Modal verbs (1): can, could, must,

have to

Of course I can!
I can. I could speak
That's a sill~ question.
Italian when I was three!

o Complete the table.

Present Past
Positive I / He / She/ It / I / He / She / It /
We / You / The~ We / You / The~
Negative I / He / She / It / cannot ( ) I / He / She/ It / could not (couldn't)
We / You / The~ pla~ the piano. We / You / The~ pla~ the piano.
Questions Can I / he / she / it / Could I / he / she /
we / ~ou / the~ it / we / ~ou / the~
Short Yes, 1/ he / she / it / we / ~ou / the~ can. Yes, I / he / she / it / we / ~ou / the~ .
answers No, I / he / she / it / we / ~ou / the~ . No, I / he / she / it / we / ~ou / the~ couldn't.
e Read the information.

can and could are modal verbs. Modal • We use could/couldn't to talk about
verbs are different from other verbs: ability in the past.
• We don't add -s in the third person singular. She could speak Italian when she was three.
She can swim. V S"'e CBRSswiffl. I couldn't sleep last night.
• We use an infinitive without to after a
Permission
modal verb.
• We use Can I/Can we ... 1 to ask if it is
I can play tennis. V I CBRte f3!B!JteRRis.
OK to do something.
• We don't make questions and negatives
Can I use your phone?
with do/does or did.
Can we leave now?
Can you speak English? V De !Jel:l CBR • We use You can/can't to tell someone
sf3€Bk E.R~lis"'?
that it is or isn't OK to do something.
Ability You can park over there.
• We use can/can't to talk about ability in You can't use that computer.
the present. A: Can I borrow your camera?
She can speak Italian. I can't see him. B: Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

e Complete with can/can't.

A: Can .
your sister I t he gUitar.
pay . ? 5 A: He's only a baby. He walk.
B: No, she can't. B: How old is he?
2 A: I lock the door. I've lost the key. b A: She sing really well.
B: Where is it? B: Yes. She's fantastic!
3 A: I do this exercise. 7 A: your father use a computer?
B: I'll help you! B: Yes, he .
4 A: penguins fly, Mum? 8 A: I'm sorry. I help you.
B: No, they . B: That's OK. I'll ask Jo.

et Complete with could/couldn't.

I He .co.u/d.n.'.t .... come to the party because he was ill.
2 ............ you ride a bike when you were six?
3 Jack was a very clever child. He read when he was five.
4 We go to the cinema yesterday. We were very busy.
5 Swimming's easy! I swim when I was four.
b ........... you speak English five years ago?
7 She speaks five languages. She speak Italian and French
when she was six.
8 My brother play football three years ago, but he's very
good at it now.
2
• Circle the correct answer.
A: My brother I can / could play chess when he was six.
B: Really? 2 Can / Could you play chess when you were little?
A: No, I 3 can't / couldn't. But I 4 can / could play now.

2 A: What's the matter?

B: I'm tired. I went to bed early last night but I 5 can't / couldn't sleep
because it was really hot! And now I've got a headache and I b can't / couldn't do
my homework!

3 A: I 7 can't / couldn't find my keys. Have you seen them?

B: No, sorry. Are you leaving?
A: Yes. I'm going to the sports centre with Mark. 8 Can / Could you come?
B: No, I q can't / couldn't. I'm busy. I want to finish my Science project.
I 10 can't / couldn't finish it last night.

G Write sentences with can/can't.

j
During the exam:
1 'you..c~n.. u.se..ypur. .d.i.c~;o.n~r;~~ . (use your dictionaries .,I)
2 . (open your books X) I
3 . (write with a pen or a pencilV') ~

r)
4 . (take notes .,I) \
5 . (leave the classroom X)
6 . (speak to each other X)
7
8
.
.
(show your answers to another student X)
(ask your teacher for help .,I) r•
•...1

• Complete with can or can't.

A: Excuse me, I.C~rl we sit here?
B: I'm sorry, you 2 But you 3 sit over there.

2 A: 4 I use your computer, Mr Green?

B: Yes, of course you s You b use the printer, too if you need it.

3 A: 7 I listen to your new CD?

B: No, you s... . ! You broke my favourite CD last week, remember?
A: I'll be very careful. Please?
B: Oh, OK. You q take it. But you 10 use my CD player!
You've got one in your room!
 must, have to

n Lucy, you must tidy

the living room! Peter,
you must clean the
kitchen floor, it's dirty!
I have to go out and
buy some flowers,
now. And remember:
the cats mustn't come
into the house!
Oh, hello Beth!

I don't understand. Why do you

have to do all these things now?

Because Great Aunt Agatha is going

to stay with us for a few days.

o Complete the tables.

must
Positive You must tidy the living room.

Negative The cats must (mustn't) come into the house.

have to
Positive I / We / You / They have to go out.
He / She lit has .. .. ... .... .... . go out.

Negative I / We / You / They do not / don't

He / She / It does not / .. . .. .

Question I / we / you / they

he / she / it

Yes, 1/ you / we / they do.

No, I / you / we / they .
Yes, he / she / it .
No, he / she / it doesn't
 must have to
must is a modal verb. We use an infinitive • We use an infinitive after have to, but it is
without to after it. not a modal verb. We make questions and
• We use must to say that something is negatives with do/does/don 't/doesn 'to
necessary. I have to go.
You must stay here. He doesn't have to get up early.
We must do our homework. Do we have to leave?
• We use must not!mustn't: • In positive sentences, have to/has to is like
to tell someone not to do something: must. We use it to say that something is
Be quiet! necessary.
You mustn't talk in the library. We have to stay here.
to say that it is necessary not to do He has to do his homework.
something: • In negative sentences, we use don 't/doesn 't
We mustn't be late. have to to say that something is not
• We don't usually use must in questions. necessary.
We don't have to do this now. We can do it
later.

G) Complete with must or mustn't.

Class rules
1 You .~.u~.~n.)t be late.
2 You always remember to bring everything you need for the class.
3 you listen carefully when your teacher or a classmate is speaking.
4 You eat or drink in the classroom.
S You raise your hand to speak.
6 you run in the classroom or in the halls.

4D Complete with the correct form of have to.

I 1 ~Clve..~.9.et ..up at 7.30 every day. (get up)
2 We ~OI1)~ .h.a.v~..to ..w.~;t for them. We can go home. (not wait)
3 Tony his History project today. (finish)
4 We there at eight o'clock. (be)
5 My mum drives us to school. We the bus. (not take)
b We at home. We can go to the park. (not stay)
7 I my room every week. (clean)
8 It's Sunday. We to school. (not go)
9 Gemma a dictionary. She can borrow her brother's. (not buy)
10 A: this now? (we / do)
B: yes, .
11 .................................. on Saturdays? (your mum / work)
12 A: your project today? (you / finish)
B: No, .
118
ne Choose and complete the conversation about Aunt Agatha's visit.

Now, remember children.

You I be ver~ quiet. Aunt Agatha hates noise.
Luc~: 2 ................. we I'ISen
t .. In th e I"IVlngroom.?
t 0 musIc
Mum: No, ~ou 3 .
Peter: Do we 4 to take her horrible dog for a walk?
Mum: No, ~ou 5 .................• Dad will do that.
Beth: /, Peter and Luc~ have to sta~ at home all the time, Mrs Hard~?
Mum: No, Beth, the~ 7 .
Beth: The~ 8 come to m~ house, then!
Luc~: Oh please, Mum!
Mum: Oh, all right ...

Writing practice
G) Complete with one or two words.

Our house rules

I think our house rules are OK. My brother and I 1. ~.n go to the park or play
with our friends after school, but we 2................. to finish our homework first. I
3 stay up late on weekdays, but 1 4 have to go to bed early on
Friday and Saturday.
I don't have 5 get up early on Saturday, but I 6. to tidy my
room. After lunch, my mum 7 to do the food shopping and I usually help her.
Then I have to 8 my homework.
19 go out with my friends at the weekend, but I have to 1D .
back home early.
Trevor, 13

e Write about you. Complete with can, can't, have to or don't have to.

On weekdays ... At the weekend ...

I stay up late. go to bed early.
I.. . bring my friends home. .. do my homework.
I go to the cinema with my friends. ........... ... .. tidy my room.
I tidy my room. .. stay out late
I do my homework before I watch N. ................ drive my mum's/dad's car.
 Modal verbs (2): advice, offers,
suggestions
The boys are in Harry's room. They are Yes, I'm hungry. Shall I
working together on a school project. make some sandwiches?

I can't Lucy! I've

cut my finger
with a knife! It's
really bad!

You should be
careful with knives.

o Complete the tables.

Advice
Positive You should be careful.

Negative you n't spend all your money on CDs.

Question Should I talk to my father about this?

Offers

I.. .. .. .. .. .. .. help you.

Shall I .•. ? Shall make the sandwiches?

Suggestions

Shall we ... ?

Would you like to ... ?

e Read the information.

Advice Shall I + an infinitive without to:

• Should is a modal verb. We use an Shall I take your jacket?
infinitive without to after it.
Suggestions
• We use should/shouldn't when we want • When we want to suggest what to do, we
to give advice. can use:
You should ask your mother about this. Let's + an infinitive without to:
You shouldn't watch so much TV. Let's listen to some music.
• We often use should to ask for advice. Shall we + an infinitive without to:
Should I talk to Tim about this? Shall we listen to some music?
What should we do? Would you like + an infinitive with to:
Offers Would you like to listen to some music?
• When we offer to do things for people,
we can use:
I'll + an infinitive without to:
I'll take your jacket.

e Complete with should/shouldn't.

How to stay healthy

1 You .s~o.ul~ eat lots of fruit and vegetables.
2 you eat a lot of sweets. They're bad for your teeth.
3 you drink lots of milk. It's very good for you.
4 You. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. go to bed late.
5 You. .. .. ... ... .. . ... eat four or five small meals every day.
6 You. .. ... ... .. . ... .. try to do some sport. Exercise is good for your body.

e Give advice with should/shouldn't.

'I want to get better at school.'
You should work. harder.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
 Complete with Shall I or 1'1/.
A: I'm hungry. 5 A: We haven't got any milk.
B: .~ha.U..1....... make some sandwiches? B: get some from the shop?
2 A: It's hot in here! b A: I'm thirsty.
B: open the window. B: get you a glass of water?
3 A: I can't go to the post office. 7 A: I can't do this exercise!
B: post your letter for you? B: help you.
4 A: This suitcase is very heavy. 8 A: How does this printer work?
B: carry it. B: Wait show you.

G Complete the suggestions with Let's, Shal/ we or Would you like.

I .$h.a.t./ .. w.~ get the bus?

2 go to the beach.
3 to watch a DVD?
4 mVlte Jenny.
5 .................................. to go to t h·e cmema tOnlg
. h?t.
b go to McDonald's?
7 stay at home tonight. I'm tired.
8 to play a game?

• Circle the correct answer.

A: I'm so tired! And I've got a terrible headache.
B: I I'll / Shall I get you some aspirin. You 2 should / shouldn't work so hard, you know.
A: Yes, you're right.
B: Come on. 3 Let's / Shall we listen to some music. You can finish your project later.

2 A: I'm going to the sports centre with Simon. We're going to play tennis. 4 Do / Would you like
to come with us?
B: Yes! Great idea. 5 Let's / Shall we call Craig, too?
A: Sure. b Let's / Shall we call him now.
B: OK. Oh, no! I haven't got my racket. Sam's got it.
A: Don't worry. 7 I'll / Shall I give you mine.

3 A: What 8 I should / should I tell John?

B: The truth! You 9 should / shouldn't lie to your friends, Sue!
A: OK. I'll talk to him next week. I haven't got his phone number, so I can't call him now.
122 B: That's OK. I've got it. 10 I'll / Shall I give it to you.
• Choose and complete. Make a suggestion, an offer or give advice.

A: This Maths exercise is very difficult. I can't do it!

B: Don't worry . ..1.)/1..~elp' you.
A: Thanks!
2 A: I've got a terrible toothache!
B: Well, I think you a dentist.
3 A: It's Nick's birthday tomorrow.
B: him a present, then.
4 A: It's nice and warm today.
B: we our bikes to the lake?
A: Good idea! a picnic, too!
B: Yes, that'1I be fun.
S A: I'm really tired this morning.
B: Why?
A: I watched TV until 12.30 last night.
B: That's silly. you TV so late on weekdays.
b A: Mum, your mobile phone's ringing!
B: I can't answer it. I'm in the bathroom!
A: I it for you?
B: Yes, please.

Writing practice

o Choose and write.

Let's watch a DVD. I'll make some. yyy~nQl'uJ'l.dd-l.!:JoI'o~l.Il-ll~il(t€eHteeo..,d:hi'i1h1tIk:('"'S'lSO:rtm'neetE1

Shall I go out and buy some? You should sit down, then.
Shall we watch something else?

A: I'm thirsty! B: 4........ .

B: I .1N.~u.l.d.'y0.u..t.;~e..~ ..dr.;.n~.s.orn~tI1;ng.? A: That's a good idea!
A: Have you got any lemonade? B: The DVD is ready.
B: No, I'm afraid I haven't. Here's your water.
2 A: I'd love some popcorn, too.
A: No, I'll have some water. B: 5 .
B: Are you OK? A: Great!
A: My leg hurts. B: I think I've seen this film before.
B: 3 . A: Really? b .

A: Yes, OK. B: Yes. Let's see what's on TV.