POTENTIAL USE OF CARBONATED CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BIO CERAMIC

POWDER OUT OF BONE EXTRACTS FROM JANITOR FISH (PTERYGOPLITCHYS

DISJUNCTIVUS), AS SOIL NEUTRALIZER

A Research Paper presented

to the Faculty of

Rizal National Science High School

In Partial Fulfillment

of the

Requirements in Research

Jamila Margarette D. Hina

Rose Nhelie A. Tangonan

Nicole Lorelei Tubera

SY: 2017-2018
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Background of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------8

Statement of the Problem-----------------------------------------------------------8

Research Hypothesis-----------------------------------------------------------------9

Research Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------9

Significance of the Study-----------------------------------------------------------10

Scope and Limitations--------------------------------------------------------------10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES-------------------------11

RESEARCH DESIGN----------------------------------------------------------------------23

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS----------------------------------------------------------28

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS-------------------------------------- 28

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS----------------------------------------------------------------29

REFERENCES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

2
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Introduction

The janitor fish, also known as the sailfin catfish, is an invasive species of catfish

native to South America's Amazon River basin. This type of fish damages banks building

nests, causing erosion, and competes with the local fish for food. Though janitor fish are

known more as scavengers than predators, they do eat some small local fish and eggs. Since it

has established itself as an exotic pest in many areas, alternative uses have been proposed for

the fish. [ CITATION Cat17 \l 1033 ]

The janitor fish's diet of algae, plants and carrion cause them to widely sold as

aquarium algae eaters. Most eventually grow too large for the aquarium, as they can exceed

two feet in their natural habitat, and they release a large amount of waste that can pollute the

water. While smaller ones are still sold for aquariums, another use has surfaced in areas with

high foreclosure rates that have pools. According to the Palm Beach Post, city officials in

areas like Wellington, Fla., are placing janitor fish in stagnant swimming pools outside vacant

houses as a low cost way to clean the pools. [ CITATION Cat17 \l 1033 ]

The janitor fish is not a native fish of the Philippines; it was originally imported as a

helpful fish to clean the algae and debris in tropical fish enthusiasts’ aquariums.  It has now

been introduced, either accidentally or deliberately, into the Marikina River and other

freshwater lakes and rivers in the Philippines.  It has adapted very well and its populations are

increasing. [ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

Hypostomus Plecostomus is also called the sucker mouth catfish. To aquarium

enthusiasts, it’s also known as the Janitor Fish, since it will often attach itself to a surface

such as the glass walls and use its sucker-like mouth to rasp at algae that has built up. Other

3
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

synonyms include Plecostomus (Philippines); Sea Hasar (Guyana); and Spotted Pleco (US).

[ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

The fish can grow to a maximum of over a foot or around 50 cm. The body shape of

the Plecostomus is short and robust. The fins are arranged as follows: 1 dorsal spine, 7

dorsal soft ray fins, 1 anal spine, 3-5 anal soft rays. The caudal peduncle (or tail stalk) is not

depressed. An adipose fin is present. Among the paired fins, the pectoral fins are spined and

each has 6 rays. They are positioned in the thoracic region. It also has a pair of pelvic fins.

[ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

Janitor fish tend to have serene overall dispositions, even though they're biggish in

size. They generally make easygoing additions to aquarium tanks -- if they are the sole

representatives of their species. Mature janitor fish usually have strong aversions to each

other, and often behave in fierce, territorial manners when together. Exceptions do occur,

however, in cases where specimens have lived together since their tender young stages.

[ CITATION Ani16 \l 1033 ]

As nocturnal creatures, janitor fish are at their busiest all throughout the night, starting

around the end of twilight. They spend a lot of their time relaxing inside of caverns or over

driftwood. They appreciate environments with lots of big shelters and thick plants. Captive

specimens typically survive for anywhere between 10 and 15 years. Their free-roaming

counterparts occasionally exceed them in this department, sometimes living for more than 15

years [ CITATION Ani16 \l 1033 ]

The upper parts of the head and body are encased in longitudinal rows of scutes, or

armored plates; the lower surface of the head and abdomen is naked. During the day, their

4
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

unusual omega irises (Ω) block a lot of the light out of their eyes. The iris opens at night.

Plecos can also wink by rolling the eye into the head. [ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

Internally, the Plecostomus has two interesting and unique features compared with

other bony fishes. The thin-walled stomach of Hypostomus Plecostomus, with its rich

network of capillaries, has a morphology suggesting it is an efficient organ for air breathing.

Histological and ultra-structural investigations of the stomach show that its structure is

different from that typical of the stomachs of other bony fishes: the wall is thin and

transparent, while the mucosal layer is smooth and devoid of folds. The epithelium lining the

whole internal surface of the stomach consists of several types of cells; the most prominent

being flattened respiratory epithelial cells. [ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

Additionally, the gills seem adapted to extract chloride ions in typically ion-poor,

murky Brazilian waters of its homeland. The specialized cells and abundant mucous layer on

the cells may slow down the uptake of dissolved oxygen, which is why it seems to have the

ability to take in supplemental oxygen by gulping air into its stomach. [ CITATION

PBw081 \l 1033 ]

What is the janitor fish’s impact on the local ecology and fish populations?  Is it a

predator of catfish, tilapia, milkfish and other native fish or their eggs? Is it a competitor for

food resources with other aquatic organisms?  How is its presence affecting the people’s

livelihood who depend of the resources of the rivers or lakes for their livelihood?  Do the

fish’s sharp fins damage the fishing nets?  Or are they simply ugly and therefore an eyesore

to eliminate?  Are there legitimate reasons why such a plentiful resource is being discarded? [

CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

5
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Might there be new ways to utilize the janitor fish for food or livelihood?  Recent

observations at the King’s Garden Organic Farm near the Payatas Dump area by the Marikina

River show that the fisher folk and other poor people living on the banks regard the janitor

fish as a pest or threat to discard in rotting piles on the riverbank.  What are the reasons for

this disregard?  How much is based on experience and scientific observations and how much

is based on superstition or assumption?  If beneficial uses of the janitor fish are found, such

as food, fertilizer, livestock feed, leather handicrafts, or other livelihood-enhancing ventures,

what would be the best way(s) to communicate the findings to the people and barangays

along these waterways? [ CITATION PBw081 \l 1033 ]

Soil Acidity

An acid is defined as a substance that tends to release hydrogen ions (H+).

Conversely, a base is defined as a substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-). All acids

contain hydrogen ions, and the strength of the acid depends upon the degrees of ionization

(release of hydrogen ions) of the acid. The more hydrogen ions held by the exchange

complex of a soil in relation to the basic ions (Ca, Mg, K) held, the greater the acidity of the

soil. [ CITATION Soi16 \l 1033 ]

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity in soils. pH levels range from 0 to 14, with

7 being neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 alkaline. The optimal pH range for most plants is

between 5.5 and 7.0; however, many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this

range. Because pH levels control many chemical processes that take place in the soil –

specifically, plant nutrient availability – it is vital to maintain proper levels for your plants to

reach their full yield potential. [ CITATION Soi16 \l 1033 ]

Acidic soils because significant losses in production and where the choice of crops is

restricted to acid tolerant species and varieties, profitable market opportunities may be

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

reduced. In pastures grown on acidic soils, production will be reduced and some legume

species may fail to persist. Degradation of the soil resource is also of wider concern and off-

site impacts must be considered. Off-site impacts mainly result from reduced plant growth.

Deep-rooted species required to increase water usage may not thrive, increasing the risk of

salinity. Increased run-off and subsequent erosion has detrimental impacts on streams and

water quality. Increased nutrient leaching may pollute ground water. [ CITATION Pau17 \l

1033 ]

In very acid soils, all the major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,

sulfur, calcium, manganese and the trace element molybdenum) may be unavailable, or only

available in insufficient quantities. Plants can show deficiency symptoms despite adequate

fertilizer application. [ CITATION Pau17 \l 1033 ]

Low pH in top soils may affect microbial activity, most notably decreasing legume

nodulation. The resulting nitrogen deficiency may be indicated by reddening of stems and

petioles on pasture legumes or yellowing and death of oldest leaves on grain legumes.

Rhizobia bacteria are greatly reduced in acid soils. Some pasture legumes may fail to persist

due to the inability of reduced Rhizobia populations to successfully nodulate roots and form a

functioning symbiosis. [ CITATION Pau17 \l 1033 ]

Soil acidification is a natural process accelerated by agriculture. Soil acidifies because

the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil increases. The main cause of soil acidification

is inefficient use of nitrogen, followed by the export of alkalinity in produce.

Ammonium based fertilizers are major contributors to soil acidification. Ammonium

nitrogen is readily converted to nitrate and hydrogen ions in the soil. If nitrate is not taken-up

by plants, it can leach away from the root zone leaving behind hydrogen ions thereby

7
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

increasing soil acidity. Most plant material is slightly alkaline and removal by grazing or

harvest leaves residual hydrogen ions in the soil. Over time, as this process is repeated, the

soil becomes acidic. Major contributors are hay, especially Lucerne hay and legume crops.

Alkalinity removed in animal products is low, however, concentration of dung in stock camps

adds to the total alkalinity exported in animal production. [ CITATION Pau17 \l 1033 ]

Background of the Study

There was a recent study about the evaluation of the extracted bones from janitor fish

(Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), wherein the bones had undergone thermal decomposition,

then pulverized through a mechanical sieve. The powders were examined FTIR or Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to determine the functional groups present and then

subjected for Scanning Electron Microscopy in determining the morphological structure and

particle size, along with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis in determining the

elemental composition of the sample (Piencenaves, 2013). Calcium atoms were present in the

powder and since calcium atoms can also be found in soil neutralizers, the researchers tested

the potentials of the powder in lowering the acidity of soils.

Statement of the problem

One of the problems dealt in the study is the increasing threat on janitor fishes

(pterygoplitchys disjunctivus). With the fast increasing population of janitor fishes

(pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) in bodies of water such as fish ponds and lakes, they start to

threaten other species, too. Although janitor fishes (pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) have been

known for their helpful qualities such as feeding on algae and other pollutants in the water,

too much is bad for both the body of water and other aquamarine life present. A certain body

of water can only support as much, given the limited number of food and nutrients present,

8
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

such that competition between the species occur. Since the janitor fishes (pterygoplitchys

disjunctivus) whose population increase drastically, dominate the body of water, certain

species are left starved or nutrient-deficient. Can the use of carbonated calcium phosphate bio

ceramic powder in decreasing the population of janitor fish?

One more problem dealt in the research is the occurence of acidic soil. It’s main cause

is the mixture of smoke from factories, vehicles and other human activities, to precipitaion. In

turn, this produces acid rain. When water reaches land, it turns the soil acidic making it hard

for plants to grow and flourish. The soil’s acidicity greatly affects soil processes such as

nutrient availability and microbial activity. The usual preferred pH level of soil is 5.5-8 pH.

As part of the research, the researchers developed a fertalizer in maintaining said pH level.

Can the use of carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceramic powder lower soil acidities?

Research Hypothesis

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the pH levels of soil before and

after application of the carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceamic powder

Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference between the pH levels of soil before

and after application of the carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceamic powder

Research Objectives

 Develop an alternative way to make janitor fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus) useful,

instead of harmful, to people

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

 Produce a bio ceramic powder out of bones extracted from janitor fish

(Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus)

 Test the potential of bio ceramic powder made out of bone extracts from janitor fish

(Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus) to neutralize soil

Significance of the study

This study can be of help in the improvement of neutralizers with the use of powdered

janitor fish (pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) bones. Using the said neutralizer, soil can be

neutralized and plants can grow more. Since the neutralizer is made up of janitor fish

(pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) bones, their booming population can be prevented from

increasing even more. Instead of killing them and throwing away their carcasses, the bones

can be of use in the production of a soil neutralizer. Not only can this study be a step in the

improvement of agriculture but in fishery as well.

Scope and limitations

This research has three participants. First is Jamila Margarette Hina, 16 years old,

born on January 15, 2002, second is Rose Nhelie A. Tangonan, 16 years old, born on

December 13, 2001, and lastly, Nicole Lorelei Tubera, 15 years old, born on July 12, 2002.

All studying at Rizal National Science High School and from Binangonan Rizal.

This study is limited in the experimentation and testing of the potentials of extracted

bones of janitor fish (pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) in lessening the acidity of soils (loam, clay

and sand). The independent variables were the soil and the carbonated calcium phosphate bio

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

ceramic powder. The pH level was the dependent variable which is being measured in the

experiment.

Review of related literature and studies

Calcium Phosphate

Carbonated hydroxyapatites (CHA) were synthesized by the substitution of calcium

carbonate for calcium hydroxide during the reaction with diammonium phosphate under

microwave irradiation. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis indicates the decrease of alpha-

axis up to 20 mol% of carbonate substitution confirming the formation of the B-type CHA.

Further increase of carbonate content shows the presence of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in

addition to CHA. Reaction of substituted magnesium carbonate instead of calcium carbonate

in the above process results in the formation of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics

consisting of both CHA and TCP phases. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study also

confirmed the carbonate substitution in HA and BCP formation. The in vitro solubility study

in phosphate buffer of pH 7.2 at 37 degrees C showed the resorbable nature of the BCP

samples. The present study thus indicates the feasibility of in situ formation of BCP ceramics

using microwave irradiation.

Agriculture and Production

The Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture

started a program designed to rid wetland areas of janitor fish by using them to make

11
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

livestock feed. Fisherman are paid to catch the janitor fish for processing into fish meal that

will be used as an ingredient in fish, livestock or animal food. They can also be used as a

liquid fertilizer. The thick skin of janitor fish, particularly the exoskeleton of the belly area,

can be tanned into fish leather and use to craft items such as wallets and purses.

Soil acidity

Sometimes there could be too much aluminum in the soil, making it acidic.

Sometimes there is too much manganese, which is toxic to plants. If the soil is too acidic, it

can be because of a calcium and magnesium deficiency, which is just as bad for plants as it is

for humans. Iron and aluminum in great amounts can tie up phosphorus, which also makes

the soil too acidic for plants. Another thing to consider if your soil is too acidic is poor

bacterial growth. This is because with bacteria, the soil becomes more alkaline, and if there

isn’t enough of the good bacteria, your soil will not be fertile enough to support life. So what

causes acid soil? Many things can do it, from natural soil pH to the types of mulch you use.

Acidic soil can have mineral deficiencies just like the human body, and unless these

deficiencies are fixed, the plants won’t live. So if your soil is too acidic, you’ll need to correct

it. How to Lower Acid Amount in Soil The most common way to raise the pH of soil is to

add pulverized limestone to the soil. Limestone acts as a soil acid neutralizer and consists of

either calcium and magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate. These are called dolomitic

limestone and calcitic limestone respectively. The first thing that needs to be done is a soil

test to see how acidic the soil actually is. You want your soil pH to be around 7.0, or neutral.

Once you have run the soil test and have the results, you will know which kind of pulverized

limestone to add as a soil acid neutralizer. Once you know the kind of soil acid neutralizer to

add to your soil, apply the lime according to the instructions given to you by the garden

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

center. Never apply more than necessary. Making sure you know what causes acid soil is

important, but be careful not to add too much limestone in your efforts to correct it. If you

end up with alkaline soil, you could have other problems like iron, manganese and zinc

deficiencies, which also won’t support life. Further, you could end up with an overgrowth of

bacteria in the soil, which can kill those things that spend a long time underground, like

potatoes.

Agricultural Limestone

Agricultural limestone (aglime) is a calcium carbonate product used to improve the

health of soil. Healthy soil is neither too acid nor too alkaline and has neutral pH rating of

7.0. Soil pH is a measurement of soil acidity or alkalinity, from 1 to 14. A range of 6.2 to 7 is

good for plant growth and less likely to compact, allowing for optimum water absorption and

deeper root penetration. Over time soil tends to become more acid. At a pH of less than 5,

aluminum, manganese and iron become more soluble and toxic in the soil.

Used appropriately, aglime reverses soil acidity and boost crop yields, long-term

productivity and farmer profits by improving the physical, chemical and biological conditions

of the soil. Aglime supplies calcium and other required minerals. The nitrogen, phosphorous

and potash already present in the soil become more available for plants.

Aglime can be applied any time between the harvest of one crop and the planting of the next.

With conservation tilling, aglime should be incorporated with the last tillage since surface

applications require more time to neutralize subsurface acidity.

ILC Resources provides a variety of aglime products, from finely powdered for liquid or

suspension fertilizers to coarse granules for long-term soil neutralizing and residual effects.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Janitor Fish Description and Rationale

The janitor fish is not a native fish of the Philippines; it was originally imported as a

helpful fish to clean the algae and debris in tropical fish enthusiasts’ aquariums.  It has now

been introduced, either accidentally or deliberately, into the Marikina River and other

freshwater lakes and rivers in the Philippines.  It has adapted very well and its populations are

increasing.

What is the janitor fish’s impact on the local ecology and fish populations?  Is it a predator of

catfish, tilapia, milkfish and other native fish or their eggs? Is it a competitor for food

resources with other aquatic organisms?  How is its presence affecting the people’s livelihood

who depend of the resources of the rivers or lakes for their livelihood?  Do the fish’s sharp

fins damage the fishing nets?  Or are they simply ugly and therefore an eyesore to eliminate? 

Are there legitimate reasons why such a plentiful resource is being discarded?

Might there be new ways to utilize the janitor fish for food or livelihood?  Recent

observations at the King’s Garden Organic Farm near the Payatas Dump area by the Marikina

River show that the fisherfolk and other poor people living on the banks regard the janitor

fish as a pest or threat to discard in rotting piles on the riverbank.  What are the reasons for

this disregard?  How much is based on experience and scientific observations and how much

is based on superstition or assumption?  If beneficial uses of the janitor fish are found, such

as food, fertilizer, livestock feed, leather handicrafts, or other livelihood-enhancing ventures,

what would be the best way(s) to communicate the findings to the people and barangays

along these waterways?

The initial purpose of this project will be to research the biology and ecology of the janitor

fish living primarily in the Marikina River, through a search of the literature as well as

firsthand observations and interviews with people living along the riverbank (with the

assistance of a Tagalog-speaking interpreter).  These initial findings will help guide the

14
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

experimental phase, where key variables in the janitor fish’s survivability and usefulness will

be further explored.

It is hoped that new uses of the previously unwanted janitor fish might help improve the

livelihood of the people living along the Marikina River through a more informed

understanding of an abundant biological resource.

Biology

Common Names and Synonyms

Hypostomus Plecostomus is also called the suckermouth catfish.  To aquarium

enthusiasts, it’s also known as the Janitor Fish, since it will often attach itself to a surface

such as the glass walls and use its sucker-like mouth to rasp at algae that has built up.  Other

synonyms include Plecostomus (Philippines); Sea Hasar (Guyana); and Spotted Pleco (US).

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class:  Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Order:  Siluriformes (catfish)

Family: Loricariidae (armored catfish)

Genus: Hypostomus (sucker mouth)

Species: H. Plecostomus (folded mouth)

There are many types of suckermouth armored catfish that science has not described.  As a

result, they are given a common name and an L-number designation until a new scientific

15
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

name for the fish is described.  An example is the flash Plecostomus, L204, believed to be a

species of Panaque.

Morphology and Physical Description

The fish can grow to a maximum of over a foot or around 50 cm.  The body shape of

the Plecostomus is short and robust.  The fins are arranged as follows:   1 dorsal spine, 7

dorsal soft ray fins, 1 anal spine, 3-5 anal soft rays.  The caudal peduncle (or tail stalk) is not

depressed.  An adipose fin is present.  Among the paired fins, the pectoral fins are spined and

each has 6 rays.  They are positioned in the thoracic region.  It also has a pair of pelvic fins.

The upper parts of the head and body are encased in longitudinal rows of scutes, or

armored plates; the lower surface of the head and abdomen is naked. During the day, their

unusual omega irises (Ω) block a lot of the light out of their eyes. The iris opens at night.

Plecos can also wink by rolling the eye into the head.

Internally, the Plecostomus has two interesting and unique features compared with other bony

fishes.  The thin-walled stomach of Hypostomus Plecostomus, with its rich network of

capillaries, has a morphology suggesting it is an efficient organ for air breathing. Histological

and ultrastructural investigations of the stomach show that its structure is different from that

typical of the stomachs of other bony fishes: the wall is thin and transparent, while the

mucosal layer is smooth and devoid of folds. The epithelium lining the whole internal surface

of the stomach consists of several types of cells; the most prominent being flattened

respiratory epithelial cells.

Additionally, the gills seem adapted to extract chloride ions in typically ion-poor,

murky Brazilian waters of its homeland.  The specialized cells and abundant mucous layer on

the cells may slow down the uptake of dissolved oxygen, which is why it seems to have the

ability to take in supplemental oxygen by gulping air into its stomach.

16
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Janitor Fish (Hypostomusplecostomus)

The janitor fish, also known as the sailfin catfish, is an invasive species of catfish

native to South America's Amazon River basin. This type of fish damages banks building

nests, causing erosion, and competes with the local fish for food. Though janitor fish are

known more as scavengers than predators, they do eat some small local fish and eggs. Since it

has established itself as an exotic pest in many areas, alternative uses have been proposed for

the fish..

Algae Eaters

The janitor fish's diet of algae, plants and carrion cause them to widely sold as

aquarium algae eaters. Most eventually grow too large for the aquarium, as they can exceed

two feet in their natural habitat, and they release a large amount of waste that can pollute the

water. While smaller ones are still sold for aquariums, another use has surfaced in areas with

high foreclosure rates that have pools. According to the Palm Beach Post, city officials in

areas like Wellington, Fla., are placing janitor fish in stagnant swimming pools outside vacant

houses as a low cost way to clean the pools.

Plecostomus are omnivorous, but in the wild, feed mostly on plant material at night. 

Benthic (bottom-dwelling) algae and weeds tend to make up most of its diet, but it also eats

small crustaceans, insects, and detritus.  There also have been bizarre reports of the fish,

eating wood!

"Every year when it rains [in Brazil], the waters revolt against the big trees in the

jungle, and the Hypostomus Catfish suck onto the trees and eat right through them, until trees

start falling down everywhere. Not because the roots are wet, but because the Hypostomus

17
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

are eating right through the trees, and any trees that fall into the water are eaten by the

Hypostomus and completely disappear."

Biofuel

A student in the Philippines looking for a way to use the janitor fish for chicken feed

discovered a way to use them to develop bio-fuel. He entered his project in the Intel

International Science and Engineering Fair, winning the third grand prize. His experiments

showed useful ways to rid the Philippines of the invasive fish that was interfering with the

livelihood of fishermen by using them to make an additive for diesel fuel that would lower

the price of petroleum.

Food

According to Dr. Jonathan Armbruster, curator of fishes at Auburn University, janitor

fish are edible if they don't contain high levels of mercury or other metals. Though they're not

sold as a food fish, people in the areas of South America where they are native gut, grill them

whole and eat them or use them in soup. In areas without refrigeration, janitor catfish can be

kept alive for up to 30 hours by moistening them, making them a good source of fresh food.

Many fisherman use grilled janitor fish as an appetizer with their drinks.

Reproduction

The Plecostomus mates through external fertilization, where the female deposits eggs

on smooth rocks, depressions or burrows in the river bank.  The eggs are then fertilized by

the male.  Afterwards, the eggs are guarded by one or both parents.  In captivity, the most

successful breeding has occurred in ponds with steep clay or mud banks.  The fish dig tunnels

close to the water level and the males guard the eggs until they hatch.

Environmental Factors

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

The Plecostomus is demersal, meaning that it sinks to or lies on the bottom; living on

or near the bottom and feeding on benthic organisms.  It lives in freshwater with a pH range

between 6.2 and 8.2.  It is best adapted to tropical water temperatures between 20-28o C.

There are several disease organisms that may use the Plecostomus as a host.  These include

white spot disease, parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.), skin flukes (flatworm

parasites), and velvet disease.

Origin and Distribution

The Plecostomus is originally from South America, inhabiting the coastal drainages in

Guiana and between 12°N - 25°S latitudes, 60°W - 51°W.  It has been introduced to several

Asian countries for the aquarium trade and is bred in captive pens in Florida for tropical fish

enthusiasts in the States.  It has been able to survive and thrive in a variety of tropical

environments at 20 – 28°C water temperature.

Importance to People

In some places in the southern US (Florida and Texas), this species has been

introduced from its native range, probably dumped by aquarists into the local waters. They

have been also being introduced to several Asian countries as well. Suckermouth catfish are

often cultured in ponds in Singapore and Hong Kong, where it is very popular for the

aquarium trade as an algae eater.

Suckermouth catfish are of little or no value as a food fish, although they are at least

occasionally consumed over their native range in South America. However, they are of great

value in the aquarium trade in the United States.  Locally in the waters around Manila, there

are concerns that the Plecostomus may be competing with native catfish and other edible,

marketable fish.  The fisher folk also complain of its sharp spines severing holes in their

fishing nets.  Along the Marikina River the fisherfolk throw any captured Plecostomus up on

the banks to die.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

There are several intriguing ideas about using the abundant wild Plecostomus as a

resource.  An organic farm next to the Marikina River is experimenting with using ground-up

Plecostomus as a low-cost fertilizer amendment for vegetable production.  Also, two high

school students have found that the cured hides of Plecostomus make a tough, resilient

leather for key chains and other small craft items.

Survivability and Endangered Status

The resilience of the sucker mouthed catfish is medium.  It has a minimum population

doubling time of between 1.4 and 4.4 years.  The sucker mouthed catfish is now being

considered an invasive alien species in the Philippines, due to its tolerance for a broad range

of water conditions and food as well as a lack of predators.  It may be competing with more

marketable, edible catfish, bangus, and tilapia in Laguna de Bay, the Marikina River, and an

ecologically important Agusan marshland in Mindanao.

Potential Solutions

Is the janitor fish’s presence in the Marikina River good or bad?  It has not been

established at this point by this researcher whether the janitor fish is an invasive species in the

Marikina River that is interfering with normal fishing practices or whether it is simply an

introduced species that may prove to be a valuable new resource.  Further research and field

studies about the ecology and food webs in the Marikina River are necessary before

determining if the janitor fish is an asset or liability to the fishing efforts of the poor families

living in the area.

Bio ceramic

Bio ceramics and bio glasses are ceramic materials that are biocompatible. Bio

ceramics are an important subset of biomaterials. Bio ceramics range in biocompatibility

from the ceramic oxides, which are inert in the body, to the other extreme of resorbable

materials, which are eventually replaced by the body after they have assisted repair. Bio

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

ceramics are used in many types of medical procedures. Bio ceramics are typically used as

rigid materials in surgical implants, though some bio ceramics are flexible. The ceramic

materials used are not the same as porcelain type ceramic materials. Rather, bio ceramics are

closely related to either the body's own materials or are extremely durable metal oxides.

In addition to being used for their traditional properties, bioactive ceramics have seen

specific use for due to their biological activity. Calcium phosphates, oxides, and hydroxides

are common examples. Other natural materials — generally of animal origin — such as bio

glass and other composites feature a combination of mineral-organic composite materials

such as HAP, alumina, or titanium dioxide with the biocompatible polymers

(polymethylmethacrylate): PMMA, poly(L-lactic) acid: PLLA, poly(ethylene). Composites

can be differentiated as bio resorbable or non-bio resorbable, with the latter being the result

of the combination of a non-bio resorbable calcium phosphate (HAP) with a non-bio

resorbable polymer (PMMA, PE). These materials may become more widespread in the

future, on account of the many combination possibilities and their aptitude at combining a

biological activity with mechanical properties similar to those of the bone.[ CITATION

Bio18 \l 13321 ]

Buffering Capacity of Soils

In chemistry, buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base a buffered solution can soak up

before its pH will start to change significantly. The buffer capacity of a soil is important in

determining how its pH will change.

Various minerals in soil help to buffer against changes in pH when an acid or base is

added. At high pH, calcium, magnesium and potassium oxides, together with carbonates, help

to buffer pH changes; at acidic pH, aluminum oxides and iron hydroxides act as buffering

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

agents; at intermediate pH levels, soil organic matter, mineral weathering and exchange

reactions help to buffer the soil.

A higher buffer capacity means that the soil can absorb more acid and/or base without

a significant change in pH. In general, clay soils have higher buffer capacity than sandy soils,

and a higher organic matter content tends to increase buffering capacity.

Buffering capacity is important because it helps to stabilize the pH. Changes in pH

can affect plants in a variety of ways, especially by diminishing the fraction of nutrients in

soil that are available to the plants and increasing uptake of undesirable minerals like

aluminum.

Soil pH

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. pH is defined as the negative

logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions in a solution. In soils, it is measured in a slurry of

soil mixed with water, and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils

have a pH below 7 and alkaline soils have a pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils and very strongly

alkaline soils are rare[ CITATION Soi18 \l 13321 ]

The pH of a natural soil depends in the mineral composition of the parent material of

the soil, and the weathering reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid

environments, soil acidification occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by

water moving laterally or downwards through the soil. In dry climates, however, soil

weathering and leaching are less intense and soil pH is often neutral or alkaline.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Many processes contribute to soil acidification. These include:

•Rainfall: Acid soils are most often found in areas of high rainfall. Rainwater has a slightly

acidic pH (usually about 5.7) due to a reaction with CO2 in the atmosphere that forms

carbonic acid. When this water flows through soil it results in the leaching of basic cations

from the soil as bicarbonates; this increases the percentage of Al3+ and H+ relative to other

cations.

•Root respiration and decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms releases CO 2

which increases the carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching.

•Plant growth: Plants take up nutrients in the form of ions 4), and they often take up more

cations than anions. However plants must maintain a neutral charge in their roots. In order to

compensate for the extra positive charge, they will release H+ ions from the root.

Total soil alkalinity increases with:

•Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals containing Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+

and K+;

•Addition of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals to in soils; this may happen by

deposition of material eroded elsewhere by wind or water, or by mixing of the soil with less

weathered material (such as the addition of limestone to acid soils);

•Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates (as occurs when irrigating with high-

bicarbonate waters).

The accumulation of alkalinity in a soil (as carbonates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and

Mg) occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach soluble salts.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

This may be due to arid conditions, or poor internal soil drainage; in these situations most of

the water that enters the soil is transpired (taken up by plants) or evaporates, rather than

flowing through the soil.[ CITATION Soi18 \l 13321 ]

Research Design

Bone extracts of Janitor fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus) were used to prepare the

bio ceramic powder that will be used for the experimentation. Regarding this, deboning

process was performed by the student researchers. Deboning is the process of separating the

bones of an organism from its meat. Using tap water, the fish were deboned and cleaned. The

extracted bones were separated and cleaned in a distilled water to remove meat remains in the

bones. To eliminate moisture, the extracted bones were heated in an oven for 24 h at 100° C.

The use of thermal decomposition was observed in the preparation for the bio ceramic

powder. Thermal decomposition is the use of heat at a certain temperature to decompose

organisms or parts of an organism. For another 2 hours, the extracted bones were treated by

heat at a furnace at 1000°C.

After making the carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceramic powder, samples of soil

of different types were placed in a container. The pH level of each samples were tested using

a pH meter. Then the samples of the powder were applied into the three different samples of

soil. Sample soils were the loam, sand and clay. For 24 hours, the samples were stored. Then

after that limit of time, the pH levels were tested again.

Setting: Study

The experimentation was held at the H.E. room and at the Chemical Laboratory of

Rizal National Science High School, Batingan Binangonan Rizal. The making of the

carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceramic powder was done at the H.E. room and the

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

experimentation regarding the pH levels of soil were done at the chemical laboratory. The

H.E. room was equipped with needed appliances to make the powder, including the oven and

the furnace. While the chemical laboratory was also equipped with needed materials like the

mortar and pestles and the pH meter.

Procedure

Thermal
Preparation Extraction Decompositio Pulverizatio
of materials of bones n of bones n of Bones

janitor fish Using the The The bones

distilled process of extracted were
water deboning, bones were pulverized
oven bones of treated in a using mortar
janitor fish furnace for and pestle
furnace about 10 until the
was extracted
pH meter from its meat. hours at powders
soils (loam, Then the 1000ºC were made.
clay, sand) extracted
containers bones were 25
mortar and cleansed.
pestles
Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Inspection of Application of Inspection of

soil acidity powder soil acidity
(before) (after)
The researchers After testing the After a day, the
tested the pH level of acidity, sample soils
level of the soil the carbonated were checked
samples using calcium again using the
the pH meter phosphate pH meter. The
and then listed bioceramic gathered pH
on a sheet of powders were levels were
paper for the applied on it. listed on the
data. The samples same sheet of
were stored for paper for the
about a whole data.
day.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

Results

The gathered pH level (potential of hydrogen) of the sample soils are shown below,

given the type of soils used and the Ph level before and after applying the carbonated calcium

phospate bio ceramic powder on the soil.

Sample soils Application of Carbonated

Calcium Phosphate Bio ceramic Powder

Before (August 8, 2017) After (August 9, Change in pH levels

2017)

Sample 1: Loam 6.9 6.8 .1

Sample 2: Clay 6.1 5.9 .2

Sample 3: Sand 8.6 8.5 .1

Table 1. Graph of pH levels of soil

Discussions

There is an obvious difference between the means of the two sets of datas or the pH

levels of the sample soils. The set of datas show the pH levels of the sample soils before and

after applying the powder, which resulted to a decrease of .1, .2, .,3, respectively.

It shows that instead of lowering the soil’s acidity or increasing its pH level, the

carbonated calcium phosphate bio ceramic powder did the opposite and increased the soil

acidity.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, the bio ceramic powder made from bone extracts

from janitor fish (pterygoplitchys disjunctivus) cannot neutralize the soil. This maybe because

the calcium content of the bones isn’t high enough to lower the soil’s acidity. All soils have

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

buffer capacities or the amount of acid or base a buffered solution can take up before its pH

will start to change significantly. Also noting that pH levels are logarithmic in nature, each

level is ten times higher than the next. So, when the bio ceramic powder was placed in the

three kinds of soil: loam, clay and sand, the soils buffered. In general, clay soils have higher

buffer capacity than sandy soils because higher organic matter content increases buffer

capacity.

Therefore, to increase the soil’s pH level drastically, the buffer capacity should also

be considered.

Recommendations

The student researchers would like to recommend the use of another animal subject

with a higher calcium content to ensure a better result and to experiment in a more controlled

environment. Also, it would be better to consider some factors present in the experiment such

as the length of time of which the neutralizer is in the soil, the soil’s buffer capacity and

soaking capacity, etc. Also note that bio ceramic powder has many other uses.

Acknowledgement

The student researchers would like to acknowledge everyone for the help they have

given them to accomplish their study. They would like to thank Mrs. Suzie P. Cenidoza for

her supervision during the experimentation period and Ms. Camille M. Moncada, for guiding

them into finishing this study. Also, a big acknowledgement to all the authors of the related

studies and literatures by which this study would not be made without. They would like to

thank their families and friends who have shown support, financially and emotionally.

Special thanks to Jeska Canoy and Alexis Bautista for their help in the documentation

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Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

process. And last but not the least, the researchers would like to thank our Heavenly Father

who has blessed them from the very start and enabled to fully complete the study.

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Potential Use Of Carbonated Calcium Phosphate Bio Ceramic Powder Out Of Bone Extracts From
Janitor Fish (Pterygoplitchys Disjunctivus), As Soil Neutralizer
Hina, Jamila Margarette D., Tangonan, Rose Nhelie A., Tubera, Nicole Lorelei.

References
Animals. (2016). Retrieved from Characteristics Janitor Fish: http://animals.mom.me/characteristics-
janitor-fish-9214.html

Bio ceramic. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 22, 2018, from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia:
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Gaxey, P. (2017). Soil Acidity. Retrieved from Soil Quality:

http://www.soilquality.org.au/factsheets/soil-acidity

Hui, P., Meena, S., Singh, G., Agarawal, R., & Prakash, S. (2010). Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Bio-
Ceramic Powder by Hydrothermal Method. Journal of Minerals and Materials
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Lund Research Ltd. (2013). Dependent t-test for paired samples. Retrieved from laerd statistics:
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PBworks. (2008). Janitor Fish. Retrieved from PBworks:

http://ecop.pbworks.com/w/page/18520650/Janitor%20Fish

Soil Acidity. (2016). Retrieved from Crop Nutrition: http://www.cropnutrition.com/efu-soil-ph

Soil pH. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 22, 2018, from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia:
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Whitehead, C. (2017). The uses of Janitor Fish. Retrieved from Gone Out Doors:
http://goneoutdoors.com/uses-janitor-fish-8588538.html

Buffering Capacity of Soil. Retrieved from https://www.hunker.com/12450132/buffering-capacity-of-

soils

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