilises AIS data to get vessel positions
❖ MASTREP uses Position Reports transmitted at intervals between 5 minutes and 5
hours depending on the location
❖ MASTREP does not require vessels to submit Sail Plans (SP), Deviation Reports (DR)
and Final Reports (FR)
❖ It replaces the old AUSREP system

Which vessels does MASTREP apply to?

❖ It applies to a regulated Australian vessels

❖ a foreign vessel from its arrival at its first Australian port until its departure from its final
Australian port
❖ Domestic vessels fitted with GMDSS and AIS are encouraged to partake

Who operates the MASTREP systems?

❖ AMSA manages MASTREP via the RCC

What are the benefits of MASTREP?

❖ Increases the time and accuracy of data collected from a larger number of vessel using
the Australian SAR region
❖ Enables AMSA to improve and respond to pollution, marine casualty and and search
and rescue incidents faster
❖ Ensures only the closest vessels will be requested to assist in SAR incidents, reduces
the need for vessels to steam long distances from their intended passage plan

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 65

Navigation
SOLAS Ch V

What do you know about BRM

❖ Bridge Resource Management

❖ It is to involve all the bridge team members from watchkeeper, Master, Pilot and even
the lookout to join all their knowledge and experience to aid in the safe navigation of the
vessel
❖ There should be a professional approach to challenge each others actions if there is
ever any concern with the navigation of the vessel
❖ When a pilot boards a vessel the intended passage plan should be shown to confirm
that he is happy to proceed, and to also familiarise him with the intended plan
❖ The Master should oversee proceedings while the team executes the plan
❖ Clear instructions and closed loop communications should be practiced

What are the 6 phases of passage planning?

❖ Appraisal
❖ Planning
❖ Execute
❖ Monitor
❖ Review
❖ Archive

How would you know if your vessels charts are corrected and up to date, and what
will you do if they are not?

❖ Inspect the bottom left hand corner of the chart, and cross reference that number with
the last correction for that chart on the cumulative list
❖ The most current Notice to Mariners will have a correction date and number and any
new editions that may have been published
❖ If the chart is an old edition it cannot be used
❖ If the most current correction has not been applied, the chart must be updated before
sailing
❖ To ensure all corrections have been applied use the cumulative lists that are published
6 monthly, or check the latest correction on the internet

The Australian Hydrographic Office and United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

publish their NTM's at different times when are they?

❖ The Australian HO publishes NTM's fortnightly and accumulative lists 6 monthly and
annually
❖ The UKHO publishes NTM's on a weekly basis, along with 6 monthly and annual
accumulative lists

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 66

What is a Routing Chart used for?

❖ These charts are essential for use in passage planning for ocean voyages
❖ They include routes and distances between major ports, ocean currents, ice limits, load
lines and wind roses
❖ They show expected meteorological and oceanographic conditions for each month of
the year
❖ Five charts cover the oceans of the world; North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific,
South Pacific and the Indian Ocean.

What are some limitations when constructing a passage plan?

❖ The available depth of water to the draught of the vessel (UKC)

❖ Navigational hazards
❖ Security areas
❖ Anchorages
❖ Traffic separation schemes
❖ Prohibited areas

What are some of the instances when you should call the Master?

❖ In areas of restricted visibility

❖ When the vessel is not responding how it would normally
❖ If you can not determine the ships position
❖ Failure of engine or navigation equipment
❖ Cargo shifting
❖ Traffic density
❖ With the on set of heavy weather

Which publication would you refer to to assist in seamanship skills, in regards to

safely navigating a vessel?

❖ The Mariners Handbook NP100

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 67

Azimuths and Amplitude
What is the purpose of taking an Azimuth and an Amplitude?

❖ To use the true bearings of the sun at that particular time and location to calculate the
magnetic compass error

What is an Amplitude?
❖ Is the true bearing of a rising or setting sun
❖ It is the angle between the east or west point of the celestial horizon and the celestial
body when rising or setting
❖ The Amplitudes can be found by using Nories Tables or by formula
❖ Amplitudes are quicker

What is an Azimuth?
❖ It is a true bearing of a celestial body from the observer
❖ It is an angle formed from a reference direction (North) and a line from the observer to a
point of interest (sun) projected on the same plane as the reference direction right
angles to the Zenith
❖ Azimuths can be found by using the ABC tables or formulas

How do you conduct an Amplitude calculation?

❖ 1 - Enter the daily pages to find the LMT time of sunset/sunrise

❖ 2 - Add or subtract your Longitude in time from LMT to find true time at Greenwich
(UTC)
❖ 3 - Use the UTC time to calculate the declination of the sun
❖ 4 - Use the formula Sin Amp = Cos Dec / Sin Lat
❖ 5 - If the sun is rising the answer is East (90) ___ -N / +S
If the sun is setting the answer is West (270) ___ +N / -S

How do you conduct an Azimuth calculation?

❖ 1 - Enter the daily pages with the UTC (GMT) time to find the GHA and Dec and small
"d"
❖ 2 - Move to the increments and "d" corrections table
❖ 3 - Add increments to GHA and add or subtract "d corr"
❖ 4 - Add or subtract Longitude to the GHA ( + East / - W) to get the LHA
❖ 5 - Find the A, B and C values
A = Tan Lat / Tan LHA (Named opposite to Lat except when LHA is between
090~270)
B = Tan Dec / Sin LHA (Named same as dec)
C = Same name + / Opposite name subtract
❖ 6 - Find the Azimuth value
Tan Azimuth = 1 / (C x Cos Lat)
❖ 7 - Name the sun N or S the same as the C value

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 68

 Name the sun E if the LHA is greater than 180
Name the sun W if the LHA is less than 180

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 69

Loadline Convention
Which vessels does the loadline convention apply to?

❖ The loadline convention applies to all vessels engaged on international trade

❖ Vessel less than 24m in length, military vessel and fishing vessels are exempt

What does the loadline convention contain?

❖ The determination of the placement and marking of loadlines

❖ The loadline convention contains detailed regulations on the assignment of freeboard
❖ It is for the assignment of freeboard for Type A and Type B vessels in the annexes
❖ Special requirements for ships that have been assigned timber freeboards
❖ A seasonal zone diagram in Annex II

How does the ILLC achieve its aims?

❖ Setting out certification and survey requirements for the lifetime of the vessel
❖ Vessels requiring hull markings to ensure the vessel is not overloaded
❖ Sets requirements for structural requirements for strength, subdivisions, bulkheads,
hatch openings, combings, hatches, freeing ports, breathers, port holes....
❖ Minimum reserve buoyancy by establishing bow heights, minimum freeboard and
freeing port locations

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 70

❖ Establishes seasonal zones which require greater freeboard due the weather that is
predominantly experienced in that region
❖ Crew safe passage achieved by setting standards for rail heights, access, bulwark
heights

What are the issues considered when assigning freeboard?

❖ The prevention of the entry of water to the vessel via hatches, vents, breathers, port
holes
❖ Adequate reserve buoyancy, with regards to segregation, bulkhead quantity, watertight
bulkhead doors, tanks, and double bottoms, the size of opening into the vessel
❖ Protection of the crew by means of guardrails, gunwhales, railings on stair wells
❖ Adequate structural strength of the hull
❖ Limitation of water on deck, taking into consideration the freeing ports, deck camber,
scupper holes

What are the two types of vessels with regard to the assignment of freeboard?

❖ Type A vessels
- Designed to carry only liquid bulk cargos
- They feature small access/hatch openings which can be closed by watertight
covers
- Minimum assignment of freeboard
- Needs to be subdivided so if when fully loaded one compartment can be flooded
and remain afloat

❖ Type B vessels
- Any vessel that does not comply with Type A vessels
- Over 100m in length

What are the considerations when calculating freeboard

❖ Size, type and position of the hatch covers

❖ Protection of the crew
❖ Subdivision characteristics - reserve buoyancy
❖ Block coefficient - Fuller vessels means less freeboard
❖ Depth and length of vessel
❖ Strength of vessel
❖ Transverse stability
❖ Type of vessel and cargo
❖ Weather conditions

Can a vessel be assigned less freeboard?

❖ For bulk carriers over 100m, if they meet the above requirements can be assigned a
notation of B-60 and B-100
❖ B-60 is a 60% reduction of freeboard for vessels of that size between A and B vessels
as found on the chart in the back of the loadline convention

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 71

❖ B-100 is a 100% reduction of freeboard for vessels of that size between A and B
vessels as found on the chart in the back of the loadline convention

How would you be able to identify how your freeboard was assigned?

❖ Under the conditions of assignment on the Loadline Certificate

❖ Condition of Assignment are conditions that have to be met prior to issuing the
certificate in order to ensure watertight integrity

Draw a load line and describe how the distances between each season is measured.

And which side of the vessel is this?

1. Summer to fresh - ship's fresh water allowance
2. Fresh to Tropical fresh - 1/48th of summer draft above fresh
3. Summer to tropical - 1/48th of summer draft
4. Summer to winter - 1/48th of summer draft
5. Winter to winter North Atlantic - for ships not more than 100 meters (328ft) in length
this distance is 50 millimetres (21 inches). For other ships the winter north atlantic
freeboard is the same as the winter freeboard and is indicated only by 'W'. All
measurements are to be taken from the tops of the cross lines.
❖ This is the view of the loadline from the starboard side (Always look forward to summer)

When loading to the seasonal marks, the water line should be at the TOP of the loadline

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 72

Draw a loadline for a vessel which can carry Timber Deck Cargoes? And why is
allocated less freeboard?

❖ Timber loadlines are calculated presuming a full timber deck cargo will be loaded
❖ Timber load lines allow a vessel to load to a deeper draft due to the reserve buoyancy
due to the timber onboard, and the assumed higher freeboard
❖ This is the view of the loadline from the starboard side

When could the cancellation of a LLC occur, or when could a vessel be detained
under the breach of the loadline convention?

❖ If alterations of the vessel have been carried out and approval has not been granted
❖ If the vessel does not carry out its surveys in the required time frames
❖ The fittings of the vessel have not been maintained
❖ The vessel cannot maintain its watertight integrity
❖ The structural strength of the vessel has deteriorated
❖ The vessel has changed flag

What do the letters T and TF mean?

❖ When loading in tropical regions you may load to these lines, the same as loading to the
S and F in the summer zone
❖ The distance between T and TF is equal to the distance between S and F (It is the
FWA)
❖ So if loading in a tropical zone in fresh water you could load to the top of the TF line

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 73

❖ When the vessel sails into a summer zone from the tropical, the consumption of fuel
and water should be so much so that the vessel will be on her summer marks when
entering the zone

How would you prepare for a loadline survey?

❖ The Master should have the Load Line Certificate ready for inspection for the surveyor
❖ Ensure that there has not been any modifications to the vessel that may contravene the
original assignment of the freeboard
❖ Check that all vents and ventilators closing appliances are functioning and move freely
❖ Ensure all hatch seals are in good order and are weathertight
❖ Ensure all the dead lights and port holes above and below the freeboard deck operate
properly
❖ Make sure the position of the Plimsol mark, zones and draft marks are all labelled
correctly and clearly visible
❖ All dogs, clamps and hinges are greased and free to move
❖ All freeing ports and scuppers are clear and free from rust and foreign objects
❖ All guard rails, bulwarks and gunwhales are in good condition
❖ Spurling pipe covers are fitted and operate
❖ Any side or bow doors or ramps operate and close with visual and audible signals

What is the Winter North Atlantic Zone, and what kind of vessels need WNA
markings?

❖ WNA is the in areas of the North Atlantic Ocean in the winter period
❖ The seas are considered to be higher and storms are considered to be of greater force
❖ Allows for extra reserve buoyancy in consistent foul weather
❖ The WNA line is used for vessels not exceeding 100m
❖ The WNA is 50mm below the winter mark

If your loading in the summer zone and going to the tropical zone, to which mark
would you load?

❖ Summer zone

If your loading in a tropical zone and your summer draft is 11m, and your TPC is
33t. You will be sailing for 9 days before entering the summer zone, and consuming
a combined total of 28t of fuel and water per day. How far can you submerse your
summer loadline?

❖ Tropical Zone is 11/48 = 22.9cm above the Summer mark

❖ Consumption is 9 days x 28 = 252t
❖ Total cm's the Summer mark can be submersed is 252t/33t = 7.64 cm

How are the loadline zone derived, and why do they exist, and where would you find
out where they are?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 74

❖ The zones are determined by the predominant weather experienced throughout the
year
❖ Some areas will change with during the year as the weather changes due to the season
❖ They are used so that the vessel will have adequate freeboard when passing into each
zone
❖ When loading in one zone and passing into another the mean draft shall not change so
much so as to submerge the loadline mark for that particular zone
❖ To find the zones you can find them in the loadline convention, loadline chart or routing
chart

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 75

International Association of
Class Societies(IACS)
What is a Classification Society?

❖ A Class Society is a non-profit, non-government and independent organisation

❖ Develops and updates constructural rules, regulations, oversees construction, issues
certification of the vessel and regularly inspects the vessel to insure that the "class
rules" and being fulfilled
❖ Applies to vessels trading overseas

What determines an approved Class Society?

❖ Must have 30 years experience as a Classification Society

❖ Must have not less than 1500 ocean going vessels
❖ All vessels over 100GRT
❖ Total aggregate of tonnage not less than 8 million GRT
❖ 150 exclusive surveyors
❖ 100 technical specialists
❖ All of which must be qualified in IACS Procedures

What is aim of a Classification Society?

❖ The aim is to have "safer ships and cleaner seas"

❖ To set standards, inspect the ships and issue independent certificates to show the ships
meet those standards

What is the purpose of the IACS?

❖ It is to create a forum for all of the Classification Societies to discuss, research and
adopt modifications and technical advances in the maritime industry

What are Class Rules, and who designs them?

❖ Class Rules are designed to create standards for:

- structural strength of ships hull and fittings
- suitability of the propulsion and steering systems
- power generation
❖ IACS designs the Class Rules and these can be in the form of publications

What is the scope of Classification Societies?

❖ Technical review of the design

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❖ Attendance at the construction stage of the vessel and approval of the shipyard and
facilities
❖ Issue of Certificates of Class
❖ Ongoing periodical surveys to ensure the vessel maintain the requirements of the Rules

How is Class assigned to a vessel?

❖ It is assigned to a vessel upon completion of initial surveys to ensure compliance with

the Rules of the society at the time of construction

Why are surveys carried out?

❖ They are carried out to ensure the condition of the vessels hull, machinery, equipment
and appliances are being maintained to comply with the class rules
❖ If the Rules are not complied with class may suspend, withdraw or change the notation.
This is called a Condition of Class

What is a Class Certificate?

❖ A Class Certificate is issued by a Classification Society when it is clear and proven that
a vessel has been constructed and equipped in accordance with the Class Rules
❖ Class certificates are inspected on an annual basis and a renewal of the certificate is
issued every 5 years or
❖ Class will also inspect a vessel when there has been an alteration to the vessel that
may affect the certificate or if the vessel has changed class society

What is a "Condition of Class"?

❖ Issued by a Class Surveyor if there is a deficiency that is in breach of the requirements

under the class certs
❖ A "Condition of Class" will state three things:
- The item that that has been issued with condition of class i.e. vents or flaps not
closing, fire pump or anchor winch is not working
- The recommended way to rectify the problem
- The recommended time frame in which it needs to be fixed

What is a "Class Equipment Number" (EN)?

❖ Is is a mathematical equation taking into consideration the displacement, the breadth of

the vessel, the height of the accommodation and the area of the vessel above the
summer load line

What is a Class Notation?

❖ It is assigned to a vessel when it has been proven that the vessel has been constructed
to that particular Classification Society's "Rules"
❖ Each Class Society has its own symbols to depict the notation

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 77

❖ The notation will symbolise the strength and quality of build to ensure that it meets the
standards for the area in which it will operate
❖ The notation will also mean that it has been built to satisfy the requirements of the Flag
State of where it is registered

Can a Classification Society be held liable for the vessels poor maintenance of a
vessel and her equipment?

❖ No
❖ The Class Society avoids liability by not taking responsibility for the safety, maintenance
or seaworthiness of the ship
❖ This responsibility falls back on the ship owner to ensure the people operating the
vessel are maintaining it correctly

If you were steaming into a remote port and you went to clear the anchor and you
found that there was a previously unnoticed crack in the main cog. The anchor
winch should be tag out and is inoperable. What steps would you take to rectify the
situation and who would you inform?

❖ The anchor winch is considered to be a Class Item

❖ The Master should be informed and the item should be tagged out and all crew should
be notified of the defect
❖ The item should be entered into the vessels Hazard Log and the defect reported to the
vessel manager or superintendent
❖ The correspondence with personnel ashore should include any advice as to what the
Master or Chief Engineer recommends needs to take place
❖ Any correspondence with shore side companies that may be able to provide technical
assistance and or parts should be included
❖ The vessel Manager/Superintendent should respond to your advice and messages and
provide details as the step that are being put in place to rectify the situation
❖ Once the initial correspondence has commenced and a line of communication
established the Classification Society should be notified
❖ When notifying the Class Society all the correspondence with the shore side contacts
should be included to demonstrate you have put actions in place to rectify the failed
piece of machinery
❖ Class will consider your actions and the defect and will either issue a "Condition of
Class" or an exemption to sail to the next port where facilities are better

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 78

Surveys
What sort of surveys are you likely to have carried out?

Initial Survey
❖ Inspection of the design of the structure, machinery and equipment to ensure it
complies to the Class Rules, and ensure that it is designed and built and fit for service in
which it was intended

Renewal Surveys
❖ It is an inspection of all the equipment and machinery to ensure that the vessel remains
in compliance of the Certificate the was issued in the Initial Survey
❖ Usually done when there are modifications to the vessel
❖ Done when there is a change in Class Society

Annual Surveys
❖ General inspection of the structure and equipment to confirm it has been maintained in
accordance with the regulations

Docking Surveys
❖ Every 2.5 years
- Shell plating
- Stern frame rudder
- Through hull fittings
- Parts of the hull liable to corrosion(air water interface)
- Unfairness of the bottom
❖ You can get an exemption to carry out an in-water survey at the 2.5 year Docking
Survey date
❖ The vessel will display an UNWILD (Under Water In Lieu of Docking) notation
❖ Application is submitted to flag for approval
❖ For an in-water survey the frame numbers must appear on the hull for diver
identification
❖ The diver must have verbal comms and a camera for the surveyor to communicate and
inspect
❖ After the vessel is 15 years old the vessel must be docked every 2.5 years

Periodical
❖ Survey with timely intervals. ie. Every 5 years

Intermediate
❖ Between the second and third year of the anniversary of the initial survey

In- Water
❖ In lieu of one or two of the dockings over the 5 year period

Special
❖ At 5 yearly intervals

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Continuous
❖ To be opened and inspected in a rotational of 5 years

Enhanced Survey Programme (ESP)

❖ ESP Code and is applicable to:
- Oil Tankers
- Chemical Tankers
- Combination-carriers
- Bulk Carriers

What is ESP and its purpose?

❖ The ESP Code 2011

❖ It is a survey programme set up prior to a Special Survey
❖ It is an effort of prior planning to minimise the time that it takes to carry out a full special
survey
❖ You can commence the ESP after the 4th annual survey with a plan to be completed
before the due date of the Special Survey
❖ A planning document must be submitted 6 months prior to the 4th annual survey
❖ The planning document is to be submitted to Class
❖ The vessels that qualify for ESP will have ESP Class Notation

What are the preparations you need to do for ESP surveys?

❖ Submission to class 6 months prior to the 4th annual survey

❖ The submission should have a ESP planning document
❖ The spaces should be ventilated and gas freed
❖ Tanks and spaces safe for access
❖ Areas for measurement thickness must be cleaned
❖ Sufficient illumination
❖ Staging erected
❖ Vessels with more than 20 000 DWT there must be at least 2 Surveyors

Which vessels does ESP surveys apply to?

❖ Oil tankers
❖ Combination-carriers
❖ Chemical tankers
❖ Dry bulk cargo ships (bulk carriers)
❖ All the vessels above that exceed 500GRT

Whats the purpose of a non-periodical survey?

❖ To update the Class Documents

❖ To deal with damage or suspected damage
❖ To assess repair or renewal
❖ To inspect and alterations

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 80

❖ To deal with postponement of surveys or Conditions of Class

What is UNWILD notation?

❖ "Under Water In Lieu of Drydocking"

❖ UNWILD survey replaces on of the two Docking Surveys in a 5 year period
❖ Only applies to vessel less than 15 years of age
❖ The same amount of information must be able to be obtained as a Docking Survey
❖ There must be camera visuals and communications from the diver to surveyor
❖ Frames must be numbered externally on the hull

When can a suspension of class take place?

❖ When a Class Society's regulations have not been maintained and complied with
❖ When there are defects of the hull, machinery or equipment that the owner fails to repair
❖ When the vessel does not conduct surveys in the time frame of the certificates that it
carries
❖ When a vessel proceeds to sea with less freeboard than it is assigned
❖ When a vessel places the draft marks in a position different to that of the assignment

What should an initial survey of the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate
consist of?

❖ Full inspection of all the fire safety systems, pumps, hydrants and fire lines
❖ Lifesaving appliances and equipment
❖ The shipborne navigation equipment
❖ Means of embarkation for pilots
❖ Fire control plans
❖ Nautical publications
❖ Lights
❖ Shapes
❖ Sound signalling equipment

What will the annual survey of the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment certificate consist
of?

❖ An inspection that all the equipment life saving appliances and fire fighting equipment is
being maintained as per Class requirements
❖ Operation of the Main Fire Pump and the Emergency Fire Pump with jets of water from
various hoses
❖ Other pumps may be connected to the fire line
❖ An inspection of all the life rafts, life boats, rescue boats and their launching apparatus
❖ Inspection of the fire and smoke detection system, and the associated alarms
❖ Type approval certificates will need to be provided for all the equipment
❖ Survey and inspection certificates will need to be shown
❖ The surveyor will request a drill take place
❖ It is to ensure the vessel will remain fit to proceed to sea without danger to ship or crew

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❖ Testing of the navigation lights, shapes, sound signals and means of making distress
signals
❖ Pilot boarding and disembarking arrangements
❖ Inspection of the fire control plans
❖ Vessels publication

What is involved in a Safety Radio Survey?

❖ Testing of all the radio installations

❖ Test transmissions on all of the radios
❖ Testing of the radios on emergency power supply
❖ Inspection of the GMDSS Radio Log
❖ Inspection of the SART, EPIRB and handheld GMDSS radios
❖ Test transmission of SAT C to the CSO and the Flag State

What would be inspected in a Cargo Ship Safety Construction survey?

❖ There would be a full inspection of the structure, machinery and equipment

❖ An inspection of the condition of the outside of the hull and the skin fittings
❖ The main and auxiliary power will be tested
❖ The steering gear and the emergency steering gear will be tested
❖ Valves and vents
❖ Emergency shut offs
❖ For tankers an inspection of pump rooms, cargo, bunker and ventilation piping systems
and associated piping arrangements

If a surveyor needs to board a lifeboat what must you do prior to his embarkation?

❖ Extra securing arrangements must be put in place to ensure the life boat will not fall
from the cradle

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 82

Maritime Law
What is UNCLOS and what is the purpose?

❖ United Nation Convention Law of the Sea

❖ Defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the worlds
seas/oceans
❖ Gives guidelines for businesses, environment, and the management of marine natural
resources

What are the territorial waters set out by UNCLOS?

Internal waters
❖ Covers all water and waterways on the landward side
of the baseline
❖ The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use,
and use any resource
❖ Foreign vessels have no right of passage within
internal waters.

Territorial waters
❖ Out to 12 nautical miles from the baseline, the coastal
state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any
resource
❖ Vessels given the right of innocent passage through
any territorial waters, with strategic straits allowing
the passage of military craft as transit passage

Contiguous zone
❖ 24 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline limit
❖ The state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas: customs, taxation,
immigration and pollution

Archipelagic waters
❖ A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands
❖ All waters inside this baseline are designated Archipelagic Waters
❖ The state has full sovereignty over these waters (like internal waters)
❖ Foreign vessels have right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters (like
territorial waters).

Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)

❖ These extend from the edge of the territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles
❖ The coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources
❖ The EEZs were introduced to halt the increasingly heated clashes over fishing rights,
although oil was also becoming important

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 83

Continental Shelf
❖ Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of
its continental shelf
❖ Coastal states also have exclusive control over living resources "attached" to the
continental shelf
❖ Not to creatures living in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone.

What is a convention?

❖ Conventions are documents produced by international bodies such as the IMO,

International Maritime Organisation and the ILO, International Labour Organisation
❖ Conventions usually only apply to countries that adopt and ratify them
❖ They do not automatically apply to member states of the Organisations

How is a Convention established and how is it implemented in Australia?

❖ A convention can only come into force when a given number of countries that represent
a certain percentage of the gross tonnage of the global shipping community ratifies the
convention
❖ The IMO requires the national government of their administrations to enforce the
convention that has been passed into national legislation
❖ The national legislation being the Navigation Act, this commonwealth law and the law in
which we need to follow
❖ Marine Orders which are developed under the requirements of Conventions, will give
technical details on how to fulfil the obligations under the parent convention

What are the four main pillars of IMO Conventions?

❖ SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended
❖ MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997
❖ STCW International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers as amended, including the 1995 and 2010 Manila
Amendments
❖ MLC Maritime Labor Convention 2006

Name some other IMO conventions that apply to the Maritime industry?

❖ COLREG Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at

Sea,1972
❖ FAL Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic , 1965
❖ LL International Convention on Load Lines, 1966
❖ SAR International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979
❖ CSC International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972
❖ UNCLOS United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 84

Other conventions relating to prevention of marine pollution

❖ Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other

Matter (LC), 1972 (and the 1996 London Protocol)
❖ International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation
(OPRC), 1990
❖ Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by
Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol)
❖ International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships
(AFS), 2001
❖ International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and
Sediments, 2004

Conventions covering liability and compensation

❖ International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969
❖ Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material
(NUCLEAR), 1971
❖ Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976

What is a Code?

❖ A code is not compulsory

❖ Will provide more detail and information on the on how to implement the parent
convention
❖ Some codes are mandatory under the parent Convention
❖ ISM and ISPS are mandatory under SOLAS

What is the Navigation Act 2012?

❖ The Navigation Act is Commonwealth legislation. It is the Law we have to follow(Statute

law - Act of Parliament)
❖ Gives powers to Australia to regulate international ship and seafarer safety
❖ Helps to protect the marine environment and the actions of seafarers in Australian
waters
❖ Takes into consideration the relevant international conventions relating to maritime
issues to which Australia is a signatory
❖ Much of the act is enforced through Regulations and Marine Orders

What other Acts under the Australian legislation relate to the you as a seafarer?

❖ The Protection of the Sea Act (Powers of Intervention)

❖ The Protection of the Sea Act
❖ The Protection of the Sea Levy Act
❖ Occupational Health and Safety Act (Maritime Industry)
❖ Civil Liabilities Act
❖ The Seafarers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act
❖ The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 85

❖ Australian Maritime Safety Act
❖ Shipping Registration Act

What is AMSA's role with enforcing the Navigation Act?

❖ AMSA has the authority and responsibility to enforce the Navigation Act
❖ They enforce such things as:
- Vessel surveys and certification
- Construction standards
- Crewing
- Qualifications
- OH&S
- Carriage and handling of cargo
- Passengers
- Marine pollution and and prevention
- Monitoring and enforcing activities

What are Marine Orders?

❖ The Flag State agrees to enforce the standards of various conventions in which it is a
signatory to
❖ This is then turned into domestic legislation which gives force to the international
conventions
❖ Marine Orders are regulations, made under Australian Commonwealth Legislation in
pursuant of the Navigation Act and the Protection of the Sea Act
❖ It applies to Australian flagged vessels and and foreign flagged vessels entering
Australian waters
❖ Marine Orders contain detailed processes and requirements to ensure that, operators,
masters, seafarers follow up to date legislation
❖ They enhance maritime safety and to prevent marine pollution
❖ They also implement international and national maritime standards
❖ Much easier to amend than an Act

Name as many Marine Orders you can think of?

MO 1 Administration14/12/2013

MO 2 Australian International Shipping Register

Compilations of Marine Orders amended for AISR ships are provided below:

MO 11 – Living and working conditions on vessels

MO 12 - Construction — subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations
MO 21 - Safety of navigation and emergency procedures
MO 25 - Equipment — lifesaving
MO 27 - Radio equipment

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MO 28 - Operations standards and procedures

MO 4 Transitional modifications

MO 6 Marine radio qualifications

MO 9 Health — medical fitness

MO 11 Living and working conditions on vessels

MO 12 Construction — subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations

MO 15 Construction — fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction

MO 16 Load lines

MO 17 Liquefied gas carriers and chemical tankers

MO 18 Measures to enhance maritime safety

MO 19 Tonnage measurement

MO 21 Safety of navigation and emergency procedures

MO 25 Equipment — lifesaving

MO 27 Radio equipment

MO 28 Operations standards and procedures

MO 30 Prevention of collisions

MO 31 Vessel surveys and certification

MO 32 Cargo handling equipment

MO 33 Cargo and cargo handling — grain

MO 34 Solid bulk cargoes

MO 35 Additional safety measures for bulk carriers

MO 41 Carriage of dangerous goods

MO 42 Cargo stowage and securing

MO 43 Cargo and cargo handling — livestock

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MO 44 Safe containers

MO 47 Mobile offshore drilling units

MO 49 High-speed craft

MO 50 Special purpose vessels

MO 51 Fishing vessels

MO 52 Sailing vessels

MO 54 Coastal pilotage

MO 56 REEFREP

MO 57 Helicopter operations

MO 58 International Safety Management Code

MO 59 Offshore support vessel operations

MO 60 Floating offshore facilities

MO 62 Government vessels

MO 63 MASTREP

MO 64 Vessel traffic services

MO 70 Seafarer certification

MO 71 Masters and deck officers

MO 72 Engineer officers

MO 73 Ratings

MO 91 Marine pollution prevention — oil

MO 93 Marine pollution prevention — noxious liquid substances

MO 94 Marine pollution prevention — packaged harmful substances

MO 95 Marine pollution prevention — garbage

MO 96 Marine pollution prevention — sewage

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MO 97 Marine pollution prevention — air pollution

MO 98 Marine pollution prevention — anti-fouling systems

What is the purpose of the Flag State?

❖ To ensure safety at sea and pollution prevention of vessels flying the its flag with regard
to:
- construction, equipment and management of ships
- the principles and rules in how vessels are loaded
- prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment
- to minimise the accidental discharge of marine pollutants
- the manning of vessels and training of crews
- the safety of navigation, maintenance of comms and the prevention of collisions
❖ They are to regularly inspect their ships and create regulations relating to safety and the
prevention of pollution
❖ They are to maintain and update a register of ships flying its flag

What can a Flag State enforce on vessels flying the States Flag and how?

❖ It will enforce its National Laws, including the investigative and penalty processes
❖ Take action against vessels flying their flag that do not comply with the Flag State
requirements
❖ Ensure there are qualified personnel with maritime and technical expertise to:
- develop and enforce national laws
- establish and maintenance of minimum safe manning levels
- ensure effective certification of seafarers
- inspection of vessels to ensure compliance with the international conventions in
which it is a party to
- facilities for reporting of casualties and incidents
- investigation of vessels after detention

What is the function of the Flag State Administration and who are they in Australia?

❖ The Administration in Australia is AMSA

❖ Their function is to:
- monitor and enforce standards of safety and pollution prevention for Flag State
vessels
- enforce international standards of safety and pollution prevention for foreign
vessels visiting States ports
- draw up, implement and enforce statutory merchant shipping regulations
- survey and inspect vessels to ensure they are maintaining domestic and
international regulations
- set and enforce standards of competency for seafarers
- investigate accidents of Flag State vessel and visiting vessels when in State
waters
- approve equipment types for vessels under international regulations

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 - to advise on hazardous cargoes and many other safety matters
- to maintain a register of ships flying the States Flag

What is a Charter-party?

❖ A charter-party is an agreement or contract between a shipowner and a charterer for the

use or hire of a vessel
❖ It is was traditionally a form meaning "carta partita" or a divided card.
❖ It is a divided copy of the contract for both the shipowner and the merchant
❖ It can be for a voyage or for a period of time

What is a contract of affreightment?

❖ It is generally a long term need for transport

❖ Mostly iron ore or coal in bulk
❖ An agreement between a charterer and shipowner to carry their cargo
❖ Normally agreed upon on a charter party

Charter-parties are divided into four groups. What are they?

❖ Time Charter-party
- Where a ship is chartered for a specific period of time
- Charter is responsible for pilotage, stores, fuel and cargo
- Owners responsible for wages, crew provisions and insurance
- Owner required to have the vessel mobilised and crewed 24/7
- Owner obliged to maintain the vessel
❖ Voyage Charter-party
- Where a ship is chartered for a specific voyage or voyages
- Charterer obliged to provide the quantities of cargo and have the cargo ready for
transportation
- Charterer is liable for damage due to loading, trim etc
- Carrier has the liability of the cargo
- Carrier has the right and responsibility to protect the cargo
- Owner is obligated to have the vessel ready and seaworthy
- May have strike, war and ice clauses
❖ Bareboat Charter-party
- The charterer becomes the despondent owner of the vessel
- All costs are covered by the charterer
- Usually the owner will pay for the P&I insurance cover
❖ Demise Charter-party
- Charterer assumes total control of the vessel
- Charterer pays hire to the owner for the whole vessel
- Master and Chief Engineer are usually employed by the owner of the vessel

What is a Notice of Readiness?

❖ It is a notice tendered to the charterer to notify that the vessel is ready to commence
loading or discharging

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❖ The vessel needs to be an "arrived ship"
❖ The vessel must be in all respect ready to load
❖ It must be sent in normal office hours
❖ The master should prepare in duplicate and and retain a copy as a receipt stating the
date and the time of acceptance

What is Laycan?

❖ It is the time frame in which the vessel needs to be available to commence a charter
❖ When a vessel presents itself in a port, it will then send a "Notice of Readiness" to the
charterer stating that the vessel is an arrived ship and ready to load/discharge, clean,
manned and seaworthy
❖ The N.O.R needs to be sent during "normal working hours" and once it is approved
laytime will commence

What is Laytime?

❖ Laytime is the period of time allocated for loading or discharging a vessel

❖ Laytime commences once the Notice of Readiness is approved
❖ If the charterer delays the vessel and the laytime is exceeded then the charter-party
agreement is in breach.
❖ The shipowner will be entitled to claim demurrage, which will be paid at a fixed rate
❖ The rate is stipulated in the charter-party

What is Demurrage and how is it calculated?

❖ If cargo operations are completed after the expiry of laytime

❖ It is a breach of the Charter Party and the charterer will be liable for for damages due to
the time delay
❖ Payable to the owners on a "per day" or "part of a day" that the ship is delayed beyond
the time of expiry of the laytime
❖ The demurrage rate will be defined on the Charter Party
❖ The rate should be so that it will cover the shipowners costs for remaining in port

What is deadfreight?

❖ It is an amount to be paid to a shipowner when a charterer has failed load a full load
❖ The rate and quantity will be in the charter party
❖ When the master sent the N.O.R. he will stipulate how much cargo he can carry, if the
shipper does not supply the correct amount the shipper would be liable for the shortfall
❖ The shipowner may load another cargo, however it must not effect the cargo already
loaded
❖ The shipowner may delay sailing in order to find a substitute load

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 91

Define the term Lien?

❖ It is the right to retain possession of property as security for providing a service, in order
to make a claim or a payable debt
❖ Unpaid seller retain the goods until paid
❖ Unpaid repairer hold the items for goods that are being repaired
❖ Carrier may hold the goods until the goods that are being shipped are paid

What is a Possessory Lien?

❖ When someone takes possession of your goods to offer a service

❖ When they take possession they become the Bailee
❖ Bailee must treat it as their own
❖ They may hold the goods until payment is received
❖ The Possessory Lien can be lifted when payment is received
eg. The shipyard has a Possessory Lien until payment has been made for the construction
of the vessel. A master becomes the Bailee of cargo.

What are Contractural Liens?

❖ The Lien will be written into a contract

❖ It will outline as to who has the rights over the goods
❖ If the goods onboard are in a contractural lien and the consignee does not wish to
receive the goods then the owner of the vessel has the right to on sell the goods
❖ This will in effect void the charter-party and gives power to the Bill of Lading as a
transferrable document

What are Maritime Liens?

❖ A Maritime Lien is a lien on a vessel

❖ To secure the claim of a person/company who provided maritime services to the vessel
❖ It could also be issued by a person who requires compensation due to injury or has not
received wages
❖ It is a Lawsuit directly to a vessel for non-payment of goods and services
❖ The Maritime Lien travels with the vessel until rectified
❖ If ownership changes it still remains in action "in rem"
❖ If a vessel is scrapped or lost an action "in persona" exists
❖ A lien can be issued to a sister ship
❖ If a vessel is sold by the courts all Liens are extinguished

What is a Bottomry Bond and Respondentia Bond?

❖ The two bonds allow the master to borrow money on the security of the ship or the
cargo by executing a bond
❖ Bottomry bond is using the ship as collateral
❖ Respondentia bond is using the cargo and the vessel as collateral

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 92

What is a Bill of Lading?

❖ It a receipt of goods
❖ It is evidence of contract
❖ It is a declaration of quantity and of quality of the goods to be shipped
❖ It is a document of title to the goods proving ownership
❖ It is a transferrable document between parties
❖ Bills of lading are used when transporting goods interstate and on international trade

If you were to inspect the cargo and were to find that the cargo was damaged or
that there was a shortfall in the goods in comparison to the Shippers Declaration
what would you do?

❖ I would amend the Bill of Lading to outline the shortfall or the defective and damaged
cargo
❖ This is called a Claused or Dirty Bill of Lading
❖ The Claused or Dirty BoL is a statement to declare that the goods to be shipped are not
in the condition that the shipper declared
❖ The goods may be damaged or there may be a shortfall

If a Shipper asked you to sign a BoL as "Clean" with an offer to issue you with a
"Letter of Indemnity", what would you do?

❖ A "Letter of Indemnity" should be declined as it is a fraudulent process

❖ The consignee may be suspecting to receive all the cargo in a "Clean" condition
❖ The Master may be liable for apparent damages to the goods
❖ If there is a claim against you you may not be covered by the P&I Club

How can a common carrier limit liability?

❖ An act of God
❖ Restraint of princes, rulers and peoples
❖ Queens enemies(anyone we are at war with)
❖ Jettison for the safety of the vessel
- Flotsam: Put into the sea and floats
- Jettison: Put into the sea for the safety of the vessel
- Lagan: Put into the sea to be recovered later "wet stow"
❖ Negligence of the consigner
❖ Inherent vice - Something that will ordinarily happen to the cargo

What are implied terms?

❖ That the ship is seaworthy at all times

❖ "Due dispatch"- Leave on time and complete the voyage in due time
❖ No deviation on the voyage

What are the Hague Visby Rules?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 93

❖ The Hague Visby Rules are the amended Hague Rules
❖ The HVR are enforced in Australia through the Carriage of Goods By Sea Act (COGSA)
❖ They give more bargaining power to the carrier, whereas the original Hague Rules gave
more power to the shipper
❖ In order to protect the interests of the shipper or cargo-owner, the Rules should impose
some minimum obligations upon the carrier

Describe the carrier's obligation in respect of seaworthiness as applicable to the

Hague Visby Rules?

❖ The carrier shall, before and at the beginning of the voyage provide a seaworthy ship
❖ Seaworthiness has three aspects:
Ship - the ship must be fit to encounter the perils of the voyage she is about to
partake (seaworthy)
Cargo - the ship must be fit and ready to receive and carry cargo safely on the
voyage (cargoworthy)
Manning - She is to be properly manned and equipped for the adventure
(equipworthy)

What are the responsibilities and liabilities of the carrier under the Hague Visby
Rules?

❖ The carrier must use due diligence to make the ship seaworthy, properly manned and
to equip and supply the ship
❖ Make all holds where cargo is carried fit, clean and safe for its reception
❖ Carrier must properly load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the
goods
❖ After receiving the goods the carrier, agent or Master shall issue to the shipper a Bill of
Lading

What are the three basic principles of Marine Insurance?

❖ Insurer must have an INSURABLE INTEREST

❖ Contract is one of INDEMNITY
❖ Principle of UTMOST GOOD FAITH

What is deviation in regards to Marine Insurance, and state the consequences?

❖ When a ship leaves port she will be destined to a port as per the charter party
❖ If a vessel needs to deviate to another port due to an emergency, or needs to return to
the departure port, this is know as "proceeding to a port of refuge"
❖ If the deviation is justifiable, insurance cover and validity of charter parties will remain
❖ Justifiable acts are:
- A deviation made to save or attempt to save life
- A deviation made to avoid imminent danger
- Deviation to save property(cargo or ship)

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 94

 - Going to port of refuge for necessary repairs
- It is unsafe to continue on the voyage
- Putting into a port for bunkering, provided when leaving the last port there was
adequate amounts onboard
❖ Insurers liability will end when a deviation is made

What is General Average?

❖ It is a part of Maritime Law

❖ All parties involved(Shippers, owners of cargo, consignees), proportionally share the
losses
❖ Losses due to sacrifice of cargo or ship in the event of an emergency
❖ All merchants whose goods were safe and landed contribute to other merchants for
their losses
❖ Based on a share percentage
❖ Enforced through the York Antwerp Rules

What is the process between shippers and consignees when using a Bill of Lading?

SHIPPER CONSIGNEE

1. THE SHIPPER TAKES THE GOODS TO THE CONSIGNEE PLACES ORDER

WAREHOUSE/YARD

2. UPON INSPECTION OF THE GOODS A MATES CONSIGNEE WILL REQUEST A BANK

RECEIPT OR WAREHOUSE RECEIPT IS GIVEN GUARANTEE , WHICH IS A NON-
TO THE SHIPPER TRANSFERRABLE AMOUNT OF FUNDS UNTIL
IF THE GOODS ARE THE SAME AS THE THE BILL OF LADING IS SIGHTED AND
SHIPPERS DECLARATION AND ARE IN GOOD MATCHES IDENTICALLY TO THE
ORDER, A CLEAN BILL OF LADING WILL BE INFORMATION ON THE BANK GAURANTEE
ISSUED

3. ONCE THE BANK GUARANTEE IS SIGHTED, THE BANK WILL RELEASE THE FUNDS UPON
A COPY OF THE BILL OF LADING WILL BE SENT SIGHTING THE BILL OF LADING AND SEEING
TO THE BANK FOR THE RELEASE OF THE THAT THEY ARE IDENTICAL
FUNDS. THE GOODS WILL THEN BE SHIPPED

4. PAYMENT IS RECEIVED FROM THE BANK

5. A COPY OF THE BILL OF LADING WILL BE THE CONSIGNEE WILL USE THE COPY OF THE
SENT TO THE CONSIGNEE BILL OF LADING TO COLLECT THE CARGO

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 95

What conditions under the York Antwerp Rules, have to occur for General Average
Loss to apply?

❖ Must be a common adventure

❖ The common adventure must be in peril
❖ There must be sacrifice or expenditure of extraordinary nature. ie. Damage to
engines whilst trying to refloat the stranded vessel
❖ The sacrifice must be made intentionally for the purpose of preserving the adventure
from immediate peril
❖ There must be success. A percentage of the cargo must be landed

If a loss does not satisfy each of the above, it will amount to "particular average". The
party sustaining the loss will have no right to contribution from the other parties in the joint
adventure

What are some examples of General average claims?

❖ Going to a port of refuge for necessary repairs after and incident(act)

❖ Jettison of cargo (sacrifice)
❖ Slipping an anchor to avoid immediate peril (sacrifice)
❖ Discharge cargo to refloat a stranded vessel (expenditure)
❖ Hire of tugs to help refloat a vessel (expenditure)
❖ Damage caused during extinguishing a fire (expenditure)
❖ Stranding on purpose to avoid sinking (act)

How are General Average contributions decided?

❖ Generally they will be settled at the next port of call

❖ The shipowners has a duty to appoint an Average Adjuster who will visit the vessel as
and assessor to apportion costs as per quantity of cargo they had on board and total
loss of cargo of the shippers in the joint adventure
❖ The ship owner has an obligation to collect all contributions from the various parties

What is Particular Average and what are some examples of the claims?

❖ Particular Average is anything that isn't General Average

❖ It is a partial loss of from any kind of accident
❖ Damage to the ship/cargo due to extraordinary bad weather
❖ Damage to hull or machinery or cargo due to fire
❖ Damage to ship/cargo caused by grounding or stranding

What does Hull and Machinery Insurance generally cover?

❖ Fire and Explosion

❖ Theft
❖ Jettison
❖ Piracy

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❖ Grounding
❖ Loading and discharging accidents
❖ Negligence of crew and repairers
❖ Pollution
❖ Third party
❖ Perils of the sea
❖ General Average contributions

If there is a claim under Marine Insurance how are they defined?

❖ The claim could be a Total Loss - being actual or constructive

❖ The claim could be Partial Loss, such as:
- Particular Average - Damage to the vessel
- General Average - Under a joint adventure the is sacrifice to property, and the
extraordinary expenditure is reasonable and voluntary. It has been done for the
common safety of the vessel and cargo, and through the action there has been
success
- Salvage Charges
- Suer and Labour Charges - Charges incurred by the ship owner in preserving or
attempting to preserve the the vessel from the consequences of an insured peril

What is Total Actual Loss?

❖ It is when a vessel has sunk in very deep water and cannot be retrieved
❖ The vessel is destroyed
❖ The vessel has been reported as missing
❖ There ceases to be a "thing"

What is Total Constructive Loss?

❖ The damage to the goods exceeds the value of the vessel

❖ The cost of recovery would exceed the value of the vessel
❖ A claim on constructive total loss would be made when an actual total loss appears to
be unavoidable

What is a "Note of Protest"?

❖ It is a declaration or oath made in by a Master before a Notary Person (In Australia it is

a Justice of the Peace)
❖ Due to circumstances out of the Masters control, damage, loss or possible damage may
to the ship or cargo
❖ It may be a requirement of the vessels Flag State to make a Note of Protest in the event
of damage, loss or injury
❖ It is intended to show that the damage, loss or incident occurred due to maritime perils
and not through negligence of the Master, officers or crew

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 97

When would you make a "Note of Protest"?

❖ You should always consult with your P&I Club prior to raising a note of protest
❖ When there is a need to resist against claims of damage or lost against the ship owner
❖ Circumstances when a Note of Protest may be needed are:
- Whenever general average occurs
- When the weather experienced may have damaged cargo
- When the weather experienced may have caused the vessel not make a
cancelling date
- After the ship has sustained or caused material damage
- After a serious breach of the charter party(refusal to pay demurrage, undue
delay, refusal to load)
- If the consignee fails to discharge the cargo, take delivery or failure to pay for the
freight

How do you submit a "Note of Protest"?

❖ The Master should request the agent or owner to arrange transport and an appointment
of a notary public (Justice of the Peace, magistrate or other official)
❖ The Master should be accompanied by another crew member, who has knowledge of
the incident, as a witness
❖ The vessel Log Book, Deck Log and any other relevant information should be taken
❖ The Master and witness should take copies of their identification
❖ The Notary will hear the Masters declaration and make a note in the Register of
Protests
❖ At least 3 certified copies of the the protest should be obtained. 2 for the owners and 1
for the ships file
❖ A fee will be payable

What information will need to be in the "Note of Protest"?

1. The date and place of the protest

2. The name of the Master
3. The name of the vessel and its tonnage
4. Type of cargo
5. The date of the occurrence and date of arrival in local port
6. Nature of the incident

❖ Always include on the note of protest "reserve the right to extend", so further
information can be added to the note of protest

Name as many codes and a brief description of their purpose?

❖ ISPS Code

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 - A mandatory code under the SOLAS convention for vessels over 500GRT, all
passenger vessels and all ports servicing these vessels
- It handles issue relating to the implementation of and processes of carrying out a
security assessment and for the need to plan and implement a security plan for
both vessel and the port facilities
- It ensures that there are defined roles and the requirement to have a PSO (Port
Security Officer), CSO (Company Security Officer) and SSO (Shipboard Security
Officer)
❖ ISM Code
- A mandatory code under the SOLAS convention to all passenger vessels and all
other vessels over 500GRT
- Designed to ensure the safety of personnel, vessel and the environment through
training, procedures and policies
- The company must have been issued a Document of Compliance after a
successful review of the company's SMS
- The vessel must carry a Safety Management Certificate after a successful review
of the vessels SMS
- All vessels must carry a copy of the DOC
- The code requires that there be clearly defined roles and that the Master of the
vessel has overall responsibility of the vessel and has an obligation to implement
and audit and improve the vessels SMS

- The code requires there must be a Designated Person Ashore who is available at
all times and has access to the highest levels in management
- All vessels are to carry Safety and Environmental Policies
- Every vessel must have emergency procedures and operational procedures
- Every vessel is to have a planned maintenance system
❖ TDC Code
- It is for the carriage of timber deck cargos
- It stipulates the need to carry a cargo securing manual and to ensure a tight and
secure stow of timber
- It outlines the various lashing methods and the associated dangers of carrying
timber deck cargo like absorption, swelling, ice and overloading stresses on the
hatches
- The need to ensure the vessel maintains good stability during the voyage
- In the annexes there are guidelines in developing procedures for the handling,
stowing and securing of timber cargo
❖ IMDG Code
- It is designed to assist all personnel transporting dangerous goods so to be able
to carry, handle, stow, segregate and identify the goods and their risks
- It is to protect the safety of the crew and protection of the environment
- There are three publications, Volume 1 and 2 and the supplement
- Every vessel carrying DG must have a Document of Compliance to carry that
substance or item
- Volume 2 is used to identify the product, either by the UN number or by using the
DGL (dangerous goods list) at the back
- Volume 2 with then give you references numbers to various parts of the codes to
gather more information

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 99

 - Volume 1 is for finding more detail about the segregation, packaging, labelling and
training requirements
- The supplement will provide information on how to combat an emergency in the
case of a fire or spill
- The supplement will assist if there is a medical situation and what steps to take
❖ IBC Code
- All vessels carrying dangerous and noxious chemical in bulk built after 1986 must
comply
- The code outlines the the guidelines for the carriage of the chemicals and noxious
liquid substances shon in Chapter 17 of the code
- Vessels carrying noxious liquid substances are required to have a NLS Certificate
under MARPOL Annex II
- The substances the vessel can carry will be shown on the Certificate of Fitness
- The code describes three types of vessel, Type 1, 2 and 3
- Type 1 cargo possess the greatest threat to the marine environment and the
vessel must have the most stringent construction requirements. If damage the
cargo shall be as inboard as possible when it has obtained the most severe
damage
- The code classes 4 types of cargo Type X, Y, Z and OS (Other Substances)
❖ IMSBC Code
- Used to identify the hazards, precautions, specific instructions and the
characteristics of solid bulk cargoes
- Gives instructions on what to do if the cargo is to be shipped is not found in
appendix 1 of the code
- Gives guidelines for the testing and monitoring equipment to be used when
carrying solid bulk
- It set requirements for information exchange between the terminal representative
and the Master prior to arrival, and an agreement of the load plan needs to be
confirmed
- The code also provides information on the trimming procedures and which
cargoes require trimming to take place
- The safety of the crew and exposure to harmful substances, gases and
atmospheres
- There are instructions on the requirements to trim cargos depending on their
angle of repose and their cohesiveness
- Individual schedules for various bulk cargos

❖ BLU Code
- It is for the guidelines for the safe loading and unloading of bulk carriers
- It requires vessels carrying solid dangerous materials in bulk, that the vessel must
carry a Document of Compliance to do so
- The vessels must be suitable and seaworthy
- The terminals must be suitably maintained and the personnel working there must
be properly trained in the use of the equipment
- There must be an information exchange between the vessel and the terminal
- The appendix shows worked examples of the loading/unloading plan that needs to
be submitted to the Terminal Representative
- There is an example of the "ship to shore checklist"

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P&I Clubs
What is a P&I Club?

❖ A Protection and Indemnity Club owned by ship owners

❖ An association of member shipowners and charterers
❖ Mutual assurance against third party liabilities
❖ Maintained by way of levy on the amount of tonnage owned by members
❖ Insurance against common risks that ordinary insurance does not cover
❖ The Club will cover 25% of liability not covered by ordinary insurance

What do P&I Clubs cover?

❖ P&I Clubs provide cover for shipowners liabilities

❖ Liabilities in respect to:
- Stowaways and persons saved at sea
- Collisions at sea
- Groundings
- Damage to fixed or floating objects
- Pollution
- Wreck removal
- Towage operations
- Cargo
- Death and personal injury of seamen, passengers and third parties
- Negligence of the crew

What services do P&I clubs offer?

❖ Operate as an insurance company

❖ Law firm
❖ Loss adjusters
❖ The clubs have access to a high quality network of specialist technical advisers,
maritime lawyers and local commercial correspondents

What will the P&I Clubs cover in the event of an oil spill?

❖ In the event of an oil spill or the pollution from any other substance, the P&I club will
cover a maximum of $500 million for any accident or occurrence
❖ P&I clubs will cover the following:
- Compensation or damages
- The cost of clean up and damages caused due to the clean up
- The cost of compliance with any Government or local authority from the the
prevention or cleaning up after an incident
- Payments to salvors
- Liabilities if the ship is held responsible for pollution from another ship, object or
structure

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 - Liabilities for oil pollution arising from wreck removal, damage to fixed or floating
objects or towage

What is a "Certificate of Entry"?

❖ It is for the vessels that have been entered for insurance into the Club
❖ It is a legal requirement for vessels over 400GRT, or any vessel carrying over 2000
tonnes of oil as cargo or bunkers
❖ These vessels need to have P&I Club insurance

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 102

National Offshore Petroleum Safety and
Environmental Management Authority
(NOPSEMA)
What is NOPSEMA's jurisdiction and where?

❖ NOPSEMA regulates:
- OH&S issues in the offshore industry
- Well integrity
- Offshore petroleum facilities and activities within the 500m zone
- Environmental management
❖ They regulate all commonwealth and coastal waters

What do they do for the offshore industry?

❖ Regulate offshore safety, well integrity and environmental management

❖ Promote legislation to improve safety, protection of environment, and integrity in the
offshore industry

What powers, in regards to OH&S does a NOPSEMA inspector have?

❖ The can board vessels, offshore facilities, and approved company offices that are
connected to the offshore petroleum industry
❖ An inspector can issue a Inspection Notice (IN)
❖ An inspector can issue a Prohibition Inspection Notice (PIN)
❖ Make a decision as to whether a responsible person has taken adequate action to
remove a threat to OH&S

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 103

Salvage
International Convention on Salvage 1989

What are the essential elements in a salvage service?

❖ The salvage service must be voluntary

❖ The salvage service must be for a recognised subject (ship or barge)
❖ The salvaged subject must be in danger
❖ The salvage must be successful

What are the duties of the salvor to the Master/Owner?

❖ Under the Salvage Convention the salvor is to carry out the operation with due care
❖ The salvor is to prevent or minimise damage to the environment
❖ When circumstances require, seek assistance from other salvors
❖ The salvor is to accept intervention of other salvors, when reasonably requested by
owners or Master of vessel in danger

What are the duties of the Owner/Master to the Salvor?

❖ To co-operate fully with the salvor during operations

❖ To prevent or minimise damage to the environment

What is the Llyod's Open Form 2000 or LOF 2000?

❖ LOF 2000 is the latest issue of the Lloyd's Open Form of Salvage Agreement
❖ The LOF 2000 uses the term "No Cure - No Pay", meaning in return of a successful
salvage the salvor is entitled to a proportion of the value of the salved ship, cargo and
her bunkers
❖ In the past if there was no recovery there was no payment

What is the SCOPIC Clause?

❖ The Special Compensation of P&I Clause

❖ It is to reward salvors of there efforts
❖ Even if a salvage attempt was not successful but there was a legitimate attempt to
make a salvage attempt to minimise and prevent pollution damage, the salvor should be
compensated
❖ The SCOPIC section of the LOF should be utilised
❖ An arbitrator will settle the amounts of compensation, taking into consideration the out
of pocket expenses of the salvor

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 104

National Plan
What is the aim of the National Plan?

❖ The aim is to protect the community, environment, ports and coastlines from the
damaging affects of of oil and other noxious or hazardous substances
❖ It is also designed to minimise the damaging effects where normal protection is not
possible
❖ It is to provide drills, exercises and training to ensure that all departments can respond
quickly and mobilise in the event of a spills
❖ The drills and exercises are aimed at incorporating all departments and resources
available depending on the scale of the incident

How is the National Plan implemented, and by who in Australia?

❖ The National Plan plans a national framework for responding efficiently and effectively
to Marine Pollution incidents
❖ Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) manages the National Plan
❖ It incorporates the Commonwealth, State, and Northern Territory governments, along
with the shipping, ports, oil, salvage, exploration and chemical industries, and
emergency services nationwide
❖ There are strategically located response kits and trained teams in designated locations
headed by local authorities that can be mobilised to incidents all around Australia's
coast line

What areas does Australia's National Plan aim to protect?

❖ The National Plan applies throughout Australian Exclusive Economic Zone

❖ It covers all coastal waters, offshore islands and territories
❖ Applies on the high seas where an incident has the potential to impact upon Australian
waters or coastline

AMSA has set up a department to action the National Plan, who are they?

❖ The Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC), has been set up to respond to,
implement the contingency plans, provide training and maintain oil response centres
and stock piles within Australia
❖ AMOSC is based in Geelong, Victoria
❖ AMOSC is a member of the Global Response Network (GRN), which allows AMOSC to
access to expertise and knowledge in a situation if required

How is the National Plan funded?

❖ In Australia it is paid for by the Protection of the Sea Levy

❖ It is based on "Potential Polluter Pays"

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❖ It applies to vessels greater then 24m and have onboard 10 tonne or more of oil in bulk
as fuel or cargo
❖ The levy varies and is charged at so many cents per net registered ton per quarter
❖ There is minimum of $10 per quarter
❖ The levy is also used to fund response and clean up for incidents where the polluter
cannot not be identified

What is the Protection of the Sea (Powers of Intervention) Act?

❖ Gives effect to international conventions relating to intervention in the cases of oil

pollution and harmful substances
❖ If gives power to AMSA or the Minister for Transport and Regional services to take
action to prevent oil pollution of Australian waters, coast or reef

Describe what intervention is to prevent damage to the environment?

❖ Moving a ship or part of a ship to another place

❖ Removing cargo from a ship
❖ Sinking or destroying a ship, or part of a ship
❖ Sinking, destroying or discharging into the sea cargo from a ship
❖ Taking over control of a ship or part of a ship

What is the Protection of the Sea (Civil Liability) Act?

❖ It provides liability and compensation for pollution damage in the Australian EEZ caused
by oil spill from ships
❖ Oil tankers carrying over 2000 tonnes of oil in bulk as cargo must be insured to provide
compensation in the case of an oil spill
❖ Ships 400 GRT and over must be insured to cover liabilities from pollution damage
❖ A ship in an Australian port not carrying evidence of insurance may be detained

What is MERCOM?

❖ Maritime Emergency Response Commander

❖ The commander is a part of the National Plan to co-ordinate emergency towage
❖ This is a person appointed by AMSA when there is a marine casualty and there is actual
and potential risk of marine pollution and is supported by the Protection of the Sea
(Powers of Intervention) Act
❖ The MERCOM has the power to intervene and render assistance to remove a marine
casualty
❖ Taking into consideration the State and Territory Governments and the prevention
measures and vessels that have already been mobilised

What vessels does MERCOM have access to?

❖ The National Plan has access to various vessels around the coast and there are 3
different categories
❖ Cat 1 - Dedicated emergency towage vessel (MV Coral Knight) to be based in the Great
Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, its home port being cairns

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 106

❖ Cat 2 - Contracted port towage at major Australian ports capable of open water towage
❖ Cat 3 - Vessels that can be directed and contracted to assist

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 107

Helicopter Operations
Marine Orders 57

What publications and Marine orders refer to helicopter operations?

❖ Marine Orders 57
❖ ICS Guide to Helicopter/Ship Operations
❖ SOLAS Ch II

You are to take a Pilot onboard via helicopter onto a hatch of your bulk carrier. Is
there a dedicated hatch and whats so special about it?

❖ There will be a dedicated hatch for helicopter operations, and it should be clearly
marked with a H enclosed in a circle
❖ The vessel should have documentation onboard to prove that the hatch is strengthened
to withstand the static and dynamic forces during the operation
❖ The information will include the maximum weight (tonnes) that can be landed on the
nominated helicopter landing area
❖ The information will be provided by class, shipbuilder or the Flag State

Is it preferable to be underway for a transfer?

❖ Yes, because the vessel can maintain a heading and assists the pilot with orientation
during landing

Can any vessel conduct helicopter operations even if it does not have a helicopter
pad or winch only area?

❖ The Master and the Pilot may make alternative arrangements providing the safety of the
vessel is not compromised
❖ In the case of a medical or other emergency either to evacuate a person requiring
medical attention
❖ Or to embark or disembark medical or other emergency personnel

What would be in helicopter pre arrival checklist for the deck?

❖ All loose items are secured or removed

❖ Aerials, cranes and davits lowered and stowed
❖ Wind sock hoisted
❖ Fire pumps running
❖ Fire hoses laid out and charged, not pointing in the direction of the helicopter pad
❖ Portable powder and foam extinguishers available
❖ Foam solution and adductor on standby
❖ Helicopter rescue kit on stand by
❖ Rescue party of a minimum of 2 people in fire suits and SCBA on standby

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 108

❖ If it is a medical emergency use the day and night signals for a vessel "restricted in her
ability to manoeuvre"
❖ Duty officer or HLO is to be on standby in the correct PPE and have communications
with the bridge
❖ Have the rescue boat ready for immediate launch

What would be in the rescue kit/helicopter operations bag?

❖ Fire axe
❖ Wire cutters
❖ Wind sock
❖ Crow bar
❖ First aid equipment
❖ Marshalling batons

What information would you provide to the Pilot before arrival?

❖ The expected course and speed of the vessel

❖ The relative wind
❖ The current weather and sea state being experienced
❖ The position for landing or winching operations
❖ The readiness of the vessel to receive the helicopter

How often would a vessel that has regular helicopter operations carry out drills?

❖ It is a requirement to carry out helicopter drills monthly

❖ It may be a guideline under ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) or stipulated
by the Class Society

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 109

Certificates
What two certificates are issued due to the size of vessel not the tonnage?

❖ The Tonnage Cert and the Loadline Cert are both issued due to the size of vessel,
whereas all others are due the Gross Tonnage

What certificates does the Passenger Ship Safety Certificate encompass, and what
is its validity?

❖ All the safety certificates are encompassed in the Passenger Ship Safety Certificate:
- Safety Construction
- Safety Radio Certificate
- Safety Equipment
❖ The certificate, unlike others, is only valid for 12 months

What three bodies issue certificates to vessels in Australia?

❖ AMSA
❖ Department of Transport and Security
❖ Classification Societies

Why do Classification Societies inspect certificates on behalf of the Flag State?

❖ The Class Society inspects certificates on behalf of the Flag State due to the fact that
the Flag State does not want to employ their own State Surveyors
❖ Most Flag State delegate their all or part of their responsibilities to the Class Society
❖ This way both the Flag State and Class Surveys can be completed at the same time

What happens to a vessels certificates when her class is cancelled?

❖ All of the certificates are invalid and the vessel is now out of class
❖ All statutory certificates are cancelled

Is a certificate valid from the date of issue?

❖ A certificate is valid from the date of survey

When may an Interim Certificate of Class be issued?

❖ When a vessel may have sustained damage at sea

❖ The vessels equipment which is required by class has a failure at sea
❖ An interim certificate will be issued so the vessel can return to port to seek repairs

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 110

What happens to a vessels certificates when the vessel changes flag?

❖ All of the class certificates will be invalid

❖ The vessel will need to go through a complete class survey to ensure it meets the
regulations and standards of the new flag state

What is the purpose of the ship registration certificate?

❖ It gives the vessel nationality, measurements and tonnage

❖ Restricts and controls ownership
❖ Provides evidence of ownership
❖ Facilitates ship purchase, sale and mortgaging

When preparing for a certificate renewal, what things would you take into
consideration?

❖ Discuss with the officers about the preparations that need to take place
❖ Create a work list
❖ Organise any contractors to assist
❖ Pencil in a readiness date for the survey
❖ Choose a date and port for the survey to take place
❖ Keep all interested parties involved up to date with the preparations
❖ All preparations should be made to minimise the delay
❖ Documentary evidence of repairs being carried out to show the surveyor
❖ When the new receipt is received check the date and that it is filled out correctly

What are statutory certificates?

❖ Statutory certificates are tickets issued by the Flag State

❖ These are certificates that are required to for the vessel operate safely

What is a "Continuous Synopsis Record"?

❖ It is a continual record of the vessel

❖ It is a history changes in flag, classification societies, owners
❖ Change of name of the vessel
❖ Modifications to the vessel

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 111

 CERTIFICATE CONV. VALIDITY INTERMED. ANNUAL ISSUED BY

Tonnage Cert Tonnage Perpetual FLAG

Convention

Loadline Cert LL Convention 5 years YES CLASS

IOPP, IAPP, MARPOL 5 years YES YES FLAG

and SOPEP
Plan

Cargo Ship SOLAS 74 5 years YES YES CLASS

Safety
Construstion
Cert

Cargo Ship SOLAS 74 5 years YES FLAG

Safety
Equipment
Cert

Cargo Ship SOLAS 74 5 years YES FLAG

Safety Radio
Cert

International SOLAS 74 5 years YES DOTS

Ship Security
Cert.

Registration Flag State Perpetual FLAG

Cert

Minimum Safe Flag State Perpetual FLAG

Manning
Document

Safety SOLAS/ ISM 5 years YES FLAG

Management CODE
Certificate

Document of SOLAS/ ISM 5 years/ Annual FLAG

Compliance CODE Annual Surveys

Maritime Labor Maritime 5 years/

Cert Labour Annual Surveys
Convention

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 112

 CERTIFICATE CONVENTION VALIDITY

Passenger Ship Safety Cert SOLAS 1 Year

Carriage of Noxious Liquid MARPOL 5 Year

Substances in Bulk (NLS)

Cert. of Fitness to Carry MARPOL 5 Year

Dangerous Chems. in Bulk

Cert. of Fitness to Carry Liquid MARPOL 5 Year

Gasses in Bulk

Special Purpose Safety Cert. SOLAS 5 Year

ADDITIONAL CERTIFICATES

NAME CONVENTION

Intact Stability Booklet SOLAS

Damage Control Booklet SOLAS

Cargo Securing Manual MO 42

Garbage Record Book MARPOL

Oil Record Book MARPOL

Radio Log Book SOLAS

Official Log Book SOLAS

Deck Log Book SOLAS

Ballast Water Transfer Log Book CONVENTION OF THE

CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS
BALLAST WATER AND
SEDIMENTS

Cargo Record Book MARPOL

SOPEP Manual MARPOL

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 113

Publications

Maritime Labour Convention

SOLAS Manual

IAMSAR Manual

Admiralty List Of Lights

Admiralty List of Radio Signals

Admiralty Tide Tables

Navigational Charts

Seafarers Handbook NP 100

What certificates must all ships carry under SOLAS?

❖ Tonnage Certificate
❖ Load Line Certificate
❖ Load Line Exemption Certificate (if applicable)
❖ Intact Stability Book
❖ Damage Control Plans
❖ Minimum Safe Manning Certificate
❖ Fire Safety Training Manual
❖ Fire Control Plan
❖ On Board Training and Drills Record
❖ Certificates for Masters, Officers and Crew
❖ International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
❖ Oil Record Book
❖ Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
❖ Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate
❖ Garbage Management Plan
❖ Garbage Record Book
❖ Cargo Securing Manual
❖ Document of Compliance
❖ Safety Management Certificate
❖ International Ship Security Certificate
❖ Ship Security Plan
❖ Continuos Synopsis Record

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 114

In addition to the certificates that all ships must carry, what additional certificates
must all cargo ships carry?

❖ Cargo Ships Safety Construction

❖ Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate
❖ Cargo Safety Radio Certificate
❖ Document of Authorisation to Carry Grain
❖ Certificate of Civil Liability for ships carrying more than 2000 tons of cargo oil
❖ Enhanced Survey Report
❖ Crude Oil Operation Manual (COW Manual)
❖ Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control Manual (ODMC Manual)

What additional certificates shall a vessel carrying noxious liquids in bulk carry?

❖ Certificate for the carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (NLS Certificate)
❖ Certificate of Fitness to Carry Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk
❖ Cargo Record Book
❖ Shipboard Emergency Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP)

What additional certificates shall a vessel carrying liquified gas carry?

❖ Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquified Gas in Bulk

What additional certificates must a ship carrying dangerous goods carry?

❖ Document of Compliance for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods

❖ Dangerous Goods Manifest

You are required to maintain the vessel under a certain certificate. What do you use
to aid you in this maintenance and what certificate and code does the requirement
fall under?

❖ All vessels shall carry a planned maintenance system (PMS)

❖ All vessels are required to maintain her under the ISM Code
❖ It is covered in the Safety Management Certificate

What is contained in a Chemical Tanker Certificate of Fitness?

❖ COF has all the IMO approved chemicals the vessel may carry
❖ The categories which it can Carry X,Y and Z
❖ The stowage locations

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 115

LSA and FFA
SOLAS CH V
LSA Code
FFA Code

What are the carriage requirements for handheld VHF Radios

❖ 3 x handheld GMDSS VHF Radios

❖ 3 x spare batteries

What is a radar transponder and how many do you need to carry?

❖ Search And Rescue Transponder (SART) operates on 9ghz and interrogates a 3cm
radar
❖ For vessels over 500GRT at least one
❖ One in each survival craft
❖ If required to carry an extra in the lifeboat the other should be in the wheel house in an
easily accessible location

How many flares must be carried onboard? What additional flares may you have
and when would you use them?

❖ Required by SOLAS to carry a minimum of 12 handled rocket flares

❖ Best to use at night however are also effective during the day
❖ Additional Orange Smoke Flares may be carried and they are only used by day
❖ Additional Parachute Flares may be carried and they car be used both day and night

What onboard internal communications and alarms will you have?

❖ Fixed or portable arrangements for two way communications between emergency

control stations, muster stations, embarkation stations
❖ A General Alarm and PA System
❖ Both audible in the accommodation, usual work spaces and decks

What information can you tell me about lifebuoys, attachments, markings and
locations?

❖ Must be marked with the vessels name and port of registry

❖ They must be readily available on both side of the vessel
❖ The quantity is per the Administration requirements
❖ Not permanently secured
❖ Not less than half of the buoys are to have self activating light
❖ Not less than 2 are to half a self activating light and smoke buoy
❖ At least one buoy on either side with a buoyant line of not less than 30m long

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 116

How many lifejackets are there to be carried onboard?

❖ There should be no less than 1 lifejacket for every crew member

❖ There must be additional lifejackets in designated work areas such as the Wheelhouse
and Engine Control Room
❖ Lifejackets are to be fitted with a self activating light and fitted with a plastic whistle

What is carried on a lifejacket, what markings are required, and where are they to be
stowed?

❖ Must be SOLAS approved

❖ A self activating light
❖ A whistle
❖ The name of the vessel
❖ Stowed in an accessible location, preferably close to the Muster Station

When are you required to carry immersion suits?

❖ The Administration determines this due to the latitudes in which the vessel is working
❖ In the Australian Marine Orders it states 35 degrees South
❖ The Maritime Port Authority of Singapore states 30 degrees South

What are the requirements for Muster Lists?

❖ There must be instructions for each crew member in the event of each emergency; Fire,
collision, grounding, abandon ship, man over board
❖ Drawn up in the language of the Flag State
❖ Drawn up in English
❖ Displayed in the Bridge, Engine Room and Accommodation

Why do you carry out drills?

❖ To test the operational readiness of the equipment

❖ To familiarise the crew with all emergency equipment
❖ To familiarise the crew with their duties as per the must list
❖ To find any defects of the equipment or procedures
❖ To gain an understanding of the standard of previous training of the crew and their
knowledge of the procedures

How often are rescue boat drills carried out?

Weekly
❖ All survival craft, rescue boats and launching appliances shall be visually inspected to
ensure they are ready for use
❖ Engines in lifeboats and rescue boats shall be run for a total of 3 minutes

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 117

Monthly
❖ Rescue boats shall be launched every month with their assigned crew and
manoeuvred
❖ And definitely no less than 3 months

What markings are found on a enclosed lifeboat?

❖ LSA Code Chapter IV Section 4.4.9

❖ The number of person it can carry
❖ The name and port of registry shall be marked on each side of the lifeboat in block
capitals
❖ Means of identifying the ship in which the lifeboat belongs to (vessels call sign)
❖ The vessels call sign on top of the lifeboat so it can be seen from above
❖ The dimensions of the lifeboat

When should a launching appliances and be tested?

❖ Weekly all lifeboats and rescue boats should be broken out from their stowed position
weekly
❖ All engines should be run weekly for a minimum of 3 minutes

Launching Appliances
❖ SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 20 (11)
❖ They should be maintained in accordance with the on-board maintenance schedule
❖ Thorough inspections annually
❖ After completion of the thorough examination, a dynamic test of the winch break is to be
carried out at max lowering speed
❖ The load should be the mass of the survival craft without persons onboard
❖ Every 5 years a test shall be carried out with a proof load equal to 1.1 times the weight
of the survival craft or rescue boat and its full complement of crew and equipment

Lifeboat or rescue boat on-load release gear, including free fall lifeboat release
systems
❖ They should be maintained in accordance with the on-board maintenance schedule
❖ Thorough inspections and operational tests annually
❖ An operational test shall be carried out with a proof load equal to 1.1 times the weight
of the survival craft or rescue boat and its full complement of crew and equipment when
ever the release gear is overhauled
❖ Overhauling happens every 5 years

Davit-launched liferaft automatic release hooks

❖ They should be maintained in accordance with the on-board maintenance schedule
❖ Thorough inspections and operational tests annually
❖ An operational test shall be carried out with a proof load equal to 1.1 times the weight
of the survival craft or rescue boat and its full complement of crew and equipment when
ever the automatic release gear is overhauled
❖ Overhauling happens every 5 years

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 118

How often will the will maintenance and replacing of fall wires take place?

❖ Falls shall be inspected periodically

❖ Special attention should be taken when inspecting areas that pass through sheaves
❖ Falls should be renewed when necessary
❖ And must be changed out every 5 years

How often shall the onboard drills take place?

DRILL FREQUENCY

EMERGENCY MUSTER ONCE EVERY MONTH OR WITH 24 HOURS IF A CREW CHANGE

OF MORE THAN 25% OF THE CREW

FIRE DRILL ONCE EVERY MONTH OR WITH 24 HOURS IF A CREW CHANGE

OF MORE THAN 25% OF THE CREW

ABANDON SHIP ONCE EVERY MONTH OR WITH 24 HOURS IF A CREW CHANGE

OF MORE THAN 25% OF THE CREW

RESCUE BOAT LAUNCH ONCE EVERY MONTH

ENCLOSED SPACE ONCE EVERY 2 MONTHS

DAVIT LAUNCHED LIFE RAFT ONCE EVERY 4 MONTHS

DRILL

EMERGENCY STEERING ONCE EVERY 3 MONTHS

DAVIT LAUNCHED LIFE BOAT LOWERED AND MANOEUVRED ONCE EVERY 3 MONTHS

FREE FALL LIFE BOAT LAUNCHED OR LOWERED THEN MANOEUVRED ONCE EVERY 3
MONTHS

FREE FALL LIFE BOAT LAUNCHED BY FREE FALL OR SIMULATED LAUNCH ONCE
EVERY 6 MONTHS

SOPEP ONCE EVERY 3 MONTHS

SECURITY DRILL ONCE EVERY 3 MONTHS OR WHEN 25% OF THE CREW HAS
CHANGED OVER

FIRST AID/CASUALTY ONCE EVERY 3 MONTHS

COLLISION/FLOODING 1 PER YEAR

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 119

Is it a requirement to record the drills?

❖ Yes it is a requirement under SOLAS to record the various drills

❖ The drills should be recorded in the Official Log Book, Deck Log Book, SOPEP/SMPEP
Manual and the SSO's Record Book as required

What drills or tests should be carried out on the emergency steering and ships
steering gear?

Steering Gear
❖ Within 12 hours before departure the ships steering gear shall be checked and tested
by ships crew
❖ Tests shall include the operation of:
- The main steering gear
- The auxiliary steering gear
- The remote steering gear control systems
- The steering positions located on the navigation bridge
- The emergency power supply
- The rudder angle indicators in relation to the actual position of the rudder
- The remote steering gear control system power failure alarms
- The steering gear power unit failure alarms
- Automatic isolating arrangements and other automatic equipment
❖ The checks and tests shall include:
- The full movement of the rudder
- A visual inspection of the steering gear and its connecting linkage
- The operation of the means of communication between the bridge and steering
flat
- A visual inspection of the steering gear and its connecting linkage

Emergency Steering Gear

❖ An emergency steering gear drill shall be carried out every 3 months consisting of:
- The procedures from changing from one system to another
- Direct control within the steering gear compartment
- The communications procedure with the bridge and steering compartment
- Where possible the operation of an alternative power supply

Operating instructions with block diagrams showing the change over procedures for
remote steering gear control and steering gear power units shall be displayed on the
bridge and the steering compartment

How many hydrants do there need to be onboard?

Accommodation
❖ They need to spaced so that two jets of water from not from the same hydrant can
reach any part of the decks and accommodation
❖ One of the jets shall be from only one length of fire hose the other can be joined

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 120

Cargo Space
❖ Two jets of water not from the same hydrant
❖ One length of hose per hydrant can reach any part of the cargo area

The number of hoses will be stipulated by the Administration

What is an International Shore Connection?

❖ It is a fitting that can be attached to any shore facility

❖ It has a flange on one side that can be bolted to shoreside and your own hoses
connected to the other
❖ It is a requirement to carry for all vessel 500GRT and above to carry at least one
onboard

How many fire pumps does a cargo vessel over 1000GRT need to carry?

❖ A cargo vessel over 1000GRT needs to carry a minimum of 2 fire pumps

❖ The second fire pump must be located in a separate location to the main fire pump and
separated by an insulated bulk head

How many hoses are you required to carry, and what length and type?

❖ They are to be non-perishable

❖ Located near the hydrants
❖ Hoses are required to be no less than 10m in machinery spaces but no longer than 15m
❖ 20m in all other spaces and decks
❖ 25m for ships with a breadth over 35m
❖ There is to be a minimum of 3 hoses onboard with one spare
❖ Allocated at 1 hose per 30m
❖ The Administration will allocate a quantity

What fixed fire systems are there?

❖ Fixed CO2
❖ High Expansion Foam
❖ High Pressure Water (HI-FOG)
❖ Deluge water system

What is your deck isolation valve

❖ It is used to isolate the fire line from the main fire pump if there may be a fire in the
engine room which may burst a flange, fire line or damage the pump
❖ It will be used to ensure water pressure is maintained for your emergency pump

What are the requirements of length of fire hoses and spacing between hydrants?

❖ The spacing between the hydrants should be at a distance that two jets of water can
reach any part of the vessel
❖ One length of hose and the other can be joined

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 121

❖ The minimum length of hose is 15m on deck and a minimum of 25m for vessels with a
beam greater than 30m
❖ In the accommodation and engine room the hoses shall not be any less than 10m and
not longer than 15m

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 122

Ships Construction
What is the purpose of a Collision Bulkhead?

❖ It is an effective fire barrier

❖ Offers strength to decks from vertical loads
❖ Compartmentalises the vessel for reserve buoyancy
❖ Subdivides the vessel into watertight compartments
❖ Offers hull strength

How many bulkheads must a vessel have?

❖ It depends on the location of the machinery space

❖ It also depends on what SOLAS Ch II states and what is required in the class rules
❖ A vessel must have a forward collision bulkhead
❖ An aft peak bulkhead
❖ Also a bulk head on either side of the engine room

Where should the Collision Bulkhead and Aft Bulkhead be positioned?

❖ The forward bulkhead should be positioned at a distance from the bow, if in a collision
will not be damaged
❖ It should not be too far away so in a collision the damaged compartment will cause
excessive trim
❖ Lloyds recommends between 5-8% of the ships length from the forward perpendicular
❖ The aft bulkhead must fully enclose the stern tube
❖ The bulkheads should extend above the freeboard line

What do you know about watertight doors?

❖ The requirements for watertight doors are found in SOLAS Ch II and MO 15

❖ Opening to be kept as small as possible
❖ WT doors below the bulkhead deck must be sliding
❖ Must function with p to 15 degrees of heel
❖ WT doors on passenger ships must be able to open and close:
- from the vicinity of the door
- from the bulkhead directly above
- remotely from a central position above the bulkhead deck
❖ Must be fitted with an audible alarm and continues sounding until door is closed

What are the requirements under SOLAS Ch 2 and MO 15 for fire doors?

❖ Permanent means of closing

❖ Remote controlled closing from central location with an indicator panel
❖ Doors must be able to open from each side of the bulkhead
❖ Manual hold back hooks are prohibited

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 123

What are the different classes of fire divisions onboard for vessels?

❖ Class A Division
❖ Steel construction and can prevent the passage of smoke and fire for 60mins of
standard fire test
- A-0 Rating = Plain stiffened steel bulkhead
- A-60 Rating = Plain stiffened steel bulkhead with added insulation to prevent the
temperature from rising 140 degrees above the normal temp for 60 mins

❖ Class B Division
❖ Constructed to withstand the passage of flame for at least 30mins of the standard fire
test
- B-15 Rating = At least 15 mins for the temperature to rise by 140 degrees above
the normal temp
❖ Class C
❖ Constructed of non-combustible materials, do no need to meet any requirements for the
passage of smoke and flame nor temp rise

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 124

Occupational Health
and Safety(Maritime
Industry) Act 1993
OSH(MI)
What is the OHS(MI) Act?

❖ Requires ship operators to ensure the health, safety and welfare of maritime industry
employees
❖ Ship operators are also obliged to look after the welfare of third parties and contractors
❖ Ship operators are required to provide health and safety training and also provide them
with all the necessary information to work in a safe environment
❖ Encourages employee participation in health and safety matters through Designated
Work Groups and by the electing of Health and Safety Representatives
❖ Offers inspection and reporting of serious health and safety matters

Which acts does the OSHMI incorporate?

❖ The Navigation Act 2012

❖ The Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act
❖ Coastal Trading Act

Who is covered by the Act?

❖ All ship operators, employees, contractors and third parties if:

- vessel is registered in Australia
- engaged in coastal trade
- a ship where most of the crew are Australian residents

If the vessel is a Prescribed Ship

What are the duties of the ship operator and who is the operator?

❖ The operator must take all steps to to protect the health and safety at work of all
employees
❖ The work environment is properly equipped and maintained
❖ Adequate facilities are provided for welfare at work
❖ The work involved is safe and does not pose a risk to employees
❖ Provide medical and first aid services, and the health of employees is monitored
❖ Instruction and training are provided

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 125

❖ Adequate and proper supervision
❖ The operator is stipulated on the Document of Compliance (DOC)

Who is the Authority and what is their role?

❖ The Authority is AMSA and they conduct inspection and represent on behalf of Seacare

What are the duties of care for an employee?

❖ An employee must do their work in a way that does not pose risk to their own personal
and to other personnels health and safety.

Example:
- Use any protective equipment that is provided(safety boots, gloves, glasses, dust
mask, protective clothing, face shields, climbing harnesses...etc.)
- Secure the environment, minimise the likelihood of falling objects from incorrect
stowage, remove sharp edges from bench tops, cordon off work areas to prevent
the passage of people during work operations
- Immediately report all hazards, incidents, accidents or near misses
- If in doubt ask your HSR
❖ You are obliged to meet these responsibilities. If you notice a hazard you cannot ignore
it. You see it, you own it!

What is a Designated Work Group (DWG)

❖ A group of employees that have a common interest in the area of health and safety for
their particular working area.
❖ On board a vessel these can be broken into:
- Officers
- Engineers
- Catering
- Deck crew
❖ Each DWG can nominate an HSR
❖ A vessel with a small crew may only have one DWG

How is an Health and Safety Representative (HSR) elected?

❖ The HSR will be nominated by the DWG

❖ The master must be notified as to who the HSR is

Do HSR's get training?

❖ The HSR of the DWG must undertake a course of training relating to OHS
❖ This must be accredited by Seacare Authority
❖ The operator must provide the time off work without the loss of income to partake in the
course

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 126

What power does an HSR have?

To represent and protect DWG members in safety matters. They will:

❖ Inspect a workplace
❖ request an investigation
❖ accompany an investigator during an inspection
❖ investigate complaints about health and safety in the workplace
❖ consult with the employer in ways to improve OHS
❖ initiate emergency stop work procedures
❖ issue a Provisional Improvement Notice PIN

What is a Health and Safety committee?

Generally includes the HSR's from all work groups and the person in command of the
vessel.
❖ A way of providing feedback to the master and operator
❖ They ensure that HSR's receive the training they are required
❖ Create strategies to educate safety awareness amongst the crew

Does every ship need an HSR?

❖ Some companies require all vessels to have an HSR, however it is not compulsory.

What are the duties of the the Operator in regards to OH&S

❖ The operator must provide a operational Health and Safety Policy

❖ PPE must be provided
❖ The workplace must be safe and not pose a risk to the employees or contractors
❖ Training must be provided with regards to confined spaces, hazardous materials,
manual handling
❖ First aid services
❖ Must provide safe storage and handling of substances
❖ Safe access to workplace
❖ Keep records of incidents and provide information to seacare
❖ Provide training to HSR's

What should you do if there is an issue regarding OHS?

❖ If safe to do so rectify the situation

❖ If not, notify your supervisor or notify the HSR
❖ The HSR will then notify the supervisor on your behalf
What happens if the supervisor does not rectify the problem?

❖ If the problem cannot be rectified with the supervisor, then the HSR should take the
matter up with the person in command

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 127

What is the period in which a HSR holds their position onboard?

❖ The HSR will remain in that position until they depart the vessel
❖ Or a maximum of two years, whichever is earlier

What happens if the the HSR is not satisfied after discussions with the person in
command?

Every effort should be made by all parties to rectify the issue. If it is not rectified, the HSR
may issue a PIN. The PIN will state:
❖ The period of time in which the the PIN must be rectified must not be less than 7 days,
and must be reasonable (for example is the ship is at sea)
❖ HSR must specify any temporary measures to consider until the PIN is rectified
❖ The notice must specify the action the Master must take to rectify
❖ Must specify which part of the act is being contravened
❖ When the PIN is rectified it must be given to the person in command and displayed in a
conspicuous position

What happens if the person in command disagrees with the action in the PIN?

If there is a disagreement with the HSR and the person in command about what is in the
PIN, the person in command may seek advice from AMSA.
❖ Once the Master has contacted AMSA the PIN is suspended
❖ AMSA will arrange for an inspector to investigate
❖ The Inspector may confirm, vary or cancel the PIN
❖ The Inspector will advise as to what action to be taken after investigation

Who is the Inspector and what powers do they have?

❖ AMSA are appointed to carry out inspections on behalf of Seacare. AMSA will appoint
certain members providing they have had the appropriate training.
❖ They have the power to stop and detain a vessel due to breaches of the OHS(MI) Act
❖ They can issue Prohibition Notice
❖ They can issue Improvement Notice
❖ They can cancel, amend or enforce a PIN
❖ They have the power to remove plant equipment or machinery for testing
❖ Inspector must try to notify the Master and the HSR for the purpose of inspection prior
to boarding
❖ Must provide ID and written direction from AMSA

What is an Improvement Notice (IN) and how is it issued?

❖ It is to rectify areas of non compliance, which do not pose an immediate threat to health
and welfare
❖ It is a statutory notice issued by the Inspector
❖ It is effective immediately, and it must have a timeframe agreed upon with the HSR

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 128

❖ It must specify which part of the act it breaches
❖ The Inspector may extend the the notice if there is a formal request
❖ Penalties apply if the notice is not rectified

What is a Prohibition Notice (PN) and who is it issued to?

❖ Issued by an Inspector to the person in contravention of the act, when there is and
immediate threat to health and safety
❖ No further activities can proceed until the notice is rectified
❖ The prohibition notice can be issued to either the employees of the operator,
contractors, 3rd Parties or anyone else involved

How is an onboard incident reported to the authorities and in what time frame?

❖ An operator or Master must give notice to the inspectorate (AMSA) within 4 hours of
becoming aware of the incident
❖ The incident alert should be made on Form 18
❖ The a incident report should be made within 72 hours on a Form 19
❖ The reports must be retained onboard for a period of 5 years

What is a confined space and the dangers involved?

❖ A confined space is an enclosed space or partially enclosed space that is:

- intended to be at normal atmospheric pressure when a person enters the space
- not intended or primarily designed primarily for human occupancy
- where the is a risk of one of the following:
a) Oxygen content outside the safe oxygen range
b) An airborne contaminant that may cause impairment, loss of
consciousness or asphyxiation
c) A flammable airborne contaminant that may cause injury from fire or
explosion
d) Engulfment from a free flowing solid or liquid that may cause suffocation
or drowning

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 129

What is the hierarchy of control and how would you utilise it if required to enter a
confined space?

❖ It is a process of elimination to aid workers in assessing the job at hand through a series
of steps
❖ To see if a job really needs to be carried out, and if so what steps can be taken to

minimise the risk or exposure to danger of the people involved in the job

❖ Eliminate:
- Does the job need to be done at all
❖ Substitute
- By what other means could we do the job so as to not expose anyone to danger
❖ Isolate
- Isolate any dangers by tagging out, pad locking, barricading
❖ Engineering Controls
- Controlling the hazards by using various types of equipment
❖ Use Administrative Controls
- Following procedures, performing risk assessments, JHA's, checklists...
❖ Personal Protective Equipment
- This should be the last line of defence and not relied upon to eliminate danger

Does the OSHMI Act apply to you the deck crew, contractors and dock yard workers
in dry dock?

❖ If the vessel maintains control of the vessel in the dock any injuries or incidents will be
the owners responsibility
❖ If the the owners pass over responsibility to the shipyard any injuries or incidents will be
the shipyards responsibility
❖ If the crew of the vessel are still working onboard and an incident or injury occurs it will
be the companies responsibility

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 130

Where would you find information on confined space entry and guidelines?

❖ In the OSHMI Act Regulations

❖ In the IMSBC Code
❖ In the companies SMS

What is the validity and the requirements to carry MSDS Sheets?

❖ A vessel must be supplied with a MSDS from the supplier

❖ The validity of the MSDS is no greater than 5 years
❖ The MSDS must have an Australian contact

What incidents will be reported on an Incident Alert Form18 and Incident Report
Form 19?

❖ Collision
❖ Fire
❖ Structural failure
❖ Flooding
❖ Machinery failure
❖ Cargo gear failure
❖ Pilotage
❖ Death
❖ Near miss
❖ Serious injury

Where will you find information and requirements on Atmospheric Testing devices?

❖ The are requirements in the OSHMI Act guidelines

What is the safe oxygen range?

❖ 19.5% to 23.5% oxygen content

What are the parts of legislation that apply occupational health and safety?

❖ Occupational Health and Safety (Maritime Industry)

❖ OSHMI Regulations 2005
❖ OSHMI National Standards Regulation 2003
- Handling of Hazardous Material
- Confined Space
- Code of Practice of Manual Handling
❖ OSHMI Standards
❖ Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 131

What is a "Prescribed Ship"?

❖ Is an Australian registered vessel

❖ It is a vessel which is operated by an Australian vessel
❖ More than 50% of the crew are Australian

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 132

Ballast Water
Management
Enforced under the Quarantine Act 1908
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS)

What is the objectives of ballast water management?

❖ To minimise the relocation of aquatic foreign aquatic species between oceans

❖ To ensure the safe ballast water exchange in the mid ocean
❖ To encourage ship owners to invest in ballast water treatment plants
❖ To ensure that ballast water discharged in the any port is free from harmful species and
organisms

Which vessels must have an approved Ballast Water Management Plan?

❖ Vessels greater than 400GRT

❖ Subject to annual surveys and 5 yearly renewal
❖ Must carry an approved Ballast Water Management Plan and a Ballast Water Record
Book

What are the Ballast Water Management requirements?

❖ Ballast water management requirements are intended to restrict or prevent the

introduction of foreign invasive marine pest species to Australia's marine environment.
❖ All vessel to have an approved Ballast Water Management Plan
❖ They must keep an up to date Ballast Water Record Book
❖ It requires vessels to follow certain reporting procedures
❖ 200 miles from the baseline and 200m in depth
❖ When doing ballast exchanges you must not compromise the safety of the vessel

If you have a Ballast Water Treatment Plant do you need to pump out?

❖ No
❖ As long as you have approved uv, ultrasound, filters and chemical treatments for the
existing ballast water onboard

State the ballast water management reporting requirements PRIOR TO ARRIVAL at

a first Australian port of call from an overseas location?

❖ Quarantine Pre-Arrival form 13 (QPAR) sent 96 - 12 hours before arrival

❖ Ballast Water Management Summary Form 26
❖ Inwards/Outwards crew report Form 3B- Crew list must be in alphabetical order

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 133

What entries need to go into the Ballast Water Record Book?

❖ Tank ID
❖ Times, dates, positions, water depths of start and finish of each tank exchange
❖ Soundings and residual volume remaining in tank at the end of the empty
❖ Method of empty and refill (pumping/gravity/both)

Describe the approved methods for ballast water exchange?

❖ Flow through
❖ Sequential
❖ Dilution

Flow Through Method

❖ At least 300% of the tanks maximum capacity must be pumped into each tank from
clean ocean water to achieve 95% Volumetric exchange
❖ The 300% begins from when the water begins to flow into the tank

Sequential Method
❖ Involves emptying tanks(one or two or a few at a time) of high risk ballast water at sea
before refilling with clean water.
❖ A minimum of a 95% volumetric exchange has taken place
❖ Consideration should be taken into account such as the stability, stress and sloshing
❖ You must take into account the effects of free surface in slack tanks during sequential
exchange

Dilution Method
❖ For vessels with extra piping arrangements
❖ Ballast pumped through one side and out of the other simultaneously
❖ At least 300% of the tanks capacity must be flushed through

What are the Australian discharge requirements?

❖ The discharge of 'high risk ballast water" in Australian water is prohibited

What is "low risk ballast"?

❖ The water is of a density of less than 1.002

❖ The ballast water has been exchanged in approved areas or distances from Australian
waters by an approved method
❖ There has been an exchange where there is 95% of clean ballast water remaining
onboard

What is in a ballast water management plan?

❖ BWMP is for information on the ballast water system, tanks and sizes, pumps, rates of
pumps

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 134

❖ The approved method for carrying out ballast water transfer
❖ Ballast water sampling
❖ How to manage ballast tank sludge
❖ Communication with coastal states
❖ Reporting requirements

Who is the department which monitors ballast water management of ships in

Australia?

❖ Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 135

Port State Control (PSC)
AMSA in Australia
Flagstate

What is a Port State Control Inspection?

❖ Not as extensive as a Class Survey

❖ It is an assessment of the general seaworthy condition of the ship
❖ It is to ensure protection of the Coastal States environment
❖ Particular attention is paid to LSA and FFA and drills
❖ Checking of the validity of the ships certificates
❖ To ensure that safety and environmental standards are being maintained

One of the important focuses for Port State Control Inspectors is to assess the
workload of the crew. How is this done?

❖ PSCO's will request to see the work/rest sheets of all crew

❖ This will be cross referenced with the log books and cargo log books
❖ The Officers and Master will be questioned about the prior operations to ascertain the
workloads

PSCO's follow a inspection guideline, what is this?

❖ The PSCO's follow "Instructions for Inspectors" and the "Ship Inspection Manual" which
follows the requirements and resolutions set out by the IMO and ILO
❖ During inspections the Inspector will use the "Ship Inspection Record Book"

What are Forms A and B?

❖ Form A is to notify that the inspection has been carried out

❖ Form B is to highlight the deficiencies found

When a deficiency is found what are some of the steps the PSCO take?

❖ The PSCO can request that the deficiency be rectified in 14 days

❖ Under special circumstances that the deficiency be rectified when the ship arrives in
port
❖ The deficiency must be rectified before leaving port
❖ The vessel can be detained
❖ The Flag State and the Class Society will be notified

What is the difference between PSC inspections and FSC inspections?

❖ PSC inspections are for foreign vessels operating in other sovereign states waters
❖ FSC is an inspection on a vessel that is registered under the local flag state

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 136

❖ FSC is to inspect much the same as the PSC
❖ It is to ensure the vessel is being maintained in a way to satisfy the certificates that it
has been granted
❖ It is designed to ensure that the vessel is operating safely and does not pose a threat to
the marine environment and the seafarers welfare is being maintained
❖ Just like a PSC, a FSCO is sent to the vessel to carry out the inspection (usually an
inspector from an approved Classification Society)

What is SHIPSYS?

❖ Is a categorisation of vessels
❖ It prioritises and organises the inspection rate
❖ There are 4 groups
❖ 1 High Risk Factor = Target to audit 80%

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 137

ISM Code
SOLAS Ch IX
ISM Code
Marine Orders 58

What does ISM stand for?

❖ ISM means, "International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for
Pollution Prevention"
❖ The ISM Code is compulsory under the parent convention SOLAS

Why was the ISM Code Implemented?

❖ Due to an incident of the overturning and flooding of the Herald of Free Enterprise
❖ It was apparent that there was poor management amongst companies with regards to
safety and environmental protection
❖ Investigations showed there to be major errors in the shipping management
❖ The Maritime Safety Committee (IMO), developed guidelines for better management
from shore-based and shipboard operations
❖ The guidelines evolved to ensuring there were environmental and safety policies for
both the company and the vessels

What are the objectives of ISM?

❖ PROMOTE - MINIMISE - IMPROVE

❖ ISM is designed to promote safe practices and create a safe working environment for
seafarers
❖ Create safe guards to minimise maritime accidents and prevent pollution of the
environment
❖ To continually improve and evolve to enhance the safety management system both
shoreside and on the vessel

What is a Document of Compliance (DOC), and what is the validity of the DOC?

❖ A DOC is a certificate is issued to the Company or Operator after an assessment has

been made of the companies Safety Management System
❖ When applying for the DOC an application needs to be sent to the ISM co-ordinator,
after the application the company will submit the SMS manuals for review
❖ The company should apply for individual SMS Certs for each vessel
❖ A DOC is valid for a period of 5 years and subject to annual surveys
❖ A copy of the DOC must be kept onboard the vessel

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 138

What is a Safety Management Certificate (SMC), and what is the validity of the
SMC?

❖ An SMC is issued to the vessel after an assessment of the vessels SMS has been
approved
❖ The SMC is valid for 5 years and is subject to intermediate surveys, in between the 2nd
and 3rd years of the initial date of issue

What does the SMS manual need to contain?

❖ Environmental Policy
❖ Instructions and Procedures to Safely Operate a vessel
❖ Planned Maintenance
❖ Training requirements and certification of crew
❖ Defined levels of authority
❖ Comms between shoreside and shipboard personnel via a Designated Person Ashore
(DPA)
❖ Procedures for reporting incidents
❖ Procedures for emergency response
❖ Internal review and audit process

What is the Masters requirements under the ISM Code

❖ He is required to motivate and encourage the implementation of the SMS

❖ Ensure that all crew are trained and qualified in the roles they are to partake
❖ Review the SMS and provide feedback on how to improve, and report deficiencies
❖ The company is required that the Master is to have a full understanding of the SMS

Can a vessel sail if the companies DOC is invalid?

❖ No
❖ In order for a vessel to be in survey it must carry a valid copy of the company DOC
❖ If the DOC is invalid all the vessel SMS systems are invalid
❖ The vessel may be detained until the certificate is rectified
❖ This would be considered a major non conformance

Under the ISM Code what is the maximum time allowed for a new member of the
crew to receive vessel familiarisation?

❖ 14 days

Under the ISM you are required to maintain the vessel. How is this achieved?

❖ The ISM Code requires the company to to establish maintenance procedures

❖ The maintenance is to ensure the vessel is maintained to conform with the certificates it
holds
❖ Therefore there is to be a planned maintenance system onboard (PMS), which should
have supporting documentation to prove that the inspections are being carried out

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 139

❖ The company is required to regularly inspect the vessel
❖ All non-conformities are reported and rectified
❖ Adequate records are kept of all activities

How is emergency preparedness maintained onboard?

❖ It is a requirement under the ISM to identify potential emergency procedures and to

establish procedures to respond top them
❖ Drills and training to be carried out to ensure all personnel are familiar with the
emergency response equipment and the procedures
❖ The Code also requires the company to be able to respond to any accident, emergency
or hazard

Who is the DPA?

❖ It is a person who can create a link between the vessel and the highest levels of
management
❖ The DPA or Deputy DPA should be contactable 24/7
❖ The DPA must have undergone sufficient tertiary education, had maritime experience
and have a very good understanding of the ISM Code

How often should the SMS be reviewed?

❖ It is the Masters responsibility to review the SMS periodically and report any
deficiencies to the shore-based management
❖ The management should regularly review the effectiveness of the SMS
❖ Internal audits should take place every 12 months, to ensure the vessel is maintaining
the SMS as per the companies requirements
❖ Any deficiencies found within the companies or vessels SMS must be rectified

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 140

Maritime Labor
Convention
Marine Order 11 - Living and Working Conditions

What is the purpose of the MLC?

❖ The MLC has been implemented to ensure better working conditions for vessels crews
❖ Provide proper working arrangements and living conditions
❖ Ensuring that they enter a contractual agreement
❖ The crewing agent is a certified agency
❖ It ensures that crew are paid on time and accordingly
❖ That the minimum age of crew members is not reduced and that their duties are
appropriate
❖ The food is ample and of good quality
❖ That crew are repatriated
❖ Crew are provided medical care and facilities
❖ There is a complaints process
❖ MLC replaces a combination of Marine Orders
- MO 10 Medical First Aid on Ships
- MO 11 Substandard Ships
- MO 14 Accommodation
- MO 53 Employment of Crews

The MLC stipulates the hours of rest for seafarers, what are they?

❖ Under MO 11 the hours of rest for seafarers in a 7 day period is 77 hours

❖ A minimum of 10 hours rest in a 24 hour period
❖ It can be divided into no more than two rest periods, one of which needs to be no less
than 6 hours
❖ The interval between two rest periods is not to exceed 14 hours

When can a crew members rest hours be exceeded?

❖ In the case that a crew member may need to partake in drills

❖ The crew member needs to assist in an emergency situation
❖ The crew member is on call, for instance when the engine room is in UMS mode
❖ The drills shall be carried out to to minimise interruption to crew members rest hours

What is a young seafarer and what duties can they perform?

❖ A seafarer cannot be under the age of 16, and a young seafarer is considered to be
under the age of 18
❖ They can not perform duties that may expose himself to any OHS risks, i.e working aloft
or over the side is unable to work in the galley until the age of 18 and older

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 141

❖ They need to be supervised at all times
❖ They may not perform duties at night time
❖ Cannot work in the galley
❖ Cannot carry out confined space entry

There are two parts to the MLC certificate application what are they, and what is the
process?

❖ Part I:
- Is a Declaration and is used as a guide
- It demonstrates the parts of Marine Orders in which you need to comply
- The owner will request an MLC inspection from the Flag State
- Part 1 is used to apply for any exemptions for areas you cannot comply with
❖ Part II:
- Is a Declaration stating that you do comply
- Th DMLC (Declaration of Maritime Labor Convention) along with Part I will be
submitted to the Flag State for endorsement
❖ The Flag State will then forward Part I and II to the RO (Recognised Organisation is an
approved Class Society) and request that they inspect on their behalf
❖ When the RO is satisfied they will sign both Parts I and II and return them to the Flag
State
❖ Once it is returned to the vessel upon a successful application and audit the MLC
certificate and both DMLC part I and II will be returned to the vessel
❖ The MLC certificate must be posted in a conspicuous position

What are the 14 areas that are covered in an inspection?

❖ Minimum age
❖ Medical Certification
❖ Occupational health and safety
❖ Licensed Crewing Agencies
❖ Recreational facilities
❖ Accommodation and living conditions
❖ Complaints process
❖ Hours of work and rest
❖ Crew qualifications
❖ Onboard medical care
❖ Wages
❖ Contracts of Work
❖ Food and catering
❖ Manning levels

What are the 3 documents you need to have onboard in regards to the MLC?

❖ A copy of the Maritime Labor Convention

❖ The MLC certificate is to be posted in a conspicuous position
❖ The DMLC (Declaration of Maritime Labor Convention) with the exemptions attached if
there are any

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 142

What is the validity of the certificate and how often will the surveys be conducted?

❖ The MLC cert is valid for 5 years and is subject to intermediate surveys, these are
conducted in between the the 2nd and 3rd year of the anniversary of the initial survey

What is the role of the Port State Control in regards to MLC?

❖ An MLC inspection usually will take place during a PSC (Port State Control) Inspection
but may be a stand alone inspection if:
- Documents cannot not be provided
- Substandard living conditions have been reported
- The flag state has been changed to evade the need to comply with MLC
- There has been a complaint on a vessel from an employee or third party

Even if the vessels flag state is not a signatory to the convention, it can still be detained if
in breach of the Maritime Labor Convention

How do you know who to contact with regards to onboard complaints under MLC?

❖ MLC sets out minimum requirements as to where and how to make a complaint
concerning the living and working conditions on board vessels
❖ Owners now have an obligation to manage and resolve onboard complaints at the
lowest level
❖ The process must include the rights of the seafarer and have a nominated person
onboard the vessel who can provide advice
❖ All complaints are to be captured in writing
❖ The seafarer may be accompanied during a complaint process
❖ The seafarer may make the complaint ashore when it cannot be resolved onboard
❖ Obliges competent authorities and flag state to resolve complaints if necessary
❖ Reporting to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) when complaints cannot be
resolved

Which marine orders and parts of legislation does the MLC refer to?

❖ MO 9 - Health and medical fitness

❖ MO 11 - Living and Working Conditions
❖ MO 14 - Accommodation
❖ MO 21 - Safety of Navigation
❖ MO 28 - Operations Standards and Procedures
❖ MO 70 - Seafarers Certification
❖ MO 71 - Masters and Deck Officers
❖ MO 72 - Engineer Officers
❖ MO 73 - Ratings
❖ Navigation Act 2012
❖ OHSMI Act

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 143

STCW 95 Convention
Standards of Training, Certification and Watch Keeping
MO 28 - Operation Standards and Procedures

What is covered in Part A and Part B of the convention?

❖ Part A contains mandatory standards on training, certification, and watch keeping for
seafarers
❖ It shows the minimum requirements to obtain certification
❖ Part B provides guidance to assist in the education, training or the assessing the level
of competency of the seafarers

What are some of the headings from from chapter 8 in Part B, and what does it
focus on?

❖ Chapter 8 - Standards Regarding Watch Keeping

❖ Outlines the rest hours requirements of seafarers
❖ The requirements for Voyage Planning
❖ The requirements for Watch Keeping at Sea
❖ The duties and the need to have a Lookout
❖ Considerations when compiling Watch Arrangements
❖ What the obligations are when Taking Over a Navigational Watch
❖ The obligations of the watch keeper when Performing the Navigational Watch
❖ When it is required to Call the Master
❖ Duties when Watch Keeping in Clear Weather
❖ Duties when Watch Keeping in Restricted Visibility
❖ Duties when Watch Keeping in Hours of Darkness
❖ Duties when Watch Keeping in Congested Waters
❖ The responsibilities of the Master and OOW when Navigating with a Pilot Aboard
❖ What is required when Performing a Navigational Watch
❖ What the OOW must do when the Ships at Anchor
❖ The OOW's duties when Watch Keeping in Port
❖ What must be done when Taking over the Deck Watch

What are the minimum rest hour periods required onboard?

❖ STCW 95 and MO 28 (Operation Standards and Procedures)

❖ Minimum 10 hours of rest per day
❖ Total of 77 hours of rest per week
❖ Hours of rest may be split into no less than two periods per day
❖ One of which can be no less than 6 hours
❖ There shall be no greater than 14 hours between rest periods

There may be flexibility in the case of emergency, drills or overriding operational

requirements

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 144

MARPOL 73/78
Convention
Marine Orders 91 - Marine Pollution Prevention - Oil
Marine Orders 93 - Marine Pollution Prevention - Noxious Liquid Substances
Marine Orders 94 - Marine Pollution - Harmful Substances in Packaged Form
Marine Orders 95 - Marine Pollution - Garbage
Marine Orders 96 - Marine Pollution Prevention - Sewage
Marine Orders 97 - Marine Pollution Prevention - Air

What are the Annexes of MARPOL?

❖ Annex 1 - Prevention of Oil Pollution

❖ Annex 2 - Prevention of Pollution by Noxious Liquids in Bulk
❖ Annex 3 - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances in Packaged Form
❖ Annex 4 - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
❖ Annex 5 - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
❖ Annex 6 - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

What certificates relate to the MARPOL Convention?

❖ IOPP Certificate - International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate

- Valid for 5 years
- Subject to intermediate surveys in between the 2nd and 3rd years of the initial
- All Oil tankers over 150 GRT and all other vessels over 400 GRT are required to
have the IOPP certificate
- Must carry an approved SOPEP plan
- Must carry an approved Oil Record Book

❖ NLS Certificate - Noxious Liquid Substances Certificate

- Valid for 5 years
- Subject to annual and intermediate surveys
- All vessels 150GRT and above must carry an approved SMPEP plan
- Must carry a Cargo Record Book

❖ Sewage Certificate - International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate

- Valid for 5 years
- All vessels 400GRT and above
- Vessels certified to carry 15 persons and above

❖ IAPP Certificate - International Air Pollution Certificate

- Valid for 5 years
- Subject to intermediate surveys
- All vessels 400GRT and above

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 145

❖ Energy Efficiency Certificate
- Valid for the life of the vessel
- Only amended when major alteration of the vessel

Which vessels need to carry an oil record book?

❖ Every oil tanker 150 GRT and above and all other vessels above 400 GRT must carry
Part 1(machinery space) of the ORB
❖ Tankers 150 GRT and above must carry Part 2 of the ORB (Cargo Ballast Operations)

What entries need to go into Part 1 of the ORB?

❖ It shall be completed for all tankers over 150 GRT and for all other vessels over
400GRT when there is anything to do with oil in the machinery space
❖ Ballasting or cleaning of fuel oil tanks
❖ Discharge of dirty water from fuel oil tanks
❖ Dispose of oil residues
❖ Discharge overboard of bilge water from machinery spaces
❖ Oil discharge and monitoring equipment failure
❖ Accidental or exceptional discharge of oil
❖ Bunkering of the ship, place, date, time and quantity
❖ ORB Part I is managed by the Chief Engineer
❖ Every entry must be signed by person in charge
❖ Every complete page is to be signed by the Master

What should be entered into Part 2 of the ORB?

❖ It shall be completed when tankers over 150 GRT carry out cargo/ballasting operations
❖ Unloading and loading of cargo
❖ Internal transfers of oil cargo during a voyage
❖ Ballasting of cargo and dedicated clean ballast tanks
❖ Cleaning of cargo tanks including COW washing
❖ Discharge of ballast from cargo tanks
❖ Discharge of water from slops tanks
❖ Disposal of residues
❖ Oil discharge and monitoring equipment failure
❖ Accidental or exceptional discharge of oil takes place
❖ ORB Part II is managed by the Chief Officer
❖ Every entry must be signed by person in charged
❖ Every complete page is to be signed by the Master

What is the purpose of the SOPEP Plan and what does it consist of?

❖ The SOPEP plan is to assist the Master and the crew to help prevent and combat any
spill that contains fuel or oils
❖ The plan should consist of:
- A list of shoreside contacts and government organisations
- Copies of the GA plan, tank plans and piping arrangement

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 146

 - A reporting procedure
- An inventory and location of SOPEP equipment
- Procedure for preventing a spill and the actions to take in the event of a spill
- The duties of each crew
- Documentation of SOPEP drills that have taken place

What vessels carry a Cargo Record Book?

❖ As per Annex II of MARPOL and Marine Orders 93 all chemical tankers must carry a
Cargo Record Book for documenting all chemical handling operations

What are the advantages of Crude Oil Washing (COW) and what are the
requirements?

❖ COW washing removes andy excess oil clinging to the side of the tanks after discharge
❖ It reduces the need to water wash the tanks and store the slops onboard
❖ It reduces contamination

REQUIREMENTS

❖ MARPOL ANNEX I
❖ Ship to inform the authority and terminal 24 hours prior to commencing COW washing
procedures
❖ COW should only proceed if approval has been granted by the authority and the
terminal
❖ The COW checklist is to be completed before washing
❖ O2 content must of the tanks must not exceed 8% during the COW washing procedure
❖ Th COW line is to be pressurised before washing to check for leaks
❖ All COW operations are to be recorded in Part II of the Oil Record Book

What are the regulations regarding oil pollution and to which vessels does it apply

❖ MARPOL ANNEX I and MO91 applies to all tankers 150 GRT and above and to all
vessels 400 GRT and above
❖ Must have a valid IOPP certificate which is subject to annual inspections and a renewal
survey every 5 years
❖ The Oil Discharge Monitoring equipment is to be inspected by the administration

What are the discharge requirements for oil from machinery spaces?

❖ The effluent discharge from machinery spaces is to meet the following requirements:
- The vessel is enroute
- Not in a special area
- The discharge cannot exceed 15ppm
- The effluent shall not have originated from the cargo space or pump room
- The vessel must be fitted with an approved oily water separator, and discharge
monitoring equipment

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 147

What are the discharge requirements of oil from cargo spaces?

❖ The discharge requirements for cargo residues are:

- The vessel is enroute
- Not in a special area
- Not within 50nm from the nearest land
- The discharge rate does not exceed 30litres per nm
- The total discharge shall not exceed 1/30 000th of the quantity of cargo in which it
originated from
- The vessel must be fitted with an approved oil discharge monitoring and control
system a slop tank arrangement

What records and documents must you carry under MARPOL Annex 1

❖ International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate

❖ Oil Record Book Part I (Oil Tankers over 150 GRT and all other vessels over 400 GRT)
❖ Oil Record Book Part II (Oil Tankers over 150 GRT)
❖ SOPEP Plan
❖ Loading and Damage stability booklet
❖ COW Operations Booklet
❖ Oily Water Discharge Monitor Manual
❖ Oily-Water Separator Manual

What are the requirements to carry a Garbage Management Plan? And does it need
to be certified?

❖ All vessels 100 GRT and over, and every vessel carry 15 or more passengers need to
have a Garbage Management Plan in place
❖ The plan does not need to be approved but Australian Legislation requires the plan to
follow the international guidelines of GMP under MARPOL ANNEX V
❖ The plan does not need to be a stand alone document
❖ For larger vessels it can be incorporated into the SMS

What needs to be in the Garbage Management Plan?

❖ The garbage management plan needs identify the person in charge of implementing the
plan
❖ The procedures for collecting the garbage
❖ The procedures for disposing the garbage
❖ The procedures for processing the garbage
❖ The procedures for storing the garbage

You need to discharge cargo residues such as iron ore dust on the deck and in the
hold after discharging. What are your obligations?

❖ Under MARPOL ANNEX V and MO 95 cargo residues are considered to be garbage

❖ Cargo residues NOT in wash water

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 148

 Outside Special Area - Discharge permitted not less than 12nm from nearest land
or ice shelf, en route
Within Special Area - Not Permitted

❖ Cargo residues in wash water

Outside Special Area - Discharge permitted not less than 12nm from nearest land
or ice shelf
- Vessel must be en route
Within Special Area - Not Permitted*

*Discharge permitted only in specific circumstances. The vessel is only transiting in

special areas and the ports in which the vessel visits has no reception facilities

The crew want to throw food scraps into the ocean. Is it ok?

❖ If food waste is commuted and ground:

Outside Special Area - Discharge permitted >3nm from land, en route
Inside Special Area - Discharge permitted >12nm from land, en route

❖ If food waste is not commuted and ground:

Outside Special Area - Discharge permitted >12nm from land, en route
Inside Special Area - Discharge permitted >12nm from land, en route

What vessels need to carry a Garbage Record Book and what information needs to
be logged in the book?

❖ Under MARPOL ANNEX V and MO 95 every vessel over 400 GRT and any vessel
carrying 15 passengers or more is required to maintain an Garbage Record Book
❖ All discharges to to shoreside facilities and receipts from reception facilities are to be
logged and recorded
❖ Permitted discharges to sea are to be logged, with information on quantities, location
and type of garbage
❖ The GBR is to be kept onboard for a minimum of 2 years and be available for inspection
by the authorities

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 149

If you needed to report a spill or any pollution how would you go about it?

❖ A Pollution Report(POLREP) form would need to be submitted to AMSA for spills from
substances from Marpol Annex I, II and III
❖ This form can be found in the MARPOL annex's and in the Marine Orders
❖ The information needs to include:
- Location of the spill
- Description of the vessel type
- Course, speed and intended track
- Source of the pollution i.e. oil, chemical, garbage
- Estimated quantity
- Is the spill contained
- What actions have taken place
❖ The DPA should be notified

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 150

❖ Depending on the spill and quantities notify the P&I club
❖ Local authorities may also require a POLREP if in coastal waters

What is a special area?

❖ For reasons relating to their oceanographical and ecological condition and to their sea
traffic, the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is
required
❖ Under the Convention, these special areas are provided with a higher level of protection
than other areas of the sea.
❖ Examples are:
- Mediterranean Sea
- Baltic Sea
- Red Sea
- Black Sea
- Gulf of Aden
- Antarctic Waters

What is a Particularly Sensitive Area(PSSA)?

❖ It is an area defined by the IMO that because of its significance of ecological, socio
economic and scientific attributes and rare ecosystem, requires special guidelines
❖ An example of a PSSA
- The Great Barrier Reef
- Florida Keys
- Galapagos
- Canary Islands

Where would you find the list of IMO approved liquid chemicals that can be
transported in bulk?

❖ IBC Code (International Code for Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk)
❖ Chapters 17 and 18

Can a vessel discharge sewage in a special area?

❖ Yes
❖ Provided the vessel has an approved sewage treatment plant by the Administration
❖ If the vessel does not have an approved plan then no discharge is permitted

What are the discharge requirements of sewage under Annex IV outside special
areas?

❖ It applies to all vessels over 400GRT or any other vessels carrying 15 persons or more
❖ Within 3nm there is to be no discharge unless the vessel is equipped with an approved
sewage treatment plant

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 151

❖ Between 3 to 12nm the vessel must have an approved sewage treatment plant, or the
effluent must be comminuted and disinfected
❖ Greater than 12nm discharge is permitted provided either of the above are done or:
- The effluent is discharged at a moderate rate
- The ship is en route at no less than 4 knots

What are the discharge requirements for MARPOL Annex II cargo?

Category X

❖ Prewash needs to take place and discharged to a shoreside facility

❖ Washing and discharging should continue to take place until 0.1% of the cargo remains
❖ The sample should be taken by a surveyor

Category Y

❖ No prewash is required except for high viscosity and solidifying products

❖ If prewash is required the liquid must be discharged to a shoreside facility
❖ Any subsequent water that remains in the tank can be discharged into the sea

Category Z

❖ No prewash is required unless the surveyor requires it to take place

❖ Any subsequent water that remains in the tank can be discharged into the sea

Category OS

❖ No discharge requirements required

Discharge Into the Sea

❖ Vessel must be doing over 7 knots

❖ If a manned barge over 4 knots
❖ Discharge must be more than 12 NM from the nearest land
❖ Discharge made below the waterline
❖ Minimum depth of water not less than 25m
❖ All discharges must be logged in the Cargo Record Book

What certificates must a vessel carrying liquid chemicals in bulk carry?

❖ A vessel that has completed a successful survey as per the IBC Code will comply with
the requirements of MARPOL Annex II
❖ A chemical tanker must carry a NLS Certificate
❖ The NLS is incorporated in the Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk

Ships carry Annex II substances must has a marine pollution plan. What is it called
and to which vessels does it apply?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 152

❖ All vessels carrying NLS over 150 GRT must have a Shipboard Marine Pollution
Emergency Plan (SMPEP)
❖ It must be in the working language of the crew
❖ The SMPEP can incorporate the SOPEP plan also

When may the vessel be exempt from carrying out a prewash?

❖ The Master must make a request to not carry out a prewash

❖ The prewash is not required if the tank is to be loaded with the same product
❖ The tank will not be washed or ballasted at sea and the prewash will take place in
another port
❖ The cargo residues will be removed by ventilation

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 153

COLREGS
The International Regulations for thePrevention of Collisions at Sea 1972
Marine Orders 30

You are required to keep a lookout by all available means. What does this mean?

❖ Rule 5 of the Collision Regulations state that "every vessel shall at all times maintain a
proper and effective lookout, by sight and sound and by all available means
❖ All available means, means by using your eyes, binoculars, radar, AIS, ECDIS, listening
to radios, posting extra lookouts, going outside the bridge to listen for sound signals, etc

The Rules continually talk about the "Risk of Collision". What does this mean, and
how do you determine if risk of collision exists?

❖ Rule 7 states that "Every vessel shall at all times determine whether risk of collision
exists
❖ All available means shall be used to determine if risk of collision exists
❖ Risk of collision can exist when after a series compass bearings of another vessel, the
bearing does not appreciably change then risk of collision exists
❖ If in doubt as to whether risk of collision exists, such risk shall be deemed to exists

What is meant by "Past and Clear" in Rule 13

❖ Rule 13 is the Overtaking rule

❖ "Past and clear" means that the overtaking vessel has has kept clear of the vessel
being overtaken and there is no more risk of collision

You are proceeding north at 12knts and there is a sailing vessel three points abaft
your starboard beam. The bearing is not changing. What should you do and why?

❖ You should maintain course and speed as you are the vessel being over taken
❖ As per Rule 13a. Any vessel overtaking another vessel shall keep out the way of the
vessel being overtaken

If you see a vessel constrained by her draft to your port side, which vessel is the
stand on vessel? What action would you take?

❖ My vessel would be the stand on vessel as per Rule 18, Responsibility Between
Vessels
❖ However, I am required not to impede the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her
draft
❖ I would slow down, assess the situation and let the vessel pass in front of me

What is the vertical positioning of the masthead lights for a vessel 20m or more?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 154

❖ Annex I
❖ The forward masthead light is to be not less than 6m above deck
❖ If the breadth is more than 6m the height to be no less than the breadth
❖ However no greater than 12m height above the deck
❖ With two masthead lights the aft one is to be at least 4.5m higher than the forward one

How high are the sidelights of the vessel?

❖ The sidelights of a vessel shall be placed so they are not more than three-quarters of
the height of the forward masthead light
❖ They should not be as low so as to be interfered with the deck lights

What is the horizontal positioning and spacing of the mast head lights?

❖ For a vessel that is prescribed two masthead lights the horizontal distance between
them shall not be less than half the length of the vessel
❖ The separation need not be more than 100m

What are the dimensions for the day shapes?

❖ A ball shall have a diameter of not less than .6m

❖ A cone shall have a base diameter of not less than .6m and a height equal to its
diameter
❖ A cylinder shall have a base of not less than .6m and a height twice its diameter
❖ A diamond shall consist of two cones with their bases together

Can a sailing vessel be constrained by her draft?

❖ No, because a vessel constrained by her draft means a power driven vessel which,
because of her draft in relation to the depth and width of navigable water, is severely
restricted in her ability to manoeuvre

Which vessels show side lights, masthead lights and stern lights when underway?

❖ Vessel Constrained by Draft

❖ Pilot Vessel
❖ Power Driven Vessel
❖ These vessels will always show side lights, masthead lights, stern lights and
identification lights when either underway or making way

Which vessels show only their identification lights when underway?

❖ Not Under Command

❖ Restricted in her Ability to Manoeuvre
❖ Fishing Vessels (Other than a trawler who will show a Masthead light when underway)

What is the duration of a short and long blast on the ships whistle?

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 155

❖ A short blast is a blast of one second
❖ A long blast is a blast of 4 to 6 seconds

KEY COLREG PHRASES

❖ Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper and effective lookout by all available
means appropriate to prevailing conditions and circumstances so as to make full
appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision
❖ Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and
effective action and be stopped within the a distance appropriate to the prevailing
conditions and circumstances
❖ If there is any doubt as to whether risk of collision exists, such risk shall be deemed to
exist
❖ Risk of collision deems to exists when a compass bearing of an approaching vessel
does not appreciably change
❖ When determining risk of collision a series of visual bearings shall be taken and a visual
check of the aspect of the vessel
❖ Action to avoid collision shall be positive and done in ample time with the observance of
good seamanship
❖ Any alteration of course or speed shall be large enough to be apparent visually and by
radar
❖ Small alterations of course and speed shall be avoided
❖ A vessel which is required to keep out the way of another vessel shall take early action
to allow safe passage of the other vessel
❖ Any vessel overtaking another vessel shall keep out of the way of the vessel being over
taken
❖ Must keep clear of the vessel being overtaken until past and clear
❖ In a crossing situation the give way vessel shall keep out of the way and if the
circumstances of the case admit, shall avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel
❖ Every vessel that is required to give way shall take early and substantial action to keep
well clear
❖ The stand on vessel shall maintain course and speed, and monitor the movement of the
other vessel visually and by radar
❖ The give way vessel may have to take action by her manoeuvre alone, when it is
apparent that the give way vessel is not taking appropriate action to avoid collision
❖ When it is apparent that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give way vessel
alone, the give way vessel shall action to best avoid a collision
❖ If the stand on is required to take action to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of
the case admit, avoid an alteration to port
❖ When in restricted visibility every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed appropriate to
the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility, and shall engines
ready for immediate manoeuvre

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 156

PART A: GENERAL

Rule 1: Application
Rule 2: Responsibility
Rule 3: General Definitions

PART B: STEERING AND SAILING RULES

Section I: Conduct of Vessels in any Condition of Visibility

Rule 4: Application
Rule 5: Lookout
Rule 6: Safe Speed
Rule 7: Risk of Collision
Rule 8: Action to Avoid a Collision
Rule 9: Narrow Channels
Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes

Section II: Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another

Rule 11: Application
Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
Rule 13: Overtaking Vessels
Rule 14: Head On Situation
Rule 15: Crossing Situation
Rule 16: Action by the Give Way Vessel
Rule 17: Action by the Stand On Vessel
Rule 18: Responsibilities Between Vessels

Section III: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

PART C: LIGHTS AND SHAPES

Rule 20: Application

Rule 21: Definitions
Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
Rule 23: Power Driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24: Towing and Pushing
Rule 25: Sailing Vessels and Vessels Under Oars
Rule 26: Fishing Vessels
Rule 27: Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Ability to Manoeuvre
Rule 28: Vessels Constrained by Their Draught
Rule 29: Pilot Vessels

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Rule 30: Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
Rule 31: Seaplanes

COLREGS SUMMARY

PART A: GENERAL

Rule 1: Application

a. These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and and in all waterways that
are connected therewith by seagoing vessels

Rule 2: Responsibility

a. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, the owner, the Master or the crew
thereof, from the consequences and failure to comply with these Rules or of the
neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman,
or by the special Circumstances of the case
b. In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of
navigation and collision to any special circumstances, including the limitations of your
vessel, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure
from the Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

- Rule 2a. states that extra action may have to be taken in addition to, or instead of,
the action required by the other rules
- Rule 2b. states when it might be obligatory to divert from the actions as given in
these rules

Rule 3: General Definitions

a. "Vessel" includes every description of water craft

b. "Power Driven Vessel" means a vessel which is Propelled by machinery
c. "Sailing Vessel" means any vessel under sail and not using any machinery for
propulsion
d. "Vessel engaged in fishing" any vessel that has restricted manoeuvrability, does not
include a fishing vessel who is not restricted in manoeuvrability
e. "Seaplane"- any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water
f. Vessel "not under command, due to exceptional circumstances is not able to
manoeuvre as required by the rules and is therefore unable to keep out the way of
another vessel
g. A vessel "restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel due to the nature of
her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre and is unable to keep out of the way
of other vessels. pipelayer, dredge, mine clearance.......
h. a vessel "constrained by her draught" means a power driven vessel which, due to her
draught in relation to the navigable water around her is unable to deviate from her
course
i. "Underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to shore, or aground
j. "length" and "breadth"

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 158

k. Vessel can only be deemed in sight of one another when they can be visually
observed
l. "Restricted visibility' means any condition which visibility is restricted by fog, mist,falling
snow, heavy rain, sand storms or any other similar causes
m. "Wing-in-Ground (WIG)

PART B
Steering and Sailing Rules

Rule 4: Application

❖ Rules in this part apply to vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 5: Look-out

❖ Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and sound and by all
available means, appropriate to the prevailing circumstances so as to make a full
appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision
- The OOW is responsible for ensuring a proper look-out at all times
- Other bridge duties must not interfere with the OOW's responsibility
- If there are extra persons on the bridge, specific jobs needs to be allocated and
instructions clearly understood
- To maintain a proper look-out you must utilise "all available means". This is done
by posting extra look-outs if need, binoculars, radars, AIS, radars, ARPA radar
information, ECDIS, the sound of sound signals from other vessels
- Always cross check your information, do not rely on scanty information
- Always incorporate the knowledge and experience of the bridge team to assist in
maintaining a proper and effective lookout

Rule 6 - Safe Speed

❖ Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so she can take proper and
effective action to avoid collision and be stopped in a distance appropriate to the
prevailing circumstances and conditions
❖ In determining safe speed the following should be taken into consideration:

a) By all vessels:

1. The state of visibility

2. The density of traffic including the concentration of fishing vessels or any other
vessels
3. The manoeuvrability of your vessel with special reference to your stopping distance
and turning ability in the prevailing conditions
4. At night the presence of background lights such as from shore lights or from back
scatter of her own lights
5. The state of the wind, sea and current and the proximity of navigational hazards
6. The draught of the vessel in relation to the available depth of water

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 159

Very Drunk Men Like Whiskey Doubles

b) By vessels with operational radar:

1. The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment

2. Any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use
3. The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of
interference
4. The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected
by radar at an adequate range
5. the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar
6. the more exact assessment of this visibility that may be possible when radar is used to
determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity

- The OOW must be aware of the manoeuvrability characteristics of his vessels

- Knowing the characteristics helps in the decision as to whether steaming at full
sea speed is safe in the conditions that are being experienced
- It is very important to know the turning circle and abilities and distance in which
the vessel can be stopped
- When using the radar to assess the conditions and proximity to vessels and
dangers you must be aware of its limitations
- Obstacles such as cranes, masts, funnel or deck cargo can restrict the all round
view of the radar and create a blind arch where objects may go completely
undetected
- Utilise all navigational aids, monitor both radars on different ranges and post extra
look-outs if needed

Rule 7 - Risk of Collision

❖ Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances
and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall
be deemed to exist.
❖ Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long -
range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or
equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
❖ Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty
radar information.
❖ In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among
those taken into account:
- such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching
vessel does not apparently change
- such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is
evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when
approaching a vessel at close range

- "All available means" can vary due to the circumstances and the equipment the
vessel is fitted with

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 160

 - "Prevailing circumstances and conditions" will require the watchkeeper to
adjust to the situation. The vessel may have been good clear conditions, then she
alters course and is now heading directly into the suns glared. To adjust, pull the
blinds down, wear sunglasses, post extra lookouts
- Always keep track of the vessel until it well clear and past

Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

a) This rule applies to all vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near
areas of restricted visibility
b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power driven vessel shall
engines ready for immediate manoeuvre
c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of
restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of section I of this part
d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine
if close quarters situation is developing and / or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall
take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an
alteration of course, so far as practicable the following should be avoided:
i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a
vessel that is being overtaken

ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft of the beam

e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every
vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or
which cannot avoid a close quarters situation with a vessel forward of her beam, shall
reduce her speed to a minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if
necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger
of collision is over

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 161

 SOUND SIGNALS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
VESSEL SOUND SIGNAL INTERVAL

Power Driven Vessel _____ (One long blast) Not more than 2 min intervals

NUC, RAM, Constrained by

Draught, Fishing Vessel, _____ * * (One long, two short Not more than 2 min intervals
Sailing Vessel blasts)

Vessel being towed _____ * * * (One long, three short Immediately after the towing
blasts) vessel sounds her signal

Vessel less than 100m at

anchor Not more than 1 min intervals
(Rapid ringing for 5 sec)

Vessel more than 100m at

anchor
Not more than 1 min intervals
5 secs forward

Rapid ringing 5 secs aft

Vessel less than 100m aground

3 strokes,

Not more than 1 min intervals

rapid ringing for 5 secs,

3 strokes

Vessel more than 100m

aground
3 strokes,

Not more than 1 min intervals

rapid ringing for 5 secs,

3 strokes

rapid ringing aft for 5 secs

A vessel at anchor to give * _____ * (One short, one long, As required

to another of her position one short) on the ships whistle

A vessel aground to give * *_____ (Two short, one long)

warning to an approaching on the ships whistle As required
vessel

Pilot Vessels * * * * (Four short blasts) As required

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 162

 SOUND SIGNALS WHEN IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER
VESSEL SOUND SIGNAL

Alteration of course to Port **

Alteration of course to Starboard *

Operating astern propulsion ***

I want to overtake you on your port side ___ ___ * *

I want to overtake you on your starboard side ___ ___ *

Yes you can overtake ___ * ___ *

I doubt your intentions * * * * * or more

Attention signal before a blind bend ___

Answer to the attention signal ___

ORALS PREPARATION – JUSTIN KELLY 163