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MARKET ANALYSIS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMONGRASS AIR

GEL AND WATER BEADS AS MOSQUITO REPELLENTS

A Research Presented to the

Student Research Innovation and Development
Senior Highschool Division
De La Salle University- Dasmariñas
City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Practical Research in

Student Research Innovation and Development

STRIDE:

STM26 and ABM 25

September 2019
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 01

Table of Contents 02

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 04

Conceptual Framework 10

Statement of the Problem 11

Hypotheses 12

Significance of the Study 13

Scope and Delimitations 14

Definition of Terms 15

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Literature 16

Related Studies 29

References 46
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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

Research Design 36

Research Setting 38

Sampling Procedure 39

Research Instrument 40

Research Procedure 41

Data Analysis 44

References 46
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Mosquitos are present in all countries in the world, except Antarctica.

According to World Health Organization (2016), there are over 3000 species

buzzing around the world and their ability to carry and transmit diseases to

humankind have already resulted to millions of deaths every year. They are one of

the deadliest animals in the world and is one of the greatest menaces of all the

disease-transmitting insects. No other species, including our own, is responsible

for the loss of as many human lives each year as mosquitoes are. Around 475,000

murders are caused by humans each year. 50,000 lives are claimed by snakes,

while another 25,000 lives are eradicated by dogs due to rabies transmission. On

the other hand, the diseases that mosquitos carry and spread to people they bite,

kill 725,000 (Nuwer, 2014). Mosquito-borne diseases are diseases caused by

bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes without them being

affected on their own. These diseases such as malaria, West Nile virus,

chikungunya, zika virus, yellow fever, dengue, and dengue hemorrhagic fever

(DHF) are considered as significant factors that cause morbidity, mortality, and

economic affliction to humankind (Tamiselvan, 2015).

According to World Health Organization (2016), in 2015, malaria alone

caused 438,000 deaths. Malaria is endemic in 91 countries, making almost half of

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the world’s population at risk. Its cases reach up to 500 million anually and 90%

of them is in Africa. West Nile Virus (WNV), on the other hand, caused 49 out of

50 states in America and the District of Columbia to have 2,647 cases were there

are 167 (6.3%) confirmed deaths in 2018. Of all the the mosquito-borne diseases,

Dengue is the world's most important, with 2500 million people worldwide at risk

of infection and 20 million cases each year that happens in over 100 countries.

Dengue is an infectious mosquito-borne disease which is caused by the

dengue virus and it is a pandemic-prone viral disease occurring in many parts of

the world. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically all over the world in

recent decades. The year 2016 was characterized by large dengue outbreaks

worldwide. The Region of the Americas region reported more than 2.38 million

cases in 2016. Whereas, the Western Pacific Region reported more than 375,000

suspected cases of dengue in 2016, of which the Philippines reported 176,411 and

Malaysia with 100,028 cases. While there was a significant drop of cases on most

of the countries during the year 2017 to 2018, a rapid increase in dengue cases is

being observed for the year 2019 (Cogan, 2019).

According to Petersen (2019), after causing hundreds of deaths, the

Philippines had an outbreak of dengue fever and it was declared as a national

epidemic. There are already 146,062 dengue cases from January to July 20 of this

year, wherein the group of people who are most affected are children below ages

of 10. Consequently, there are already 622 lives that have been claimed by the
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dengue. There is no cure or treatment for dengue that is why according to

(Dayaram 2019) “the most effective ways to prevent dengue include searching for

and destroying mosquito breeding places and liberal use of mosquito repellents”.

Over the years, humans have found their way to address the issue on

mosquito-borne diseases by innovating and practicing ways to reduce or repel

them. It includes the use of chemical insecticides, aerial spraying of pesticides

such as foggers and outdoor misting system, use of insect repellents and etc. For

the past decades, humans have relied to using insecticide that mostly contains

“pyrethroid” which is an active ingredient found on commercial household

insecticides. Pyrethroids have played an outsize role in the global fight against

malaria in the last decades. Pyrethroids have also played an important role in the

battle against Aedes aegypti, the main mosquito spreading the yellow fever,

dengue, and Zika viruses (Kupferschmidt, 2018). According to Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (2019), in situations where there is an elevated

risk of human disease related to pests or insects, the state or local officials

consider the use of an aerial pesticide spray or aerial spraying. Sumithrin, a

synthetic of Pyrethroid mostly used in aerial spraying, has proven to be extremely

effective in killing mosquitoes worldwide for the past 20 years . Aside from the

pesticides or insecticides, humans also use mosquito repellents in the form of

lotions, creams, oil, spray and etc. According to Brink (2018), the oldest and still

one of the most effective mosquito repellents is called DEET or the shorthand for
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the chemical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide. The U.S. Army in the year 1946 was

the first to formulate it and it hit the market in 1957 for public’s use. It is a

slightly yellow oil intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing and provides

protection against mosquitoes and many biting insects. Up until this day, it is still

the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. In the Philippines, the

common mosquito prevention and control in standing water is the Enhanced 4-S

implementation disseminated by DOH in 2019 and BTI (bacillus thuringiensis

israelensis) that kills mosquito larvae but cannot kill nor repel grown flying

mosquitoes (Knapp, 2018).

Most of the practices to address the issue on mosquitoes use chemicals as

an active ingredient. Though chemicals have the ability to eradicate or kill

mosquito, there have been cases and studies where resistance of mosquito to

insecticides are reported. Moreover, chemical mosquito repellents contain toxic

synthetic pyrethroids that may impose health hazards when in contact with food

and water. Too much pyrethroid may cause itchiness, numbness and respiratory

problems. Same goes with repellents containing DEET. According to U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services (2017), people who have inhaled

DEET repellents have reported to experience series of coughing and respiratory

irritation. If eaten, they can cause stomach and digestive irritation. Although rare

and largely due to accidents or overexposures, neurological effects have also been

reported. On the other hand, the use of aerosol sprays, foggers and misting
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systems is not viewed to be safe due to the high probability of harm during the

application from inhaling the pesticides and having contact with the residues they

leave behind. Aerosol sprays also raise negative effects because it contains

chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs that harms the environment.

Apart from the hazards on humans and livestock associated with the

established pesticides and insecticides available in the market, it also imposes a

high cost to purchase; making it unaccessible for those communities and families

with low income. BTI mosquito dunks usually range from Php 1,119 to Php 1,384

(Lazada, 2019). In the light of the said shortcomings, natural pesticides are seen to

be the best alternative where it can be cheap and it can be more accessible to each

individual. A recognized potent alternative insecticide to serve as a substitute for

synthetic insecticides is a plant-based phytochemical that had a mosquitocidal

properties which is fatal to mosquitoes. Scented plants such as Cymbopogon

citrates, commonly known as Lemongrass and their essential oils are best sources

of many active compounds for multipurpose uses. Its extract contains citronella

oil which is an essential ingredient used in mosquito repellent products like

sprays, candles and lotions (Ojuwemi et al., 2017).

With these data taken into account, the researchers opted to utilize the use

of Lemongrass extract in air gel and water beads. In 1948, air freshening with

perfume oils was the standard way of masking odors and the first aerosol spray air

freshener was released and used a CFC propellant to disperse aroma compounds.
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As testing of the aerosol sprays became more rigorous, concerns were raised over

the negative effects of the CFCs. Now, you can get air fresheners in candles,

plastics, potpourri, and even the traditional oil diffusers (Wallace, 2018). Water

absorbent beads (WABs) are referred to by various names, like super-absorbent

polymer beads, expandable water toys, bio-gel balls, water balls, fairy or dragon

eggs, and so on (Cairns, 2016). WABs are round, colourful, attractive, and cheap.

They are used as water retaining agents in horticulture and can absorb large

quantities of fluid (Zamora, 2012). With the information we acquired, we’ve

inferred that the use of water beads on stagnant water as irrefutably logical; since

it has properties such as the ability to retain water and to absorb large quantities of

fluid. These properties would be vital to stunting the growth of the population of

mosquitoes, which is the goal that the researchers aim.

The rationale behind the study is utilization and of the staple repellent

material, lemon grass extract, in a more effective and strategic way. As well as to

market the duality of the innovations that we have inputted in our two products.

With the air gels being used as both mosquito repellent and an air freshener, and

the water beads that functioning as both decorative material and water-absorbing

mosquito repellent that combats stagnant waters and inhibits mosquito growth.
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Conceptual Framework

LEMONGRASS AIR GEL

4 ml Lemongrass Extract

6 ml Lemongrass Extract
MARKET
8 ml Lemongrass Extract RESEARCH

Product

EFFECTIVENESS Price
AS MOSQUITO Place
REPELLENTS
LEMONGRASS Promotion
WATER BEADS

200ppm Lemongrass extract

400ppm Lemongrass extract

600ppm Lemongrass extract

Figure 1. Research paradigm of the Market Analysis and Effectiveness of

Lemongrass Air Gel as Mosquito Repellent

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Lemongrass extract of different concentrations (4ml, 6ml, 8ml) will be infused

to the air gel solution to produce Lemongrass air gel. While lemongrass extract

that varies in measure (200ppm, 400ppm, 600ppm) will be infused to the solution

to produce water beads. The effectiveness of the products as mosquito repellents

is then tested through laboratory experiment bioassay, specifically screened cage

bioassay. It will also be performed to determine if there is a significant difference

on the level of effectivity in repelling mosquitos of Lemongrass air gel and

Lemon grass water beads, as well as determine the most effective concentration of

the Lemongrass extract. After a thorough experimentation, the study is then

subjected to undergo a market analysis to determine the level of marketability of

the Lemongrass air gel in terms of product, price, place, and promotion.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass and its

integration with air-gels and water beads as mosquito repellents.

Moreover, the study yearned to shed some light on the following questions:

1. What is the effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes of Lemongrass air gel with

varying concentration:

a) 4 ml of Lemongrass extract?

b) 6 ml of Lemongrass extract?

c) 8 ml of Lemongrass extract?
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2. What is the effectiveness in repelling mosquitos of Lemongrass water beads

with varying concentration:

a) 200ppm of Lemongrass extract?

b) 400ppm of Lemongrass extract?

c) 600ppm of Lemongrass extract?

3. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness in repelling mosquitos of

the concentrations of Lemongrass air gel?

4. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness in repelling mosquitos of

the concentrations of Lemongrass water beads?

5. What is the marketability of Lemongrass air gel in terms of its:

a) product

b) price

c) place

d) promotion

6. What is the marketability of Lemongrass water beads in terms of its:

a) product

b) price

c) place

d) promotion

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses will be tested to accept or reject the proposed

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study on the feasibility of Lemongrass air gel and water beads as mosquito

repellent.

1. The Lemongrass air gel is not effective in repelling mosquitoes.

2. The Lemongrass water beads is not effective in repelling mosquitoes.

Significance of the Study

Mosquitoes like Aedes Albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito and Aedes aegypti

(yellow fever mosquito) are known to carry dengue in countries with tropical

climates like the Philippines. Dengue is an extremely important public health

issue these days because its cases in the Philippines have been increasing. This

study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass air gels and

water beads to repel mosquitos and hinder the growth of mosquito eggs in certain

areas. The result of this study will therefore be beneficial to the following:

Students. Those who are of younger age are more likely to be subjected with

mosquito bites.

With that said, the study will provide knowledge and awareness on the impacts of

mosquitos with its increasing number of cases of dengue.

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Parents. The results of this study will give a further knowledge for the parent’s to

find the best solution and ways to protect their family or children’s health and

safety.

Community. The result of the study may give awareness and knowledge on the

possible solution to lessen the growth of mosquitos in their own community. The

study will also promote living a clean and healthy life.

Local Government Units. The study will help the local government units to

formulate plans and projects in reducing the growth in number of mosquitos and

their eggs in their locality.

Future Researchers. This may serve as their basis in formulating their future

researches associated with this study which may be beneficial for them and the

community.

Scope and Delimitations

The study will only focus on the effectiveness of air gel and water beads

infused with Lemongrass extract with different concentrations (4ml,6ml, and 8ml

for air gel; 200ppm, 400ppm and 600ppm for water beads) in repelling mosquitos

as well as its marketability in terms of its product, price, place and promotion.

The researchers will be culturing only one species of mosquito known as the

Aedes Aegypti or the yellow fever mosquito to ensure the credibility of the

results. Mosquitos will be bought at the University of the Philippines- Manila.

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This study will only use extract derived from the leaves (without the stalk) of a

Lemongrass plant, to be infused in the water beads. The test to determine the

effectiveness of the air gel and water beads will not require application to human

skin but will only undergo screened cage bioassay. Observations will only be

done for a duration of 14 days or two weeks. For the market analysis, the survey

will be done until March 2020.

Definition of Terms

The following important terms are defined based on context or how they

were used in the study:

Air gel. This is where the Lemongrass extract will be infused to function as an

air freshener and mosquito repellent at the same time.

Dengue. It is the one of the main issues that the researchers aim to prevent and

to hinder the spread of dengue epidemic.

Lemongrass. It is the plant that will be extracted because it contains citronella

oil which is an essential ingredient used in mosquito repellent products like

sprays, candles and lotions.

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Mosquito. They are the test organism or determinants of the effectiveness of

the proposed product or the mosquito repellent. The greater number of mosquitos

repelled, the more effective the product is.

Mosquito Repellent. The product that the researchers aim to produce through

this research.

Stagnant water. Stagnant water or standing water attract insects and rodents so

the water beads will be tested in stagnant water.

Water Beads. This is where the Lemongrass extract will be infused to function

as decorative mosquito repellent.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In order to attain beneficial ideas that will improve the understanding of the

researchers and to be guided with the research process of the “Market Study and

Effectiveness of Lemongrass Air Gel and Water Beads as Mosquito Repellents”,

the researchers sought credible related literature and studies. The collected related

literature and studies tackle about the important factors of the study such as lemon

grass, mosquito, air gel, water beads and market study or market research. Topical

organizational pattern is used to make the gathered information clearer and

understandable.
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Conceptual Literature

Lemongrass

Lemongrass or Cymbopogon citratus is a tall, long lasting grass that belongs

to the Poaceae family of grasses that has approximately 55 other species and

contains 1 to 2% basic oil on a dry premise with a broadly variety of the

compound synthesis as a function of genetic diversity. Lemongrass can be mostly

found in some tropical regions such as Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia,

and Oceania. The leaves of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) present lemony

trademark season because of its fundamental substance, citral which present

extraordinary significance to the industry. Biologically active compounds

extracted from various plants such as Cymbopogon citrates, Ocimum

gratissiumum, hyntis sauveolen, Acarcia Arabica, Azadirachia indica and

Eleusive indica have been commonly used in the past to control insects in many

tropical countries around the world. The essential oils obtained from the said

plants were widely used to treat diseases in which the most common is its ability

to repel insects. Homemade organic insecticide using lemongrass oil, with its

pleasing aroma and overall effectiveness, lemongrass oil has become one of the

most popular of all natural insect repellents. Lemongrass oil, which is closely

related to citronella, repels a greater variety of pests than most natural one-scented

oil mixtures. It also has insecticidal properties and the extracted oil is used in

insect repellents and insecticidal sprays. The same chemical compounds are found
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in all lemon grass varieties, but the amounts may differ. Its extracted oil will help

repel mosquitoes. Lemon grass has long been used in natural insect repellents

which contain citronella oil and help deter mosquitoes with its strong fragrance.

Lemon grass also has anti-larval activity (Devi et al., 2011).

Today, lemongrass is widely used for treating diseases like  digestive tract

spasms, stomachache, high blood pressure, convulsions, pain, vomiting, cough,

achy joints (rheumatism), fever, the common cold, and exhaustion. It is likewise

used to eliminate germs and as a mild astringent. Some people also apply

lemongrass oil extract directly to the skin for body aches (Dersaarkissian, 2019).

Mosquito

Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include malaria, dengue, West Nile

virus, chikungunya, yellow fever, filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese

encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern

equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah

Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever (Caraballo, 2014). Based on

the findings of Chupeerach (2015), malaria is spread by infectious female blood

feeding Anopheles mosquitoes and understanding mosquito ecology and

population dynamics can help inform how to better combat malaria. Malaria is a

major global health problem, causing more than half a billion cases and one
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million deaths a year. Changes in parameters of blood cells are already a well-

known feature of malaria infections. Blood cell parameters are measured and

statistically analyzed for 2,024 patients infected with malaria (Eckhoff, 2011).

The number of neutrophils and platelets was significantly higher; however, the

number of RBCs in patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection was

significantly lower than in those with Plasmodium vivax infection. Among

patients with elevated parasitemia, leukocyte levels were also significantly higher

compared to those with low to medium parasitemia. In differential leukocyte

counts, the number of neutrophils in patients with high parasitemia was

significantly higher than in patients with low and medium parasitemia.

According to Poovorawan (2013) dengue is the major cause of Acute liver

failure (ALF) in children with positive dengue serology in 12 out of 35 children.

ALF may be attributed to an overdose of paracetamol (PCM) due to either a

single large overdose or multiple overdose combined. Dengue has a wide range of

symptoms. The liver symptoms are typically asymptomatic, but they may be

atypical, and the frequency has varied. The variable symptoms are a major

challenge to clinicians treating the disorder, ranging from asymptomatic elevated

transaminase rates to fulminant hepatic failure.Dengue, of all the diseases

mentioned, remains as an important public health problem in the Philippines

(Agrupis et al., 2019), with its vectors being the Aedes aegypti and Aedes

albopictus (Higa, 2011).

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Mosquito Repellent

A mosquito repellent is a substance that deters mosquitoes from

approaching or settling, thereby preventing them from biting humans and feeding

on human blood. It typically contains an active ingredient that repels mosquitoes

and secondary ingredients that, among other things, dilute the active ingredient to

a desired concentration and help in releasing the active ingredient when needed.

Mosquito repellents are available as creams, lotions, oils, and sticks, which are

applied directly on the skin. Though commercial formulations of repellents should

be expected, local use of essential oil is recommendable to prevent man-vector

contact in local communities where transmission rates are high but healthcare

interventions are lacking (George, 2016).

Nicotine from Tobacco leaves, alkaloids extracted from Anabasis aphylly

(Russian weed), Rotenone from Derris elliptical and Pyrethrums from

Chrysanthemum cinererifolium flower were once used by the community just

before synthetic insecticides emerged. They were used as natural mosquito

repellents to fight against the diseases caused by mosquitos back then. There were

only four common repellents before the World War II. These are the Citronella

oil, Dimethyl Phthalate, Indalone and Rutgers 612. However, these repellents

weren’t enough to protect the military personnel around the world from certain

diseases though they tried to incorporate these on their clothing and body exposed

to mosquitos. Therefore, the United States made its way to discover and evaluate
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over 20,000 potential mosquito repellent compounds. With that being said, in the

year 1953, Ndiethyl- 3-toluamide (DEET) was discovered and it was introduced

to the public in 1956. DEET containing sprays, insecticides, lotions and creams

are still widely used worldwide up until these days because it was assumed to be

generally safe. However, it can still impose side effects of negative effects to

consumers. These effects includes encephalopathy in children, urticaria

syndrome, anaphylaxis, hypotension and decreased heart rate. Several other

compounds have been evaluated for repellent activity, but none has had the

commercial success of DEET (Adeniran, 2012).

Air Gel

There has been an increasing trend on the use of scented air fresheners to

enhance the environment and ambiance of some areas in the household. Air

fresheners are widely used in living rooms, bed rooms, and sometimes, in the

kitchen to improve and eliminate undesirable odor . However, persons who wish

to use the traditional air spray or air freshener’s packaging might affect the overall

ambiance of the said area in terms of the decor. Some would want their air

fresheners to look aesthetic, pleasing to the eyes and would enhance the overall

look of a certain area. Thus, a need for a great innovation or enhancement were

released by several producers.

An aqueous gel, a fragrance, a surfactant and a co-solvent are used to form

the gel solution. The gel is transparent and free from visible particles and
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inhomogenieties, has a uniform texture and a continuous structure, and includes

volatile scented components. Gelatin is a polymer causing an air gel freshener to

be effective and have the ability to scent the air for a long period of time.

Specifically, the polymer is collagen, a protein that forms a matrix type structure,

allowing the gelatin to hold its shape. Oils with fragrance ability were commonly

infused with the solution. The fragrance can be kept trapped inside the gel

solution because it is suspended in the matrix. As the gel evaporates, the scent

particles are released from the matrix, causing a continuous scent to be released

from the air freshener.

Moreover, air gels are the result of various innovations on air fresheners.

An air freshener is a product designed to mask or remove unpleasant room odors.

These products typically deliver fragrance and other odor counteractants into the

air. They do so through a variety of product formats, including aerosols, candles,

potpourri, and gels. Fragrances that uses water-based materials are made in the

form of a gel (Astarina, 2010). Shaped air freshener scent gels have a relatively

short stability, yet easy unravels making it safe for the environment. In addition,

the air freshener in gel dosage form is easier in terms of storage and packaging

(Amando, 2009).

Water Beads

Water beads or water crystal gels or gel beads is any gel which absorbs and

contains a large amount of water. Water gel is usually in spherical form and
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composed of a water-absorbing polymer such as a polyacrylamide and is

sometimes referred to as superabsorbent polymer. Water beads are what’s known

as a superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Polymers are very large molecules, formed

by repeated patterns of chemical units strung together. There are manmade

polymers, as well. Fabrics such as rayon and polyester, polystyrene (used in

styrofoam coffee cups), and PVC (used in pipes) are common examples of these

artificially-occurring polymers. These polymers are unique because of their super

absorbency. Absorption is the process in which one things soaks up another an

these polymers can absorb 300 times their weight in tap water. Water beads are

also popular for use in floral arrangements and planting soil. Mosquitoes prefer to

breed in all sorts of stagnant water (Farjana, 2015). So a water-absorbing polymer

might be one of the best ways to dampen mosquito reproduction rates. Water

absorbent beads (WABs) are referred to by various names, like superabsorbent

polymer beads, expandable water toys, bio-gel balls, water balls, fairy or dragon

eggs, and so on. In Turkey, they are commonly known as “water

monkey”.  WABs are round, colorful, attractive, and cheap. They are used as

water retaining agents in horticulture and can absorb large quantities of

fluid. These polymers are unique because of their super absorbency. 

Absorption is the process in which one things soaks up another. Water beads are

also popular for use in floral arrangements and planting soil (Mehmetoğlu, 2018).
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Product

According to American Control Association (2019), mosquito repellents are

substances that people use in avoiding mosquito bites, especially in mosquito-

infested areas. They are formulated for use on bare skin. They come in different

forms such as aerosols, creams, solids (sticks), pump sprays and liquids.

Repellents in the form of wristbands, ultrasonic repellent system and candles are

also present (Downs, 2019). Mosquito repellents do not kill mosquitoes or other

insects, but they hinder and prevent them from biting people. Some mosquito

repellents can be used in clothes, specifically those mosquito repellents that

contain permethrin. Permethrin-containing products can be applied on clothing,

shoes, bed nets and camping gear but cannot be put directly on skin. Protection

time provided by repellents depends on the amount of active ingredient in the

formulation. A 10% DEET-based repellent will typically last 90 minutes or so. A

30% product will last 5-6 hours. DEET-containing repellents are considered to be

the most effective repellents according to American Mosquito Control

Association (2019).

According to Cision (2015), mosquito repellent products require

packaging that provides adequate protection against leakage and contamination.

Mosquito repellent industry manufacturers now focus on high-quality packaging

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that ensures full consumer safety so that the ingredients used in repellents such as

vaporizers and aerosols do not come into direct skin contact. Mortein Philippines

is one of the companies that manufacture repellent spray. It can kill disease-

causing mosquitoes as well as cockroaches. It is incorporated with a ‘fast spray

technology’ that could kill insects two times faster. It was available with a

pleasant fragrance.

Packaging advances are driving the development of the global market for

mosquito repellents. In the Philippines, the common mosquito prevention in

standing water is the Enhanced 4-S implementation disseminated by DOH in

2019 and BTI (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis).

Price

According to smallbasket (2019), for aerosol spray in can: Baygon multi

insect killer odorless 300ml is worth Php 250.71, Baygon total insect killer water

based spray (175g) 300ml is worth Php 241.55, Baygon protector multi-insect

killer 300ml is worth Php 241.55, and Baygon total insect killer original formula

(175g) 300ml is Php 242.12. Baygon total insect killer 420g is Php 405.14, ,

Baygon mosquito killer (420g) 600ml is Php 405.14, and Baygon protector multi-

insect killer 500ml is Php 349.09. For plastic pack Baygon insect spray water
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based 100ml is Php 45.33, and for plastic bottle Baygon multi insect spray water-

based 500ml is Php 219.15. Baygon mosquito coil 10s is Php 22. 02, Baygon

kidlat scented coil 10s is Php 22.33 and Lion tiger mosquito coil 10s is Php 19.69.

According to Ramos (2019), the top 4 online stores in Philippines are

Amazon in the Philippines, Shopee, Zalora, and Lazada. Based on Lazada,

Baygon Protector Multi Insect Killer 300 ml and Baygon Multi Insect Killer

Kerosene Based 300 ml are both Php 195 and Baygon Multi Insect Killer

Odorless 300 ml is Php 205. Baygon Multi Insect Killer WaterBased 500 ml,

Baygon Anti Dengue Mosquito Killer 500 ml and Baygon Multi Insect Killer

Kerosene Based 500 ml are both Php 285 and Baygon Multi Insect Killer

Odorless 500 ml is Php 299. For mosquito repellent coil, Baygon Catol 10coil

Lavander is Php 35

According to Shopee, Baygon Kidlat Katol 10 pcs. Is Php 18, Baygon

Kidlat Katol 10 Nights Floral Scent 150g is Php 32. Baygon multi insect killer

(Original, Odorless,Waterbased) 300 mL & 500 mL is ranging from Php 225 to

Php 340. Based on the website of Lazada (2019), Mortein NaturGard Mosquito

Repellent costs between Php 250 to Php 500. Maxo mosquito repellent namely,

Maxo A-Grade Anti Dengue Mosquito Repellent (Combi Pack) costs Php 285.

For mosquito larvae inhibitor, BTI (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) mosquito

dunks range from Php 1,119 to Php 1,384.

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Place/Distribution

The product distribution of Baygon and Mortein enormously plays a big

part on the market where retail stores in malls, supermarkets and drug stores

namely Merkado Supermarket, The Landmark Supermarket, SM Marketplace,

Cash & Carry Supermarket, Rustan’s Supermarket, Metro Supermarket,

Savemore Market, Unimart, Waltermart supermarket and South Star drug store

and Merury drug (Google Maps, 2019) and online platform stores offer Baygon

products as one of their inventories . Baygon has many various and different

products that are present on the current market and has been selling for a long

period of time that contributes to the increases in sales of Baygon brand. Baygon

anti-dengue mosquito killer aerosol spray and Kidlat katol is available locally in

the Philippines. Mainly distributed in SM Supermarket and Mercury Drug store

(TripAdvisor, 2019). According to online stores namely iprice.ph (2019),

pushkart.ph (2019), smallbasket.ph (2019), Lazada (2019) and Shopee (2019), the

said Baygon products are available for purchase online. Mortein are also sold in

online stores like Lazada, except Shopee. Maxo is also available in Lazada, but

rarely found on retail stores.

Promotion

According to EuroMotor International (2019), SC Johnson & Son’s

Baygon, the company’s best selling brand, remains dominant in sales in home
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insecticides. Baygon is particularly strong in spray/aerosol insecticides, where

several variants of the brand are available, most of which target specific insects

such as mosquitoes or cockroaches. Baygon also produces mosquito repellent in a

form of coil. Namely, Baygon Kidlat Katol. According to Baygon.com.ph (2019),

with a purchase of a box of Baygon Kidlat Katol is to ten (10) nights of sleep

without mosquitoes. It protects a family for up to 8 hours of protection and is

three (3) times more effective. On the other hand, Baygon also offers Baygon

Anti-Dengue Mosquito Killer with fast knockdown formula that is capable of

killing mosquitoes that may carry dengue & malaria as well as flies. The product

also claims to kill ants, spiders, roaches, fleas, carpet beetles, centipedes, crickets,

earwigs, gnats, hornets, millipedes, moths (small flying), silverfish, sow bugs,

pillbugs, firebrats, fruit flies, box elder bugs, bedbugs, ticks, wasps, waterbugs

and Asian lady beetles.

Baygon uses an expansive multimedia advertising and promotional

campaigns. From the traditional media like television, print and radio to the new

emerging channels such as cinema, outdoor and point-of-purchase advertising.

Baygon also makes use of consumer promotions and public service campaigns.

Baygon’s promotion in the 1980's, emphasizes on how effective Baygon was as

an insect killer which highlighted Baygon's Triple Killing Action. In the 1990's,
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there was a change in Baygon's advertising approach. The superwoman character

was adopted to highlight Baygon's efficacy in killing insects. But later on, it was

comprehended that Baygon no longer needed to demonstrate the product's

effectiveness by showing dead insects. The consumers already know the products’

superior efficacy from their own experience. In contribution to the success of the

brand, Baygon lwas-Dengue Campaign was implemented last July to September

1999. This campaign has helped the residents of Metro Manila and nearby

provinces in preventing the spread of Dengue virus. This campaign also elevated

the consciousness of consumers on the dangers brought about by Dengue-carrier

mosquitoes.

According to Lazada (2019), Mortein Philippines is currently one of the

leading pest control brands in the country. In 2000, new brand, Maxo, entered the

coil market. Mortein reacted with heavy promotional spending. Mortein offered

vaporizer starter sets/Combipack (MRP `49). It had a gadget/ machine + refill (30

Nights/45 Nights) and gave a 22 percent contribution to the net revenue. The aim

was to allure the customers to buy the pack. Unfortunately, Mortein sold the

combo at a loss.

Related Studies
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In a study authored by Ojewumi et al. (2017), entitled “Analytical

Investigation of the Extract of Lemongrass Leaves in Repelling Mosquito,

Ethanol and Hexane were used to extract the essential oil and Gas

chromatography-mass spectrophotometer was used to analyze the active

ingredients on the extracted oil. After finding out that hexane yield a greater

percentage with 7.8% essential oil compared to ethanol with 2.9% essential oil,

the study then formulated a mosquito repellent cream out of the active ingredient

obtained. The study confirmed that the essential oil in Lemongrass extract with

different concentrations (0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml) was effective in repelling

mosquitoes that was infused with the cream. Conversely, it showed that the

highest concentration of Lemongrass extract treated on the sample cream was the

optimum effective concentration in repelling mosquitos. Therefore, the active

ingredient present in the essential oil of Lemongrass is said to have an insecticidal

property that has the ability to repel mosquito.

In another study by Anitha et al., (2011), the microencapsulation of lemon

grass oil for mosquito repellent finishes in polyester, the materials used were

methanolic and aqueous lemongrass oil extract. In the process, mosquito

repellency of the two materials were tested using the pad dry cure method which

they performed inside the described methods of Chareonviriyaphap et al., (2002)

where modified boxes with a door are involved. Mosquitos that escaped and

remained were recorded. The results revealed that, the repellency of the
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microcapsules of aqueous lemongrass oil extract is higher compared to the

methanolic lemongrass oil extract. In general, the stuy focused on the repellency

of the two materials, methanolic and aqueous lemongrass oil extract. From the

results, the lemongrass oil extracts are capable of repelling the mosquitos.

Moreover, the study found that the lemongrass oil extract has repelling and

irritant properties.

In a different study authored by Ojewumi et al. (2018), the oil extract from

local leaves – an alternative to synthetic mosquito repellants, two different types

of room were utilized in the experiment and four (4) students as test subjects, with

three (3) having different concentration of the repellent on their hands and legs,

and the one left was utilized as the control. The results showed, that the larger the

amount of extract consolidated into the cream, the longer the time of the repelling

of the mosquitos. The study reveals that, the local leaves can be utilized as a

substitute to the non-biodegradable and mostly chemical composed mosquito

repellents. One of the oil extracts called Hyptis Sauveolens got the highest amount

of repellency out of the three (3) test oil extracts. The created cream/lotion

repellent have repellence trait against the mosquitos and the results also showed

that the natural mosquito repellent tends to work at a short amount of time.

Therefore, the produced repellents are ideal for short time activities. The study

reaffirms the chance of utilizing indigenous plants’ oil extracts with repellency

properties for mosquito control.

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Aedes aegypti is just one of the vectors or transmitters of dengue virus and

other mosquito-borne diseases. In a study by Fortuno (2011) entitled, “Assessing

Herbal Repellents Against Aedes aegypti”, three diverse plant extract together

with the herbal formula was used to compare with the standard DEET containing

cream in terms of its ability in repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitos. The study

measured the response of mosquitos, defined in terms of landing time to the

following materials that is used such as Citronella, Neem, Kakawate, and

phytochemical herbal formulation. There were 6 cages prepared per day of testing

for the experimentation. Each of the cage contains random test material for the

day. Results demonstrated that the Kakawate had 51 mosquito arrivals while

neem had 66. In addition, citronella indicated 91 mosquito arrivals and was

considered to record the highest score compared to the Kakawate and the neem. In

the Combi lotion, it had 63 mosquito landings compared to the positive control,

DEET, which had 15 mosquito landings. The results showed that there was a

weak repellence ability between the herbal preparation. Therefore, further studies

and product enhancement was recommended.

In another examination entitled, Neem (azadirachta indica) Leaves

Organic Mosquito Larvicide by Almonte (2009), the researchers arranged four (4)

pieces of cleaned glass containers for concentrate. Different concentrations of

neem leaves extracts were used to determine the effectiveness of the extract to kill

larvae. Twenty-five mosquito larvae were exposed to each concentration. Actual

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counting of data was done to determine the mortality rate of larvae at time

intervals. With everything taken into account, it was discovered that the

unadulterated Neem leaves concentration (100 percent), 1 mosquito died on

following 5 minutes on the normal. At the point when 75 percent concentrate was

absorbed, the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae was 1 larvae in 12 minutes and

1 mosquito larvae died after 18 minutes when exposed to Neem leaves natural

larvicide of 50 percent concentration. With the weakest concentration, 25 percent,

one larvae died in 24 minutes. Therefore, the study concluded that there is a direct

correlation between the concentration of extract and the ability to kill mosquito

larvae.

According to the “Study on Mosquito Repellent Activity of Cymbopogon

Citratus (Lemon Grass) Using Human Volunteers”, fresh lemongrass that has

200g ground leaves, were placed in porous thimble, for the oil extraction that uses

the method of Soxhlet extraction, with n-Hexane solvent. With the human

volunteers of the experiment, 2ml and 6ml of Cymbopogon oil were treated to the

exposed body parts at night. They were placed in a room with abundance of

mosquitoes and the experiment was observed for about 4 hours and thirty

minutes. The student that applied the 2ml had a bite after three hours, while the

student that applied for 6ml had only one bite on 4 hours and thirty minutes from

the start of experiment. For the control volunteer a bite was recorded in the first 2

minutes of the experiment. In this study the lemongrass oil provided for about
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three hours of anti-mosquito protection. The repellence is undoubtedly connected

to the level of concentration of oil. Therefore, a higher level of the essential oil

would persist longer Ukpong et al. (2016).

In a study on chemical properties of papaya (Caricaceae) leaves extract as

insect repellent, Caricaceae leaves extract were assessed to determine their

chemical properties; as well as their physical properties and effectiveness of the

product that were compared to that of commercial-grade insect repellent. The

experiment for the physicochemical properties of papaya leaves extract which was

replicated three times (R1,R2,R3), yielded the following results: difference in the

pH level of the extract combined with 100% ethanol extract, 50% ethanol + 50%

chloroform, and 50% ethanol + 50% water; resulted to varying colors raging from

dark, crystal, and light green with hard, gummy, and soft resulting textures

respectively. In addition, the phytochemicals present in the replicates of 100%

ethanol are the alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins. Meanwhile, the study

concluded that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the

physiochemical properties of papaya leaves extract as insect repellent. Therefore,

it was inferred that the chemical properties of papaya leaves extract have equal

repelling ability. Thus, it can be used as an alternative with the commercial insect

repellents. The presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins are likely

most responsible for the effect of the papaya leaves extract as a mosquito

repellent (Cayabyab, 2012).

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Lotions, sprays, creams and other mosquito repellents are all over the

market today. However, most of them contain various chemical toxins that may

irritate or impose negative effects on the consumers. Therefore, researchers are

making their way to innovate and identify alternatives with the potential to repel

mosquito without using toxic substances (Ojewumi et al., 2017). With that,

product innovation is being conducted. Marketability of a product can be

determined in terms of different variables or factors. In the study conducted by

(Buixuan et al., 2017) entitled “Determinants of Marketability for Organic

Biomass Liquid Fertilizer from Human Waste in Da Nang City, Vietnam”, in

order to determine the marketability, the researchers considered marketability

variables such as: Household, Income, Gender, Age, Education, Household

member, Farm size, Experience – UOF (Unit of Functionality), Awareness and

Training. To determine its marketability, 530 respondents were interviewed and

data was analyzed by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).

Market studies and market investigations are tools accessible to the

Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) within the occasion that a market

failure is distinguished in a particular market. Market studies investigate the

causes of particular markets not working well for consumers, and make particular

proposition for advancement (Colino, 2019).

Synthesis
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Dengue is a severe mosquito-borne infection, and it is currently the most

common cause of arboviral disease worldwide. This disease has been shown to

have a profound effect on many organs, the most common being the liver. To

spread awareness and produce alternative natural products, the researchers find

Lemongrass air gel and water beads as the helpful solutions to decrease dengue

epidemic. As evidently shown, lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) also known as

barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass or oily heads has a

natural capability to repel mosquitoes. Thus, it can help diminish dengue cases.

Also, it has been beneficial in other aspects like in relieving anxiety, lowering

cholesterol, preventing infection, boosting oral health, relieving pain, boosting red

blood cell levels,and relieving bloating. Based on the gathered information, the

researchers confirmed that using Lemongrass as the main ingredient for mosquito

repellent products is more advisable than using synthetic ingredients like DEET

(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). To address the answer about the most effective

concentration of lemongrass extract in Air Gel and Water beads, the researchers

attained information that the concentration should only be limited to 30 percent,

or 6 ml. Ethanol is an essential ingredient in obtaining lemongrass extract to

achieve the natural composition of the proposed products. Market research will be

conducted in order to determine the marketability of the proposed products such

as Lemongrass Air Gel and Water beads, and whether they will meet the

consumers’ preferences and needs. In the process of confirming the products’

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marketability through market analysis, the researchers must consider the

marketing mix variables such as product, price, place and promotion. The

products are sold at accessible and trusted retail stores as well as online stores to

gain sales and familiarity of the customers towards mosquito repellents. The

companies mentioned are the leading market players of the mosquito repellent

industry. In order to promote their products, they used expansive multimedia

advertising to gain brand equity.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this quantitative research, an experimental design will be utilized to

determine the effectiveness of Lemongrass air gel and water beads as mosquito

repellents. According to Nizar (2016), an experimental design is concerned with

the observation of the effect of the dependent variable to the independent variable.

Independent variable is manipulated using the treatments for comparison. The

effect of the treatments applied to the subjects is then observed on the dependent

variable. In this type of design, researchers have control over the variables,

whicha also means that they have the ability to manipulate the variables.

Specifically, the study will use the true experimental, Completely Randomized
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Design (CRD) that will consist of subjects that will be arranged having 4

treatments with varying concentrations for the Lemongrass air gel: treatment 1

(control group), treatment 2 (4ml), treatment 3 (6ml), and treatment 4 (8ml). For

the Lemongrass water beads treatments include: treatment 1 (control group),

treatment 2 (200ppm), treatment 3 (400ppm), and treatment 4 (600ppm). CRD is

mostly used for comparative experiments and it uses randomization and

replication. Subjects are allocated to experimental treatments in a completely

random manner to give fair chances in receiving any treatment. CRD uses

randomization to have control for possible extraneous variables that may affect

the results and data (Salkind, 2010). Utilizing these two designs was deemed

necessary for the true experimental design establishes a cause and effect

relationship between variables and the completely randomized design focuses on

the randomization of control for the effects of extraneous variables (Glen, 2019).

The reason behind this is because it is assumed that, on average, extraneous

factors will affect treatment conditions equally; any significant differences

between conditions can fairly be attributed to the independent variable. The aim is

to pinpoint trends such as the cause and effect relationship between the amount of

extract used and the duration of effectiveness, repelling power, and mosquitocidal

properties of the products. While the completely randomized design will be made

use to avoid any kind of bias or manipulation that the researchers may inflict on

the experiment.
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On the other hand, non-experimental design will be used for the market

analysis. The non-experimental will be conducted following quantitative

approach. The survey questionnaires that will be disseminated follows a

numerical scale specifically, Likert scale. Primary source of data will be collected

by the researchers through survey questionnaires.

The study is a comparative descriptive research which aims to show the

comparison and contrast between the marketing mix variables such as product,

price, place and promotion that will be the determinants of the marketability of

Lemongrass Air gel and Water beads. As written by Richardson (2018), a

comparative study contains both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Comparisons lead to the attainment of new insights and better understanding of all

participants involved. Comparative studies also require collaboration, strong

teams and advanced technologies.

Research Setting / Source of Data

To test the effectiveness of Lemongrass air gel and water beads, laboratory

procedures will be used for the extraction and distillation of the crude extract

from Lemongrass leaves. The laboratory procedures will be conducted at the

Biology Research Laboratory of De La Salle University- Dasmarinas (DLSU-D).

Observation or the screened cage bioassay will be conducted at the Science

Laboratory of the DLSU-D Junior High School specifically at room 141.

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Temperature will be kept in a room temperature between 25-30 degrees Celsius.

Mosquitoes will be bought at University of the Philippines-Manila.

In conducting the market analysis, the researchers will gather primary

source of data using survey questionnaires that will be disseminated to the

respondents residing in Barangay San Esteban, Area 1, Dasmariñas Cavite. The

research will be on process from January 2020 until May of 2020.

Sampling Procedure

In this study, the researchers will utilize the purposive sampling method

for the selection of the participants. Purposive sampling refers to deliberately

chosen sample according to the necessity of the study. The researchers will select

the participants as they indicate their willingness to participate in the study.

Correspondingly, this design allows the researchers to gather relevant and useful

information for answering the research question.

According to Ben Foley (2017), purposive sampling is also known as

judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. It is a method of unlikely sampling

in which researchers rely on their own judgment when selecting population

members to participate in their analysis. This sampling method allows researchers

to have prior knowledge of the purpose of their studies so that qualified

participants can be adequately identified and approached.

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As cited from Del Siegle (2019), scientists use purposeful sampling when

they want to reach a particular group of people, as all study participants are

chosen because they match a specific profile. Purposive sampling is when

researchers think extensively about how a sample population will be formed, even

if it is not statistically representative of the larger population at hand.

According to an article from Lærd dissertation, purposive sampling is a

collection of different techniques for non-probability sampling. It is based on the

researcher's judgment when selecting the units to be studied (e.g., individuals,

cases / organizations, events, data pieces). The researchers in the study being

conducted intended of choosing housewives to be the sample population.

Research Instrument

In conducting the research about the proposed products’ market analysis,

the researchers will make use of survey questionnaires. Each question in the

questionnaire is measured by 5-point Likert scale. The instrument will provide

valid responses from the participants of the study. It is designed to determine the

marketability of Lemongrass Air Gel and Water Beads in terms of the marketing

mix variables such as product, price, place and promotion. The questions are

based on the published market research template of SurveyMonkey and previous

studies that fall on the same category as the current study.

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Research Procedure

Preparation of Samples

Cymbopogon citrates leaves will be freshly harvested and collected in a

farm located at Our Lady of Guadalupe Farm in Imus, Cavite. Leaves will be

thoroughly screened to remove insects, variegated leaves and other debris. Leaves

will also be rinsed with water to remove dust particles. After rinsing, it will be air

dried at room temperature and will be separated from its stalks. Leaves will be

blended into course powder using a commercial blender.

Extraction of Lemongrass leaves (Dian et al., 2017)

30g of Lemongrass leaves will be weighed using an analytical balance.

The sample will be soaked in 75% ethanol solution with a ratio of 1:10 for 48

hours. The mixture will be stirred for 60 mins. at 25 degrees Celsius and 150 rpm

using a shaking incubator. It will then be subjected for extraction and the extracts

will be filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The residue coming from the

filtration will be collected and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 10 min. The

supernatant extract will be concentrated using rotary evaporator at 50-60 degrees

Celsius to separate the solvent from the crude extract. The concentrated extract

will be freeze-dried, will be wrapped with aluminum foil, and will be stored in -20

degrees Celsius until further use.

Preparation of Air Gel Solution

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100ml of distilled water will be added to 2g of sodium benzoate and 30

grams of unflavored gelatin. It will be stirred until the powders dissolve. The

mixture will be heated up until a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, and it will be

stirred until a homogeneous mixture is attained. The temperature will then be

lowered to 65 degrees Celsius and the Lemongrass extract will be added as well

as the 2ml citronella oil for additional fragrance. Lemongrass extract addition will

vary from 4ml, 6ml and 8ml. Mixtures will be stirred until homogenous and it will

be poured to containers stored at room temperature to settle. The process will be

done 12 times, 3 with no extract, 3 with 4ml extract, 3 with 6ml extract and 3 with

8ml extract.

Preparation of Water Beads

Water absorbent beads or super absorbent polymers will be bought before

from an online store called Amazon. Distilled water will be added to 200mg, 400

mg, and 600 mg of crude extract until a volume of 1000ml is attained . It will be

stored in a glass container until further use. 200 water absorbent beads will be

added to the mixture and will be allowed to absorb the mixture for 12 hours.

Efficacy Test of the Essential oil for the Lemongrass Air Gel

Screened cage bioassay will be employed and an aluminum-frame cage

will be used for both the air gel and water beads with a dimension of 40x40x40

centimeter (cm), with a metal bottom, a screened (work length 56) top and back,

clear acrylic sides (for clear observation), and a white mesh in the front for easy
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access in the cage. The air gel will be placed in the middle of the cage and a white

string will be constructed with 30x30x30 cm. It will be used as the parameter to

determine the repelling capacity of the air gel. 50, 7-8 day old adult mosquito will

be introduced to the cage and repelling capacity will be measured based on the

number of mosquitoes that will go inside the set parameter within 1 hour of

observation. It will be done for all the subjects with specific treatments. Same

procedure and observations will be done for all the subject for Week 0, Week 1

and Week 2.

Efficacy Test of the Crude Extract for the Lemongrass Water Beads

Screened cage bioassay will be employed and an aluminum-frame cage

will be used for both the air gel and water beads with a dimension of 40x40x40

centimeter (cm), with a metal bottom, a screened (work length 56) top and back,

clear acrylic sides (for clear observation), and a white mesh in the front for easy

access in the cage. The water beads with 200 ml of stagnant water that is in an

8cm diameter of a clear vase will be placed in the middle of the cage and a white

string will be constructed with 30x30x30 cm. It will be used as the parameter to

determine the repelling capacity of the water beads and its ability to prevent

mosquitoes in laying their eggs. 50, 7-8 day old mosquito will be introduced to

the cage and repelling capacity will be measured based on the number of

mosquitoes that will lay their eggs on the stagnant water within 2 weeks. It will be
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done for all the subjects with specific treatments. Observations will be done for all

the subject for Week 0, Week 1 and Week 2.

Market Analysis

The research being conducted is a comparative descriptive research. It is

intended to know the marketability of Lemongrass Air Gel and Water Beads

mosquito repellent through the marketing mix variables. Systematic procedures

will be followed in collecting information for the study. The initial step before

conducting the survey proper is making a request letter to the proper authority,

asking for permission in conducting a survey. The letter will be initially

forwarded to the subject teacher, research adviser and principal. Second, it will be

given to the barangay head for approval. After approval, the researchers will

collect necessary information to the sample population. Lastly, the data collected

will be prepared for data analysis to attain valid and accurate results.

Data Analysis

Statistical analysis will be done using descriptive statistics, one-way

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. One-way

ANOVA will be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the

effectiveness of Lemongrass air gel and water beads as mosquito repellents.

Repeated measures ANOVA will be used to determine if there is a significant

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difference between the effectiveness of the treatments for Week 0, Week 1 and

Week 2.

In analysing the data gathered for the non-experimental, the researchers

will base on T-test analysis and factor Analysis. According to the published

article by McGill R. J. (2017), factor analysis is a flexible group of psychometric

techniques used by researchers to provide insight into the psychological aspects

(factors) that can account for the relationships in a given dataset between

variables. A factor analysis' primary objective is to evaluate a more parsimonious

set of variables (i.e., less than the number of original variables) to produce a data

model that can be used to assist in evaluating such constructs. Factor assessment

is commonly used in school psychology research to determine the internal

structure (i.e., factor structure) of psychoeducational assessments (i.e.,

measurements of market ability, rating scales, etc.). Two main types of factor

analysis are available: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor

analysis (CFA). While both techniques are useful, the researcher is placed under

different constraints. EFA is less restrictive than CFA, but needs less feedback

before evaluating the model. According to the study restated by Siegel D. (2017)

An independent variable and a dependent variable are present in a t-test.. With a t-

test, the author would like to conclude with some degree of confidence that the

discrepancy observed between the study community media is too large to be a

chance case and that there is also some variation in the population from which the
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sample was taken. In other words, the disparity that might be found in the study

between the reading achievement of the boys and girls could have happened by

chance, or it might have existed in the population. When the t-test generates a t-

value resulting in a.01 probability, i can be stated that the likelihood of having the

difference found by chance would be one in a hundred times.

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Agrupis et al. (2019, April 25). Trends in dengue research in the Philippines: A

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id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007280.

Almonte, L.L. (2009). NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) LEAVES ORGANIC

MOSQUITO LARVICIDE (Thesis). Laguna State Polytechnic University

Sta.Cruz, Main campus. Sta. Cruz, Laguna.

Amando, R. (2009). Producing Quality Essential Oils. Cetakan I.

Jakarta:Penebar Swadaya. Hal.4-6.

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American Mosquito Control Association. (2019, November 8). Repellents.

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q=cache:v15YDASlg_gJ:https://www.mosquito.org/page/repellents+&cd

=21&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph&client=safari

Anitha et al. (2011, October 27). Microencapsulation of lemon grass oil for

mosquito repellent finishes in polyester textiles. Retrieved from from

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5200.pdf

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