Unique design of concrete gravity high dam on permeable

foundations - Application of numerical simulation tool

Neeta Arora & Girish Deexit
Hydro Power & Dams (India), SMEC (Member of Surbana Jurong Group), Gurugram, India
and
Narinder Kumar Jain
Shahpurkandi Dam Design Organization, Water Resources Dept., Punjab, Chandigarh,India

* 1
 88th Annual Meeting
International Commission on Large Dams
&
Symposium on
Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins

Unique design of concrete gravity high dam on permeable

foundations - Application of numerical simulation tool
by

Neeta Arora & Girish Deexit

[email protected] & girish.deexit @smec.com
Hydro Power & Dams (India), SMEC (Member of Surbana Jurong Group), Gurugram, India
and
Narinder Kumar Jain
Shahpurkandi Dam Design Organization, Water Resources Dept., Punjab, Chandigarh,India
[email protected] ; [email protected]
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Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL DAM AND

FOUNDATION DESIGN

3. APPLIED MODELS, 4. CONCLUSIONS

PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS

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ABOUT SJ-SMEC group

As Asia’s consultancy powerhouse for urbanization, industrial and infrastructure developments, Surbana
Jurong has a distinguished track record in shaping Singapore’s landscape over the last 50 years. Delivering
urban, infrastructure and engineering solutions to support sustainable social and economic growth for
their global clients, Surbana Jurong has received over 600 international and local awards and understands
what it takes to anticipate and exceed clients’ expectations.
SMEC-SJ, a Member of Surbana Jurong Group having its origins in one of the world’s most complex
hydroelectric projects, the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme in Australia,draws expertise from it’s
talent pool to manifest on ground the realization of needs of their client in the energy and water resources
amongst various other business sectors. SMEC-SJ understand the complex and critical issues related to
individual dam locations and environments and provide innovative solutions to deliver successful project
outcomes.
SMEC’s Dam specialists contribute towards sustainable development of Dams and River basins by
providing expertise in the fields of dam safety, dam rehabilitation, dam analysis and remedial works design
ensuring projects are conceived and built as per standards and guidelines and ensure that dams are built
and operated safely, efficiently and economically and are environmentally sustainable and socially
equitable.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Dam industry has contributed significantly towards meeting the growing water and power demand
of the human economic development , yet world over and specially in developing country like India is
facing increasing pressure on water resources due to population growth, urbanization and creeping
effect of climate change.
Ideal sites for building Dams have by and large been exploited in India and to meet the growing water
resources needs of the nation, challenging sites for construction of Dams are being explored. In spite of
the presence of adverse geological features under varied geological set-up, numerous dams have been
constructed world over including the Himalayas for the purpose of irrigation, hydel power-generation,
flood moderation etc.
Shahpurkandi Dam Project, a water infrastructure project across river Ravi in India is a National Project
of Importance declared by Govt. of India, on completion will deliver significantly to the sustainable
growth of Agriculture, Water supply and power needs of the state of Punjab and J&K, India in addition
to generating 206MW of Hydropower further helping in efficient management of significant area under
Upper Bari Doab Canal system, one of the oldest canal systems in India.

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1. INTRODUCTION- cont’d
ICOLD Bulletin 61, Dam Design Criteria, defines two objectives for dam safety decision making stated in
terms of philosophy. The philosophy of design criteria, stated in terms of two basic criteria is that
the objective is to create a “structural form together with the foundation and environment [that]
will, most economically:
i. Perform satisfactorily its function without appreciable deterioration during the conditions expected
normally to occur in the life of the structure and,
ii. Will not fail catastrophically during the most unlikely but possible conditions (extreme conditions)
which may be imposed.”
The Shahpurkandi Dam, a major component of India’s national important water infrastructure project
conceived for the sustainable growth of agriculture, water supply and power needs of the state of
Punjab and J&K, India, is the first concrete gravity dam more than 50m high to be founded on
boulder bed foundation. No other high concrete dam in the world has so far been founded on
boulder bed foundations [refer figure 1]. The Dam is designed consistent with the ICOLD Bulletin
stated Dam design criteria.

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Figure. 1a & b Dam construction in Boulder Bed foundation

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Figure. 1c & d Dam construction in Boulder Bed foundation

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2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN

2.1 Hydro-Geological set-up
▪ The geological reports of the Project have delineated the Upper Sivalik boulder bed interface in the
dam spread and confirmed its compact nature. The report indicates that, the dam site is pre
dominated by boulder bed of upper Sivalik formations.
▪ In general the thickness of overburden comprising river terrace deposits varies from 9m to 22m. The
boulder bed comprises about 70% clastics of size <10cm (occasionally reach 30cm) and 30% of matrix.
▪ Plate load tests have been carried out during pre-construction and construction stage on boulder beds,
RBM at foundation grade and sand lenses. Safe bearing capacity of 0.68 MPa in boulder bed has been
observed for settlement of 6.14mm at EL. 358m at dam axis. Based on latest tests, permeability values
of 54 - 64 lugeon have been reported in RBM at foundation grade in OF (Over Flow) section, while that
in boulder bed from 4 to 32 lugeon.

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2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN – cont’d

2.2 Geo-technical Assessment
▪ Based on the geological data, it is interpreted that the bedrock of boulder beds/ conglomerates is
about 16-30m deep with the deepest portion up to EL.350m towards the left bank. However, the
bedrock is interpreted to be shallow at about EL. 357m towards the right bank. This is attributed to the
undulating profile of the bedrock due to river erosion.
▪ The bedrock permeability range from 4-32 lugeon. Efforts have been made to delineate the low
permeability boundary (<10 lugeon) in bedrock. The low permeability boundary is interpreted to be at
EL. 345m towards right bank, EL. 340m in the center of the river and EL. 327m towards the left bank.
The strata above these is interpreted to be permeable with the permeability values of >10 lugeon.
However, higher values of 32 lugeon have also been reported at two places within boulder bed. This
may be due to occasional presence of the sand lenses.

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Fig.2 Geology along Dam Axis

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2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN – cont’d

Fig.3
12
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2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN – cont’d

2.3 General Dam Design
▪ The dam body mainly consists of Non Overflow (NOF) Section on both flanks and Overflow (OF) Section
in between. The foundation level for the dam is EL.357m at which level boulder bed is encountered. For
meeting the stability and seepage requirements, the dam section has been keyed into the boulder strata
for a depth up to EL. 350m on the upstream. Top level of the dam is fixed at EL. 407.5m. Crest elevation
of the spillway is kept at EL. 380m. The proposed spillway arrangement is designed for a Standard
Project Flood (SPF).
2.4 Design Assumptions
▪ The Dam blocks have been designed by making appropriate design assumptions based on engineering
judgement of available data, reports, and relevant Indian Standard (IS) Codes and standard design
practices. The Overflow, Non Overflow, Guide walls and Divide walls are designed as gravity
structure and following aspects are considered while designing the various components.
i. Analysis of stresses in the body of dam and in foundation follows elastic laws.
ii. No lateral stress transfers to the abutments due to load transfer.

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Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins

2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN – cont’d

2.4 Design Assumptions
iii. Factor of safety against sliding mainly governs the stability checking. The foundation for a Gravity Dam
must be capable of resisting the applied forces without overstressing Dam or foundation itself.
.2.5 Foundation Design - Seepage Design
Seepage design has been carried out for
Upstream floor is 108 m comprising of 45m length of clay blanket and 63m length of overflow block and
downstream floor constituting stilling basin is 70.5m. Clay blanket is proposed on the upstream to increase the
seepage path of the sub-surface flow.
Conventionally Khosla’s method or Lane's weighted creep theory are used to determine the uplift pressure and
exit gradient. Calculations have also been done for uplift pressure using numerical simulation through FEM
analysis and crosschecked by Goyal’s Simplified Analytical method [ref.1] evolved through independent and
successive Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations.

Results of numerical simulations show that floor thickness computed based on FEM works out less than that
calculated from Khosla theory except near the downstream cut off.
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Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins

2. GENERAL DAM & FOUNDATION DESIGN – cont’d

2.5.1 Seepage analysis using finite element method
Seepage analysis was performed using SEEP-W software developed by Geo-Slope Inc. SEEP/W is a finite
element CAD software for analyzing groundwater seepage and excess pore-water pressure dissipation
problems within porous materials.
Finite element model was created from the dam geometry. The upstream and downstream water head was
modeled using hydraulic boundary conditions.
Thus,
Homogeneous , consolidated and compact permeable boulder bed foundation medium has been
recognized as foundation medium for Shahpurkandi Dam and Designed based on the
principles of design of barrages on permeable foundation as per Manual published by
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, India.

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS

3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis
3.1.1 3-Dimensional FEM Analysis of Overflow Dam
Block
▪ Commercially available structural numerical analysis
software STAAD Pro, v 8i, has been used to model the
overflow Dam Block between two contraction joints
which was verified using two other FEM tools LUSAS
and MIDAS. Same was also cross checked by a proof
agency using ANSYS model.
▪ The 3-D finite element model of Intermediate 19m
overflow block consists of two intermediate piers,
breast wall and the bottom spillway concrete. The
piers are 3.5m thick. The Dam has been modelled
Fig.4 Finite Element Mesh and Boundary conditions -
using 6 and 8 noded solid elements. The variations in 3D Overflow section
geometry are taken into consideration for deciding
the mesh density and element size. 16
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▪ In general mesh size of 2m x 2m x 2m has been maintained

in uniform geometry region of spillway and breast wall .
For piers, mesh size of 0.5m has been provided in Z
direction for close to actual modelling of u/s curved
portion. Areas where stress concentrations were found to
be abnormal were identified in the model. Element shape
and size in such areas were modified to get desirable
stress patterns. Geometric optimization has been carried
out in the model for stress convergence.

▪ A 3-D Finite element model has been used to examine the

behavior of piers, breast wall and spillway structure. The
dam is presumed to be resting on flexible foundation
having modulus of subgrade reaction of 60000 kN/m2/m.
The value of subgrade modulus is based on the plate load
test results.
Fig.6 Finite Element Mesh

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▪ The variation of magnitude of the seismic force is

proportional to inertia component which is maximum
at the top and reduces as per the variation of the z
coordinate. Hydrodynamic effects due to reservoir
have been calculated and applied to the model as per
the provisions of Cl. 7.2 of IS 1893: 1984.

▪ Apart from self-weight of the structure and

hydro-mechanical loads, hydrostatic pressures, earth
pressure on U/S side has been considered in the
analysis for fill level up to EL 372m. Uplift forces as
per cl. 3.3.5 of IS 13551:1992 has been applied as a
body force. The displacement, vertical, major, minor
principal stress and maximum shear stress contours
have been studied for various load combinations
Fig.5 Overflow Block perspective view described in Cl. 4.1 of IS: 6512-1984.

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis
3.1.2 Load Combinations & permissible stresses
▪ Load combinations considered in the analysis cater to the normal situations without any earthquake and
normally functioning foundation drains and extreme situations when the Dam built with M20 mass
concrete experiences Design Basis Earthquake with non-functional foundation drains. Accordingly,
numerical simulations for the stress-deformation analysis for following operating conditions as per IS
6512:1978
Operating Condition Allowable stress
A Construction Condition 0
D Normal operating condition 0
B Normal operating condition (drains operative) with earthquake 0
E Normal operating condition (drains inoperative) with earthquake 0.2 MPa tension
C Construction Condition 0.4 MPa tension
F Flood discharge condition with extreme uplift (ie., inoperative drains ) 0.4 MPa tension
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d

3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis
3.1.3 Allowable bearing pressures
▪ Plate load tests have been carried out during pre-construction and construction stage on boulder beds,
RBM at foundation grade and sand lenses. Safe bearing capacity of 0.68 MPa in boulder bed has been
observed for settlement of 6.14mm at El. 358m at dam axis.
▪ Tests in NOF and OF sections on boulder bed show the values of 1.37MPa for a settlement ranging between
13.3mm to 16.68mm. Bearing capacity of 1.02MPa was obtained for settlement of 29.5mm in sand lens at
foundation grade. For RBM at foundation grade, bearing capacity comes out to be 1.37 MPa for a
settlement of 20.06mm. Exceptionally high bearing capacity of 1.77MPa has also been reported in
calcareous conglomerates.
Bearing capacity tests were conducted as per IS code 10042 COP for site investigations for foundation in
gravel-boulder deposit. The boulder beds/conglomerates, comprising homogeneous mixture of strong to
very strong boulders, gravel and pebbles of quartzite, granite gneisses and sandstone embedded in fairly
cemented with arenaceous and argillaceous consolidated material.

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Fig.6 Gravel-Boulder bed correspondence with IS 10042 code reference

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.4 Results of analysis & Discussion
▪ The structural analysis results showed that the
designed overflow section is safe against
sliding for all the loading conditions for the
given input material and loading data based
on site specific investigations. The bearing
pressures at the heel and toe of the dam are
within acceptable limits i.e. less than 0.69
N/mm2 for non-seismic condition and 0.92
N/mm2 for seismic condition.
▪ It is observed that Load conditions A, B, D and
E are most critical for analyzing behavior of
dam. Typical stress distribution (+ve stress
indicates tension in solid Elements, whereas -
ve stress indicates compression in solid Fig.7 Stress distribution in Piers for vertical Reinforcement for
Elements) for load case E is shown below [refer Load Case E With +Z Earthquake
figure 7,8,9 & 10]: April 4th – 10th 2020, New Delhi, India 22
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.4 Results of analysis & Discussion
▪ It can be seen that the junction zone
of pier and spillway experience
tensile stresses and hence need to
be steel reinforced as vertical and
horizontal anchorages which has
been evaluated for the tension area.
Anchorages are extended at least up
to the zero tensile contours obtained
from the model. Breast wall also has
been reinforced in accordance with
stress distribution.

Fig.8 Stress distribution in Breast wall for Vertical Reinforcement for Load Case E with Earthquake force
acting from U/S to D/S
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.4 Results of analysis & Discussion
▪ It can be seen that the junction zone
of pier and spillway experience
tensile stresses and hence need to
be steel reinforced as vertical and
horizontal anchorages which has
been evaluated for the tension area.
Anchorages are extended at least up
to the zero tensile contours obtained
from the model. Breast wall also has
been reinforced in accordance with
stress distribution.

Fig.9 Stress distribution in spillway for horizontal anchorages for Load Case E with Earthquake in –Z direction
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.4 Results of analysis & Discussion
▪ It can be seen that the junction zone
of pier and spillway experience
tensile stresses and hence need to
be steel reinforced as vertical and
horizontal anchorages which has
been evaluated for the tension area.
Anchorages are extended at least up
to the zero tensile contours obtained
from the model. Breast wall also has
been reinforced in accordance with
stress distribution.

Fig.10 Stress distribution in spillway for horizontal anchorages for Load Case E with Earthquake in + Z direction
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation
▪ Finite element model was created from the dam geometry. The upstream and downstream water head
was modeled using hydraulic boundary conditions.
▪ Seepage analysis using commercial software SEEP/W has been carried out to observe the effect of
upstream clay blanket on exit gradient and uplift pressure distribution over the foundation to estimate the
floor thickness required with a parametric study of the effect of conductivity on uplift pressure.
▪ The hydraulic conductivity of the layered foundation has been idealized based on site specific
investigation into four layers namely layer 1 as RBM (River Born Material) in terms of 1000 lugeon, second
layer as boulder bed with permeability values of 20 lugeon third layer 12 lugeon and fourth deep
foundation layer with 10 lugeon.
Based on available geological information, the seepage analysis has been performed on possible three
cases as described above simulated as per the hydro-geology of the foundation, so as to cater to the
critical conditions for uplift and exit gradient. Calculations have been done for uplift pressure using both
FEM (Finite Element Analysis) analysis and Khosla theory. Results of calculations show that floor
thickness by FEM is comparable to that calculated from Khosla theory except near the downstream cut
off. April 4th – 10th 2020, New Delhi, India 26
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation
Fig. 11 Flow net Diagram for Case 1 type : Simulates situations
of entire Dam being founded on higher permeable foundation

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation

Fig. 12 Case 2 type foundation Strata- Dam founded on boulder bed of low permeability

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation Case 2 results in higher uplift pressures for downstream raft
thickness design

Fig. 13 Flow net Diagram for Case 2 type foundation (Drains Inoperative)
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation

Fig. 14 Case 3 type foundation Strata – Dam founded on medium permeable foundation

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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis - 3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element
simulation
Uplift pressure contour 392 to 378 in stilling basin

Fig. 15 Flow net Diagram for Case 3 type foundation (Drains Inoperative)-Dam founded on medium
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3. APPLIED MODELS, PARAMETER AND ANALYSIS - cont’d
3.1 FEM Models, Input Parameter and Analysis
3.1.5 Seepage Analysis using Finite Element simulation - Comparison of floor thickness using FEM Analysis
with Khosla’s Theory
S
Distance from d/s cut off Floor Level of
.
Floor thickness using Khosla Floor thickness using
N
o
towards upstream Barrage Theory after accounting for Seep/W after accounting
. ‘m’ weight of water for weight of water
‘m’ ‘m’

1 10 365.50 2.10 4.36

2 20 360.50 0.56 2.28
3 30 359.00 0.77 1.67
4 40 359.00 1.64 2.52
5 50 359.00 2.52 2.53
6 60 359.00 3.39 2.54
7 70 359.38
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4. CONCLUSIONS
The design of the more than 50m high concrete gravity dam on boulder foundation, discussed in this paper
is unique in following aspects:
a) This is the first high concrete dam in the world to be founded on boulder bed foundation.
b) Numerical simulation tools are of great help in iterative design of Dam while modeling the site specific
in-put parameters which otherwise incur greater approximations in manual computations.
c) FEM analysis of the seepage flow through the foundation has been carried out in addition to the
conventional Khosla’s method and Lane’s weighted creep theory further cross checked by Goyal’s
simplified analytical method to determine seepage uplift pressure on the Dam structure and the exit
gradient.
d) FEM analysis of stress and strains in the concrete dam and in the foundation material has been carried
out considering their material elastic properties and found that the stresses and strains in the concrete
structure remain within the permissible limits under all conditions of loading.

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