Cell Division
Cell Division
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Historic_1882_mitosis_drawing.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Cell_division_-
_3_types.jpg)
Historic Historic 1882 mitosis drawings
Introduction
How does one cell become two?
MCB - stages of mitosis and cytokinesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21537/)
Cell Cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A213&rendertype=figure&id=A215) |
Movie of mitosis in the embryo (/cellbiology/images/e/ee/Embryo_mitosis.mov)
Lecture Slides: 2017 Lecture PDF (/cellbiology/images/2/26/2017_Cell_Division.pdf)
Movies
Movie - ASCB Mitosis in a Vertebrate Cell (http://www.ascb.org/ivl/design/celldivision.html)
JCB - Movie Collection Mitosis (http://jcb.rupress.org/misc/annotatedvideo.shtml#Mitosis) | Cytokinesis
(http://jcb.rupress.org/misc/annotatedvideo.shtml#Cytokinesis)
2016 (https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cell_Division&oldid=77614) | Lecture
- Cell Division (/cellbiology/index.php/2009_Lecture_16) 2008 ANAT3231 Lecture PDF lecture14-15 1
slide/page (view) (http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L14-15s1.pdf) | 4 slides/page (print)
(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L14-15s4.pdf) | 6 slides/page (print)
(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L14-15s6.pdf) | text (print)
(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L14-15txt.pdf)
Links: Mitosis (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cell_Division_-_Mitosis) | Meiosis
(http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cell_Division_-_Meiosis)
MBoC4: Mitosis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934) | Meiosis
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26840)
Objectives
Understanding of the main stages of cell division
Understanding of cytokinesis
Understanding of chromosome structure
Broad understanding of the differences between mitosis and meiosis
including sex differences
Cell Division
Cell Division Milestones (http://www.nature.com/celldivision/milestones/index.html)
Recent Nobel Prizes- 2001 Cell Cycle, 2002 Cell Death
Features 2 mechanical processes
Mitosis segregation of chromosomes and formation of 2 nuclei
Cytokinesis splitting of the cell as a whole into 2 daughter cells
Textbooks
Essential Cell Biology (Alberts) Chapter 17
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Alberts) – Chapter 17,18
The Cell – Chapter 14,15
Molecular Cell Biology – Chapter 13
Binary Fission
Prokaryotes – And Eukaryote
mitochondria
Asexual reproduction - replicates
original cell to produce two identical
cells
Grow in numbers exponentially
adequate nutrients and a fast life
cycle (/cellbiology/index.php/Bacteria_Cell_Division_Movie_1)
single organism can multiply into B
acteria Division
billions Page (/cellbiology/index.php/Bacteria_Cell_Division_Movie_1) | Play
High mutation rate of bacteria (/cellbiology/images/2/21/Bacteria_cell_division_1.mp4)
(fission = splitting of something into its
parts)
Cell Lifespan
Body cell types – About 210 types
Lifespan – Born, Differentiate, Function, Divide or Die
Cell Types
Neutrophil – 6-7 hours circulating – 4 days in tissue
Red blood cell – 120 days
Brain neuron, heart – 50 - 100 years
Cell Changes
Nucleus
Chromosome condensation
Nuclear envelope breakdown
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton reorganization
Spindle formation (MT) Contractile ring (MF)
Organelle redistribution
Mitosis Energy
Cell division uses up a lot of energy, so cells ensure they have enough resources to complete the job
before committing to it.
Mitosis Phases
Based on light microscopy of living cells light and electron microscopy of fixed and stained cells
5 Phases - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Cytokinesis 6th stage overlaps the end of mitosis
MBC The stages of mitosis and cytokinesis in an animal cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5500)
Interphase
not a mitotic phase (discussed in cell cycle)
Chromosomes dispersed in nucleus
Gene expression
Cytoskeleton and cell organelles - Distributed and functioning
Mitochondria undergo independent proliferation/division
Chromosome Changes
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Chromatin_Structures.png)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:HumanchromosomeXX1.jpg)
2 telomeres, centromere, replication origins
Telomere- at ends of chromosome (bacterial DNA circular)
Centromere- holds duplicated DNA together
Kinetochore - protein complex forms around the centromere forms during mitosis
Chromatin - DNA packed by DNA binding proteins (histones and non-histones) form 30nm DNA fibre
2 types of chromatin in interphase nuclei (based on cytology)
heterochromatin - highly condensed (restricted gene transcription)
euchromatin - less condensed (gene transcription)
Telomere
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Chromosome_telomeres.gif)
at ends of all chromosomes (not bacterial DNA circular)
roles in chromosome replication and maintenance
replication
for replicating the ends of linear chromosomes
maintenance
proposed to provide each cell with a replication counting mechanism that helps prevent unlimited
proliferation
each cell division shortens telomere 50–100 nucleotides
DNA 100s to 1,000s repeats of a simple-sequence containing clusters of G residues (humans AGGGTT)
Telomerase enzyme maintains length
Nature News 2010 (http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101128/full/news.2010.635.html)
Centromere
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Centromeres2.jpg)
directs movement of each chromosome into daughter cells every time a cell divides
centromere embedded in heterochromatin
satellite DNA sequences (AT-rich) repeated many thousands of times
proteins assemble on this to form Kinetochore
attachment site for spindle microtubules
Links: MBOC - Centromere (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.672)
Replication Origins
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:DNA_replication_fork.png)
DNA replication initiates at multiple origins (ori)
in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
multiple origins in eukaryotes (human genome about 30,000 origins)
each origin produces two replication forks (moving in opposite directions)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitosis_fl.jpg)
Prophase
Chromosome DNA has been earlier duplicated (S Phase)
Chromosomes begin condensing
Chromosome pairs (chromatids) held together at centromere
Microtubules disassemble
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Spindle Apparatus
3 sets of microtubules - (+) ends point away from centrosome at each pole.
1. astral microtubules - anchor the pole end in position
2. kinetochore microtubules - connected to chromosomes
3. polar microtubules - form the structure of the spindle apparatus
Spindle Apparatus EM
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mboc4&part=A3349&rendertype=figure&id=A3350) |
Spindle Apparatus
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5505) |
MBC Movie- Microtubule dynamics during mitosis
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5514)
At end of prophase nuclear envelope breaks down
Prometaphase
Microtubules now enter nuclear region
Nuclear envelope forms vesicles around mitotic spindle
Kinetochores form on centromere attach to some MTs of
spindle
Dynamic instability and the capture of chromosomes
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5520) (/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mammalian_cell_-
_prophase.jpg)
Centromeric attachment of microtubules
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? Mammalian cell - prophase[1]
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5509)
At end of prometaphase chromosomes move to metaphase
plate
Metaphase
Kinetochore MTs align chromosomes in one midpoint
plane
Proposed alternative mechanisms for chromosome
congression (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5522)
Metaphase ends when sister kinetochores separate
Anaphase
Separation of sister Kinetochores
shortening of Kinetochore microtubules pulls
chromosome to spindle pole
Experiment - during anaphase A chromosomes move
poleward along stationary kinetochore microtubules, which
coordinately disassemble from their kinetochore ends
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? (/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitosis_-
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5526) _Metaphase.jpg)
Mitosis - Metaphase
Anaphase ends as nuclear envelope (membrane) begins to
reform
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles
Kinetochore MTs lost
Condensed chromosomes begin expanding
Continues through cytokinesis
Links: Figure 19-41 Microtubule dynamics during mitosis
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5514) |
Figure 19-34. The stages of mitosis and cytokinesis in an
animal cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5500) |
Cytokinetic abscission: cellular dynamics at the midbody
(http://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/fulltext/S0962-
8924(09)00158-5) (/cellbiology/index.php/File:Chromosome_motility_anap
Chromosome motility anaphase
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasmic contents
Contractile ring forms at midpoint under membrane
Microfilament ring - contracts forming cleavage furrow
myosin II is the motor
Eventually fully divides cytoplasm
Links: Cytokinesis
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=cooper&part=A1790&rendertype=figure&id=A1802) |
Cytokinesis in Plants
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mboc4&part=A3381&rendertype=figure&id=A3396)
Cell Organelles
Mitochondria (/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitosis_-
Divide independently of cell mitosis _Telophase.jpg)
distributed into daughter cells Mitosis - Telophase
Peroxisomes
localise at spindle poles
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Peroxisome_mitosis2.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi
2 processes - disassembly and reassembly
Golgi stack undergoes a continuous fragmentation
process
fragments are distributed into daughter cells
are reassembled into new Golgi stacks
Disassembly
Unstacking - mediated by two mitotic kinases (cdc2 and
plk)
Vesiculation - mediated by COPI budding machinery
ARF1 and the coatomer complex
Reassembly
Fusion - formation of single cisternae by membrane
fusion
Restacking - requires dephosphorylation of Golgi
stacking proteins by protein phosphatase PP2A
Danming Tang, Kari Mar, Graham Warren, Yanzhuang Wang
Molecular mechanism of mitotic Golgi disassembly and
reassembly revealed by a defined reconstitution assay. J.
Biol. Chem.: 2008, 283(10);6085-94 PubMed 18156178
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156178)
Interkinetic Nuclear (/cellbiology/index.php/File:Post-
Migration mitotic_Golgi_stack_formation.png)
Post-mitotic Golgi stack formation
Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) - mitosis occur at
apical surface of elongated epithelium
occurs in pseudostratified epithelia (PSE) - e.g. trachea
(https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/0/0a/Trachea_histology_01.jpg), ductus
epididymidis (https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Testis_histology_015.jpg),
developing neuroepithelium
(https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Interkinetic_Nuclear_Migration_Movie).
apico-basal polarity, generally more elongated and nuclei are more densely packed.
Mitosis and Meiosis
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitosis_meiosis1.jpg) Progeny
Mitosis 2 Daughter cells identical to parent (diploid)
Meiosis Germ cell division (haploid)
Reductive division
Generates haploid gametes (egg, sperm)
Each genetically distinct from parent
Genetic recombination (prophase 1)
Exchanges portions of chromosomes maternal/paternal homologous pairs
Independent assortment of paternal chromosomes (meiosis 1)
Cell Birth - Mitosis and Meiosis 1st cell division- Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes pairing unique to meiosis
Each chromosome duplicated and exists as attached sister chromatids before pairing occurs
Genetic Recombination shown by chromosomes part red and part black
chromosome pairing in meiosis involves crossing-over between homologous chromosomes
(For clarity only 1 pair of homologous chromosomes shown)
Comparison of Meiosis/Mitosis
After DNA replication 2 nuclear (and cell) divisions required to produce haploid gametes
Each diploid cell in meiosis produces 4 haploid cells (sperm) 1 haploid cell (egg)
Each diploid cell mitosis produces 2 diploid cells
Male and Female Meiosis
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Male_gametogenesis.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Female_gametogenesis.jpg)
Links: Gametogenesis (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=BGDA_Practical_3_-
_Gametogenesis)
Abnormalities
Meiotic Nondisjunction
Occurs when homologues fail to separate during meiotic division I or II
Down Syndrome
Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Nondisjunction (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A3575&rendertype=figure&id=A3577)
Chromosomal Translocations
Philadelphia chromosome
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Piece of Chr9 exchanged with Chr22 Generates truncated abl
Overstimulates cell production
Meiosis Sex Differences
Female (oogenesis)
Meiosis initiated once in a finite population of cells
1 gamete produced / meiosis
Completion of meiosis delayed for months or years
Meiosis arrested at 1st meiotic prophase and reinitiated in a smaller population of cells
Differentiation of gamete occurs while diploid in first meiotic prophase
All chromosomes exhibit equivalent transcription and recombination during meiotic prophase
Male (spermatogenesis)
Meiosis initiated continuously in a mitotically dividing stem cell population
4 gametes produced / meiosis
Meiosis completed in days or weeks
Meiosis and differentiation proceed continuously without cell cycle arrest
Differentiation of gamete occurs while haploid after meiosis ends
Sex chromosomes excluded from recombination and transcription during first meiotic prophase
References
1. Russan NM. Let's Build a Spindle. ASCB Image & Video Library. 2008;CYT-190. Available at:
http://cellimages.ascb.org/u?/p4041coll12,521 (http://cellimages.ascb.org/u?/p4041coll12,521)
Textbooks
Essential Cell Biology
Essential Cell Biology Chapter 17
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and
London: Garland Science; c2002
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - IV. Internal Organization of the Cell Chapter 17. The Cell Cycle and
Programmed Cell Death
The Cell Cycle and Programmed Cell Death (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mboc4.chapter.3167)
An Overview of the Cell Cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.3169)
Figure 17-1. The cell cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3168)
Molecular Cell Biology
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New
York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
Figure 19-41 Microtubule dynamics during mitosis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5514)
Figure 19-34. The stages of mitosis and cytokinesis in an animal cell
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A5499&rendertype=figure&id=A5500)
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
The Cell - A Molecular Approach - IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. The Cell Cycle
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2433)
Figure 14.1. Phases of the cell cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cooper.figgrp.2435)
Search Online Textbooks
"cell division" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=cell+division+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=cell+division+mcb) | The Cell- A
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"mitosis" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
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db=Books&cmd=search&term=mitosis+cooper) | Bookshelf (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
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"meiosis" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=meiosis+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=meiosis+mcb) | The Cell- A
molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=meiosis+cooper) | Bookshelf (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=meiosis)
Books
PubMed
PubMed is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that includes over 18 million citations from
MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical articles back to 1948. PubMed includes links to full
text articles and other related resources. PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed)
PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) allowing all users free access to
the material in PubMed Central. PMC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PMC)
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive compendium of human genes and
genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known
mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim)
Entrez is the integrated, text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for the major databases,
including PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy,
and others Entrez (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar)
Search Pubmed
"cell division" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?
itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=cell+division)
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Reviews
The great divide: coordinating cell cycle events during bacterial growth and division. Haeusser DP, Levin PA.
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2008 Apr;11(2):94-9. Epub 2008 Apr 7. Review. PMID: 18396093
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396093) | PMC
(http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18396093)
Cell cycle studies based upon quantitative image analysis. Stacey DW, Hitomi M. Cytometry A. 2008
Apr;73(4):270-8. Review. PMID: 18163464 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163464)
Analysis of cell cycle phases and progression in cultured mammalian cells. Schorl C, Sedivy JM. Methods.
2007 Feb;41(2):143-50. Review. PMID: 17189856 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189856)
Cell cycle regulation of DNA replication. Sclafani RA, Holzen TM. Annu Rev Genet. 2007;41:237-80. Review.
PMID: 17630848 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630848)
External Links
ASCB iBioSeminars - Separating Duplicated Chromosomes by Dick McIntosh - Part 1: Preparing for Cell
Division (http://www.ibioseminars.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=66) |
Part 2: Understanding Mitosis through Experimentation (http://www.ibioseminars.org/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=70) | Part 3: Moving Chromosome to the Spindle Poles:
the mechanisms of anaphase A (http://www.ibioseminars.org/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=71)
McGraw-Hill Animation comparing Mitosis and Meiosis (http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?
it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120074/bio17.swf::Comparison%20of%20Meiosis%20and%20Mitosis)
Salmon Lab Mitosis Movies (http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/salmon/lab/moviesmitosis.html)
2017 Course Content
Lectures: Cell Biology Introduction (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Biology_Introduction) | Cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (/cellbiology/index.php/Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes) |
Cell Membranes and Compartments
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Membranes_and_Compartments) | Cell Nucleus
(http://moodle.telt.unsw
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Nucleus) | Cell Export - Exocytosis
id=25143)
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Export_-_Exocytosis) | Cell Import - Endocytosis
Moodle
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Import_-_Endocytosis) | Cytoskeleton Introduction
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_Introduction) | Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Microfilaments) | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Microtubules) | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Intermediate_Filaments) | Cell Mitochondria
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Mitochondria) | Cell Junctions (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Junctions) | Extracellular
Matrix 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Extracellular_Matrix_1) | Extracellular Matrix 2
(/cellbiology/index.php/Extracellular_Matrix_2) | Cell Cycle (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Cycle) | Cell Division |
Cell Death 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_1) | Cell Death 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_2) | Signal 1
(/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_1) | Signal 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_2) | Stem Cells 1
(/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_1) | Stem Cells 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_2) | Development
(/cellbiology/index.php/Development) | 2017 Revision (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Revision)
2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_1) | Fixation and Staining
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_2) |
2017 Projects (/cellbiology/index.php/ANAT3231_Projects_2017): Group 1 - Delta
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_1_Project) | Group 2 - Duct (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_2_Project)
| Group 3 - Beta (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_3_Project) | Group 4 - Alpha
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_4_Project)
Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Categories (/cellbiology/index.php/Special:Categories):
Science-Undergraduate (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:Science-Undergraduate)
2017ANAT3231 (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:2017ANAT3231)
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