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weed Technology.199? Volume I l:384-393
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Classificationof Herbicides by Site of Action for Weed Resistance

ManagementStrategies'

E. JAMES RETZINGER, JR' and CAROL MALLORY-SMITH'z

Abstract: A classificationof herbicidesaccordir

maintainthe usefulnessof herbicidesas a tool in (
resistantweeds'The classificationincludesa nun
family, andthecommonnameof theherbicide'Th'
mixes also are included.
synthase;HRAC, Herbicide
synthase;AHAS, acetohydroxyacid
Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate
Resistance Action Conúnittee.

INTRODUCTION L.), sugar beei-(Beta vulgaris L'), and rough and Íìne
turf.
^ Coooersalts,iron sulfate,and sulfuricacid wereused The increaseduseof herbicidesfor weedcontrol led
asherúcidesasearlyas 1896to controlbroadleafweeds to the selectionof herbicide-resistantweeds Herbicide
in cereals,but it was the discoveryof the phenoxyher- resistanceis the heritableability of a weed biotype to
bicidesthat usheredin the modemageof chemicalweed survivean herbicidetÍeatmentto which theoriginalpop-
control(Robbinset al. 1952)'In úe late 1930sandearly
1940s,hundredsof thousandsof hectareswere treatêo
with sulfuricacid;however,in 1949in Canadaalone3 3
million hectares(8.2 million acres)were treatedwith
giv-
2,4-D.Chemicalnamesof herbicidesmentionedar-e
en in an Appendix.Althoughno accuraterecord oI aÍeas
treatedwith 2,4-D is available,9 l rnillionkg wereman-
ufacturedin the U.S. in 1949and the averagerate was
probabtY
^ lessthan 0.5 kg.
Today,high yield agriculturerelies on herbicidesas
an integralpart of weed control practicesthat produces
-or" on fewer hectaÍes(LeBaron 1990)' Osteenand
Szmedra(1989) discussedúe shifts in herbicideusage
fÍom the phenoxyherbicidesto herbicidessuch as the
'^ amides, dinitroanilines,and triazines'The
"ãrbumuiet,
introductionin i982 of úe herbicidesthat inhibit ace-
tolactatesynúâse(ALS), also called acetohydroxyacid
synthase(AHAS), createdanotheÍshift' These broad-
,o""*rrl classesof herbicidesare now labeledfor all
major commodities,includingcereals,soybean(Glycíne
*àL), i." (OryzasatívaL'), com (ZeamaysL')' cot-
ton (Gossypiumhirsutum L ), peanut(Arachis hypogaea
-]1!ãiuãro.
purticationÀPrit 23' 1996'aIìdin Íevisedform November
't',l33Í;, LA
an,o Asricuhuíst Americancvanamid'west Des Moines' -'w"ud
ctop soii science'oregon stale univer-
,oteãï"ã'o*ï-t-nor"..ot "nd s"i.n." so"iely of Ameíca Newsletter,Ì995 wssA' 23:21-23'
siiv. Corvallis'OR 9?331'Íesflectively
 }VEEDTECI{NOLOCY

able controÌ methodsto avoid seeddepositionin the cide sitesof actionand resistance(B<igerand Sandman
field. (g) Cleanequipmentbeforeleavingfieldsinfested 1989;Caseleyet al. 1991;Devineet al. 1993;Dodge
with or suspected to haveresistantweeds. 1989;PowlesandHoltum 1994).
Shaner(1995)reviewedthe nine herbicidefamiliesto
which resistance has developedworld-wide'At least FESULÏSAND DISCUSSION
threemechanisms of resistanceto herbicideshavebeeR
The WSSA classification is presentedin Table1. The
observedin plants. These are alteredsites of action,
table classificationincludesthe grouP number,site of
changesin therateof detoxificationof theherbicide,and
of the her- action, chemical family, active ingredient,U.S. trade
modificationsin the uptakeand translocation
name, and packagemix trade names'In addition, the
bicide.
HRAC alphabeticdesignationfor úe groupis included
Knowingthe site of actionis key to planningan her-
in paÍenthesisunder the WSSA classificationgrouP
biciderotationstrategyto reducethe potentialfor selec-
weeds.In 1991,weedscientists in Man- number.Appendix I lists U.S. tradenamesfor package
tion of resistant
mix products.The sectionnumberin AppendixI refers
itoba, Canada,deveÌopeda classificationto standâ-rdize
was nrst pub- to the WssA-approvedcommonnameof úe herbicide
the herbicidegroups.This classifrcation
guide in 1992 as it occurs in Table I and the packagemix partners.
lished in the provincerecommendation
(Anonymous1992).The guidelistedeachherbicide,the Appendix 2 containsthe herbicide'schemicalname as
wiú poP- reponed in the Chemical AbstÌacts Service (Aìrens
group(1, 2,3, eÍc.),alongwith weedspecies
haveevolved resistance to that group, and 1994).
ulationsthat
for delayingthe onset of weed resis- A review of the Australian(Gill et al. 1994) and
a recommendation
WSSA systemsshowsthat the Australiansystemtends
tance.Beginningin June 1994,labelsof all herbicides
to placemore herbicideswithin a group (e.g.' PS II in-
,.--registeredin Australiawere requiredto identify which
hibitors, triazines along with the benzothiadiazoles)'
h"iUi"ia" groupor groupsthe productbelonged.Herbi-
whereasthe WSSA systemplacesthesetwo PS II iúib-
cidesweregroupedA, B, C, etc.,by modeof actionto
for poisons itors in sepaÍâtegroups.Separatingthesegroupsmore
avoid confusionwith numericdesignations
Australia (Gill et al. 1994). closelyreflectsobservedresultsindicatingbentazoncan
alreadyusedin to be resistantto atrazine(Gron-
control\reedssuspected
wald 1994).
PROCEDURES The classificationcould have wider utility with the
At the 1995WeedScienceSocietyof Americameet- inclusionof the followingherbicidescurrentlyregistered
ing, the HerbicideResistance Committeecommissioned in Europe:Group 12 additions:diflufenican,flurochlor-
thã draftingof an herbicide classificationsystem,draw- idone,and fluíamone, and Group 15 additions:mefen-
ing from theCanadianandAustraliansystems'The clas- acéÍ and BAY FOE 5043.Herbicidesin Groups27 and
sificationwas reviewedby weed scientistsin the U'S'' 28 are currentlyutilizedin Europebut not registeredin
Canada,and Europe,and was developedwith the co- the U.S.The nextherbicidesregisteredwiú a new mode
oDerationof the HerbicideResistance Action CoÍnnittee of actionshouldstartwith Group29.
(HRAO. HRAC was formedin 1989by technicalrep- Targetsite cross-resistance is the ability of a biotype
resentatives from the agro-chemical industryto develop to be resistantto herbicidesfrom different chemical
a cohesivemanagement plan to address herbicideresis- classesbut with the samesite of acdonand is the result
^lance.
HRAC supportstheherbicide classification system of a changein the targetsite.Within herbicideGroup2,
as one meansto addressherbicideresistance(R' R' the iúibitors of ALS/AHAS, variablelevels of cross-
Schmidt,personalcommunication).In addition,HRAC resistancehave beenreportedamongthe sulfonylureas'
triazolopyrimidinebenzoates'imidazolinones, and pyri-
is developingan herbicideclassificationsystemfor ttse
dine thiõbenzoates (Bumetet al. 1994:'Saari al' 1994;
et
in Europé.The WSSA and HRAC systemsdiffer in the takesa conservative
Groupáesignation. Groupsin the WSSA and the HRAC Shaner1995).This classification
approachin grouping all inhibitors of ALS/AHAS within
systemsare designatedby numbersand letters,respec-
tively. one group.
for everyher- Nóntargetsite cross-resistance is úe ability of a bio-
Nô attemptwasmadeto cite references
bicideand its site of actionsince much of it is common type to be resistantto herbicideswith different target
. knowledge and the references would be exhaustive' slfes. Wild oat (Avenafatua L.) resistantto the pre-
However,thereaÍe severalreviews availableon herbi- emergenceherbicide triallate and resistantto the herbi-
 ï

REtzINcERANDMALI,RY-SMITH:CtAsslFIcATIoNoFHERBlcÍDEsBYSmoFAcTIoNFoRWEEDREsIsTANcEMANÀGEMENTSÏRATECIES

to p'iltryI
according
classification '!1tu"'
Idrle l Herbicide
Croup
(Letteí Packagemix
in( ) U.S. tradename U.S. tradenâmewilh
HRAC (,manufaclurer orhergroup( )
Sile of action Chemicalfarnily AcÌive ingtedient
gíoúp)
AryloxyphenoxY
ProPio' clodinÂfop
Inhibitorsof acetylCoA Hoelon'varloüs
ACCâse na(es diclofop SecdonI
(A) carboxylâse Whipt, Aclaimr,various
fenoxaproP
Fusilade2000h Section2
floazifop-P
FusilâdéDXh
quizalofop-P Assure!
cleúodim Prismo
Selectd.
Cyclohexanediones Section3
sethoxYdim Poast',PoaslPlus'
tíâlkoxydim Achieveb
bensulÍuron Londax"
2 Inhibitoísof acetolactate sulfonylureas prosulfuron P€âk' Exceed(2)"
(B) synthaseALS and aÌso Classic" Section4
chlorimuron Finesse(2)"
calledacetohYdroxYacicl chlorsulfuÍon Clesn".Telar. various
synthaseAHAS Musrcr
ethâmetsulfìlron Finesse(2)'
metsulfuíon Ally", Escort'.vanous
MON 12000 Permili.BatlalionÍ
nicosulfuron Il)(cccd(2Y
prirÌìisullutoo IJoaconÍ
Titus' Basis{2)'
rimsulfuron
sulfomeluron Ousl'
Pinnacle" Section5
thifensul[uron
triâSulfuron HarÍnonyExlri (3)"
tribenuron E*prèss'
!riflusulfuÍon Upbeet"
MON 37500
AC 263,222 Cadren
Imidazolinones
AC 299,263 Raptorì
imazamethabenz Lightning'
imazapyr Section6
imazaquin Scepteê,lmage"
Pursui(Ì' Section7
imazelhaPYr
(soldonlYas Packagemix) Section8
TÍiazolopyriÍnidine Bumetsulâm
SÌaple'
PyrimidinYlthio-benzoatepyrithiobac
Balan' Team(3)'
in- DinitÍoanilines benefrn
l MicrotubuleassemblY e!halflüralin Sonalan'
(K,) hibitors oryzalln SurÍlanr
PÍow16.Pen!âgonh Section9
p€ndimethalin Sectionl0
trifluÍalin Treflan'.vaÍious
dithiopyÍ Dimenslon'
Pyridazines
DCPA DacthÂF
Unknown None
vaflous SecdonLl
PhenoxYs 2.4-D
4 Synthetic auxins (actlon
2,4-DB Envenl?l (4)
(o) like indoleacetic acid)
dichlorprop,2.4'DP vaíious
various Section12
MCPA
MCPB vaflous
mecoprop,MCPP vârious
Banvel'.ClaritY' Section13
Benzoicacids dicambâ
Reclaimi.Stingert Section14
Caíboxylicacids clopyralid
fluroxypYr Section15
picloram Toídon',various
Garlon' Section16
tricloPYr
qüinclorac Facer
QuinolinecarboxYlic
acto
ametryn Evik
5 Inhibition of PholosYnthe- Triazines
AAtÍex3.various Sectionl?
atÍazine Extiazine(5)"
(c,) sis ât pholosystem ll
.cyanazine Bladexs
promelon Pramilo13
CaparolB,vanous
PrometÍyn
pÍopazine Milo Pío'
simazlne Princept,various
Triazinones hexazinone Section 18
rmetribuzin Sencoc,l,exone'

volulne ll, lssue2 (April-June)1997

 WEEDTECHNOLOCY

farre .1.Continued
6rouP
(lJtler Packagemix
in( ) U.S. Eadename U.S. tradename\ ith
HRAC r) manulacturer othergíoup( )
Sitc of nction Chemicíl family Active ingrcdicnt
gÍoup)
bÍomacil Hyvar X' KrovdÌ (7)"
Uracils
terbacil Sinbar
PYridÂzinone pyrazon ryramin'
desmedipham Betanex' Betamix(7)'
PhenYÌ-carbâmâtes Betamix(7)'
phenmcdiphâm Betanal'
bÍomoxynil Buctnl', vârious Section19
Inhibilionofpholosynthe' Nitriles
ioKynil various
ll-
sis at photosYstem
sâmesitedìfferentbindlng Seetión20
B€nzÒthiádiazolo beniarion Básagráíi v.tiitus
behãvior
PhênYl-PYridazine pyíidate Touth'
diuron Karmex".vanous KÍovâr (5)"
Inhibitionof photosYnlhe' UÍeâs Cotoraír.various Croak( l7)"
sis at pholosystemII- fluormeturon
Itnuron lÁrox", various Section2l
samesitedifferentbinding
behavioí metobromuron
monolinuron
stouron TupeÌsan'
rebuthiuron Spike'
prcPanIr StaÍ , various Section22
Amide
butylate Sutan+h
Inhibitionof liPid synthe- Thiocarbamates Ro-Neetb
sis-not ACCaseinhibition cycloate
Eptamr,Eradicaneb DoublePlay(15)h
molinate Ordramo Arrosolo(7)È
pebuÌate Tillarnb,Edge"
rhiobencarb BoÌerod,Abolishú
rrialláte Avadexr.Fàrgoí
vemolarc
None bensulide Prefae.vaÍious
difenzoquat Avengeh
(z) Unknown None
Secdon23
None glyPhosete RoundupÍ
9 Inhibitionof EPSPsyn- varlous
Touchdownn,
(c) tÌrase
None glufosinate Libertyb
l0 Inhibirionof glulâmine
(H) syn(hetase
AmitÍol T'. Amizol'
B l c a c h i n g :l n h ì b i t i o r ro t
(F,) caíotenoid biosYnthesis
(unknorvn targel)
Pyridazinone norSurazon Novaíis3
t2 Bleaching: Inhibidon of
(F,) carotenoid biosynthesis at
úe phy@enedesaturase Nicotinanilide dinufenican
íep (PDS) SonaÉ
Oúers fluíidone
6urochloridone
fluÍtamone
CoÍnmandq Commence(3)q
clomazone
t3 Bleâching:Inhibilionof all Isoxazolidinone
^.(F,) cllterPenes
Blâzer, Statusn Section24
Inhibitionof pÍotoporphyr- Diphenylelhcrs acifluorfen Typhoon( l), Tomado
l4 fomesafen Ref,exn,Flexstat'
(E) inogenoxidase(PPO) Cobrâ" (l)
lâctofen
oxYfluorfen Goãlj
N-PhenYlPhthalimides ccA-248757
f,umiclorac ResouÍcer
oxadiazon Ronstar-
Oxadizaole
Triazolinonê sulÍentrazone Authorityq
Hamessr, Topnotchb
surpassn. Section25
Chloroâcetamides acetochlor section26
tl Unknown L"..o
alachlor
(K,) butachloÍ MacheteÍ
DuaÌr Section27
metolachlor
pÍonamide Kerb
pÍopaçhlor RarÍìÍod'
Frontiel Seclion2E
dimeúenamid

387
RETZINCERANDMALI-oRY-SMITH:CL,{SSIFICATIoNoFHERBtcIDEsBYstTEoFAcTtoNFoRWEEDRESISTANCEMANAGEMENISTRATE

ldrls J. Continued.
Croup
(Letter Packagemix
in( ) U,S.tmdename U.S. tradênamewith
HRÂC I ) mânufacturer othergroup( )
group) Site of action Chemicalfamily Active intredient

Acetâmides diphenamid
naprroPamrcle Devrinolb
Oxyace!amides menenacel
BÀY FOE 5043
BenzofuÍan eúofumesate Nonron'
t6 Unknown
(N)
Oíganoarsenicals DSMA vârious
1l Unknown various CroaÌ (7)
(z) MSMA

InhibitionDHP (dihydíoP- Carbamarc âsulaú

IE
(l) Ìeroatesynthasestep)
Phthalamate naPtâEm Alanap'
t9 lnhibitionof indoleacetic
(P) acid âction -vaÍiÊut
NiirilÊ dlÉ16bgÌìil C5aõrcn.,
2n Ìnhtbllion6Í è6llulo8É iyí.
(L) Ìhase
Benzamide isoxaben Gallery'
2l Inhibitionof cell wall syn-
(L) thesissite B
I.elect.ondl' Bipyridyliums diquat Diqúáo,various
22 Photosystcm Cramoxoneo,vaÍious
(D) version paraquat

tnhibitionof miÌosis Carbamâtes chlorpÌopham

(K,) Propnam
Uncoupling Dinitrophenol dinoseb
MembranedisntPtoís
"1) acid
AÍylaminopropionic flamprop-methyl
25 Unkno,xn
(z)
Unknown None TCA
(N)
Unknown Various bromobutide
21
cinmethylin
\Z) dymron
f,upoxâm

lnhibitionof 4-hYdroxY- Trike!one sulcotrione

28
(F,) phenyl-pyruvate-dioxYgen-Isoxazole isoxaflrÌtole
Pyrazole pyrazolynale
ase(4-HPPD)
'AgrEvo
nZeneca
' Du Ponl
dValent
" BASF
Í Monsanto
c Novaíis
i AmencanCyanamid
.^DowElanco
, Rohm and Hass
I IsK Biosciences
lBayer
'Rhone-Poulenc
' DÍexel
' Cowan
' SeIÌo
qFMC
'UniÍoyal Chemical
, solvây Duphaí

volume ll, Issue2 (APril-June)1997

 WEEDTECHNOLOCY

CITED
LITERATURE
cide difenzoquathas been documentedin numerous IL: w€ed
AhÍeos,w H., ed. 1994 H€rbicideHandbook.Tth ed. ChamPaiSn,
fieldsin AlbeÍa, Canada(O'Donovanet al' 1994)'These ScienceSocietYof America 352 P
two differentherbicidegrouPsÍìrein Group8 (unknown Anonymoüs,1992. t992 Guide to Crop Prolection.Carman,MB: Manitoba
siteof action)but almostcertainlydo not haveúe same
siteof action(BôgerandSandman1989).Furtherstudies
by Blackshawet al. (1996)have.indicated this resistant
wild oat is more susceptible to applications of EPTC'
anotherthiocarbamate, than is the susceptiblewild oat'
Furtherexceptionsto the rule will be reponedas re- íduìn). weed Sci. 421369-317
searchcontinues.To noteall exceptionsin this chartwill Câseley,j. C., C. \fl. Cussans,
and R. K. Alkin, eds. l99l HeÍbicideResis-
tancein Weedsand Crops OxfoÌd: Butterwoíh.513 p'
belie the true purposeof úis classifrcation, which is to Devine,M. D., S. O. Duke, and C Fedtke.lgg3 Physiologyof Herbicide
orovidea frameworkfor the classificationof herbicides Action.EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: PrenticeHâll. 'l4l p
-by Dodee.A. D., eã. 1989.Herbicidesand PlantMetabolismSocietyof Exper-
their site of action.The rotationof herbicideswiú ìmental Biology. SeminarSeries38. Cambridge:CanbridgeUniversiÌy
differentsitesof actionwill not guarantee the prevention Píess 27? P
Gill, C., J. Holmes,and R. Kelly tgg4 HerbicideResistance, a Reference
of weedresistance. Metabolism-based resistance asdem- Mãnual. Depaímentof AgricultuÍe.WestemAuslralia Miscellaneous
onstratedby rigid ryegrass (Lolium rígidum Gaudin) in Publication16/94.P. 3-7.
Cronwald,J. C. 1994.Èesi6lance to photosystem ll inhibitingherbicides,ld
Australiactossesseveralherbicidegroupslisted in this S. B. Powlesand J.A M. Hokum, eds HeÌbicideResìstance in PlÂnts'
classification (Burnetet â1.1994). Bloiogyand Blochohlslry.BocaRqton,FLI CRC Frcse p 21.-6Ô ..
Hox. J. S.;;d H. M. LcBaron |990.Signiltcenc.anddlstrlbutlÔn ôf hcrblcldê
This classificationis but one aid in the management lveed Technol4: l4l-149.
Íesistance.
of herbicideresistance. The morediversityin toolsused LeBaÌon,H. M. t990. Weedsciencein the 1990s:will it be forward or in
reverse?weed Technol 41671-689
to control weeds, the less risk of selectingresistant O'Donovan,J. T, M. P Sharma.K N. Harker.D. Maurice,M N Baig' and
^,ceds. R. 0. Blâckshaw.1994 wild oat (Ave,taIatua\ Popul;rtions rcsislant(o

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authorsacknowledgeall of the weed scientists York: MccÍaw-Hill. 503 P

Rvan.G. E l9?0. Resist"n""oÌ groundselto simazineandalrazine'
who reviewedthe classification'Dale Shaner.American WeedSci. l8:614-616. "om^on
Cyanamidfor valuableassistance, RobertSchmidt,Bay- Saari,L. L., J. C. Cotterman'andD C Thill 1994 Resishnceto acetotactate
;ynthase inhibitingheíbicides /nS.B PowlesandJAM Hohum'eds'
er AG Germany,for input from the HerbicideResistance Í"úia. n .i.tui"" in Plants'Biology and BiochemistryBocaRaton'
Action Committee,and William AhÍens,North Dakota FL: CRC Press. P. l4l-ì?0.
stranei o. L 1995 Studieson mechanisms
-__- and genelicsof ÍesisEnce:úeir
StateUniversity,for providing assistancein prepanng ionnitutlon to herbicideresistance managementProc BrightonCÍop
Prot.Conf. 2:537-545.
this manuscript.

389
 STRATECIES
MANACEIúENT
oF AcnoN FoR WEEDREStsTANcE
AND MALLoRY-SMITH:
RETZINGER oF HERBtcIDEsBY stIE
CI-ASSIFICAÏIoN

Packasemixtuíeslistedby activeingredient
Active ingredientC Packagemix Marketing
Section Active ingredientA Active in8ÍedientB
(GÍoupnumbeÍ) tradename comPany
nümber (GÍoupnumber) (Groupnumber)
FUSIOn Zetreca
fenoxaprop(l ) f,uazifop-P( l) AgrEvo
fluâzifop-P(l) Horizon 20Õ0
Cheyenne AgrEvo
MCPA (4)
Dakota AgrEvo
MCPA (4)
2,4-D(4) Tilleí AgrEvo
MCPA (4)
( l) Fusion ZeF.eca
fluazifop-P(l) fenoxaprop
Horizon 2000 AgíEvo
fenoxaprop(l)
(14) Tomâdo Zeneca
fom€66fen Zcieaa
fomesafen (14) Typhoon
bentazon(6) Conclude BASF
seúoxydim(l) acif,uorfen(14)
bentazon(6) Manifest BASF
aciíìuoífen(14)
Rezult BASF
bentazon(6)
Cemini Du Pont
chlorimuron(2) linuron(5)
New Lorox Plus Du Pont
linuÍon(5)
Canopy Du Pont
metíbuzin (5)
Preview Du Pont
metribuzin(5)
Concert Du Pont
ÌhifensulfuÌon(2) Du Pont
thifensülfuron (2) SynchronySTS
Concert Du Pont
(2)
rhifensulfuron chlorimuÍon(2) Du Pont
chlorimuron(2) SynchronySTS
Du Pont
rimsulfuron(2)
SceplerOT AmericanCYanamid
imazaquin(2) acifluorfen(14) AmeÍicanCYanamid
alrazine(5) Detail
(3) Squádron AmericanCYanamid
pendimethalin
fti-ScePl AmericanCYaíamìd
trifluralin(3)
R€60lve AmericônCYanrmid
imazcthapyr(2) dicÂmbÂ(4) AmericanCYanamid
pendimethalin (3) PuÍsuitPlus
(15) Derail AmericanCyanâmid
diÍnethenamid AmericanCYânamid
lrif,uralin(3) Passport
Lightning AmericanCyanamid
imazÀpyt(2\
BroadstrikePlus DowElanco
flumetsulam(2) clopyralid(4) DowElanco
clopyralid(4) 2,4-D(4\ BroadstnkePost
Broadst.ike+ Dual DowElanco
metolachlor( 15) DowElanco
trifluralin(3) BÍoadstriket Tíeflan
Squadron AmericanCyânamid
(3)
pendimethalin imazaquin(2) AmericaÍrCyanamid
imazethapyr (2) PursúitPlus
(15) Freedom DowEIanco
l0 (3)
triÍluralin alachlor DowElanco
bcneíin(J) Team
Commence FMC
clomazone( 13) DowElanco
flumetsulam (2) Broadstrike+ Tíeflan
Tíi-scepl AmericanCYânamid
imazaquin(2) AmcricanCYanamld
imazethaPyr (2) Passpon
Cuíail DowElanco
2,4-D(4) clopyralid(4) BASF
dicamba(4) Banvel520
Lândmaster Monsanto
gÌyphosate (9)
(2) BroadstrikePost DowEIanco
MCPA (4) Rumetsulam
fenoxaprop(l ) TiÌler AgrEvo
MCPA (4) DowElanco
picloÍam(4) Tordon RTU
Palhway DowElanco
picloÍam(4) DowElanco
triclopy((4) Crossbow
Tiller AgÍoEvo
MCPA (4) 2,4-D (4) fenoxaprop(l)
Bíonatc Rhonc-Poulcnc
bromoxynil(6) AgrEvo
fenoxaprop ( l) Cheyenne
Dakota AgrEvo
fenoxaprop(l)
Banvel520 BASF
dicamba(4) 2.4-D (4) BASF
2,4-D (4) Banvel720
Resolve AmericânCYanamid
imazeúapyr(2) BASF
ak^zine(5) Mãrksman
Fâllov/Masler Monsanto
glyphosate(9)
CuÍtail DowElanco
clopyralid(4) 2,4-D (4) DowElanco
flumetsulam (2) BÍoadstrikePlus
confront DolÃ,Elanco
Eiclopyr(4)
ToÍdon RTU DowElanco
picloram(4) 2,4-D (4) DoqrElanco
2,4-D (4) Pathway
DowElanco
triclopyÌ (4)

Volume I I, tssue2 (April-June)1997

 WEEDTECHNOLOCY

AppendiÌ I ConLlnwd.
AcÌive ingÍedientC Packagemix MaÍketing
Sectioí Active ingredientA Active ingredientB
(C.oupnumber) (G.oupnumber) traoename compãny
nunbeí (GroupnunbêÍ)
Crossbow DowElanco
ló triclopyr(4) 2,4-D (4)
Confront DowElanco
clopyralid(4)
picloÍam(4) DowEIanco
Bicep II CIBA
atrazine(5) metolachlor(15)
BicepLite II CIBA
metolachlor( l5)
BicepLite CIBA
metolachloÍ(15)
Bullet Monsanto
alachlor(15)
Buctril t Atrazine Rhone-Poulenc
bromoxynil(6)
Bicep CIBÂ
metolachlor(15)
ContouÍ AmericanCyanamid
irnazeúapyr(2)
HamessPlus Monsanto
acetochlor(15)
HamessXtía Monsânlo
acetochlor(15)
aéëtóéhlÕr (15) Surlaôs100 vènèè^
Lariat Monanntô
alachÌoÍ( 15)
Laddok BASF
bentazon(6)
LúddokS-Ì2 BASF
b.nhzon (6)
ExtrÂzinell Du Pont
cyãnâzine(5) BASF
dicaÍnba(4) Marksman
(15) Guardsman BASF
dimethenamid
Canopy Du Pont
metribuzin(5) chlorimuron(2)
Du Ponl
chloriÍnurcn(2)
Turbo Bâycr
metolachlor( l5)
Buctril + Atrazine Rhone-Poulenc
bromoxynil(6) atrazine(5)
Bronate Rhone-Poulenc
MCPA (4)
s€thoxydim (l) Conclude BASF
bentazon(6) acifluorfen(14) BASF
acinuorlèrr{ 1.1) Calaxy
Storm BASI.'
acifluorfen(14) BASF
atrazine(5) Laddok
LaddokS-Ì2 BASF
âtrazine(5)
Cemini DoPont
2l linuÍon (7) chlorimuron(2) DuPont
chlorimuron(2) New Lorox Plus
ArÍosolo ZÊíeca
22 propânil(7) molinate(8)
LandMasleÍ Monsanto
glyphosate(9) 2,4-D (41 Monsanto
alachlor (15) BÍonco
FallowMaster Monsanto
dicambâ(4)
sethoxydim( l) Conclude BASF
acifluorfen( I4) bentazon(6) BASF
bentazon(6) Galaxy
(ít ( l)
sclhoxydim Mancfest BASF
bcnlâ7oD BASF
bentÀzon (6) Storm
SceprcrOT Ame.icanCYanâmid
imazaquin(2)
Bullet Monsanto
a l â c h l o r( l 5 ) âtrazine(5) Monsanto
a!íazine(5) LaÍiat
Bronco Monsanto
glyphosâte (9)
Freedom Monsanto
triflurâlin(3)
HamessXtra Monsanlo
a c e t o c h l o r( 1 5 ) âtÌazlne Zeneca
aEÃzlne SurpassÌ00
DoublePlay Zenec^
EPTC
Bicep CIBA
meblachlor ( l5) atrazine(5) CIBA
ekazine(5) Bicep tl
BicepLite U CIBÀ
atrazine(5) DowElanco
flümetsulam (2) Bíoadstrike+ Dual
lurDo Bayér
metribuzin(5)
Cuardsman BASF
28 d i m e l h e n â m i d( 1 5 ) atÍazine(5) AmencânCyanamid
imazeúapyr(2) Detail

391
 BY STTEOF ACNON FOR WEED RESISTANCEMANACEMENT STMTECIES
REIZINCER AND MALLORY-SMITH: CLASSIFICATIONOF HERBICIDES

Appendit 2. Continred.
Appendìx2. Alphabeticatlist of chemicalnames'
(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid diflufenican N-(2,4diÍluorophcnyl)-2[3-(lrinuoromethyl)phenoxy]-
2.4-D 3-pyridinecarboxamide
2,4-DB 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butânoic acid
(a)-2-t4,5-dihydro'4'methyl'4-(l-methyledìyl)-5'oxo' dinoseb 2( l -methylpropyl)-4.6-dinitÍophenol
AC 263,222 l'
I ÍI-imidâzol-2-yll'5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic dimethenamid 2-chloro-N(2,4-dimethyl-3.thienyl)-/V-(2'methoxy'
methylethyl)-acetamide
ACICI
diphenâmid N.N-dimethyl-d-phenyl benzeneacetamide
AC 2gg,263 (!)-2-t4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)-5'oxo- '-cl
diquat ó,?-dihydrodipyridoÍ 1.2-a:2'.1 pyrazinediium ion
i a-i.iauzol-2'yll-5'(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecar-
diuÍon N'-(3,4-dichloÍophenyl)'N,N-dimethylurea
boxylic acid
EPTC S-ethvldipíopylcarbamolhioate
acetochlor 2-chloro-/V'(ethoxymethyÌ)-N-(2-ethyl'6'methylPhen- uo-
6'dinitío-4-(trifl
ethafluralin l+thyt-l-f z-mertryl-Z'propenyl)-2
Yl)acetanide romethyl)benzenamine
acifluorfen 5'í2-chloro-4-(trinuoroÍnelhyl)phenoxyl'2'nitrobenzoic l'3'5'triazin'2-
acid ethame!sulfuron 2-tt[[[4-ethoxy-ó-(meüylamino)-
iilaminolcarbonyllarninolsulfonyllbenzoic acid
alachlor 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-/V-(methoxyme- ( :l-1-ethoxy-2.3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-b€nzof uranyl
thYl)acetamide eúofumesate
methanesulonate
ametÍyn N'etiyl'N'-(l-methylethyl)'6-(methylthio)-l'3'5-tria- (a)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxyÌPhenoxy]
zine'2,4-diamine fenoxaprop
H' I 3 'amine DÍopenoicacid
amitrole I ,2,4-triãzol' (Ài-2-i4-lt5-(Ìifluoromethyl)-2-Pvridinylloxylphcn.
methylt(4'aminophenyl)sulfonyllcarbamate fluazifop-P
asulam . -. oxvlDroDánoic acid
6-chúrò-N-ethvl=N''(l-methylethyl)'1,3,5'Ìriazine'2'4' p,(zó-àinìrorophenyl)-5'methyl[ 1,2,4]triãzolo[ 1,5-
"n"rin" dlÉmine fluÌíct6úlaÍl
BAY FoE 5043 4'-fl uoro-Nìsopropyl-2-(5-trlf, uoromeúyl' l'3'4-!hladt-
azol-2-YloxY)âcetanilide f,umiclorac
bene6n N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,ó'dinitro'4-(tÍifuloíomethyl)-
benzenamlne nupoxam
ulfuíon 2- y'2-pyrimidinyl)aminolcaÍbon yI I
bens [Í tIt(4,6'dimethyox
aminolsulfonyìlmethyllbenzoic acid fluometuron
O,O-bis(| -methvlethyl)S'[2-[(pheny lsulfon- flurochloridon€
bensulide phenyll-2-pyrÍolidinone
yl)aminolethyUphosPhoÍodithioâte
3 'a l -methyleÌhyl)-( I t4-2, I ,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3/{)' fluroxypyr 11c-amino-3.5-aicltoro-ó-nuoro'2'pyíidinyl)oxylacetic
bentazon acid
one 2.2'dioxide ( I )-5-(melhylamino)-2'phenyl'4-t3-(lrifl uorome-
5-bromo-6-me!hyl-3-( Ì-melhylpropyl)- flìinamone
bÍomÂcil úyl)phenyll-.1Í2lí)'turânone
2'4(l1l'3IOPYrimidinedione uoromelhyl )phenoxyl-N'(methylsul-
fomesafen 5-Í2-chioro-4-(trifl
bromobutide 2-bromo-3'3-dime!hyl-'V-(l'meúyl'l-phenyl-
fonvl)-2_nitrobenzamide
ethYl)butânamide acid
glufosinate 2-ami;o-4-(hydroxymethytphosPhinyl)butanoic
bromoxvnil 3,5-dibÍomo-4-hydÍoxybenzonilrile
glyphosate /V-(phosphonomethYl)glYcine
butachlór N-(butoxymelhyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-dielhylphen- | -methyl-I.l 5-lria'
hexazinone 3-cyclohexyl-6-tdimeúylamino)'
Yl)acetamide zine-2.4(I lt,3Ir-dione
butvlate s-éthylbis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate (t l'meúylethyl)-5-oxo-
õõ'À-i!zoos l-(4-methoxv-6'meüvl-triazin-2-vl)-3-Í2-(33'3-triRuo- imazámethâbenz )-2-[4,5-dihydro-4'meúvl-4-( 5)-meúylbenzoicacid
l/t-imidazol-2-yU'4(and
roPÍoPyl)'phenylsulfonyll'urea
CAA-248151 mettryltij'ctìoro'ì-nuoÍo-5-((retrahvdro-3-oxo'll/'3ll'
Í t J,4lthiadiazo lo[3.4-a]pyridazi n' I -ylidene) ifiazapyr

rm^zaqurÍl

rmazethaPyr

ioxynil 4-hvdÍoxv-3.5-diiodobenzonirile
isopropalin 4{ í'metúylethyl)'2,6-dinitro'N,N-dipÍoPylbenzeíã'
mine
isoxaben N-[3-(I -ethyl-I -merhylpropyl)'5-isoxazolvl]-2,6-dime-
thoxvbenzamide
lactofen (l)-2-;thoxy-l-methyl'2-oxoelhyl5-[2'chloro-4-(tri-
clohexen-l-one
fluoromethyl)phenoxy l-2-nitrobenzoate
clodinafop 2-propynyl-(R)-2-14'(5-chloro-3'fluoÍo-2-pyridyloxy)- N'{3,4-dichlórophenyl )'./v-methoxy'N-methylurea
linuron
PhenoxYl'ProPionate MCPA (4-chloío-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid
hyll'4,4-dimelhy
2-i(2-chloìophenyl)met i-
l-3'isoxazolid
clomâzonc acid
none MCPB 4-(4-chloro-2-methylPhcnoxy)butanoic
MON 12000 methyl5-t[(4,6'dimethoxv-2-pyrimidi-
nyi.laminolcarbonylaminosulfonyU-3'chloío- l'melh'
yi- l -H-pYíazole-4-carboxYlate
MSMA monosodium salt o[ mclhylarsonicâcid
( il2'(4-chloro-2-meúylphenoxy)propano;c acid
mecopÍop
mefenacet 2-(2-benzolhiazolyloxy)-N'phenylacetamide
dalaDon acid
2,2-dichloropropanoic 2-(3,4-dichloroPhenyl)'4-meúyl' l'2,4-oxadiãzolidine-
metìÍlzole
i".ri"Aiofturn e(hyl[3-[[(phentlamino)caÍboíyl]orylphenylÌcarbamate 3,5-diore
dicamba acid
3,6'dichloro-2-meúoxybenzoic 2-chtoro-N-(2'ethy!ó'Ínethylphenyl)'N-(2-Ínethoxy' I-
metolachlor
dichlobenil 2,6-dichloÌobenzonitrile meúvlethvl)acetamide
ãi"-rriãr-p' (:)-2'(2,4-dichloroPhenoxy)propanoicacid l'2 4-
metnbuzin n-aminó.0-( í, t-airnettrylethyl)-3-(merhylthio)-
;i;i;ió (=)-2-[+(2'4-dichloroPhenoxv)phenoxvlproparoic
triâzin-5(4lI)-one
âcid
difenzoquat 1,2-dimethy!3,5-diphenyl- l/t'pvrazolium

volume ll, Issue2 (April-June)199?

 WEED TECHNOLOCY

Appendìx 2. Contin\led.
Appendix2. CoÍ]lirtued
tribenuron 2-[[[[(4-Ínethoxy-6-meúyl- 1,3,5-lÍiazin-2-yl)
metsulfuronacid ÍneúylaminoìcaÍbonyllaminolsulfonyllbenToic ac'd
tíiclopyr acid
Í(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxylacelic
molmarc uoíome'
2,6-dinitro-N,N-diPÍopyl-4-(tÍifl
trifluÍalin
napropamlde thvllbenzenamine
naPtalam uoroethoxy)-
2-Íltit4-(dimerhylâmino)-6-(2,2,24rifl
nicosülfuÍon tnf,usulfuron 'i.
j.s-triazin-i'vllaminolcarbonvll'aminolsulfonvll-
3-meúylbenzoic acid
DYndinecarboxamide
4-Ëhloro-5-(methylarnino)-2-(3-(trifl uorome- Yemolate S-propyldipÍopylcarbamothioate
norflurâzon
úyl)phenyl)-3(2It-pyridazinone
orYzalin 4ídioroovlamino)'3,5-dinitrobenzenesulronamloe
oxadiazon 3-t2,i-dichloro-5 -( | -methylethoxy)Pheny ll-5-( I I'di-
methylethyl)- 1,3,4-oxadizoal-2-(3n'one
oxyflìiorfen 2-chloro-I -(3-ethoxy-4-nìtrophenoxy)-4'(trifl uorome'
thyl)benz€ne
l,l'-dimethyl.4,4'-bipyÍidinium ion
ParaquÂl
pebulate S-propylbutylethylcarbamothioale
pendimethalin N-(I -eúy lpíopyl)-3.4.dimethyl-2.6-dinitrobenzenamr ne
phenmedipham l-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl(3-methylPhen-
vl)carbamatc
picloram 4-ámino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
primisulfuron 2-[[[[t4,6-bis(dinuoromethoxy )-2'pvrimidi'
nyìlarninolcarbonyllaminolsulfonyllbenzoic acid
píodiãminc 2,4-diÍrilro-M,M-dipropyl-6'(trifl uoromethyl)' 1.3'bon'
rcnêdlÃthl c
6-mcLhoxy-N. N'-bis(l -methyle(hyl)- 1 3 5-tíiazin€-24-
diâminc
pr0metryn MN'-bis(I -methylerhyl)-ó-(methylthio)- 1,3'5-riazine-
2,4-diamine
pronamide 3,5-dichloÍo(N- I , | -dimethyl'2-Propynyl)benzaÍn ide
pÍoPachloÍ 2-chloro-rV-( l-methylethyl)'N-phenylacetamlde
Propanlr N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)proPanamide
pÍopazine 6-chloro-N,N'-bis( l-methylethyl)'1,3,5-triãzine-2,4-di-
amine
píopham I -methyleúylphenylcaÌbamate
pyrazolynâÌc (2,3-dichlorophcnyl )[ I .3-dimethy l-5'Il (4-meúylphen'
y l)sulfonylloxyl- I fl-pyÍazol'4-yllrnethanone
pyÍithiobac z-ótrioro-e-i(+,0-aimertroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)thiolbenzoic
âcto
pyÍrdârc O-(6-chloÍo-3-phenyl'4'Pyridazinyl)S'octyl carbono-
thioate
quinclorâc 3,?-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid
quizalofop-P (R)-2-[4-[(6-chloío-2-qüinoxalinyl)
oxylphenoxylproPanoic acid
rimsulfuron N-lt(a,6-dimeúoxy-2-Pyrimidinyl)aminolcaÍbonvll'3-
(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinesulfonamide
sethoxvdlm 2-[ I -(éthoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2'(eúylthio)proPyl]'3-hy-
droxy-2.cYclohexen' l'one
st0uÍon N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)'N'-phenyluÍea
stínazlne 6-chloro-MM-diethyl- I,3,5-triazire-2,4'diamine
sulfentrazone N-t2.4-dichloío-5-[4-(dinuoromethyl)-4,5'dihydro-3-
meúyl-5-oxo-lH- 1,2,4-lriazol- l -yll-Phen-
vlìmeúanesulfonamide
sulfometuíon 2-titi(4,ó-diÍnethyl-2-pyÍimmidinvl)
aminolcarbonyllaminolsulfonylìbenzoic acid
TCÁ trichloroacetic acicl
tebuthiuÍon N-t5-(l, l-dimeúyleúvl)-l'3'4úiadiazol-2'yll-N'N'-di
mcthYlureã
teÍbacil 5-chloÍo-3-( l, I -dimerhylethyl)-6-meúyl-2,4(ll''3Ì4'
pyrirnidinedione
thifensulfuíon l-ÍÍtí(4-methoxy-6-methyl- l'3 5-triszin'2-
ii)aminolcarbonyllarninolsulfoíylì-2-úioPhenecaÍ-
boxylic acid
thiobencarb S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylldieúylcarbamothioate
ralkoxYdim 2-[ I -(ethoxyimino)pÍoPyll-3-hvdroxy-5{3'4'6-trime-
thylphenyl)-2'cyclohexen' I -onê
S-(2,3,3-tíchloÍo-2-pÍopenyl)bis( l-methyle-
ÌÍiallate
thyl)carbamoúioate
triasulfuron 2{2-clÌloroeúoxy)-N-[[(4-meúoxy-ó-meúyl-1,3,5-tÍia-
zin-2-yl)aminolcarbonyll_benzenesulfonamide

393