Viva Questions

Question: Define the terms: Fitting and Bench work.

Question: Name the material with which a vice body is normally made of. What is the characteristic of
this material?
Question: What for a C-clamp
clamp is used?
Question: Classify hacksaw blades.
blades
Question: Differentiate between ‘Single cut’ and ‘Double cut’ files.
Question: Differentiate between ‘Cross filing’ and ‘Draw filing’.
Question: Name the different types of hammers used in fitting work.
Question: Differentiate between cross
cross-peen hammer and straight-peen
peen hammer.
Question: What is meant by pinning of files?
Question: With what the size of a spanner is denoted?
 CARPENTRY

INTRODUCTION

Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It starts from a marketable form
of wood and ends with finished products. It deals with the building work, furniture, cabinet making. Etc.
joinery, i.e., preparation of joints is one of the
the important operations in all woodworks. It deals with the
specific work of carpenter like making different types of joints to form a finished product.

Timber:
Timber is the name given to the wood obtained from well grown trees. The trees are cut, sawn
saw into
various sizes to suit building purposes.

The word, ‘grain’, as applied to wood, refers to the appearance or pattern of the wood on the cut
surfaces. The grain of the wood is a fibrous structure and to make it strong, the timber must be so cut,
that the grains run parallel to the length.
Timber Sizes
Timber sold in the market is in various sizes and shapes. The following are the common shapes and sizes.
a) Log the trunk of the tree which is free from branches.
b) Balk the log, sawn to have roughly square cross section.
c) Post A timber piece, round or square in cross section, having its diameter or side from 175 to
300mm.
d) Plank A sawn timber pie piece,
ce, with more than 275 mm in width, 50 to 150 mm in thickness and
2.5 to 6.5 meters in length.

e) Board A sawn timber piece, below 175 mm in width and 30 to 50 mm in thickness.

f) Reapers Sawn timber pieces of assorted and non standard sizes, which do not confirm to the
above shapes and sizes.

Classification of Timber
Wood suitable for construction and other engineering purposes is called timber. Woods in general are
divided into two broad categories: Soft woods and hard woods.
Soft woods are obtained from conifers, kair, deodar, chir, walnut and seemal. Woods obtained from teak,
sal, oak, shisham, beach, ash mango, neem and babul are known as hard wood
wood, but it is highly durable.
Another classification of woods is based on the name of the trees like teak, babul, shisham, neem, kair,
chir, etc.
Seasoning of Wood
A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content. If this is not removed, the timber is
likely to wrap, shrink, crack or decay. Seasoning is the art of extracting the moisture content
co
under controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, from all the parts of the timber. Only seasoned
wood should be used for all carpentry works. Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter.
Further, it ensures that the wood will not distort after it iiss made into an object.

Characteristics of Good Timber

The good timber must possess the following characteristics
a. It should have minimum moisture content, i.e., the timber should be well seasoned.
b. The grains of wood should be straight and long.
c. It must retain
ain its straightness after seasoning.
d. It should produce near metallic sound on hammering.
e. It should be free from knots or cracks.
f. It should be of uniform color, throughout the part of the wood.
g. It should respond well to the finishing and polishing operations.
h. During driving the nails and screw, it should not split easily.

MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS:

Accurate marking and measurement is very essential in carpentry work, to produce parts to exact
size. To transfer dimensions onto the work; the following
following are the marking and measuring tools
that are required in a carpentry shop.
Steel Rule and Steel Tape
Steel rule is a simple measuring instrument consisting of a long, thin metal strip with a marked
scale of unit divisions. It is an important tool for linear measurement. Steel tape is used for large
measurements, such as marking on boards and checking the overall dimensions of the work.

Fig: Steel Rule and Steel Tape

Marking Gauge
It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a wooden piece. It consists of a square
wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it. On the stem is fitted a marking pin, made
of steel. The stock is set at any desired distance from the marking
marking point and fixed in position by a
screw. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem, about 3 mm and the
end are sharp enough to make a very fine line. A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, it is
possible to adjust the distance
tance between the pins, to draw two parallel lines on the stock.

Marking gauge Mortise gauge

Fig: Marking Gauges

Try Square
It is used for marking and testing the squareness and straightness of planed surfaces. It consists
of a steel blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for checking the planed surfaces for
flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm, according tto o the length of the blade. It is less
accurate when compared to the try square used in the fitting shop.

Fig: Try Square

Compass and Divider
Compass and divider, are used for marking arcs and circles on the planed surfaces of the wood.
Scriber or Marking Knife
It is used for marking on timber. It is made of steel having one end pointed and the other end
formed into a sharp cutting edge.
Bevel Square
It is used for laying out and checking angles. The blade of the bevel is adjustable and may be
held in place by a thumb screw. After it is set to the desired angle, it can be used in much the
same way as a try square. A good way to set it to the required angle is to mark the angle on a
surface and then adjust the blade to fit the angle.

Fig: Compass and Divider Fig: Scriber and Bevel Square

HOLDING TOOLS:
Carpenters Vice
It is used as a work holding device in a carpenter shop. It’s one jaw is fixed to the side of the
table while the other is movable by means of a screw and a handle. The Carpenter's vice jaws are
lined with hard wooden' faces

Fig: Carpenters Vice Fig: C clamp

C Clamp
It is used for holding small works (see figure above).
Bar Clamp
It is made of steel bar of T section, with malleable iron fittings and a steel screw. It is used for
holding wide works such as frames or tops.
PLANNING TOOLS:
Planning is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on wood. A plane is a hand tool used for
this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plane is very similar to a chisel. The blade of a plane is
fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at an angle.
Types of Planes:
Jack Plane
It is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about 35 cm long. The cutting iron
(blade) should have a cutting edge of slight curvature. It is used for quick removal of material on
rough work and is also used in oblique planning.
Smoothing Plane
It is used for finishing work and hence, the blade should have a straight cutting edge. It is about
20 to 25 cm long. Being short, it can follow even the slight depressions in the stock, better than
the jack plane. It is used after using the jack plane.
Rebate Plane
It is used for making a rebate. A rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, which is
generally used for positioning glass in frames and doors.
Plough Plane
It is used to cut grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door. The following
following figure shows the
various types of planes mentioned above.
CUTTING TOOLS:
Saws
A saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There are different types of saws, designed to suit different
purposes. A saw is specified by the length of its toothed edge.
Types of Saws:
Cross Cut Saw or Hand Saw
It is used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that the saw kerf will be wider
than the blade thickness. This allows the blade to move freely in the cut, without sticking
Rip Saw
It is used for cutting the stock along the grains. The
The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper
angle, i.e., about 60° whereas that of crosscut saw makes an angle of 45° with the surface of the
stock.
Tenon Saw
It is used for cutting the stock either along or across the grains. It is used for cutting tenons and
in fine cabinet work. However, it is used for small and thin cuts. The blade of this saw is very
thin and so it is stiffened with a thick back steel strip. Hence, this is sometimes called as
back saw. In this, the teeth are shaped like those of cross cut saw.
Compass Saw
It has a narrow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for heavy works. It is mostly
used in radius cutting. The blade of this saw is fitted with an open type wooden handle.

Fig: Types of Saws

CHISELS:
Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels are made in various
blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are also made in different blade lengths. Most of
the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel shank which fits
fi inside the handle.
These are made of forged steel or tool steel blades.

Fig: Types of Chisels

Types of Chisels:
Firmer Chisel
The word 'firmer' means 'stronger' and hence firmer chisel is stronger than other chisels. It is a
general purpose chisel and is used either by hand pressure or by a mallet. The blade of a firmer
chisel is flat, as shown in figure.
Dovetail Chisel
It has a blade with a beveled back, as shown in Figure, due to which it can enter sharp comers
for finishing, as in dovetail joints.
Mortise Chisel
It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, etc. The cross section of the mortise
chisel is proportioned
roportioned to withstand heavy blows during mortising. Further, the cross section is
made stronger near the shank.
 T-LAP JOINT
AIM:-To make a T-lap joint from the given two reapers,

TOOLS REQUIRED: -Carpenter’s vice, steel rule, jack plane, try -Square, marking gauge,
cross-cut saw, tenson saw, scribes and mallet,

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS: -
1, The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size.
2, The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter’s vice and any two adjacent faces are planed by
the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with the try - square.
3, Milking gauge is Set and lines are drawn at 30 and 40 mm, to mark the thickne ss and width of
the model respectively,
4, The excess material is first chiseled out with firmer chisel and then planed to correct size.
5. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking gauge,
6, Using the cross-cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces, followed by
chiseling and also the parts X and Y.
7, The en& of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
8. A fine finishing iS given to the parts, if required so that, proper fit ting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1, Care should be taken while marking.
2, Care should be taken while cutting the wooden piece with chisel,

RESULT:-The T-lap joint is thus made by following the abo ve sequence of operations.
 T-L IP .1III T

NOTE:-
l. . ll dimensions arc in inns .
 DOVETAIL LAP JOINT
AIM: - To make a dovetail lap joint from the given two reapers.

TOOLS REQUIRED. - Carpenter’s vice, steel rule, jack plane, try -square, marking gauge,
Cross-cut saw, tension saw and mallet.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS: -
1, The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size,
2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter’s vice and any two adjacent faces are planed by
the jack plane and the two fac es are checked for squareness with the try - square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 40 mm, to mark the thickness and width of
the model respectively.
4. The excess material is first chiseled out with firmer chisel and then plane d to correct size.
5. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking gauge.
6. Using the cross -cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut, followed by chiseling the parts X
and Y,
7. The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
8, A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1, Care should be taken while marking.
2. Care should be taken while cutting the wooden piece with chisel.

RESULT: - The dovetail lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of
Operations.
 DOVETAIL LAP JOINT

NOTE:-
All dimensions are in mm .