••

HOMO
TH E INVENTION OF

TA ST E I N TH E

DEM O C RA TIC AG E

LUC FER R Y
., T RA NS LA TE D BY ROBERT DE LO AI Z A

IALA·BHA\,ANA
LI O "A~"

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 PREF A C E

H IS ~10RK AIMS AT RETRACI NG the grea t co nceptual momen ts

T o f a histo ry of democratic indi vidualism O f modern subjectivity. For
reaso ns I go into in the first cha pter, th e field of aest he tics is the one in
which, even toda y, the sed iments of such a history a TC most visible and
richest In me a ning . I had to ho ld on to bo th en ds of a somewhat fragile
chai n : on th e o ne h:100 I had (0 recapture th e de finitio ns of sub jectivity
where the y had been mo st stro ngly formu lated-that is, in philoso-
ph y-c-without, o n th e o ther, giving up the interpretation of certa in as-
peers of a d iscipline, aes the tics, happi ly inseparable from art's concrete
his to ry. Th e pro ble m lies in the fac t that ph ilosophy, unlike the hisrori -
,0.11 sciences, does nor bel o ng to wha t is usuall y ca lled " general cultu re."
Art lov er s. even e ru dite ones. a re no t always fa milia r wi th th e wo rks of
Lcibmz , Baumga rte n. Kant. or H egel. It wo uld be pointl ess to believe
that thi s obsta cle ha s to do w ith th e fo rm o r. as is so metimes imagined .
with th e " ja rgo n" in whi ch these pat hs of th ink ing a re enmeshed. It goes
deeper: reflection o n cul ture docs not belon g inte g ra lly with in culture.
It supp os es a dis ta nce always difficult to tr averse and red uce .
I h ave t ried ro pur fo rt h thi s work's the ses in 3 nontechnical way
(cha pte r 1); th e sa me w ith th e main pa ssag es devoted to clari fying the
two ch id mome nts o f mod ern aest hetic s: th e initi al q ua rrel between
heart and reaso n (heginning of chapter 2. ) and the -no dou bt provi-
sio na l- cnd of th is hisro ry (chapter 6 ). T hese sec tions ca n he read reb-
tively indepen dently from the Clost o f the book. Th eir co nnection to .1
syste matic histo ry o f th e sub ject is the o nly thi ng that ca nnot be per-
ccivcd w itho ut a n inc urs io n into phi losop hy.
 IN T R O D U C T I O N

SI'Ec n .R HAur,.,,-S CO :-"'TF. ~ , ro R A RY TII OUGHT: th~ ..pee-

A ter ctf rhe vabject ,
Everyone k now " or 'o('n'o('\ it tod -ay, even OU1\I& the: limit" 01 pro--
fC'o,> I<lnoi l r hlloMJphy. "Th e dc.uh ot m ae," much talked J,bCH.u in 1M
1'U;n.. bu t .. lr (,,1d~· chr on icled l'Iy ~ic't7Khc. f3 1\('\ q cevion.. to which
no way of thinkm g h,h yet broug he a n an..we t , Followi ng the tra il of
vanou.. p redecessors, tnclud mg the a uthor of ZJ riJtlmslriJ. psycbcanal-
p i !>, no dou bt rhi Jio century' .. ~t',} t~( '" t dl~lU.lI acqul"irion . h.1'5brough e
to a hrutal end [he Idea thoat w(' cou ld COtl\ idcr o urselves a\ l1U\ttrS and
P'O..se....or. of ourse lves. The ..ubiect 1,1.. 1\, as they Yr. ".. ph ," (brUi!'l . anJ
our ..I;lr~ of consciousness, co ncept.. or feelings, exposed to the infinite'
dere rrnmario n of the' uncon..cious.
In a pa radox characrerisnc of ou r democra tic culru re, the- 2n -
nouncemem ot the deat h of ma n was acco mpa nied by .1 demand for
au tonomy pro ba bly umque an the: hi$tor)' 0# bu maniry. Gcnt-r2l1y spea k-
ing. in our libe ra l-socia l-democ ratic soci eties, the requirement of free-
du m-understoo d 3 \ the capacity ro give o neself one's own 1a\...S- h.lS
nc'·cr been ..rro nger. wh atever may be said here and there. Even rhose
who lea d the- pr osecu tion In the C3~ 3 ~ i n!'ot global co esumerisrn hOI\"('
resigned themsel ves, som etimes grudgingly. to do ing sc in the n.11X' al
the idea l o f hu ma n being.. takmg their dnnn y into their 0 " 10 h.J.nds.
Even thou gh 1 h e~" m .J. ~· no r .J.hny .. evo ke great em bu siasm , the ulun oi
rt'pu hlican democracy seem "t't to be- ou r p oly acceptable po litical he-
ne on for q uite 3 wbrle.
A pJr.Jdnx , t hen , ~CoIU~ rhe feeling of a n irremediabl e loss oi the
~If- ~ ct tbema rieed b~" col\tem pur.1fy philosophy as thc: cttt'\."t 01 .1 Jc..
my\ tJliciltinn ali hC'.,hh~· 3\ it is subversive-c-is acco m pa nied by .1 C'(Vl-
..un tlr growing will to reappropriati on : o n a n ind i\·id u.11 IC',~ , in the'
attempt to reca pt ure .I lo..t p'1$t fo r o neself, o n .1 cotlecnve b d. in
the co ncern not to f.J1I p rC')" to the infinite' 1U fK' the wo rld at ~"Ummrt('l'
i.J)"\ fo r us (3t th e sa me time th3t it prm"idn u.. with V2 00uS ",·d l-- n..' " ft
§.('rv i~l.
And yet it is a n inevit able par adox, wh ich wt mitthl rou ghh" h~-
 ~ - --
INl l O DUCflO N
rnu!.ltt',IS folltJ,,~: Ca n one No.1 democ' .lt-th.n l <j. ~hC'\·e nOf on" " 1.... 'RODUCTlO....
the ,irtuC"S oJ pluu/isrn but ~I<i() in human ity's "iJ~~("If)" ,limirt'J cho~; rTrr~ n l,U1un ot o,.f'lf n: u im, JI ~Jl n i nK .1h u the ,.Utou~ J«on..tN': ·
II JJ1.1y be. ro m.lkC' ItS 0\,"" hII.UH} Uhe rrC'~up rol>ltIon . like it or nnt, of ti.. n~ 01suh!('\.1IVilY-Ji qu esuon lhe- decon ..tru c1!oni,u~ l~h'C' mu~
.1n~· cnnque of simp le' m.u kcf l.Jwi )- .tnJ ~"el 3 ,,"CC'p t the rhesi.. 3"·COt,j. nnw ..:nll, enl 10 JJ.I,.........
jog 10 ..,..hieh the nori ~ln 01 w,1I h .t~ l'i.-.cn invalid. ned h ~' t he dis"-ClVct},' of In .1 rc,-cur huuk , I.·frr J" 1'""/11';,1,,. " I.lln Rt'O,)ut unde rtook tM
IhC' ".trinus .J sr~tS at the unconscious! , .1"1. IIi ,tt1 J ~' i n ~ ,ht" C' 1w0 q lll'lo!ltlm following .1 phi lmtlphic.ll .1ppm3.:h
Th.u. it seems 10 me. is the rh llm ophical·ru lllic.ll ('''illation of thC' III lilt' hi ' hlT~' ui r hlln ..nphy. J- nr nlYpart., fa ithful to .In approach I took
end ot IhC' present cen tury-c-a n ~~u .lti,)n 10 whi ch d rCl> pnn't" in th e '0
In nl ~ tir, t "1U.11C"', I m c-d udd C' them trom a perspecnve cxu-rn.ll to
form of .J .."Om r romi~ wou ld otter un l~' ,) ffiC'dlO("t e s:u id.t..-tion• .n the hi,tnr) " of pu re l'h lll....' phy : th .n of dC"Schelil-s.
!lUt W.h nut .Itl .It}.u r.ny choice. The qunnon ~ pUt b~' the thnn
would No me c..se, ii it m uvr be repe ated , wit h .In~· pn1entiun 10 " re-
0' ,hl' .I..·.uh 0 1 m an refer bA'L. ttl th e statu.. of the Aut hnr, 01 the <; ubie«
rum" to forms of ~ul:oi ('(li\'ity pr Ior to the emergence uf the " split
tho ut:,hr ul .1' a e:n u r. , 1 mot if rh.lt hoi!> been d evelope d C""recidl1y In re-
scbrecr."
tll·",rilln .IhnUI .IT!. Fur rea son ...about to he di..cu ....C'J. J.C'!>th eCi" i, the
In ~~ C'.1rlic t h(~k. LJ rl'tlsh' 6S (tra n..fared .:I" tren ch 11/" /osopb)'
lidd r ;!r cxcellc nce in which rhe prohlem~ brought about b~' the sub jec -
of Iltt .'wXIk'S). Alain Rcna ut and I undert ook to q ues tio n thu , c who
liVll .uio n u' lIu: ....ond characterivnc of mode rn limC's ca n he observed
were in o ur o pi mo n the le.:lding figur es uf •·..rontempora rv 3m ihuRl .m .
111 ih .., chcn uc ally r ure \I.He.
jun." the mo st siputic.:Int mo me-nts in (he critiq ue of the su bi ec t u nde e. Fro m Toc q uevrlle 10 Aren d ! an d H eidcgger , fro m \\'dlCr to StUu,,<;
stood d.tssll:.1I1,· .1 " ron S('iou~ nMos a nd w ill. The w ork bei ng polemical . .InJ Dumlllll. the mm t p rofo und .1nd l r ~ of mod ernity have poi oeed
it was w ith pclermcs rh ar It W.lS most o teen rel-uned . Fo ll owtn~ the nu ' wh .n the em e r~"n("e o f IIlJ lv iJua l l~ m me'3 nt, l1~g,Jt'l ." y, in term!>
pnnciple of two nc:ptio n!lo N-i n~ cqu.d to .10 .1ffi rm .u ion. si ncr: we 'ACfl.o oi th(" ero,illn ot Ih(" uni \'cr!>C' of tr.1J u ion..: the di'idppur.m..:c of the
crincizing tn(' cmiqu cs of 1.70n ~iou !>n ( ss .1I1d w ill. wc w er c .l(cused o f o rdt'r\ J.nd gui lJ .. tlf th e dOl: ien regime'. the d il>cnchantmcnt or de-
u")"mg to return to Descancs and. in th e n.l mc Of.l r.uion.llism e-I.ju;lled lIu gi.....lhl ;uion o i rhe wo rld . ,he end o f tht' r()ll ti co-r hcol o~i ':3I , the
onl,· b)' it'S boori shn~ s. to rcaffirm th t' ~ood o ld n co ·Kanti.m \'alues of trJnslt i\)ll fro m th e nrgJ.n i.: communit~· IG emeinschd!t j to the contra,-
cono.ciou!lono s. will• .lnd co ntro l of one's sel f 3g.Jin!lot ,\ I.u x , N ietz!lo ch... tu.ll "1K: ic.:f\' (G l·sc ll..ch atrl. hom the d med wurlJ to the infinite un i-
Fuud. Ht'Jd~t"1', .tnd the ir French diS4.i rl~. Bur th i.......as of cou rse to '"er~. th l" ~lhsolt......:en.:l" of th ... ~reat co \ mo logi C'S and 01 hierarchic.d.
mj, ou r mO"Jot exp hClt intc n riun -nor to return to the tf.1d itio n o f met a - o b leCm 'l' t .."isio n.. (If law and ptllitics, Ih oh li\"ion 01 Being .mJ th",
~Y\ic.. 1 hum.1~ism. h ut to gr ound, ,1!> 'A"C' msiM .It (' \ "e ry ' o p r o n u n itr• .1 ad n' nt oi l ech ni ("it ~ • .and so io rrh. Unles" w in through wh .n l"i eusdtt'
hunmC'uph)"SIC.11 humanl!lom:' Polemil.7, hO.....t' \·er. ha s it s re.l'>On.. th at \"tlu IJ h.Hl· COlh id l·rt i :lS , 1 smg ula r 13.."k oi "'tr agIC -.en"e:· we .:a.n·t
rt'aor,on knows nor o f. Aft er all. as kid .. u v : "'We "taned It :' de ny Ihe h ll("l' o i tin ) reaJ i n~s o f nmJernity whi....h . .....en w hen dl"')'
The- tWle for polemics is o ver . I hore: ..n d we sho uld be ,lh ll' tl) tak t' 1Iltinutely .h lhen · ttl it. as dl l..... TU"'''luen !le, mt:asu re w ithout 'nn.." O-
up wit h ~ ...nit\'' the- q unoon
" 0 tom an (0 f t h e su h jl"("(). As \4't' SUAAc<itt'J ..ion s th e rri..·c p.aIJ lor whdt Ih... Au (kljrn r..- aJ qui t... pbinl)" .IS ··t h...
in l.a ~~~~ 6H. tht' nirique uf Ihe id l'OlopC'S o f th e d eath o f m.1n i" n ol m ardi tit I·w!;rr: : ·
\C'1I~suthClC'nt and. to bt'mme trul~" po..irl\"e. lh ... p roj ...ct of a " non meta - Th l""'t' .tl1alp .:n n\"erge on .It I....h t one di .1gtlusis to w hk b e ':.10
ph~\Ial hum.lnis.m" ha~ to facr up to tw o rt'\.luir em ents: rcm .ll1l n("ith er hh nJ nor indllfer ... nt : moJC'm tim es brin~ u!> int o :udc
- Confronted with readings tendmg to m.lk e u niform .1 modernitv ~hi ....h, u nJ ...r..unJ.lk ') ', stili '>('("m.. 10 ~nm(' toJ d )' - toJ a~ more d u.n

dcfinai .1\ th e Itne.1r and uniw xal liuCCt"Ssion o f ph,he!> in th e ~:onstin;- eH'r - IO he in fC' rn .ll. On th..• n ne hand, the progr~s i\' e dl~:q,llution ,'11
lIon ofamn.aph," th e ,,;~n pmts in her it ...d .11mns t n.lfurally fw m the p .h t IL".1\·cs us \,;th-
_ ..ic,,1
• su h 1"«1, cIu seu• In o n anJ tr:tmparcnt ttl it ..df. wc
O«d to restore In th eir co n l1lct u .a1 p lur .llir)' the " a r10UI> momem~ whi ch mn :m ;ln~wer wh en fal.7ed with th l' ~i m plL"~ t dud most proft.und \"I,'S-
hne .loctual lv ma rked the-h
.
f _ ~.I " . ' "
•..tu ry U IIKJUern con.:ep tlon s of Su b leCtl vU\'
!>u uJC'!> uj da ily existence. At th... indl ....J uoll k ,-d . it i" t'.1sier to .I':~~ ..
-But. \ in(T " ght fro m th..."ran 'A t' h.,t\·e!>C:1 a ,ide the h vpothe-si' ~)( mca n ing tu o ur !>uccC'> '«"lo th ,.ln to o ur fa ilur...s, to \)ur " ;I';-O" C" in st.ln1"'i
.a wmp k- ··rC1urn to ' " we .&I ~ nn::u.J co a nswer Ihe q Ul-.,nn ". . h (;h :'<o:ic1Zl>l.-he meolnl them) th .m tn !loid :.n......!> ,m J dt-dth. to .... hkh. bo.... .
, n of whl c
 rHIt O DUCJl O N I N TRO D UC 110 N
nft', rr..dlflooa l com mu mUC') su..rece ded in .1o;sigmng ;1 pral.."tica l .1nd
~lliitc.1f one ~ houlJ w rt re toda y. rwo centu ries ufrer R Oll SSC;\ U, rhe ):n:.11 religio ns C3n no lon ger "('TVe ~ui dl': nc r can thai 01 mor.!('m
:I ..
polll icJ I philm op hy. altho ugh. oh viou ... ly, ho th mU\l rem.1in prC'K1\1
lb,l plJitm.etf"hy oi unh.1r ri nC'!'> \ Alex i... rh ilnn('~ k o Stt~ in him. it w o uld
III the m ind as the ncgneive of an orher hl\ lo ry, th:1.I of 3e-;IMtia. in
1uW'to reironJ M an inrer rogano n w ho se platitude m igh t seem di \ a nn.
" hich a re mscrsbcd in a pos inv e fa..hion n Ul o nly the lI .l r10~ coecep -
la~: since' it cm 'r be pl.1.::ed wi thin t he pe rspective of .1. t~.ld itional Com-
1I0no; u f sllhl.......nvi ry th.u (;Ollstl!ute mo..Iem times, b ut also rhetr sha rp-
mURin"or atone or another escha tology, d oe s h uman finitu de still a llow
", I te n...inn -lh.1l w ith the qu cvuon, rrpr...ssed bUI.llwa )"1i u nderl y i n~ of
us to i..:-Isn·em.1t o ur proje'::h and objectives, necessa rily hmned • .1 re
the lIuh \·idU.lI\ relano n to rh... collecnve.
inrn nsic.lll~- rnC'Joninpul o r, if one prefers to r ut it the other way, that
tnt'aning usdf still has a meaninl!-? Is the "innocence (If becoming," de.lr
to .. ri~tocralS according to Nietzsche, still accessible 10 u s?
And if it's tru e th.u rhe crumbling o f tr 3d itio n-.. lead.. u -, to the era
at indennitC' q uesrio rung, the latter in tu m co nm hutes mightily to th eir
eroeon: me mort that questionv crome up , the le..... coreforrablc ate we
til answering them. bereft as we 3T(' o f all p reestabli sh ed cri te ria ; th e
mort thne cri teria fade .1wa)·, rb... mor... n u merous ar c the a ..pt.·Ch of
intdka ual-but also J.1ily-hfe which en ter th e field of individual
qcesdorung,
BUI WC' can'l lim it ourselves to conf irming that tod ay, for us mod -
em s, thr h...a,·m oi ideas is empty. And even If."j'!o to mourning (he face
(though nothing forbids thi ~ att itude, either, to w h ich we O W(', aft er all.
irom Kierkegaard to Cioran, 3 f('\\, wo rks rhar are not incon sequenml).
If 'A-C= are \«UI3T human..- a ~ the end of rhcotogical-pclirical tho u ght
constrain.. the immense ma jori ty of Ch risti ans to be. a t lea st in the pub-
lie spbere-c-we have to admi t th.1t in the next decades It will he in ou r-
~vn, therefore-s-in, h ~.. and tor humanity-that we sh all have to rind
the an..wcn to the qu~ti(J n\ (h at the progres s o f science an d tech nol ogy
will u ruml ,· force us to r.li'loe. Biology, 3.. we know. gives especial evr-
dentt of thi... Bc=fore long th e cr ucia l proble m of b ioerhics wi ll be th at
of the loCtting of limits. How, !:>)' w hom. acco rd ing 10 which crite ria will
our democratic societies be: led to serring hmirv (0 inJi vid u.1l llhl."rty ?
Like il o r not, tha r i.. on e 'luc..non we ..h 311 soon no t be a ble ro avo id.
d, thai ~\. we do not accept tha t it be resolved h )' the simple p Ia)' of
C"COhOmIC and Ideological powers.
Then i, thu\ an ad,'a ntagc- to u nd er..ta nd ing th at the h i.it n r}' 01
~mll)' i.. ~t onl y (e\'l."11 If il i, <tl,o) thc hislor y o f th e tll'cllne of
lf~ lr.lOlU, It I above <t il, positil'd y, tha t o f Ih e- mu ltiple faces o f louh-
)«th'lty, m.u i , o f Ih(' l;on..titu tio n of the ",ole ha sis from whi ch hence·
forth llI't: mu \!, (l(lic' l$ "fJt~1I$ , anack, an d pt' rh.ap!lo !Ioometiml'S t('!>o lv(',
cht intimid,uing qunuon of th(' hmi t.. Ih;!l mUM be impu \ t'd o n the
pr-n l.Ii man O\('r man . O n thi .. p ath th(' history of crn.mo l0l'oies o r of ,
•
 ONE

B HO ltE T UR NI N G HIS IN"IT.REST to th e philosophy of his own

timev, the pJUn~ H t"~d wondered about th e co nditions under wh ich
.1 religion cnul d he in tun c with the requirement s of .1 tret" peo ple. Th e
tir"l req uisite he assigned a reform of rheology was to rid it of its ••poe-
invirv," menning everyt hing whi ch, h)· its dogmatic and in..rircn ona!
ch.ir.rctcr , co uld conmburc to l1I a kln~ a religion so mething alien to
the ccnuuunir y• .1 0 i J~'() I(lgy ext er ior HI .1 people made up uf free'
individuals.
In m.my wa vs Hegel's q uest ion re main.. o urs. We m..ed only repl ace
the word religion with th e word cu lture (w hich cou ld be defend ed his-
rori cally as well as phil ol>ophically) fo r it to find agai n an astonishing
perti nence and relevance: w hat cou ld the culture of a dem ocratic people
consist of- su ch is indeed the cen tral pro blem uf soci eties in wh ich the
subicc nvizanon (If the world hJS as un avoidable corullJr')' the pr ogres -
sive colla pse of tr ad it io ns, und e r th e ceaseless de ma nd that they be in
,l~ rn' ml· llt with men 's freedom . Unde r th e imperat ives of indi vid ualis m,
l·Olltt'lllrur.1ry cu ltu re h a.. had to reject exteri o rity and transcendence to
such an exten t that the reference to an o rde r in th e world has gr adu ally
with dr awn fro m its p nncipa l pr od uct io ns.

ANCI ENT. MODERN, CONTEMPORARY:

THEVv'ORlO'S WITHDRAWAL

I h.we els ew here s na lyzcd (in Polirh',,1 Philosoph)', vel . I ) the SCIl.<,(" in
whic h mod ern indivi dua lism effect s a rupture, in the juridkoal ;1 nJ po -
litical vpheres, wit h a nti q uity's represcnranon o f ;1 co smic o rd er seen as
c1mt'd, hiera rchical, and purposeful, and w h ich the an of the lu J~c or
politician sho uld strive to imitate. The mltio n of indi \"iJuJ.li.m seems eo
have los r it'i " scie ntific" credibility, ca ugh t Ill' as ic h as, been in the mrer-
7
 0"'
prrt.Jnn ' qU,Irrr I. ,
~ ( the mt'aninJ! .m J s ignii1c;lnLc of the \( ." 1
Kia
t H E REVO lUT ION O F tA STE

Rltl\o"C'fl1t'nIS 01 the' 1 9I10~ and oh<.omoJ by med ia u..age . lk...iJ~. d~pu(' ""llh l" ~. I:oringtnlt into r rJ;llf~ uf .an o rde r where " mr ,u urC'- and " p ro-
. ion~ t~ who (lrpl~ the U'>C' (If the .:onn 'pt ot ten n, ["Irtlu n lhoulJ rule ( r hdl"bus. r oll',m). If .. 31unlt Ih«C' lin n th ai Soc-
nun' pr«l~ ' , . ' _ , 1\ . r.tlC" J. !Jrn1o('.. (".. )r~l oI" In the d la)nfol,ue hC'.Ilmg. rhe «I"huled wphl..t's
u~unJ irs Jrtr""'t mt';1 n,"~ .Ind wllllngl~' ?'
unwillm.!d)· ,"ontu~ 11
".1m" : ··rA"'''. lu r e,J,mr1t". p .1int C'f"• .u ,hiIC'o.:I!>., ..hir""tighn .lInY OlhcT
" 'Ilh .I form of ~i ..m, just .n tht1-"(,.1",1," .l \ \ lm ll:u c a n IIlt C'rpr C'1.I t ln n
r"'!C"\!'1f\ ,"uu IlkI'. 3"J see flo", ('.loch uf them ;l(r;l,n~C'S d~r d·lffr fm f
thin u~ Iht' flOfion of ind j\;Ju.11j\m a s a n apologi a fur the Ilt-.t-ul e,,","em .. 01 h... ....... rl. tn Jo \:r n .loln order, .InJ IlUkn one poln hI and
unJ\"(f'St'· h.umunllr "' lfh JnulhC"r unnl rhe ", hole thing emergec a , on "I\I"nl and
EnT)' time' inJI\idll:lli..m j.. &.111 with. therefore, it "'"111 h.I\C' In be .. r~.III1,nI ""h" I,," (; O.' e. \\'",,!trr lbmlhnn tr 30".).
rrolltJ thilt it referv .IMc .III In ,] des..-n pti\ c concept. which JClir\ nUl InC' llr tnU '!1 .I..:..:orJrn~ In w h" h the ,1n"t huulJ 10('('\.. ,ult h.umon\'
:II r
non imr 1r .anr valoe ,uJgcm('m : it does not "I end into q:UI'm ~l ,j,l(''' nor , IlV J uutot. d l....rre;ar -.Ir KoI..I nul lmm r-Ji.l,r1\'-m modC'~
lk\ ipUIC'i lin-I oi .III .1 \~rU In .u Ultr.ld IIIOn.l1 reianon to the 1..", - .1 .Iot"'olhC"II ~·\. KUI tim h,lnnun~ 1\ no lonjter Iftuujthr nt. 3nJ 'this i.. [he r('.11
rd:rrion "" hlCh m;l~' (" 'cnrnall)' rake the form of movem cn tv o f collrctn"( torr,ll. ",,"h "nl lllu'1'\'• .1\ Ihe' r"lmllln or a n or de r e'x tr m.d In man : 11 i~
dw\.idnk.~ there r an onl,' rdel rhe rC'.1JC'r furtber 10 thC' argument rh.u nululII'e, t.C't.·.Iu'\oC' rhe o"'Jel t I" mrrm...u Uy beacuful th .lt II rlr.l'on but.
Rm.Jur ,1nJ I pur torw;ud In 6K-S6: Itl'lr";Jtrt"S Ji' I"m Jtr-t.Ju (''om : rJ lh e't. \\C" can go c o I .U..1 ~ to '.I~ Ih .lt 11 ... t-n:.IU1o(' 11 r nl\ide-t.l cert.nn
G..llimud. 1987)). [ , ~ ti l rlc.I..ure Ih,ll we call u beaunful,
\1,;'C' hear a lot of u lk r~br. Ii not o( the "dedme of tbe \\"~r " ThC' tnt.. m .lrl.:lOl' thr l cry lunlrul.ll hl\lUfY ", hl . : h I" th.lt vi an'
funliL:r Hridtua , Sfl'C'oprr I" .. till t.1lwMt) Jt lea..t of a certain C),.fu u"ll on th":I":.. 1I1'I ..t 1m lh i". .1\ do. amu njt mJn\' o the'n.. thnc: hnn 1 t-o rro'"
of contcmroury C1'C"3uon. And In !.Iet. wh.tIC'\·C'r o nC'\ 0 r m 1t ln. mo3.n..- I ru lIl C ro u'o.lZ .1n J frum ~'ontnqUIC"U : .
,1\p«t\ of ~u~nnoJC'mll~' ("o3.n t-ring lonh ..urn ,I ftt'lm~ throu~h Ihci~
Cr"u ..u . r,.lIU Ju IT~,Ut'"t' on 1M BUlln/ull. l ~t S : " \I"hen "' C" .l"\' ""hAl
Bt.JU
rt) C'etlOn of thC' on', r,lI'Cd Iu the st.1nJ m g of a prin ci p le . It Ih er r I.. nu
I.. Ii'll;" IkJuutul. .,.. eJo nm p rnttlJ to ..~..a" of .Ion 0" 1«1 e.I,,' m~ o Ull lik of
IUlOn to surroW' th,u InJUldUolI u lenl l)f n om f:miw, i~ I~~ th.m th.n
our\C ln"" .InJ 't'r.lf ,lfe trum cu r. lIIht"r lJOC' . ,U "' " dn .,..-hC"1I wr .a..\.. whJI i1o.l
of pasl CC"fIluriC"\, wr h.t\t' n 'C'''''' rU\tm to ..urmi!l< th.tt the mdl\-"Ju.ll\
hor"C." or .,.. hJI ... .1 tln" .• • ~
u/qllQfl 10 r~t' u'Or/J i\ goin~ fhro uJ:h .t rWlounJ J i..Jo..:.It1o n•.mJ
th.tt thr rrl..anun . 10 the Idu III _I In Oplr~U\C
1. ' , u n!\·cr !<...lmulraI1C'Ou..
• h· ~ l "nu,..quleu . f Ss.J I ,U, Ir nit (.'an h "" \ un 1..a'Iel: " II 1\ thC" UllOU" rlC.ll1>urn
tr..an~ding _ him ..and un Illnl!- h1m · to o t h C''t'>. ha\ ~cume' sint>ul.t rh· " " I I\lIr ...1111 .,.. h"h ..h.lJ'C' thr t*"e-.;h 01 U"lr. lu.;h .110 the l\c.lulll ul . . • Thr
probim ati l"' •
'\ nl len'" h.aJ ntlt rrorcrl.. unuV("lC"!J Iht... ThC'" \..l "'- .I" 1"''''111\'1' ~uJ;lltIC1o lho\.C'
wh Th C' thni s I Will lor tile momrnt "'Imph' ..kC"t..::h o ut i.. .t.. follow..: .,..llIlh ,Ire rd.ltl\c to lOur ,,, ul .•. llac WIlU:1l" Ilf IhC' tk.auulul. of IhC' Good. «II:
crnm-CR' .among Ihe' ,J,u ;C"Irs th
'h -h r \lo.ork ·150 (On(("IH·\I
· . of .1.. J mkru· Ihr l'lu ...Inl .lrC" Ihu\ 10 Illll'1oC'hn; .1nJ 10 I•• )" 1.11 the r( I...1Il I" lU !l-,uk for Ihr
COIorTl..'" I... 1. permits
. I n - t h,II O Ut 1ol....
tbr m l<l thO'" ' (" of it. in th C' macr o· .-.lU\C , .1 ,ht' r lt'J;..u rt'\ uf !>u r .."u l: ·
1 n (,olC'ClI\,r or lxu C't h ' I
C'X lst - il I.. ' ' , ' 'loU\tann.. ( rucrion o f the' tkautiful 'I h r (un.....luu..nC'..' {It h;l\'lnl! hroken ",nh dnuq uiry is ,,[ill pcrfC't."11y
gt \C'O nlC''' nm ~ .Imung th J
(' mu (',."s throu~ rl'fc:rcl1c(' In
\u hlC'Ctl't'in.' to 1.._ _ . dr.H hn the iu u lIJ lOg f;lth"r~ 01 .lC"'tthetic~. r--;C'\'C'n hd C's... until .1 rd..-
./' lleUlmC'. Illr th e n mtt' " h
rxpre\\ ion of ind.\\iJ ,_ m,. ur,1rlt'S, t C' p ur c a nJ ,;il1l r lC" mc-h fel-"nt dJ t,,-1n rh11u1,()phy Ulitli N lell\chC'. a nd in th r hi sto ry o i
, ' (In any W3, .IUJ; Uy: .m J;h..
'«" 11\11 _ u!ut C'h" . "1Il~'U1ar !ot)·IC' w h"Ich It()("~ n o l .lI rt u p tn Ihe tluwetln~ of thc ,1\·3nl ·~.trd(~-this subjcc fh 'izario n d id
, worId in ..-hich til ~ ol m_lt ror (II the' .....orld hut t h(' ((C"a no . n (l / oJ .....(l rld.
nul rlltd~- ,l nJ ~I mpl}' lUcan dhJrreJ t.ln~"(' u f thC" world. U't'itlos;gkt'it.
_'I,,\lord n llta n", bUIe' ""I\t
~ I.. _~ a• .....o rll ~ to "'..h "Ieh WC' oltC" no duu bl
h. "h .:ll:h lInlll.c \lo h.1I h,lprcn\ in the cuntempur a ry et .l, Ihe main problC'1n of
• w I~ ~n t In - I"
W1rlmun UI1lY(:hC' . lpcl!< Ihe I on \1.. a.. 3n 3 rriori mnJe rn .1 e'\thet h.~ hom the !o('\"C'nt«n1 h ce lll ury to th e e nJ o f th e n in,,·
bm l'laro , ,,,h 0 IS in man \, wa ' th
In tCC'Rth I!> \ rill rh.1t o j reco nCIling the !lUhl C'l."u\"iz3tio n o f thC' N-.Ioti ful lth e
.. ,, -
' Jrn tl, the BcJ.utifull~ nen r Jdin~d : • . C" mo \ t modern ulthC' an- b ct th At i t\ no long"r a n "In it~1f" hut a " fo r u~" ) w ith thC' J em.l.I1J
pIt-a\Ur~ 11 pffKurn Th : .J. _ p rd ) .Ind "Imr
l}' by the SUblc( t1\'e for ",mert,)," th u:\. Wll h 2 rd at io n to obie~"1i\' it), o r. if pt d er n:J. to thC'
. C" IUC.J of thC' IkJo u n' ,"UI IS
" genr ra lly a ..\oci.w:J
•
•
 O N'
THE REVO LU TI ON Of TAS TE
~ orl J. This same ..::udin.d tension co nsnr uees th e problem atic of the
first aesthetic systems: a tension .....hich m a ke!> th em (unJ d mcn t.l Il ~· dl!. wvrl.t; I am nor at .III ce rtai n there is o;, u(,;h a r hi n ~ .10.. 2 " rtl\ t mnde m "
(erm t from whar preced es th em a s mu ch .i U from what follows tht"Rl. ...tHIJ . I can . wh en cun MJcri n~ ro manri cicr u, even it the mo vem en t i'lo
..:tUlle ..1,, "cl <o(" t lt ~ rc ril>dll, uinn I .. the OblCl't of endless J I!oCU'lo'loiom,• .1'10 is
.lnJ w hich J (or the' moment d('si~n ,)t('. fo llowi ng cur ren t U"3~(' • .1\ , h('
the 4Ue..tlull ui the ~unne.: ltun\ hct weCII rhe J lifC'f ent n.uion.1oltudlli om.
co ntem po rary- Mud em aes rhencs is (·c..Holm l)' subjecnvr ..t In [holl it C'<o .
II 1'1'1111\ lu t .! I..cern .I roman uc aesthetic, a pohtrcal men u ,lity (in gen -
uhliMtC" the bC.1Ufitu l on human b ,.:ulun . tea -on, locntimcllt. or irn.l!ti.
('r..1 l l l>u llt('r1e\"u llllio n·IfY)• .I thC'OI)" (If hi..to ry, even .I mct.l ph y '§i ~ . in
nation. Ir is no ncthd n s am m.ne d by th (' Id ea th .u th e wort. ul a n ...
..hor t• .1 " rep re..en t.U1u n 01 the world," a Wdl.t n <;c h .lIl u n ~ shared by
inst'r.1r.1blc from ;I cerr.nn form of n hjcl.'1 I\·It).
.l rt l"l"- l' ,III1h' ro;; . pC)I."h. ", .I\ll'l.l l1..e-- , writers, nr ph ilt...n phc f!i, . There
Thi s is clea r. of cou rse, in Ca rre..i.rn d .lt.sKi..n, from l\4; i.It';lu tn
. 1111" hnd .. " lIl1ll' lh lll~ li!." .1 UIIl\'('f'lo (' I' lI.tc n .llIl ~ beyond individual... .t urti-
CrOUSJ7, where the d ict u m "inutn rc natu re" " U~l""h rh.u l h l ' \lllIH'f ' H'f\ l' 1 1lI . 1 ~' h.uc or love ~ IH " ho'o(" ..up r.lllldi vid u.11 e... isrence I ca n no t
s,1Iny of good 1.1Ste' i.. expla ined by it.. r.lrJ'tlrf w nh .111 ublt'\'tI\C ""'u tld dc'''''. Ahl l1l 1 wll.lI ml' \TlIll.'lIf tl('r'" l1u l t"' ('11 loJlt',lk uf "vchoo ls" : thi..
unveiled in reaso n. T he cla....ica l ~t" IllU \ h nut rh,n ~h l ~- h 100 C'n t'lo. h ut lam whu h "c·c'm .. to .lh IUfC" Ihc iJ ('.1 0 1 ind in J u.l1 Irecdorn has lost ., 11
rhar whi ch dison- c rs, t he rcrm bere bemg con covcd o n lilt" l1hltld III !II('.llIIl1J.: III rhe fidd 0 1 J il l o llllJ we ..af Iht· ...nn e t hm~ tod.l)'!
scier mfc acnvt ry. B UI th.u i-, ell ll.:llly true ui the r.id ic.ll 'Io uh lC''''li\'I..m ul In d\lud ..1 1II I l llnJl· r.. l.I nJIlI ~: l'uli tll;;llI) vu..pect , the ide a uf " dC1:J '
rbe sensu alist v, however r .1r.1Jmtlc d rh..11 m.1\ ..C'C'm_ Hume , 10 mention donee" Of "dcclme " I" t h c'u rctl~ ;l II ~" not \"c'I1" con vmcing-e-be it Io nnu-
o nly him, remains an acbed 10 tbc iJt'..1 ot the Oh l('<:II\"II\"01 the beauntul . l.ucd III ··u' ;.Il ll u n.1'1'·' f.l..hllJn Jnd Anim.1IrJ h )' nll..u lg)a fu r ,1 ln..t r :l'lt.
('\"en if he "fo u nJ'Io" Ihi.. Uh lC'(li \,jl)" nil Ihe h\i""lhe"I" til .I r'S~·dl(}.. .I" III \pcnJ,:ler tout a l'loU .Imnn~ rh mk('r.. Cli th e mdJotnn uJe of Hr idqtger
hl olo~i c31 :-tru ctu tt' W ITUlln n ro h u nt . 1 lllt)". And In the C" tt'1IU' (II fuJg - o r Lc:n ~'ll l.1 Il "s . or u ttered III the " rC\-uI Ul iu n ,u ~" " mnJc. w h l~h I " cer -
m m /. which ,>oll\ e cu n..iJ C'r III t>e Iht• lennh Hi mnJem 'Iou h!c\:u \'I\ m . It ulll ly ~t"t llll~ rJ.re. c\l1ce .JJnrlcd l-oy "lclt" Cil l! O III li ~l.1 1 cOI1'\oume r-
is ex plicit l,· in il\ rd .Uiu n til wh.1l t\:.\IIt \:.111.. th C' " iJe.1 01 worlJ " th .1t I .. m , \'(' hJl l"h.lla(lc't11c" ~u ntem rurJr)" .In I" (C"r1.1 mly nUl th,u It , worh

Jc \thr lic ;tet i\'lt) c.m ht·...IliIlCl'u n\'f C'I C m Ihe r roJ w:uu n uj .1 wo rt.:, II i.. .lftt'..t tu 11.'" .... t.lIrnt rh .1I1 tho ..... ul Ihe p.l..r. It " My "Impl)' he th.1I .lrr ·s
hccau \ C' he C.111 u l1cu ll..dum ly im u l..\·. b) .1 n,Hu r.lI p It. t he ··l"o:\l!lo l0 loti· J lllhililln .. h J H' l"h.mgl·l!; lor mallY J n i..h lod .lr (w(" 11 rctu rn hcluw ttl
c.,1 Ide,)" th.lt the ~W ll i \l " i.. gt·n LlI- At·lU.llnC"'>s (lIll.lAlll.1t1\"e l'f ('ati w Ihl' a \' a n t·g .lrdc~ .II1 J thc lr a l"I", whl(h Will It';IJ us rn pCl\lmoJ l:rni ty)
pow cr) hc i n ~ J lw.lys rhu'Io ill .1 W.l)' I1 m ilC'J b," thr Jt·m.lOJ'Io (II .1 cun lor· rhl' Wl;ll ... no l o n~l' r Itl d l..clJ\ cr Ihc " url d. lU 11" (' ,In a .. a ll in!ltfUmCnr
mit ), 10 a cenain co \ mi,; u rJcr. To "rc,11.. .1\ }\..1nr d ue 'lo . ""I'.1'1oll' \:hp'lo 0 1 1..111)\ \ I I.'J~c uj ,I rc"h r ~ .llll.'" n ttl onndf. O n rht' ~o n trJ ry. il ~el: m s Ih.ll

gen ius'!l w in ~s," .1 nd t he ~.ln~ u c . Ihough ..u re rior tn ,;(.1.." ....11 rqtu " III lIl ,lII ~ ...oJ".. (wr m u..r hefT he W,:I I1" oi un n·cr...l! Jud gmt"llt... for lh ('re
l.teit)'. itself h.lslun it.. " h k h .1tt' . rrel·i \t" I ~ . th e worl J \ . .1rr no r.,hlt- n .... er linn ..; th c f"C"l mu Jern .Irmosrher(' wh lc:h. p rrc iscly.
It ,>«m ~ 10 m(' th olt n I~ rhi!< \ er ~" refef(·n.."C' lh.lll.. I.lJ IO~ I t ~ .1 ) : Ihc rt" ;,J nlll" ,til J.:(" nr~ . hnJ .. r:,('nef.l!a1.luun.. dt ..r.lll cful ) th t" wurk I.. ddinr d
i ~ no lungt r 2n u1'o \"inuo;, umnlc.,1 \ltlrIJ . 1'o ul rJ lhe r . 1 rlur..llI)' u J ..... orI J .. h~ Illc .In ...t hm",dl . 1<, .111 n:IC"llllun vi \CU• .l \utt u t p.lnil."ld J rly ebho·

unique ( 0 c2eh Jm'lol ; no lo n~er l\l1(' .In. ~ut .In .1lmn 'lo r in h l1lle \Afl(1) rJIC l".Il1ll1!'t"'J rJ .
oCindi ' iJual 'lot)'Ir \ . Th e trui~m Ih.n hc J llt} I ~ .I m.lUt·r u l t..hlt" h..1~ 11- Att('r :\"I('t!l+,;ht It '" \chtjnbt" rflt wh u c:ulI\('cr.1otcJ h l'i hc~ t p.lJotC'\ 10
n.llly bt'Cume rt'3 lity, or mu rt' t"X'K t" : to th C' r ' ttor 111.1 1 tht"rr 1\ .I J lf- rhl": Ihe ..1fU..t I~ .I .. .... lIr.1I)'.. whl l"c \ c't.:.l1io n it i... in th e formul.1 oft
fcrcn...~ ht-rwccn .1 t.llt,!lted a"i~t .In.i nnc th Jot " J nl . III h i" Inllllll.lh l(' rere.lInl h~ " a nJ,".. k,". IU tu rn a.... ay fro m the wu rld t he bt'u('r 10 C'( ·
J.1.rgon, .....o uld h.l\"c l";lIl1,"J .1 " ho tcl1l.'r," rh i.. d itter1,"ll('C' l e n J~ ro~t.t~" hi p rc", hil " p ur e' inn ef Ilfr : ' (lIl C work wCluld rh u.. nn l on~e r hI.'" enou~h
ru ".I)' Ih(' ('..~rOli .l l : n n!)" III t he ;HtI ~ c'lo ju urn ey w ill he ('vcOlu.tll)' h(' .lhl('
bt:cume ru rd)"Illd mdu'lk It no l(ln~(,f d el'"'l1d s un the ('.lr.I~ U} IU crcJote
10 unH·il h lll1\t"lf. rhwug ll IlIt' rupturc ~ a nd hc ..itat io ns o f tOile .lnJ s r~' lc
a wo rld .....hkh wo uld surr.1~.. the n.lf w wl )" rri\".lt e !Or hn e 0 1 tht' er e.l·
lor's In'cd ('x~riC1l(,'lo. It rC ~IJt"'> r.llhc r in Ihe nlnr c o r 1('.... el.1ho l.1te v.hll'h p.lc.'(' hi.. " int ('riflr 11ft·... Wllh dr olwal Im lll the .....o rld is in \ cpJ r.ll:tlc
cuhl\"ation of ;an Idlllo;,} n~r;ny therC' IS whtrr, in thc I.h t IIh t.1,n("c. rhe o lJ
Iro m the l"UIt u( Id lU\)'nCrJ cy. indt"t"J o ( u rigin,:lluy. \l;'t"an ;ne .1..u r(' hc re
qUQUun .ahou t u itc ri.:a '\otll1 finJ , 2 lll,hc) . nc"" I.lr thr cu nt('mpt)u r, " is <oCp.lr.1te (rom the mod('m ('\'('n thl\U~ it
h 11\ cu n rmuit)". A hhou ~ hc w o k h um a nity fu r h iS moJd .InJ rllJ.
To gnC' .:an cllam ple not cho...cn 2t r.:m J o m : th t·rc i~ .1 w m.m tic
10 11
 Iailtrr. ...110 pmmdtd. ... . ~ know. co - p.amf .aber n.,uurc:."
,
\.-..1.
"," 4 &.' to)
hiE t ( VO l U fl O H 0 ' ' ASH
- 01 mr nwtIlX 0/ man. Contnnpor.lry' u..ngu.Jge- I that rJf " ' n at rnTUrkabk: _hen ~tKIf'I h.n In pncnl adopccd mnfW and IIIO'f t
c'J'<1WDCC'-" " hhc'ra' " pnnapla. rw,ubly dmJUdJ dw din.t 01 me nU2IWdtft"J,t'! ck-
It IS ~ to dMc tht ..mat oi the- ..'Ofid" on .II morc: phi~ ,dopnwn r of " lTun act n'C' ftk'thr,.h " WhKh 41VMJ,t IMiIll: on die n«n-
pboc. Is dout><Ic.. !"'<' ~ CO ,he .•~ cnnqu< at ,he "0CI<n- t1 r~ 01 rhe 'lIUdc-nt,. P.1n1CIP,a ..."" in rhe ac.qunitJOft .. k ~. die
- prqgd:iu- .bM;h bo&ds dut "ou r hnk thoudu-" i a pabk I)j ~p­ mculuuon nl 'CIn\a rrnuln, the: '...... tlDtt .n . hKh the rd~ tJI
!Ut1DI dowg li r' ·fr"J Jd.-Oncaimr.lpftonwmof n c 'dI f't'"'O'Ul Of"t1\lOft can W ntIchtr appr~ DOl' tftCI'lUra~ Ct:ru&nI,-
10 1'oeI: n 5UlC1o wtmou, ~ty: -Thtre are no W "n of bet at .a kJt 01 Umt n lP"m owtr to ~ \tUdcnu' kamlnJ act" In. but th ..
tach. - but -oat, ior.crprnmom.- noc ~ ..-ortd. bu an - m6m . f'II ru rdy tot ~KOPc purprJltn. La t., or not. eM "Auuon to a num cw
rb~ ' ca prublcm .to f)Qt a nuncr 01 n,dIVed",,,1 or nuylOty opntOll. ..nd
~ " rhcmch... ""'r the pcnpccn>'" 01 the ",,~ mJn.oJ...t. '"The
lut it 1(" it .a •.ay to O'Qt C' .. tIXJI • • • It .t.. .at bono.n.
ttl(' rd ..m .\m aF'P'0pnltt ro odlct doauula druppur'l In sceece ftA
_ me qaeKJOII "owhM .. it for rrte.· • the EOIl4 and w.mpk f'C:I""," char n rtpf'ntN' c~ lhc rcm.al!'K at oar
rd ..oon 10 ob)«n'lty. It .. m cncounttrmK KWnCC that dar child COllIn
"'C' oj COI,UK "C 10 uk oonchu about dlC moDI", oi tht
1IP-~ h.a p\ 'Of rhc hf't and laM tunt -a~lMl " thrornIul um"CT\C'
"see " • 'ICtZtdac ~ oJ.. and 01 t:bc- COftIIeCticMK If might 1u c: _1m
""hJda rna .n hi, w~"tt} . una I~ m.lnlfnu re1oC"lf (I) tum m the ~
.c:IOdlmI mdt~.. rhc - mtU pft. oJ ....brcetA'ltY- . It re- nI norrnt :fur he• ar luu at hl\ &n'eIn/le.amlnL UnntJ( eunr.at- It ma y
du.. ~ the MIea 01 ... ob,ccu.. reah . ' Socnw:hc be the: ~\ot th ..t the n..Nul ~ a re rhc nu t«mlle of the " mcuphyl--
foe the 01 the ~mmt md he.. ld. the _
Ie at 'lubfCCCl'tiry." Thm wt' mini ~dtm If.... r don·c wan t 10
Io.ctac.r oi dtc world. rht lrd d osi into..hKh more: .and mo~ rnpn. d Khn.. ch~ tbey ddeal .nd IV'ldw.1 f.opthlOCl M doa no eKbcr ' ;oOttr d
0lItt adr::orc.. For" U"f b.a rC'.ltom r r~ ~ tod.3y to Of'lnIr itKU " u dlrC': w.J iiiC'.
10 wn: d.recnom. tnr
Fin.a llr. thi rd p~rtIbOn of ckcoo<n ,ue CURUrt ,. hlUQfJ. ~ I
.. dw , ea1n:I at Mt. .-c IP c m.a ay dut be:c.omn COMUnd , more mc.an M~QO In " ...i J« \C'TItC. HlwOC"J' 1ttC'1I a'l wdl a. dw.Me dtKipkon
....... If QOC m a • r~n -WUYUlot" -.a term .. tueh would be. ...hKh.. Irkr ~ o r p\yC'hoanalyv'l. imply an anulMIC rdnit..mhlp
tIrictty' tpr2 n::orrea- n bv: m a INdltttu.J.1 .lIlm01phoete ttl hl'ltoootf dw: h. COt'!' oi thrt prncnc til ~. the orr oi lbe'
Itr~ rannbIn S"~" pen.pcctJYWIl. An ",,'orh a rt' ltkc u·adrvtdu.. l l n p'~·cho.arulrv" J. Pu~ i,hln~ tu ' Pft U\ doqumI:
-Iicdc prnptcnnl -wid .. -.iudI no Ionsta rerresent' 1M ....'Orld. but nn'l: bnadn 6cuon. u ·, works at tClmb populanz .. rion .and hauxlal
rxba the 1UCE' ei thnr UCMOr', wlul for~ Such .md WJCh an a rmt nu~" that nt.arly 'Y"rmutIUU" rrc(1~ CM <culnartd or oaaI tu red
1U1. 01 CIN.t'K,. wend. as mtbr cb.MK"l., to nwnuin a "ppor1 . -ith pabhc'~ \'o tn-a IX! chat 6~ in t (J( 1C'l ~ . uhln dK rlin'lo ~rc·
T Of' 10 amcil In hili . 00 a rrbuon to Rcmg. He " \tIU dorng It rrwnr. of NJ'tW dnnOCr;I,K"J . Hl\toty ' but .al..,,,, II) rtpC'.at. ~ Of
afur ~ . and he COC'~ t with mrri~ d o w r , mtU P":rdKun.llIy'li' ,I!'l wrl ll l'l 'lUPf'O'Cd to dd.,," u, 10 ound"n th~
.bow I un br In :dy dJifcrmt. It rqular nw!\ to rnodan t~ "ppropn.mon ui a p..~ we ignur c. btu .. hldl nukn '" _~ WC' an:
art rada ~ll)' thing. it", ~r Cntcn.a ~tc' bdcU1K,. nor. a' at OO..y ~nd Ihu, r~ r~ k iudl ..:(IMfIfUm C vi ou r prnent. Far from being
~ty utd.. bea~ by ~ an tim ~n IOn' of cnU'l1~ -dm It , mnr r« oIm ion oi " C'f1U. rt l (1wh morr ..ad morr to bttomt .II d.....
far f10111 ahuY1 u,~ bua the u .c -buc b«.a uw rudn" cur oif n ., ciphnc cJ 'lClf·rdkcuon l hrou~ which ~ wn eitutr ounchn "'10 0111-
• U,.. the: -.rid. . un f"""Jyrder DaL UI purr m(tna~cUVl lT. totwlfQOU' IOdi"-ld ",,I,. Thctt I ' nothi ng 'lUtpfl'lang. tht rdot~ lD 1(\
C' ~
ran. <hi' .....
me
0J'Pt*U 'I' .iw..n with the " O K! IC1cftce'l ..
.
Not tha t '«nIlOI u, k cM qQtCftof t..a don in Ai um"r Ae In .. -hKh hunun banp
r prow.l-.c dnaa~ and ~L An nUl ",per' uc fotn'u Inl ent on .1ugmd1ting me , phC"rt 01 eMir kli......"" ....
.lUMM:Iu WI' h the ddtan wuhan cnnumporal'}' (neAren 'Chc:dw:r Dr no( It", ( on Wdrm:t ... caUIe' lor rC')OtOnlto II h rrulubko .....
.... .....
.. .b It.! tIId ,If the MIca lh.M lhe fidel (1/ tOma' l'l par tM h.uooco-politic.aJ cuJrurr h..\ ~attnl the' uP'f'n hAnd O'I't"r dw bu-
fA u~ Tltc "cry tpec.uJ \t.IfU' ol IoOn'« uachl"" RUnltln . J1ulotooph, retch h.a,. wirnnwd the' .",m u m ,nlt cJ It~
~"' . dut rA <Jthrr dnciphtlcl h thctc'fort .. U 1M mort h'C'tar,h,n: It·, becoming morr .and more hlttonal .anJ --.
1)
 0"' TH E If; YO l U TIO N 0 ' .... iH
pIIr.. Jn ",~~J1~-. when il leaves th e domai n lit h i~TUry oj ph iJosli ph y to
hn."Omc. It nor rhill)!>orh~' o f h islor)"• ar 1e;1..1 h .\ltlr;('i zing rhilo ~()rh r p,,,ililln (If these rwc ler m\ being, bn i dc~, prActically a pkon,um . "Ilw
cecaulr '-'"'auld bt-.111 u.,lmplC' here). 1l{1101 J ....e rves co nsideratio n.
M ioc,,:o!lomk mOn.1J5 in the fields uf art, sciennfi c ()hit"cti~·il}'. We ar e nut here look ing 10 he (lfl~n al : we Will Admit (wn h Hcgd.
.anJ hi to ry: these au now, I N-1i('u·- .lnJ no dou bt for 01 lo ng time to H (" i Jl' ~(" r , .111.1 a few u lhers) the the\ i\ acco rd ing ro whi ch modernl"
,:orn e-che- three fundam ental ho ruons of ;1 contempora ry cuhurt' I" defined b)' .1 vast proce ss o t ••..ubj ecnvizanon.. 01 1M world vrhov
whose matn If3it could well N this suhjecti,"il.1Iio!l in wh ich ac....thetics model in philo..oph)' is provided by Ihc th ree gre at mo mmn of d\(' u r-
Il,,,.,10 method. Without go ing here int u deu il m the interp reuuon of
oc,-cupin :I r""il~('d pl.1..."t'. Becau se the bre akup o f th e \..o rld chu ac_
ten..nc of postmcdem .1 ".IS well as th e search (or . . cicnnfic o h j(,Cfivir1,
De..ca rtcv, we may recall thee th e pr ocedure o f doubt he adopn in dw::
l)15,' U/f r s e 0 1/ M eth l)da s well a\ in the Medi t.Jtion s pr ov idn the .lorcbe-
.anJ l~ aim of .3. reappropri.mco of sd f through histori cal k n()wl("Jg~
t)'Pi-' for rhc sub jccnvuanon of all values that find.-> ItS. rnose eloquent
.ltT bu r three aspect s of the sante revolution : tha t in wh ich /11;111 inst.llls
pnlllie.11 expression in the revolu tionary ideology of 1789, A t first. the
him Ii as principl e .m J te/os of the umver..c. As has been \ uggesteJ .
pnuccr is o ne of " a brog.m ng thro ugh doubt" the received op inion\ and
but we kn ow we mu st sketch ou t its rrai rs. th is revolution IS above ;lll .l all inhcru ed pre lu d i(es. so .1\ to ma ke a b/.Jnk slate of tradition . ~tut.lw.
revol utio n of taste. mllT ,llIO IS, D"-SC.UtClo ca rries nut a d ivorce w ith ant iquity (..m d c<lpc:cially
\\it h A risto tl e) whose eq uivale nt, outside philosophy, is the bre ak with
THEBIRTH OF TASTE lilt, .in cicn regun c br ough t .lbom by th c Revoluti on , Stc011J pl101~: ,1
fulc rum, a ..up po rt i ~ soug ht III rebuild the structure of scie nnfic and
Accordi ng to .1 thesis deve lo ped hy the hi sto rian Karl Bori u ski in his philu"llphica l kno wled ge th at h,IS jm t been unde rm ined, And since it IS
fine book on the work of Balrasar G recian. th e latter m uvt be credit ed I h ~' ",'/ ",i'/lI,ll, the subject (the di stinction bet we en the-,e IWO eermv i$
with the first use of the wo rd "tast e" in a meta phoric ..eIlSC',1 For no- no t, her e, \'l'ry im po rta nt ) who is ca rrying out the inquiry, he WIll ar rive
rinski, th i~ figurative USJge indicates J veritable ru p t u re in t he hi..IOr )' lit not .11 hi.. goal rhanks to hi... ow n cern rudes. As we kno w, it IS in the

of subjecriviry: with th e ..-oncept of taste. mod ern humanism makes us cog no rh,n . fina lly. Descartes finds the mea ns to escape generalized
ent ry at the' same time rhar the universe of the Rena i..sancc becom es doubt. It is. therefo re, third ph.Jse. on his o wn s u hi elo:ti \' I ~'. on the
irremediably a part of th e p:m. Jh \ ol u le ( erta int )· th e su b ject h;ls of seizing him self thro ugh his O'A-n
It i!o al",'ays difficu lt., at times impossihle to da tC' the hirth o f 3 co n- thou ght. t h;lt the co mplete s)'srmr of knowledge is built (the wotd IS not:
«pt with certaint)' and Bmin'iki \ th N is W3". 3S could be e x pe c tC'o . criti - yct lI\ ed h ut will \oon bl.'" by Lcibmz),
ciuJ every rime ~meone d iK O\'l"red a wr iter in antiquity wh o used t he The blank sLue. the suhkc t\ capture by himself JS chC' a ni,. at--
" 'ord gustus III an ('\'en shgh tl)" widl;:'r sen se.! But o ne th ing is certain: ~ I ut dy cert .lin pr inciple. r.1dical co ns t ru eti vism - ch~ ,)fe elK' th r«

lf~ a round the midd le of the 'iC\'cntC'('lIth ce nrur~' that. first in h.lly and mom ent .. whi..:h define, in its principle, th c ad \ent of ph ilo o,Qphi..:.a1 mo-
S~lO . t hm 111 Fran c;C' and England and. fin;llly. Germ;tn y. " wh er e there dern it)·, To gct immedi,u d y to th e heart (If th e prob lem c reAted toy the-
""ii' ,nme d ifficu lty finding in the word Gesclmt.lck an ad cq u;l(C tr ,lns- U\"l'ttllf lling of ways of th i nk i n~ th a i C.u te siAn ism ins titulloJ., m .u k.a st
IAtinn-the term 3,qui re~ ren incn cc in tht' de signa tio n of a n cw facu lty, them,u in'd. Wt' hJ \'c to pl.'r cci\·l' thi..: where in che world oi the OO.an·
~' i l' nt \" (.1 term wh ich m .l)' bl' undc rsrood he rl' in Its philo'lourhi":,ll ">Cno<.
up,lblC' (,I dt\u ngu io.hing th e hC;lutiful fro m t he ug ly a nJ of a r prehenJ ·
Jesign,ni ng ;llItiqu ir)" or in irs pohtic;ll s..-nse. de\ i~n,ltin g thC' .an..'l(n
in K throu gh Immed iate 'icmimenr (aisrI1is is) thc rules of th is sep;uarion,
rl;g u l ll' ) it W ;1" t ltl' c()sm i~' ordet of tr,ld itlem which eSlab lisheJ h"f men
u( thi\ Krl fjf wh ich w a\ "oon 10 hc cUlnc the en do w me nt o f ;1ft l,: ritids l1l ,
du' v.l lid it)· of v:tlul's ,111..1 t hus set u p lwtwl'l'n thr ill .l f'l.l'>..ihlC' ~ r.l ,... 01
And If .\ ~n ni ng with the rep rc\ t'nt 3t io n of such ;l (;h:uh\' tha t Wl'
CfI}" lIIlII lic.lfWlt, t he r ttlbk'lll , t:w~in ll i n ~ wilh lk\.:.attl..... ~'tlm Clf1'('
cflU'r dt-finit lvely in to the um vc:r\(' of oo modern .le\ tht,tk's " (;he ju xtJ -
(If k now ing how il i.. Jlu..sihle 10 l'su hlis.h. j, t.l rt i o~ (lUI .. xd",s,.... , fr
OII(,S('/(, \'.l lues Cq U,ll1)' \'Jl uJhle tv t tht"' nt h r N l .0..1\ 1tl(C'f\nll""'-
• OK """'" ui tbe- prlJp.~ "'m oi lhe' UlnUpt h f t.1\lc in Eur.. I'~' i.. brirlly I hnu~h nut yC ( C'xd udc d. lt scl l l'l"l"tll11ni mrJ i.lt ro b) t hC" ubtn f r do-
..... ~..( " WI (,-l'u', &Dt:be llu anJ la lten up .. ~ jn by B:iullllel ,
I •
IS
 ON'
THE REVOLU TI ON Of TASTE
Wlp h iClI reflection and is thus, in th is sense . d ep end ent o n h im ). In a
word, rhe pro blem " «Urnes o ne of knowing how it i ~ possi ble to Cst ab. century i ~ inca rna ted by Ca nl;'~ ia ll Ill e up h y\i ~, and rhe po luica! think·
hsb . within the radical immanence uf values to subjec t ivity, their t ran. in!" Ih J r was educ ated at the ~llOol llf naru rallaw, a nd whi ch wa.. to be
I llll ~r r.lt\·d h y the Revo hmon.
sceedence. fo r o urselves as fo r others.
The "c nn vcunoualism" which , Bonald is right, ma kes of man the
The p ro blem w ill be even dea re r if. befo re coming back to aeMhct.
~ o rn c r!'o l o n\' 0 1 til\' \(lc ial ('dltlc\, prescn tv to us , in its principle. rhe aa m e
ics, to sec in wha t \\'a)'5 this field IS quite simpl}' [ou nda nonal, we l ak e-
tcrllMY-arucrure as dOl: !> La rte..ia ni!>m:
.1 stll.1l1detou r th ro ugh po litic... Th e cn untcrrcvohmorta ries s.iw it even
I. Ti) the bla nk \ IJt c mad e oUI of the p rejudrces of the P3\[ . which
more distinct lv th a n the revo lut ionaries tht"'1l', c ln- o;, : the essence of mu d.
lk ~( 'lrtC'\ (lhl .llm. Ihan k., to the melheld of "hy perbolic" doubr, corre-
ern po litics. that which expresses ilst'll 111 a particula rly ..uik ing fa!<lhion ~ p" l1ll .. \\ h,\I th e "rus na rurn c" theo ri'> ls name the " sta le of natur e; ' a
in jacobin ideol ogy, is the o nset of w hat o ne could ".111 pohucal hUlnJ.n. \ \'ril,l"'lt' d ('~r ~'(' zero oi po1i t i c ~ th rou gh wh o\( invennon th e idea of a
Ism. meani ng the (pcrh,lps exorbi tant. hu t it d OC." S!\ '( matte r he rel pre - I r .IlI " I1U ~\IUn 01 po we r (hy which i\ nrst of all mean t th e notion o f rra -
rentio n to esrabhsb all our polmcal \'alm' l'o ht'~ I011\n ~ w ith the Iq p tim J()' dll io n ) I.., so to ..pea k, \ halt t."rcJ , The sta te (lf n atu re , an es\Cnti ally p re-
of power on man an d n o lo nger on tradition. wh et he r the latter i\'m~ rolitic;ll nllti flTl. i.. invented hy plulo so p hcr-,wit h a n exclusively critical
fo rth from dh 'iniry or from nat ure. ,11111 "" hid) fo rebodes til\' revolutionary gesture. It is abo ve all, not some
In the discourse r rdim ill:lry to his treatise n il Primitit,t' I.egis/.ltion kind (Ii r ll;lllt.lSma~o tlc bicroncal recn nvtru ctiou (a'> most soc iologisw,
(!..l Ugisl."ion primitive (Pam: Le Cler c, ISOl )l. Bonal d mrrod uces, as b l.'):tn lliTl~ with Du rk heim , believed ], hut J fict io na l h yp othe..is without
is his wont, the f rench Revolu tio n ;1\ J "catas t rop he." A!> he asks him - whi ch rhe q uestio n of the It:gitilll;)CY o f powe r, o bsc ured as it is by the
~If abou t th e C3 USCS of th is "bloody d isa ster: ' he wntec Ihe follo w ing r ci ~1l of tradit io n which dec lares It as always al ready sett led , co uld not
lines w hich deserve u ur full arreru ion : " Unt il rh i.. lime C h ris tia ns had even be raivcd . Unde r wh;u co nditio ns can a po litica l po wer be consid-
protessed mat power comes [rom God , and is theref o re always to be \·rC'J 1\·git irn.1te ? Th at ' s rhe q uccrio n whic h elllly th e p resuppositio n of a
respected. whatever he rhe pa rnc ula r goodnes s of th e ma n exe rcising 'tu gc o f h urnnmrv p rior to the ap pea ra nce of a po liced socie ty permits
It. , , : legrrimare po wer, not in the sen se th at rhe man excrcrsmg It be us 10 form ula te in all it .. radrcnlncw .
named b)' a n o rd er \'isih l)' issued from rhe Di\'in it}" hu t be ca u,>c it is 2. In Desca rtes it is the reco urse to the individual, to the cogito.
comriruted follo .....lIlg th e natu ral a nd fund;1lllcot a l lJ.ws of \ uej a l order, that allows t he mOllll'nt of d o nb t a nd of the t,l bu la t J S.l to be m 'cn:o me,
of wh ich God IS the 3uthor." Bur hegin n ing in t he fiftee nt h ce ntury, and Llh 'w ise with H o h"'cs o r Rou sse;)u, it is the in\'e nlion o f the peopl e a s
anticipaling l.u lhe r a nd Ca lvin. according 10 Bonald. ,111 cmit), c;lpab le of free ..d f-J... termin;tt io n which . th ro uI;h the im'cn-
lio n o f .1 {IO h r/c,ll mb/ f.Y I , ,l l1o ws Iht' problcm of the legitimacy of power
'IJ'id 4 WlI' m POll'" o"ty "I,m, he- mJinla in...d IhJt poWtf, evcn pllllli.:al powtr, ttl ht' pmitin-Iy \ nln·d . Po lilic;tl ph ilo \o ph r from thc n on . in Ihe se\'eo -
It good onl}' wht'n th... man tXt'fCl~ ing it I~ (:ooJ him"CIf, :Il1J IhJI any Iinte fe\'n lh ,lItd \'igh tecm h eentu rics , es~t· lltiJ.J]y ta kes the fo rm o f a ph ilo so ·
woman In the \tale- of gracr h..l\ mOfC flghl 10 p.mtrn thJn ..l J d,;r,u(hrJ ph:-' o f Liw. Thcn' are o f ,,:o ur s\' n'rlai n ex c('p lion .. (we rna)" t hink ot
prince ••. From Iht're o n followed. like' ton:...J (n n.....que-n( cs. thc docl fin~'s of ~ lol1t e ~ qu it' 1l 1 , hut il isn't 100 much to !o;IY th .u Ihe)' co nfirm Ihc rulc ,
COmnlUOf1.l1! .lind conditional f'll" 'C r of TlwmJ\ Hohbt... J IJO of LOI.:ke. Iht So- 'IhI.' lIeJ r wr.tli t}' of Ihe g rea l pol ui\'al think ers of t he Age of Reaso n set
cut Vm' fiJct of Je.il.n-J;h:q u ~ ROUS'>C'3U. June-u\ jlllpulJ r ',cwr re- I ~llty, etc, powe-r n Ul In t:h hora ft' ood eK lrine ~ o f law," in wh ich the concepls uf SUIC at
C.1 me on ly from m.1n: to he legltlm,lIe, Ir h .llJ 10 be: ( Omtilu lcJ and excrci.....d n JrU(C' .lOd uf sucial ,:Ul1 lr.1Ct .Ire ( o Tll'o t alllly d iscussed . The r rind p J I
'olk"ol,ing U'tum eondiltons Impu!>Cd b) human bcin ~~ or ( erl.lln co n\'cntion\ th em e of tht·\t· dOClr inc s is Ihat o f pUlIlIIg Jon en d to th e u aJ ition.ll
made ..mon g men. to which ro.. ."'t'r (ould bc rClurn cd. in C;hC o f \'io l.llIon. rt'pfcS('nr at io m of plliit ic;lliegiti macy, as mo sl co mn u'Otators h.1\'1: cur-
Ihrouda rnm', force. recti)' \eCIl, l\e yo Tld th e variom lTlodJ litk'S in w h ich Ihc )' mav h n e ~
.lpprche nd cd, the \'on et'p n I)f SI;\te of n.Hur e a nd of soel .d t"ont u~·t fun ·
One could hardl y benet d~ribe the e""ence o f pulitica l modernit)'
.nd more conci\dy highlight the parallcli"m th at ~tablil>hcs i t~elf at Ihe
tt..... n of the mndern era ~twecn pure [h o u gh I. whi.:h in the se\'en u:en rh
I d:amt'IIIJll y mean that, cu n lrary to ",h.lt wa s th... case with the .1.nc it n b,
an d lIlurt' ~\'n C' rally wit h all the I rad i t iu n it l l hcur it~ (It r uw et . le,:rrimJ.tt'
17
16
 ON'
pohtical a uthority is nul that whi ch imir ares .1 nnllr.,1 or d i\'lnc (ltd THE REVOL U TI O N O F ' A.STE

but rha r ba sed o n the will (If indi \·iJu.lls (It, to use the tin ing philoso )~r: .lll,1 Wul ff. Alexander GOtt lieb lS:t u m ~.Jn c: n. produced in Lann the- \IX
c.ill tr:r~. ~n subiec nvuy, T0E:cthct with the Idea ul .t l~lIssi hll" ~{'1;. hll lllin'J 1' .1 ~(,,!> of hi s At'st//(·tk a"
determi nacio n of th e peo ple, il \ rhe demo..-ra n c principle which thu l'h c birth tlf ae sth etic s .\S a ph ilo\ophicall.h <oc1phne i\ permanently
bums into poli tical rh l lns()rh~·. \ huh ·.! I I ' Ill<' r.ld ic;\l mut anon th e'repre semanon of the t>cautitul under-
':Il("~ when rhc I..Ull"T i~ thoughr III In term s o f '.JSlt' and. th erefor e-. u\i n g
.J. A ~ ('r thc inven tion o f the sr.u c uf IUI U l(' .IIlJ o f rhc r.~ ) p l(' .Is, hc
.l ~ sl.u li ng pUlnt rh.u .... hich in th t.' hum an being 'o(Kln romn to ceern lhe'
subiecr ot law, th e third ph ase of rhis mod ern \ 'I SI On (II rhc wo rld CO il _
\ cn 1·" S(·Il ~·l· lit o;. u1'o lco.: t i\'it)'. rhe rnost -u biecuv e within th e \ ub,cet . ',X'lIh
sins in the pro iecr of reconstru cnng rhe rm .l ltt~ of the "IKi.lI cd ll1l't"Oil
Ihe' con cept of U"t c the beaunf ul is placed in a relation to hu man sub-
these at oms calle d individual ,.. \\1wth l"r it be in Ho bbe... where thl , {('at
i('''' I1 ~ in' !oil mnmare th .u it may even be defined t>y th e ple-,lo;ure it pr o-
of death wh ich h.lu ms ('\"('I)'on e 10 the st.ne ui natu re lc.ids c.h 'h nne to
\ ides. t>y rbe jt·" j.Jrj" ns or "t"n1imenls it provokes in us .
associate himself with (',,'cr,' ot her 10 the que...r iUl secunr j , or in Ru u \ _
On C' 01 rhe cem r al prnblc-ms uf th e p hilo!oop h)' of art is of course
sea u. fo r \\ ho m the g0 .11 of C1 \"i~ .1....()..n.rrion I" 1I0t rhe qu ect to r h.lppi_ Ih.u ••1 the crue ria .... luch perm it II~ to .h"Crt or not th at a th ing is b<=.1U-
ness but fo r liberty. politi~.t l !"tK iC'f) J p rea no to be t hroll ~h o.lnJ throu~ ntul . How i!> nn e to come UI" with an "obrecuve" an vwer to Ih is marrer
the real izati on of individ ual will!". at 1('.1..r wi th respect ro 1(:<0 I t·~lt im.1 ..rv. 0 11":(' the fou nJ:lliun s of lhe 1x00Ulilu i h3\'C been silU..Ilc-d .....ithin the most
10r Ca rtesian idea of .1 tr..-o nsrrucno n c.1 a ll vah..: !> o n \\ h;lt rhe ..ut> ic~, mum.lIt· ..ub je... ti vrtv, th ai 01 t a ~tC'? Su t ho w, then, give up th is obiec-
C.1n accept .1S such find !" here it"> mo..t perfecte d ex prcs -ron. ito> ~n'..Itnt tn-in J" .1 f:UolI no w that the bea unfu l, like- .1l1l1lh e-r mod ern values, IS
rxtmsion. "in..y rhr inJI\"iJu .lli!>t rnt>Jd rC'.I~h('.. wi th o ut olpp.lrt·nt dlffi- "Ur~ I"loJ to aJ d rcs\ ihelf to . 1 11 anJ p!(,.1'o e th (' grC'ate-!>t n umber? A for-
cub}" into the mll<"Cli\(· ~rh t" r(' . In d i min .l t in ~ irom th t" llC'd aratJtln o i mitl.ll-ok prot>lem . Jn d o ne- in whi...h .1e<,thctit:<; ine\'it abl y-bul .1 priori
t hr Righ ts of .\ I.ln the iJc:'.J th.lt inJ i,·iJuolh. h oi\"(' Ju tit'!" ruW3fJ "I>-.:I(.t'" .1I1J in thclr mo'!>t c!o"emi.11 for m-<:omc!> Ul" .lgaill5t th c com parable
in .1ffinnin~ th.u tht"~- h.l\"e nothing. t-ut right!o and th.tt tht" Jutit".. th~>: qu c"rion s ..I..ke'd o f inJ i,-id u..Ih..m in rhe tidJ!> IIi th('(lr~· o i Imo.....I<=dg,e
m ay h3\'C' tow.uJ o thers .Ilt' t>Ut th t' s>'nun..· tri';-oll im"c.'rse of th(' nghts (hu w 10 ~rou n d objccti,"ity usin g the rep rC"Scm atiu n!> of the subleet ,J.:'>
o th(' (o, pc.IS,,>('S!o w ith t h(' solmt" iu..rifi~.Hion .I!" tht"m ..d\"t"!o. tht:' ften .:h st uting point : ) olnd o f politi c!> (h nw 10 ground the cnll ecri\'c o n mdi-
re\'o lut iol1.ltlC'!" do!ocd the ~lrde .InJ g.lH· the fln.l1 ruu ~h to th t' pohti~J l \'jd u.1! \"olnion ?)_1 S.1y ol Prl UrI Jn J in th e-ir mo !>t e\\C'ntial for m Noo.:o1 Uo;,c
logic bu rn ot thC' im "('n tiu n (II moln. rht' h i ~ tor)' ul .1l"stht,ti..:!> is d'lt' pl..l';-(, polr ('xcdlenc (' wh ('re the sub jc.:th--
A~ h.ls a lrC'Jd>' bfC'n rolnlt.J out h> Tocqut"\ Ille w it h hi\ u \ II.11 renc- iu rio n 01 the worlJ o c..:urs o r. to pUI it t>c1ter. where the w ithd r.Ju ·.Jl o;
tration. ahhou~ I>t"'C3 rt ~ d id no t h im sel l en l..J r~(' his radK.ll rl(()":C'- t" t' wo rld tholt ..:h.HJ,;-tcri7es• .n thc end of 3 long ('\'olu tio n. co ntemro-
du~ out..ide o f pu rr philo!ooph y• .Jhhu u~h hc " ded .l n,J th .lt onC' IOmt r.try culrure t.lk('s pl.lCe .
judge b )' ont">df th (' m.Hler\ of phi lo!ouphy .JnJ nll t o f polu ll."'Ji,' · the
credi t nC'\erthd~\ g{l('S rnrird~' to h im to r h ..l,'ing .lbo hshcJ ·· n.'c..·i\ t"J THETHREE FUNDAMENTALPR0 8LEMS OF AESTHETICS
formulas." dntro~'e=d " t he t"mpi re ot tra d itions." .1n d o\'l' rth ro wl1 th e
" 3u thor it)· uf thc moi ster " in su ch .1 W.1\" t h.lt h i.. me tho J m u~t III th c With the birth o f tJ :-ll·. th C' ph llosnph~· ul ,Itt o i olntiq uit>" gin-s way to.1
c=nd. wit h thc= C',,",llullo n 01 th e !oot:i.11 \tJ.;e. " co me o ut o f th t' ..t:ho o ls to Iheut)' (It 'io t'll"lh ilit>,. Th is l1lut..ltiul'l rai st'!o thr..' l· qut'stiuns tholt a r(' In-j.
f'n'ctUtc= m to \OCIC'(}· and become the t:lm1nlUn n0011 o f i 1H cl li ~e IKe . " , i\'c tu r the un ~lersl a llJing of m(}d~'r n cultu r('; th.tt of tht' irr.u KJnJI'l)' o f
the I.artet nOl o nl)" rrclKh h ut more ~el1c tal h" " dl:nlO..:r.llic:· 1 tht' ht·,m ti(1I1 whi ch. b y \\'J~. (If th e sC.lrt:h for :\I1 olUhlllom> of thc ~Il­
\ lble III rcl;niun Iu t ht' im d ligibJe. ('n~a~t's in it" \"t'1)" t'S s(" n ~'C' tht new
The C"mer~cncc.· o f 3l...lh eri co. m ust t>e pi.\ccd in th is ("OIll..·",I, Nor·
bon d t>t'lwcC'n m.m ..Ind Go d th.1t IS ll1,rl'.I..in~ly chJ r,l~·tensti... \li m o-
.·ith~tandllll: .a C'cnain rc("C'i\'eJ opini lln. ther(' i.. nothlll~ umde.... .Ihout
J n nin". Th en ( u m" s th e binh uf a itit ism ~hldl . r.C'~i nlllnJo: \\'llh the
1M anthni(' plohlem.lI ic: it i\ , o n rh e' t:u nt rary. Ihe ~ urC"1 siAn of th e
qUJrt; 1n l lht' .\Ilc ien ts ..I nd Iht' moderns jtnt'reto rc well hd o l"(' DkIC"rot l •
0fU,(1 of modcrn timn. Thr te rm it""l i occu r:'> initi.,lh' in the Iiti t" o f .1
b rill ~~ .\ bo ut 01 quC.'Stionin~ .1u ituJC' h.ward tuJ ui ull olnJ "il\lulu ,
philt--ophy ltoo" in 17 50 . It \\ .3\ J t Ih i\ Ilm(' that a d~"ciplc: of l.t'il'onil

,.
 ON '
nu~ l y tmd('t1o rO~loj hlc .a hiuury flf 01". wh l,'h ill turn C'M.l hli..hc , .. r,JiII,. t H E REVO LU ti O N O J U $U

('.Illy new ccncepnon uf the o riginal ity of rhe au tho r, hnall y. lh Ihl' :I:UUlllomy uf Ihe W'n..ible. 01.. lnvc-nnon rlf a wfJrid in ~"hic.h dw
arp.1rrnd y c1"'''lcal. In reality I>pica ll)' modern, mnt jf nt th e cruC'ri3 f C' JU'lne lI)ve.. way eU'oC'le\'oly (t) the huma n. ra1:n piau in du" pha.a.
tbe bc.lUli( ul ( 011\('10 Ihl" q U<"otion o f com munication, of th e 51'11$' " c" ",: Wnh th e At'stht'tlCQ ,>f Ko1uIOKOIn c-n a nd the "heN',mnr",klf1 (If joh2nn
"''''''S• .1 q uestion th.u .Ippt';1f\ withm a n mJI\l IJu.1I'\1 culture fllr \Io'hl~ Ikln rl d l Lambert 11766. lhc firo.r (If a kmg hne ,,f - p ~ ")
the-prob lem uf tnr:J'J lro" between human .. h;1\ become cem ral. the p rlll«"t 01 v.-ur 1:lnK(lut a IO~K" appl"ahlt 10 \CT\\lble " phcnomcru "
'" .IlrCo1Jy embod.ed. :":"t only dr~ thc beaunful a~r a.. man', own.
10 "(h I' 1" .1110".11,, )"rof,hI' H('Juu!,,1.· 1""(' A'd. m ,,,.,,y fI{ IJ,t' "'.. pmpcr I" ma n, bUI huma n \('nowb,lu y j, 011\0 prcwrll ed a, h.a"mg a
_\n m Mt' as Rup '",-" hi"""'" ,\1.2" J"J (; ,hl ~rcCl hC ctrucrure that C,,-,.j '.. po inl lJi vjew unnollou .lIy relall\m . But
rhc ( "fill/lie ·,f Pu re Rt'<l $r,n IOU" cnme along bd'o re: IN: udK-a1 au-
The beaonfcl, (ollo,,;n ~ a Pl.1tnniul c trad ition who"oot" mflucn(c on
to nom y uf the cen...ble VI'hl· vi.. the intdhgJbk Will he, for me fint time-
FrC'OCh c1.1.....icism 1\ stili quue visible (.1 h h ou ~ it .1I r(".J J~ full y ~I()n ~
111 the: h l ~IO 'Y "f t h(t U ~I , philo<ooph,cally nubll\hcd. th u' open ing up
.n " 'C ~h.1I1 W)()f1 see, (0 mod em llme:s), h.n long been ddincd .1\ a " cen. the thC-rlft'lIeal vpace (If the C,. tI<1uet ,f }ud1(mnlt, h rm uincd for S 'cu-
Sible p r~l.n i()n ·· ll h 31 is. an d'u ..tr .uiun) of the tr ue, 3 .. the tr an \pl;J\j. cche III t! .mlndte: the intdliglhlc woetd, which for Kant ..till had the
rion into the sphere l.t ma terial ,\ i\i ble or acousn c} ~ \ I b i l uy uf .l staru.. of an Idea necec....t1 to reavlR .•"boli..hing in thl" faVlKwl any
mo rJ,1 or mrellecrua l truth. Under \uch co uduicns the JWJ\u io n uf an reference [() God. even a.. "Imple Idea. ~1C1lKhe wn\Ccratn the \C'1Kibk
a n narur.ally only ('I(' seco nda ry m rel ation 10 phllO\oOphy. It i.. hard 10 wor ld, the: purely hum.an world. in 11.. ~taIU\ of one and only world (m
\C(' in w hat wa) the appre hen oon of rhe true mediated b~' the \Cfl\iblc turn fr.1jtmented mto a n infimty of pcnpccn\'C'\). DOlOg olIwa ~" ,,"h the
co uld he prefera ble 10 .1 ,.-I('.Ir and d isrincr kn owledge of th e tru th In "I ruth -wo rld" (P1.aw \ uuelhgible , the beyond of the- Ch n\t13n1l). ~ieu·
tt'OC'lf and fo r iaclf (except nn .1 strictly pedagogicallevel, but even rhar cche al..o d~ awa y with thc prete-tHion\of mda ph~"\Io In rrducin ~ the
I\n't "u rc). \Cn..iblc wo rld to an a ppea rance. And ..lOec the: truth btCOJ1'\C'\ a fabk..
8csidn. whet her in Pl.tronism, Chmtl.1n thcolog)'. o r C.trt('\ iJ, n i ~ m . Ihe phl ln..opht: r mu\t gne w :. ~' to the aMl\t: Ina p't aesth et,ca.'
die IOtclhgahJr ,,"orld is a l w3~'!l !lupenor to the \C'11\1hlc ,,'o rld , To .Idnpt We \h 311 of cour\(' h3'c to nt3bli..h thc dcgrtt to which thne var-
the for m ulanon that rTLlucr l o hcre : God's pomt of , jew i\ cha ra cte-n zed IOU\ moment.. of the Clln..t1tulln n of :.ntht'tia a.. prot otype: of modem
b~' the f:aet Ihat . intdllgibl(' thro ugh a nd through {G od is o m ni ~cienl. cuhu n: C3n be docri be:d. ,10, we hJ\e ju..t donc (in the manner of leo
('\-"cf}"t hing i.. tr:m \ parcnt for him. 3\ br as thc..~ anthropomurphic for· 'nr.1u..... .....ith all d ue rn ptetJ, :1\ ..t.age.. in a llOcar rrocC'\\. or whctha.
mul a\ even ha ve: .1mea ning ), he 1\ not aff("ctcd by t h(' mark uf Impe rfec. un Ihe ( tm tr3 r)o', th~ progfC\5i,"e 1O.. IOU.1tlnn.. of \UblCCrivitr offcr up
tion a nd huma n finitu de:cha r i.. C'''r rr ..~d by ~n..ihihl)", rc\i\tancc<> o1nd ten..i on ~ that dcf)' 3n )' d ~ript l on 10 term" of a n irra li--
It IS lhcrd or (" C'asy to undentand to whJ,c point the proj ect of (011- tlble " ded lOe."· ,",'e mu ..r .1hc-lV(' 311 eumlnc what concep tio ns of \ ublC'=-
lotCT:mng to the study of ..cnllolbllil)' 3n a utonomous ..cie nce, Ihat of .1(" • tivlt~· arc Im"o h"cd in each of the'oC "'3rious mome:nts in wh ich the
lhen", rC'pr nmts a d«i ..i\"e rup tu re with the classical po int of ,'i,",,"not Wit hd raw al o f Ihe di,,'ine (uf the intelligible world, if rrderrcd l i ioolv
only of thft>logy huc al-.o of all phll o..ophy of Platonic ins pi rat ion , ,",'c ..oci a b l~· J ( co m pa med by thc .1J"e:nt of Ihe hum an, thou¥:hr of ,u
ha ve to ..ize it up correc.."tly: Ihe objeCT of acs lh et i",. th e- ~n ..ihl e wo rld, ..ub jt·ct ,
has ' 1(} ~xtslence eX(l' pt {(,r m ol" ; il i.., in the ~lrictc<.t ~en ..('. man'~ u\\"n. Wh at i\ 110 the o thl"f hand alrC'.ld~" d e:.r i.. lh.1 l. in the l:our ol tM
The binh flf ole\rhcna. im plym g as a sp\'c inc di..C1pli ne J deci..io n taken e.." lurion t hro ugh which If bC'COll1l.-S :JutunOffi(lU". the hc.lutlful ol'lica .
aboul the aUIfHlomy of if' obirct. cxprno,n thm in con Ctnt ra leJ fo rm a", ,>(,11\I hll:'oh ject, ,lip'"ove r til the nunr .u ion al. D«l.ucd r.lJKally no n-
the upheav al th e cighteemh CC'Olu ry i'l.1 ugu ratC\ in all d um .lIns. It ..yl1l . Intelliglhlc i.. ip",o bcIU bccum n irr:uional, and unde r thl\ .1"['«1 ~.
bolJzu better than mt'uphy\ ia or rehlOun th e pr o ject o f PCO\'IJi nll rhr th('"tics begin", w I' Klk like J ,"critolblr l:h,d lcnge to logic. A" ltiLln,kr
huma n po int fll view ",ith 3 le"IIIm.lC)' wh ich th e devdopmrnl o( the l:urrectl)· nb ..e ncd, (rum , h.u point on rJ.l1un.lh..1 ph lltt'04.){'h r no l.. nSC'"
IiiJIIll' ~rkJ\l,'lcdKr of th e poo.itivC' \Cicnces IS bc"mnin~ to rcquIre,
... a hle to i~ore the qu c<ot1on uf fhc statu.. of v.h.l' I.. ··out..i..k rT oI"on,"
Wt: thall \('(' In rh(' p;tgn th at fnUow lhe wa y rhal the co n q u~t of frum l.clhn iz to Hegel (a nd we cnu ld t\'('" n add f fl"UJllhl.. ,,, ,he cmcul

7.
"
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tH E REVO LUTI ON O f TASTE
rroblnn tl( Ge rma nic though t. Bur .1 new a rran gement of [he . b
COfTC'Sr"m J s ro " ··0 hijec nvc
I hIS . .. 'tr rau-ona I"uv 0 L rh
r t' he3ur ifu l.•vuIt itel In.' l.k,1 of 3 11 evo lution o r even of a rro~rC!lo" in the prC\Cnu tio n of ideal
• no
tOO,!:CT IS a ble to a pp rehe nd eit her th e.' manifcsra nons of th e:beautiful fit nttrJTl' i, nu I n n ~er in"un "C'i ,",;ahll.'.
the ru les Jdimn ~ the latt er (a ~ ta r as we even .1J m n that such ru lt"\ Cll:j llndcr these co ndmon-, nrig inaln y al!>(1 cca..n IU be <Ill ('xcm p!uy
rhroagh reaso n b ur throu~h 3 different kind of faculry. The." rcader "'~~: l1'IIl-\"J lul.'. h e\,('11 "t"!:in.. to he- o ne of th e qu,;alitin w C' rna)' expe ct of an
h.1\e guessed that it is .11 this pomt th.lt modern .l.csrhctin. en couOI t' tl MIl'l w ••rt hy IIi that nam e. Co n\Cqllcntly. the: tru e a en..' ..t Op' b.::lng
ulI-nll,",1 111I rhc rh.tp"ool' l who merely tr,ln , );lIe" imo word " ~lU nd .., or
the concepe of 13 S(C. here understood .u the subi ecnv c co r rd.lIi,"c of the-
1I11,II"l'" the co mmuniry'v valu ev; he beco mes, !>u il:t1y ..pcak i n~ an a u-
lrr;t non311 ~' of the beautiful obj ect as sensible u bject, SUllicc li\'i r)' is
Ihm . rh.u i, ttl ' Jr. ·m ind l\"idu,d gifted with th e eJ I"3cny fo r a cre:u ion
thus no longer limned In the mrclhgrble Iaculncv, and hunl.lni r~- is no
whi."h " l "d l ll tl~i n.1 1.
ton{:cr sepa rated from ani m .J1it~· h~' rhe so l...virtue nf 1(' 3 ' 0 11.
II I'" .n th e h<hll1 ni n~ nl the cightrcnlh cmtury that th~ po eenriali-
To dus new status of the human correspo nds IhC' second r m blcl11 II.·, . ut .-r1l1.'N n .1nJ (If a rt hi,tory. whrch ....erC' revealed h.., th e d assiasn
that aes rheri cs ene ou nl er .._ 1 011~ I.II.c- torm. Rut thc y wcrc Al rcad y pre-em h om d';e beginning in
1 " Thr B " tJ~ o(Cn tlcum : Hl$tfJ') " JgJ1Pf$' T'.JJ,lt','" rh.. l,nth ro nl'mt"nt ui rhe 'l.uhl el:t a, the luJI:C IIf tradition , To rhi.. Will be
JJdt·d rhc r "yl:hologl'l.m of rhe !o('n"U.lliw, .m d the nJ tioo 311..m of Dobos
The co ndi tio ns of re.ls \ ,~ih t)· tor •.rmcr vm a nd ar t h btnry a rc alreAdv (.IIlJ III ~1 C) n te,y u i e u J to Ior ge the idea of ,1 hi'l.to rtciry of 1.1'1.te: not only
emb ryon ic In the q ua rrel between the ancients and th e modem .., Th~ .....ill Vulu ne'" w.ld " find th at II I' hi\ vhe-to ad who embu.Jle'l. beau ty.
pri nci ple' of modernity 1\ ..urrepnnou..I~' mobihz ed '" t he " ,)\" In whi ch hUI Ii he 1\ lrahan , French. or German, I( " ill he J .. an ltali an, french.
;<\i...--oI.1S Boileau himself uke.. part in th e deb at e': the supenonrv o f the or Gl'ffll.ln Wold th at she will mcamne the c...w nce of the Beau tiful. the
an c-ienrs in h i~ C~' l'" no longer con ..i..ts.• .1.. It stili d oc s iur th e Rena i... to kJ/"'J .
sance, in the b et mat th ('}" Jr~ a ncient a nd a....uch ernb,..xfv oJ tr ad itio n O ngill:l!uy it'oC:"lf cha nge.... meaning: thC' w m:cpt COOl .lIO'I. within It.
in it'!>eli re!op«ta ble an d w, )rth ), of .Idml r.n ion , · ' .1n .J l ~ Ih.-ally ..0 10 "reak, th olt of "ub leetiv ,t), (thc o ngm:ahry of the wor k
.Wh ,u rt=mJers th e worh of .1 ntiqui~· w \'a lu.lhle h (h eir ca p.Ki t)" to 01.Ul i.. a l..... a y ~ reflorred hJck tu th e o riglOJln y of the a ms l .1<; j"dn -idu.J/
conJorm thc:m'>('h'n to .1 norm. anJ th us to a pnnc iple wh ich i.. inl n n. .Il1 thur), But hiHuricily i'ii JJdrJ '0 th iS O n ~IIl,lry Je terminJrion: It'!> no
!lic.1l1~ supenor fO rhem. If we .1dd that . fur the French ..-1.1...., 'i..t.. who,t" l on~er o nly,) maner uf hein/;: or iginJI whe n confro nt ed with .1 ''I n-
anthcrio is inspi red h) C,;m~ i,l n is m . the no rm j.. th :u {If rcawn. and ( hrun i.· ..rrtK ture-th J t of a !>.1lo n. for eXJ mp!t". in which wit .Jnd im'm,
(hu s of .J f<leulty uf Iht' sll hja t. we Will unde r..1.1 nd (he wa }' In wh id1 linn wo ulJ he uf the e-.sen.:e-origina lity is no w me3 \Ur.-J a ~ain !>t the
t~C' wo rld of tr ad itio n i" .llr('ady "0 "ha h '" that thl' rO'>"lhill t~, uf eml· \",l rJ "ti.:k of ,1 histon' of .u t. withlll wh i.:h on e mll\I im'(ll'at~ to win
(' Ism and of hiMof)' be-come.. ,!, realit ),: of cril,asm , heca u'l' the re cxi..... ;111('\ ,l rt i, tie ..pur... Th e .'u nd u ion ... not yet "Uffil'ic nt • .1S it will be ,)t
thl' ." hl ni t h i~ hi..tu ry• .Jlllun g ec ru in a V ;ln , ,~.1fd c gr o up.. of our t.....en·
a no rm o th er than tho..c of tr .1 Juion. ,m J thert·io t<: a criteru m 111 w ho'ol'
na me wor lc.. ca n be luJged ( ,1 eri te nnn J e fac to used 1;....- thn..l· w ho h('-o li('th ( elllllry. "lit II is .1Iread )' yu it., nn 'es"'!'ry- J s wit nes'>(d in the in·
lic... e thcm "C'h"C'i hl be t.Jkmg th e ~id ... of ;\ thr...a tened Ir;ld n iun . in ;1 \tilUlltllJ,1 ! ..rh ere b~" Ihe cult of (hron olog~'. whic h will won prnide
paudox ~ond th eir ken ); of hmuF')' l-l~'C.1u 'e, unJ l'r the"'e w nJlliu n... un'r th e IIfltan il ,u illll o j the mU\('lIm, I""clf " ... at.,11 under the 'iiiWl of .J
t.·l1lpllr.l lu y tied in to the Fren.:h R('\"l, lutlo n.
11,(, .:uh 01 th... ne w, of rupture ..... ith tr;lJllion . cha r.1Clrrisrie of the-
• On the RC'Il.li. lo.ln.:C', .IuJ Oil the 1;I..:t Ih.lt in [hi.. ··lllh-rrllC'J ,.n C" ('1:riuJ , uh\'cf\ iH' prelenseo; Ilf ' ·mo d.·rn i" I1." find, it.. decpe s, mots in the
therc ...u .ll Ic.HI .I!U"ec.," cnt in ,he luo1!!cmcni th,U " Ihe Jr m ,\ purd y ,unjediH'
,11K! ~ndl~ ldu;l1 .Ipprn,:l.atlun IOuu lo1 1lC'\'er Vl'\"C .1' cnlcflon Inr 3 IU" r ropor ,
'_on. we mU.1 .al :'A ~' , d cr ".I,:\( til [ rw ll1 P.l n<lb" ~ (..tt .....l l(·~" i Jll y ' .1<'.1: f.lll ···",lI ol teu d wh,u i) tl('.lU [ r , the' Ik ,lUuful. to koJ/,,,,. ,J,IlJ hc win .In,..."
lf~u,oJ VI' 8<'l(ftlfJKf'U:hI(Jt' r J.., j /' l'Tnt Ku.tmhr'urir ll.C'ir , ig, I\cnm : It G, [hal u\ hI' ..hc,toad ," (Dia rmmoJ;u' pJlllIIS()l' hl'Iu<,. ,uti.:k 00 lk.Jlil 111M'
Tadonrr. 1'1l4!. "h:a p_ 1), fk aunflilj,)

l3
 ON' THE REVO LU TION Of TA SH
50 rha r ('nnt c:mporJry .1rt still b<-Jon <t~ In
~ 0/, \u"',n-nvit\',
' . . • e-' Polrt At"!tthe(lc\ I " enlitd y d rfferem . b ta nli..hing :1\ It don the bea utiful
fd 1M ort>it 0/ modern a~r hC:fJ~ In ~ ~\.(' we w,1I expl ain wi th !nort on 3 i.1cu h ~" muc h too ..» biecnve fllr o bj«tlvu y III be e,l\ily d n,ccmlb&e
rrn"~ loiter on. Wllhln 11. rtv h "'t n~', .11 lea..t up 10 rhot end of the cigh r«nth cmrury,
J. Com"lOlt .~u Jnd Currr", .. Pru.rtu",: C m (J,lt' Argue F:t~ tn..tC3J rmm rclauv rvm lo w.lrd .. the "C'a rch fc)r critotria . Par ado x..
JOOut 'N lk"," "fuf? c3l1y. the ..h r UC011 amrude bec omes I ~.. U\ y 10 mamtam in chi\ tophnot
tn.tn in thr l'oC 0' pu re philo...o ph}" Of politiC' or ethi«. and thi, for a VCTY
It the k <luritul ob iect i.. co nceived of .n pu rel y SUhlc:ctl\'c-a p.na.Jo J( ..impk re.null : it IInmcd ldtd y c()lIaps.e<o und er the wri ght of in 0\\"'0 ba -
tilT N rd y dare state, loo king as it docs like' a logical mntra d lcrio n _if n.tlny, rn Ihl.' v,uuc degree tholl N ietz~ he\ thC'ils that th ere i'So no seen-
it is .:IpprchmJcJ o nly b)' [h i~ elus ive f.h:ulry c311c.' . :1 ta ste , how cou ld Ilti.: trll th-lIT. rarher, that the lTuth o f the pcvui vrvnc sciences i\ i1\.e1f
there c\'e( be co nsensus o n the: he au ty of a wo rk of a rt or n f 1l,1tU t c:? Ihc .1pC X 0 1 i!lll'tlllO- C:l.n pr ovoke int e rc..t because of i1\ fmn tal c1a\h
And yef, those who Imlt' "be autiful landsca pes," the wo r k-, of Horn e- WIth cr-rt.nn wcll -c..t.l h li..he d cc rtit udev, the id ea tha t "ra..re i\ wbjec-
and of Shakespeare, and the Itali an painrc(s are m m lt: m W5 . • • decid. nve" IJ,k .. anr.rcnvcne .......ho ck ing a.. it do c.. not h ing and no one. 'X·c
tdl~·. the: pa radox is no r sim ple. It rna)' at f r-, t look tri vial, bu t It isn't. m.1\ <,,} ~' rh,n . o n rhe co nt ra ry, th e opinion that wo uld mainta in tha t it
Locked at o ne' wa y. it wou ld seem that aectheeics begin.. where: con- I~ po.... rble 10 JI ~CU "''' m anc rv of taste. a nd even to find criteria of the
tempo ra ry philosophy a ppa ren tly culminates, wit h th e problem of rela- loc:m tlful. would ..«01 untenable to the common sence.
nvism, As .a co nseq uence of the !\bn i.l n and Z'ietz ..che a n cn nq uec of Th e inqui ry un o the criteria of beaurv (o f ta..le) cha racreri..nc 01
metapbysics. and also because o f the influence o f the ..ocial .....oences, WC' C'\'C'T\" mode-rn ae..rhenc a ppea n therefore to he all the more ecenrial . It

have beco me pr ogressively used to the idea that there arc no va lue, in i\J; th l.. level thai the key problem of mod emirv in genera l p resents
and of them sdw:s , at C'mporal an d ete m.tl. 'X'e look .1t e\"er}" norm. evco " J(')('li 10 lh most d ifficult and mo... t deci ...ive aspect: how to gro und ob-
imdkctua~ moral. or politica l im titutiun as the res ult o f 3 h isto~" l e'tI\' U~' o n ..uhjccu,"lty. t ran ~en d(' nce on imma nen ce ? In other word...
whose reconstr uct10 n supposed ly fully expl.1ln s it.. mea ning, It I .. a n un- how to th ink Ilf bo nd .. (SOCIal o nes. of co u rse. bUI not cxdu..i\'dy) in a
dC'rnatC'mn u to say rh.-it we h"e tod 3~' In .1 "e ri..i.. of Ihe uni n n.l l: · "'K iely wh it:h pr etend.. to beg m w ith ind in J u:l.l.. in o rde r to re( on ",u uct
And let this rd ati,'j..m took a lon g tim e to o'I s..e n ito,('li in ph lloso - [he collective? Let u.. sta te righ t aw ay the the ... i.. we ",h.11l be defmJ ing.
ph}'-, Fo r a lon g time it d n crihed itsdf .1'> suh,"er..i,"c (th iS W .U ...rill the It i.. in the domain o f .ll:Sthellcs t hat th is q ut'\ti o n ca n he read in its
C3'SC'""ith M ichd Foucault ) a nd thcrefo re cu nd,emnC'd, to be i n~ ma rginal. pure"'l form. for it IS he re Ihat rhe [e-m io n hetw een inJ i,'idual an d col·
Could thii han' bttn rtal n.li\'C't~ or mere ( utenn s? In 3m' (0'1'0(' we have lecri\"e. \uhleCriw an d ohleCt i\"c. i... .1t it.. highe\t . Th e bea utifu l i.. th at
to accept the ob\'ious: hi..toricism is in faet o m n ip re..cm . Far from bc in): ~h ich.n the ..a rne rime b ring.. u.. to gether the mo..t c.1sily ~" C'f thc ffiO'>t
a Wa)" of thinking rcprcs'tCd bcc.aU!loC' of a re\"()l ur ion a r~' po tential too my"'terlou ..I)", Contrary tu what we might e xpect , the com,cmu .. JNKU
Strong co be accepted by o u r libera.l !oOCiC'hCS. it ron..ritu tcs thei r most Imporl.1nt wo rk-; o f a rt i.. 3S \ tr o ng a nd .1 general as 10 an~- o ther do-
wild. most m.am fnt principle. Its alleged muginalit)" ha\ become ~ mAin. Parod ying ontOof H ume'" argu ment we could uy thCTe is ins
ctrUra~ as cod.1y an yone can vnify for hl m~lf. thai It com, titute s the dl\3gTt'C:ffien t on B.lch \ or Sh.lke..pe.1re\ grea tness th.ln on the u.hJ·
MW domin.ant idoology. The idea th31 a tru th co uld ~ - a b->oluTC''' it)" ()f bmlci n\ phY!ioics (to S3Y no th ing of Z'ewto n·s). And )"('1. "'T .u e
l",-hich mea ns o nly nOI rn .n ivc, as wc arC' forced 10 re( a ll ..ince th e term herc at th e \"ery hean of th e mO\t int ense a nd m()")t J,ckn()~-Ied~cd
h.n b«o~ \0 rctot.ati,·c} nukes .lny h igh ~ool $wJeOl smile. if in - \ubjcc tl\·ny .
d«d It d OC"n't (,ffmd hi m. But in .111 prub J bility It \ hnck'i hi\ unly
~hw)lule COm"lellOn, Ihn there a rc no ah~olule t ru lh~ .
THE HISTORY OFAESTHETICSASHISTORY Of SUBJECTMTY
To rtpCat : thi\ ito the r('Suh of a lu ng h i\ tory, .lnJ mode rn r h ilo!>'o -
ph y be-g,Jns neuher "'"Ith S lt'll.schc no r \\"ith !\.1.u x. bu t wi th J)~a n~. \t 'hatot\'er c1'tt may be t he C.1\e, philo!l>Oph)· "from [)esc..JMcs to..:-':~ •
..Ilhou«h M firmly bdle\ed. :1\ we C.lO't den)", in the inr.lngibi lity o f sehc" (o r, in .1 mo re Slra u.....i.1n,"ei n. " fro m !\.t.1..-hiA,c1h to SolnR' , d..~
ftn rul ltuth \..
nor consist in thc linea r dC'\'c1opmcnl o f .1 mcu r hr.t.:.al ('Of1CTrtM," uI
,.
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....to,t("tJ\·ity which, unpcrtectar the:' ou tset . at t n t' mom ent of t h e Co TH f It f V O LU TlO N O f TAS TE
'MJ~~' finds irs ultimAte fo rm in the fl"chnidsr ':(lncept of "Wi~IO,
Jrr.1rt·n1lr r.ldICo1l1)' a ntino mic f'0!>1tions arc h ghti n ~ un co mrftol)n
J'OW't"l': ' The tensions and oppositions ..mun g t he different conceptioto
' n'L1nd : th.n of ind l,·id u.1 h\m . In both C3\CS the \ ub jeet I" thoughl of a
01 t~ subiect-c-amo ng Ca rtes ia ns, em piricists. in Kant's a nd Fi..L ~
. ~n~ ,
~ m on.ld th.l [ cannot come IntO communicanoa " uh o ther mon ads eJr-
transcendenral philoso phy. ..... ith Hegel and Nietzsche finall}'_art' in cept t h rull~h thl' intern1l'J ,atio n of ol third term. Since (h~ mon ad "
truth so deep th .u it wou ld be vain to arrempr to "resolve ' them in One p"" t·"\ •.1" l elhnl1 put it. "n eu her J(K}rS nor " lOd m..·..; · (he' dKOry of
equanon. To resto re to a histo ry of mod em though t the d i"C'rsilv of H " / S/IS CII "''''"11/$. which J tfem pt\ to anlo.....C'r the d ifficult quesuon of the
these various mo rne nrs con ..nrutcs, en: " today, on e of th t' prin~ipal .:rlletlJ III tht: hea unful, re..h o n what co uld he called a " satelltte"
ra!<oks of 3. philosophy that has as its aim the discern ment of the S[Jtu" of m'ld d : III Ihl' fir..t era of lIlJ lvidu ah..m, culminaring w ith ulbmnan
the subject dr,er f IJI!' death of marl, after the var ious J cco mtru crinns of r;![I\,lu li..rn ;llld Ik rk elC}·... .m d H ume's cmpinci..m.th<, in l c n uhj ectl "'l ~
met a ph ysical su bject ivity. hr" up,ht :l boll t l"J y till.' ht'.llltilll i ohi l.'ct (t h e (;H,;t th.ll it produccs c C("rt~ lO
It is for this pro ject that the histo ry of acsrhenc s provi des a pr i,.j. ..:" n..t·lhm .1Ino llg th e ..tlb il' ct ~ ) C.1lI o nly hc.· thou ght 01 ;IS sta rnng wnh
leged access. for the rea so n.. .rlread y sta red . I ha ve not. however. ai med tlu- id l.'.l o f .1 Gud. monad .1 m()n ~ monads, wh o gua ra ntees agre eme nt
at the exh.ausri,·en es s a histo rical w o r k would hav e req uired ; th C' cu s. amu np.the mdrvid ualc. . •
h \ ag;l1 nst th i, \ C.' f}' mudd that thc first aesthetics, 8 3u mg.a rt C'n s
ternary co ns ide rations o n Sha fresb ury an d Bur ke. Goethe a nd Ln !>ing,
At·st J.,nu .,. i) conceived . Th C' ar rival of thilo new, resolutely mod ern d is-
Solgee an d G erman ro manticism, and Ben ja min 's o r AJorno\ a("\the ucs
OrllOl' pr('lo urru.;('s the with dr awal of the dtv me per spective to the .lJ-
w ill not be fo und her e. But I hJ.\'('· a imed fo r a ce rt ain ~y!>tem .1tici t}·. the
, .m tagl" (.t the human o ne. h ... at such a pnce and on ly at suc h a ~n~
goal being to track d ow n th e vari ou s sing ula r momen t.. o f a history of
t hat til(' a utonom y III , emabl luy. an d th erefo re uf the ..phe re. wit hin
m ode m subiecnvi ry in 311 their a bso lut e irred ucib iliry, Cert ai n relanv ejy whic h h1.'3 uty .110 ne find .. la propt:r expr ession , ca n be definm velr
unknown authon-Bouhours for exa mp le. b ut a lso an d a bo ve all conq uered.
Baumgarten an d LJ.m bcrt - seemcJ ttl m e. in t he co nt e xt o f this inquir y,
to oc cu py a n essentia l role in the cor rect a nal ysis o f t hese r upture s. Fo r 1.. Tb,' k .ltltr..m .\ !om.·'lt: Rf'fl .,.:t /fl'/ .m " I lI t t' r5I1I' l f a ll 'i ty
rea so ns thar will beco me d ear in the co ur se o i the a rg uml' nr. r ve sc..trled The Aesthruca is not able In flllly esta blish the aut onom y of th e sen..ihle.
o n fivC' ma io r mo ment s currespolld i n~ ea ch to a de finite ..t3rc in the in cn nt r;tst to th t' IIltd Jigible. ( au ght up as it still is in [he fra mewo rk a t
qu ~tion of thc suhje ct . Ll'ib ni/l .lO r.ui u llalism. Dl.'lopite their extrao rd ina ry inno\,at j,·C' pot en·
tial. till' first .1t·sthl"tlt·" a rc )till tou.:h cJ. br a cC'n.lin rtltOnilom: t h~'
I. &'u't't'll Ht'J rl Jnd Ri'J5Qn: Thi' r'l'hi5tor}' of A l'#hf'tu s.
n("-c r ':.111 ("unfer. in the fin.l l .lnalpif>. th e sain t." loto1tus to beaut )· th.lt 1)
0" t ~ Du puIt' of ,he "Cogitos· ·
p,1\"('n h, right to th e tru e .lnJ the g(x.J.. _ . .
Contrary' to an oft recei,·cd o pi nio n (a point (I' ll comc ba ck to it l o n TIll' .u gUOll'1lt can he ~ L et c h eJ o ut with l'.1loC.' .lhhough It IS • .lS w.e
" 'hich Ca s!oirC'r wcnt wr ung) . it is fro m the !>C\'cnteenth cent u ry th at .....c '\.ho111 ....·c thr o ughou t thilo hi..to ry of o1esth e(i,,~ . ah\o lutd,· dt'CISI\'C: If
encounte r a h.Jtden l"d o ppos itio n be tw een. on the u ne hJ.nd . a cert a in t-e.-,Jury i.. nnl y .1ppe.Ha nce. th t' m.u\l fClotati on III the re.llm o t the ~n Ihle
c1.w .ici\ m whICh con("ei ,'~ an b}' a nalugy wit h science a nd as~igns It a~ ul I trll t' idc;1 o r III ;.I lllur oJ l e\"idt·n("c. then it h d ea r that u s tr ue \·.1lue
iu goal "to p,1im a fter na ture." an d thu\ to rep re-.enr truth • .and. o n the I"h,' it.. ' ·c.·n ' "·....enee l(lc.lted lolllnt'whl're o the r than within itsdt~in ahe
olhel , an a~thcti~ of " dd icacy" u r ",cnr ime ll1: ' sccing in the he3utiful rru ~ U f Ihl' ~n()d ir iUm (r;1tclo. It e.m ;11 bcst I.t y ..:I.lim to .1 (·e.r[,1111 ~.11ent
"'o'Olk .an exprc.~\iun uf thJ.t wh kh is ine ffa hle in the tran~pnrrs of pa s, m tlu' p ft'5l''' toltim l (If .1 .,:(I nt ~' n t that d ne ~ not t;,d llng to It. ,..... hll·h I"
\.lun. Behind th~ two c:on..:ep tiu n.. of he.auty-who \ e ..:o nlliet gOt'!> on ;l J W'1 Y ~ dc.·..cn\-.t·d a nd ~ rn u ll d "'d o ut side of It. in l>pc.·cu lat1\t· ~~ l lnMl~h~"
thro ughou t the eight «nth ce nt uryr-twfl vision .. uf suh jC'('ti\·tty .1tCco n- K ICnCl". tlr ethic!>. Th .ll is. mur ell\"er. thc ..:tux uf C\'cry d .l"l>ll'h llt: II the
fronUP)t ea ch othec: o ne, 1\\U eJ from C.1tt~ianism. IOio:a tes the essen ce pa lnll nJ:, o r the puem i ~ ;1Nl\'C .111 ' ·31u3.hle fur the:' n(lhi li ~y ,o r" thc ,,;'1-1 :1
(of the- cogi to In te a wm while th e ut her, l'a !>CJlian o r ('\"t'n st'ns u3Jisl. It rerrC!>ellh. ii truth mu~ t reipl• .,IS ROIlcau pUt u. nl"n I' u rnu..t loro-I
pI~n the ~ntial d 'oC'where. in th e he3rt u r the tt'Clings. Yet these 1" 0 the rh}·th mie fnot: ' thl'n i ~n't ;.1ft l"tm dem ned Irum If) \t't, . (m~IR" to ..
a ,
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tooNIR3tC rosirion In the field of l.-ulrurc? And rhar is Wh .11 is at s , tHE REVOLUT ION 0' U ,STE
St altr
rn the pl"OCn$ of winn ing ~ut(lno~y for the" realm of the .~nsibl(' In 10 mak e use ul .I c('n Ain n'pr e''oC'nl,n ion of m tt"'J u",~t'lllJlty tn unc:kr·
m .l:hon 10 the' two .~$r«t.~ rheo rerica l ,1 nJ pr acti cal, o f ~hC' 'ntclltgiblc• \taml ..ach A harmon y, We' hJ;"'e now lull, e'OIC'rC'd the modern, vc;ub,
h I no doubt the athr m.'ltlon of such an .,1 ~tonom )· l h:lt Will perm it Kanl IInlve1" "
to break out of the fram ework of dJ.~~lClsm a nd to wor k O U t the Prin. Th e mutAtiun i\ iu..t .;J§ deci..ive on the Ani .., And crU tor'" "ilk; he
ciples oi 3." aesthet ics within which, for th ~ first time in th e history ol (,'.1"'''' ttl N- he w ho mnd C'> t1y limit!> him..clf to J ,scovrn"R and n:prC'S,-
thought, beaurv acquires an independcnt extsrcnce a nd ceases h('ing the /tI,~ in .1 ~ r" l.'a h l e fa..hion th e truths created by Go d an d h«omn he who

mere reflection o f .111 essen.:c fu rn ish ing it wit h its a uthentic mca ning i,wt''' ts. lhe Kt'1/1"S ,lPllC.la an d the imagination tend s to become ",he
queen 1.1 f.iculne v," the nne that rival.. th e divine in the production of
from without.
r;Hli( ;llIy unprecedented wo rks,
h has to he nonce d that this unprecedented reversa l of Plouonisrn
Io f the p rimacy of the im elligib le ove r th e sensible) abo up sets th e hen- I, ""r I (t,xt'li,m ,\ I" "ll'llt : Tilt' AI,so /ull! SublN'
rage of the history o f subjecnvny, We mu st keep in mind th e idea th .ll t IT ttrc l) 1!,'l h 01 Art
the realm of sense- perception (o f the sensi ble] is th e sig n par excellence Hl.'gd \ rcinte rpretancu of the thco I)' o f F,t'tlIU \ ~s out to sto p th e: g.1p
o f the human condmon, of lm ,il('d kno w led ge . h is cxa crly rh.n hy o r en eJ ur w ith in classical rancnaliv m . No on e ca n dispu te that Hegel's
wh ich man, wit h a mat eri al body an d lim ited intelligence, is d istinl; .n-a hcnc-, a rc impo sing. M uch mor c dun Kant '.. do , thC'" ta ke int o ac-
from God with his pure spiri t a nd om niscience. Th e affirmation of the co un t• .It li lllt'S in a dazzling mariner, the concrete h istory of art : th C'
a uton omy of th e sensible mea ns nothing less in thi s context tha n the ilHt'rprt'tatlo n o f Antigon e: o r the revelation of som e of the deepes r
radical, perhap s definitive, sepa ra tio n o f th e burnan a nd the di\·ine. mca nmgx 01 Romarmc poe try remain . .....harever o ne thinh o f them.
Even more: it implies the ex istence of a sphere. tha t o f th e properly mudd.. for a philosophical critique o f a rt. But it rema in.. true th at. from
human, outside all divine legislatio n and yet no t the re by J m ere imper- the rime nf irs ripeni ng du ring the jena period. Hegel's syste m tend s to
fecti on, a flawor a lack when co mpa red to the divinit y. It is J fatal hlo w reinsert 1111.' hu man po int of ..' jew as a ...imple mom e nt within the his-
dealt to th e a ncient stat us of the d ivine, an act of p rid e of w hich it is roncal unf old ing of the divine: " rctlecno n.' a, the essence of fimre
not too much to sa}' that it is. wi thin the real m o f the in telle ct , compa - subwcti viIY. rnusr be "su bsu med" in wh at 1-It'];c1 ca lls " the speculative
rable to the o the r act of lese-divinire const ituted b y the French Revolu- propositio n," Sensibihw th us loses the autonom y it ha d acquired wit h
rion in the realm of po litics. Kant, so rhat .1t'stnetk .. becomes o nce a ga in, in a very classical wa y. the
Th e birt h of aes the tics thus reveals itself to he stricti }' in...cp a-able expn·....ion o f an idea in th e field of the sensible. Of cou rse, H egel gi\ cs
from a certai n wubdra w al o f the divin e. A new figu re o f fini te subiec- this .. lien.mon 01 the idea In a n exterior sensi ble matt er, unlike the cla..-
nVlt)'. ca lled by Kant reflection. a ppears in the wa k e o f thi s ..vithdrawal. sicism o f the seventeenth a nd eighteent h centuries, the form of a " ,storr
We \hall s« ho w-therc is. o f co utsC', no chancc in a ll th is-i t is with of art . But it's fM from cerenn tha t the ~..clltial fea tu re 01 d.l<i.siosm . <,
the thCQt)· of the judgment of taste, under stood as a " retlcct i..'e" jud g- supe rSl'dc d . In Heg el's (' ) '1:'\ a n rema ins. in the end. J ma nifest3tion of
~t tha t ca n come a nI)' from a ~tlit~ su b ject . mea n ing a s('tlsihl~ on e thc tr ut h wh ich. ho"c\'er attracti\'t:', is ncvenhcle\s bf defin itlu n interior
"n~g at \Orne rem m 'e fro m God, that thi s new repr~entation of the to th at wh ich takes pla cc within ph ilosophy. That IS the nlean ing ot the
t .l lTlOUS uh serv;uloll .1c..:ord ing to w hi~h art bclunglO to th e past, Rerl« -
wblttt ..... 111 tak ~ \ h.-. pe. We shall 31"'0 ex a mi nr ho w wi th t h is new figur e.
the con tC'mplato r of heauty, ( ea sr\ to be a m ir ror. in d i,,' id ua l, a mo nad [ion ;lnd ~"ni u s mu\t gi..'e W il Y to the ab soltltl' subiect ..... hich on l" p hi-
losophy c;\n make j cce\ sih lc ttl us.
co mmunlca ting wi lh th e other mon ad !!. on ly through the mediatio n of
che'dIvine u rd h te. God ... withd rawal leave s ae... th etics fac ing up to ne w ., . Tf1l' Nit't~clu.m ,\ lo",t'IlI; 1'1·('" Sh.lttt'rt'J S I4"i.-" .J'I.I 'Iv
quncllln,: It.nil"'" hato to thco ri7c th e "com mo n !ie nse" brought .1bout A("'sth"" :.ItifJll flf ('''/' Ilre
by the: bc.auuf ul object. to lh ink o ut. if wc prder, th e hMmon}' of " sen -
How cw r parado xiCAl it may suunJ.l'\'icrl_o;ch(' ... .1('Sl hefl ~"'S -f'C'c h ;Jp.. the-

.
ul-tll tu:''' l",,'htn if Iolket pb l"e a n)'ho w ) .and t ha t in some ma nner o th er
c n lhe theoI lJftlcal (rno n ado!IJglc.aI) o n('. In o ,hC'r words. we now hav C'
mll..t anti -HC'gd i.ln o f 3\1 rhil tl\nph i~ of .l rt - li n ~ up in ,Y I1,u n ,",'.I\'
,.
 •
0 ....
h ctw .....nll.n r n 1ln: t o i ~r.,n r inl: thC' , ('11'101.,1(" ;l l1tun
.
ll lTJ)' in tel.l l lOn THE 'E VO Lu t ION O f u.sn
10 tM H1ldll~"I('; jut ..lm il.l f r('~'>(ln~. rh l" .I Utullt ll1tl1. U II)U Clf th e "CTl. whilo." h , hu ul..l.l lm .;1( .1 .. , r.lClUrcd ....de.'cpc" mure: tn t ct Itu m , one mon'
t-k IC'..J~ In oJ rC"l.11ll.n~h lr whi..-h I~ thl' (', :,,,'1 inve r..C' of that whit:h rea l In d ie"' e.'I1J th ..an th at w h l ~h meuphy\ia .lind pbt",nully Ifhp'red
~llml ..m hol" \to ith K.lntiJ;m..m, to thl.' R'.dhrm.ltIul1 n l llw Icgn iltU .....Ic-nce a rrsvc .1t- wh lch co n..t u ute ... Ihe: r h11n....1"hical ~L1.ltJon under'
u. 1M hum,l" n(·w~.jnt O UT .'~.lIml th .u I l f t he divine. fn ul h('r w o rds: I ~"in~ . Ii IIUI the IUI.,ln y of cUllIcm!"t.ury an. lhen .lI1 kdtot chow In «
tM "''ON!> oi a h i....o~ uf sui't IC\.1:l\-i r ~· -th(' "death 01 CoJ" me a n, ;lI!oO c-xp n......'u n.. wh ich a re mo..t man lil:'ody connected 10 " a• .lInl-prdavn.""
th .1t01-the Jt-~dur(' sul'ojc....rt •.1t the came time rh;lt it poi nt.. to t he Co rning Ii ;-"; Iel.,..che ;s no do uht nn r- Of an yw ay ntlr onl y-the phl~
oi the - ..hmered "'lll- 'O,:t : ' lme' U J K .lll) Clp C'lI to rhc' .1h(' rlt ), ul the un- phcr o i the " wn rld uf the techni q ue,"".h H e.'iJtAA~r beheved, he i, "' llh -
out .1 J o uht till" thin ker Il f rhe acvthcnc avane-garde 111 \0 tilr .I If 1\
ron....rio uv ,md rhcretore forev er mc a p.rhl c of do<; in ~ ill on lh df in the
II1 dl "nl uhl~" con nected 10 the figure of the fracr ueed \ ubjtCI. In n hy-
lih,,,,iun P( some ..o n uf ..l·lf-fr,m"'p.u \·nq .
p ~'nl1 d i \' HI Il ,l li ~ ( ,I\ r l' ~' ( the avaut -garde encounter.. the mO\ot extreme,
The fJmoul> thcsi.. rhar "th ere ,I t ..' no facts" hut "only illt n pa'ra_
!Ill" mo , 1 "s, Ubjl·ct i·w .. revolutionar y ideology. II rhen g1urifin Iht ,"alliin
rion.... JrJ.w!> to r<' rf('~·t i ll n the outline of rhi-, Ill' W age 0 1 indi \'id u alislIl
0 1 iI1lHIV;u io ll, n rig ill.1lily, rupt ure with rradmon , th e. III a wo rd. nco-
th.1t Nict1 ow:he '~ thmking ma ugurares ;n the sphere 0 1 r hil mophr.
C.lrr..'M.Ul \';\1IIe.. of rhc IJ bula fa".l wh ich N ictl~che pa raJox ic~lIy t"u ln
O n the one baed, the pro position (".10 he u nde rstoo d in The' se nse Clf 2- J ( rhe ,"cr y mo ment he th ink.. he is d estr oying them " w nh 3 ham ","."
IUl.:lI sc biccnvom o r, J~ it were, of a n .1P.;o lul e rd.1ti \"i"m : th ere i\
~1It 111 it-, " h ypcrreJ h\ t" (thc c x p re~\ io n is not , of cOUn;.(', u!>c.' d hcrt i.n
no "m~e tru th. (Inl~' truths. perfect! } 5tn ,f:u /,Jr PUillh of \'iew, thJt Ihe mt· .1I1 in~ II ha s ta ken in recent Jt[ history ) 3\J'CCI 3'"dnt·ga.rdKm
I~ If Viie' u nJcr<,ranJ o UN:h -('S (,llrrt'('t!~". n u lrllth ,n all in the !>Cnw ft'n'al , It"Clf rn ~ a ' ·h ypc rdJ \..ici\ m," th e m ntraf}" of anl kind 01b.a·
In " hi..-h th C' C'Ilpre..~i on h.1s heen kn o w n up In t ht"n in th(' philo\O- r<>t.lUl' . Frn m cul'oi..m tn \u rrem.1tism o r !.u rreJ Ii..m, th e- goal i~ to rcnJ«
phlc.. 1luJltion lI de.' nti t ~", JJt'\tu,1t~' n essl . Yc.'t on th e mhcr h.md It wou ld rhr fr ,lk"l rt·.lht},- thc rd nr t' the fJ ..cina tlll n lh r 'c.' aV3.nt-g,uJo ttll tor
w:em Viie 3rt e-;.:.1pm~ tht' r hilo..oph i e~ (,f th e su h il'('I in h t' ritl'J Iw m rhe (lew ~l·n n1\.'t rie~ wh ich gi\"C' ,m inkling of .I" yct un c",plo rtd rb~tTc
G"nia ni~ m dnd C'm pirici"m, p n '('isd)" bl'C3use t hc ll' i.. Il O lu ngl"r ~r ,lCt''' . no nerhdcss " mo re tr ue" than the wel l-k no wn o nn o f Euded-
cuhn .. monJd in c10sur c on ihe-lf (t he.' \'il'wing point .; (,,111 !H I l (lll ~e.' r 1,111 r CI' r ect i\'c. " r-. lo re true," mean mg, as .....ith N lctzf>l:he (..... ho~ 1.1\-

be- rC';l\.~hlnJ 111 the un it~" of ;l su b jl'etbm hs r3lKl' ;1" if th cr " W e.' ih C"1Il;H IO n I'o r thl' " TH'W " l'o iology I!> well kn own ), ,iiff~r{' '' t . "wltJp/t'.
.1tttibutnl o r .I monad o f mo na ds w h ich wou ld gU;lr.lIHl'e, ;l !'lo in Lc ipn iz, fr,I' l uff'd .
thc ,1gr«mcnl o r humnn}' o f th e mult Iple p crsp ccti \'l'S w it h in a I('vrld "111C ,t\' :I n1 ·g;1fdc~ in r o lit;... ~ have J isJ r r eJ.ted at rhe.' e-nJ o f ml"
115t('J'ff· All Hc:ideAAcr \"C'r)" .... -ell p ut it, N ict z",hl'Jn iO;nl is ,1 " mo n ado l· rwem il"th (t·nt ur\,. as h3 \"("' tho se in ,lrl . Th e diJ&no~is is ... 11 the In~
~ """'thoul GoJ ,... :c
JOllPtl ul w hen .... k..' ep in mind th.u it \ mo,t often prono u n..' tJ r.~- the-
If lrulh j~ no lo nger ddine-d all ei the r identity (th t' nnn('untrJdi('tiun \ cr~" p rnl.lgonists of thi s slr.l nge h i ~to r)' of acsthe.'ri... ·' d un. - "irn.'t
J propoo.mo n\ , o r dd eq u.1q (of t he i lld~c menr ( lJ the th in ~), it .... pe r· (he I ll ll l)..,. \X'e .lr e rt...o ll1td ~.. if nOI iuyou..I~". entcnn ~ 11110 dlC' en of
h.apt, beau\(", In the- n,lm~ o f .1 truth d ccp er rh 3n th 3t (If rhilo!>urhy. Ihe ru,t-.11".Int-K3r J I." o r, as the Jrchltelo." rs ".I ~', Ili "po~tmoJ('ffilty:' In-
• ~lI1t\Chr conal\'n Ihe re.:ll a... mult ip li....i t)'. fract u re -as J if{e rc lKl' tha t 1I0\"alio n lo."casc:s tn he- ehl' ~(1 l dC'n ru lc, .'nd Ihr retu m to lo~t tuJlllOn"'.
orth .In can ad fiJU31dy ca ptu re" ur " r"' \'I\" .l li~ m," .l (' q lll ft'S a ( erta in !('pnm.lCY. The.' real I " .It th e- "'-lmC"
!lllll' 110 l u n ~l: r s ~!>tl' m .1t i c ;, lIy d r l1nt.'J as cha o s, ifJ. ~'"tu re, Jiri('f"e.'o\'Y. J l:oo-
.J 1".. f) ,..JtJ, (If I ht' Al'<lIlt·GolrJn <l'rd , 1". Cw " mg h,lt1nu Il)'. or J i"sol\ ;lIl( t·. l.ile r;llUfc link s up apm wilh the- U'l.Ie- tor
of l'uf ' OOlfJn" " 1 1I,lrrM ivl' ,lll J to r " n ',l l" Ch.Ir,ICll'rs, p.lil1tin ~ 1U11\," ~er C', du,lC"> h)."tI'''-
til In. p ru sa ll'o t'l! II lltll the elld uj the \ i,t;l's, an J 1C',lmcJ nm..' ..- .al'oanJu lh
It ... In mt e)c\., the .llmbl.. IlIm "enwllt IIf N ie:tzsd u.' a n ;It:~tht''tic~­
tIll' 1I\0s t I:"rc tlll' in rms n i 1" ,,0.. ~l' ri .ll hlll . 1n e.' r(',h Olh Ivr Ih i~ I'I("Vl.
h rcrrrl.lu riUll (ur h ypcrmdl\'ldu.l li\ llI) u n Ihe (lilt· h 'lOli. a('cnrJi n~ tI>
tdT rhr-re- n.1~ \ rl() truth " an 1I\('1f" tlUl unly ,m illh n it), o f ir rc('o ncil-
shih (.m h is!u ry is llude tlf p,U;Jt.!ll , es) ru n J C'C'l'. thc~ "'-1 dtl u l:-t ,.... rJ'
J nl'W f1 gUfc of th,' Mlb ll'I,:t ,IllJ u i its rcl.1th >n " i!h the- Wt'lU - .... , th I
pi"! ul \tc.'W•• 00 on IlK-n ehl'r h.md th e- " hy pc rre;Jlisll1" (If a n ;l rt
O N'
. odd who se witf,draw,1I,.1 s we 11.1\'(' sU~W"M('d . cou ld well he its rnO ~t
TWO
«nportem eha racte ris ric tod ay,
Al th e end o f such .1 histo ry of l'u bjea ivit)'. W~ will inevitably be led
bAck to the problem of the statu s of culture in :1 demo crat ic society, ill
.. so<icf)' of ind ivid ua ls liberated fro m the worl d of tr aJi t io ll.

l :h I C ~ a nd culm , are nut 10 he argued J b O UI • • •

Yt'! we do nOlh ing d !>c:bu t!
- F. Niet zsche

W H EN REF LECTI O N UPO N TH E BEAlITl FUL adopt s t he form

(If an a csrhe ncs as va lue.. begin to be thou ght abo ut uving sub-
jt'..:r ivity as a sta rring po int. the quest ion of what sho uld be held to be
rhe pn nciplt' uf this judg ment of taste within th is subiecnvny r CrJUlR S
(0 be answered . Is it a question of reol $O ll . <IS the Ca ncsi .l R\ and [he
tht'o rists of French classicism th ink , or of sentiment or (uJi" g. at "deli-
cncv" of hca rt. ws a school of th ou gh t that d raws from bo th Pascal and
En~1i ~ h emp iri cism will sta re more a nd mor e clearly th ro ugho ut me
cightcenrb century ?" If reason is chosen, one will co nceive of the judg-
ment o f taste on th e mod el of J logico-rnarhemaoc al jud gment . 8~' .:m.II-
agy wit h science, its o biccrivi ry will be gua ra ntee d, cla ssicism 's r1!1oK
being rhc lo ss of t he specificity of the acst beric judg ment, the red uctio n
of beaurv to :I mere sen se representation of tr uth. If on the contrary we
opt for veunm ent as the principle of aestbctic evalu ation . if t aste is more
a matt er of hear t than of reason. we will certainly obtain a n auron o-
mous aesthetic sphe re but , ap pa renrlv, at the price of so radrcal a sub-
tecnviznncn of the Bea utiful that th e problem of th e objectiv it y of
crite ria w ill sec itself disq ualified in favo r of ;1 complete relat ivism ,
The contlicr whi ch , fro m Boilea u to Barreux, fro m Bouh o urs to llu-

• C f. Ernst C.l ssin"r. The 1'/lIlo$Ul'h y of ,I,t' f:n llghl~'''''('1I t. 1J.~1 , h olJ'fft. Al-
though he m:a h' ~ certain lnvroric al crrors lc'h sitt'f i\ t";p<o::I .tll ~ rrn"ul.", ...h<"
I'll.' ta kes Bo uhou rs to be a man o j thl.' t l~h t l'cnth ":"' lH U ~-o " h<n h~ .....\ 10 tA l'"
coutvmp o rarv Il( BOllc,)u ). Ca-sirer 's gener.rlth c.... i ~ J."">U t tn....fltt("rm .-.: Nt-. ~
;1 C:l. rtt ~ i ') l\. r,)ti tlll.l l j~ t o
,)ud deductiv e Sty t n1 <"l'nt h \Tn IIlO .. n J .. .:"oiC"llo'ao..M
l' i ~h t el'l1t h l."t"IHIIr)' which h .l < ,li.cu \ cm ! t>t>t (' r\.1l i\l n ("('" 1.. 111... lW rtw
correct.
u
TwO
nt wHH "EART ...",,0 U. ...\OH
_ _ on .Il the \'en. crmcr vt . rhe rctlcction
........ . on rh t• 11',,, , . ~r~ c~ h

Ikautlful dunnlt the" h('m~h d.I\"I~JI penult '

, t:U11\t ll u lc~• in t lIrn trhe
"L
foi l: ' ( n .·s ",.m int'f, p. I .l l te .Jdmirn the ;U Wo:lC1\ 1\, At for PtNbndw.
'ftll~"'l(' rrr-h,\wr)' (II modern .ll"!olh\·IK~. 111(' two '1Ut.'\ U o n ' e .......har cvcr i.. Oowcr¥, whatever \hln('\,. eh.um, 111m. 10 hi" Itklftlo dw
. h r heuc . 1' '. S II ex·
rJon"!.-rh.u ur t r ;1ulOnumy U .I ('!Io1 cues 3" oJ new l,.I'!>Clph nc, diff.. (; rr d ... .md Illl· Ro m.In" a re nut wurt h rhe \p..nl:lrd~ And h ali.1R' "
• 'h r 1 ' ' t' · 't'll r
from "",IC, ;1nu t .11 (1 t 1(' cnrcna 0 t3\tC'-:-U l r~'~1 U.. In rhc flnal:lnal •
J- ' (ihid.). H e lov,... Ih(' b aroque.
\, to J ~ulC' problem : that ul rht" Ctlm m unl,".l b ,lu)' of 3c\t hcl ic C'S ~
. L " . I pC'r, _
\X.'l' wn ..(' in rhe pr efa ce flO the dl 3Io~uC' th at 80 uhuu n tu,. chown
hI' e.u n p. 'I he r oinl i v not . he declare v, " t il pre"ulhc: ruin . nu r tu Kl'-C'
ence In .. n f.u ;J \ It l!'t su r-rccnve expcnen cc, pun' y ind i,·id u.d v
I.m ~ \\ Iud'! li M y hllt hl'r someone ." ThC' .luIhm, No add '\.......f' .. h.al br
J~CC"\"lhlC' to others in th e mode (If .1 "com mon '0("11\(,' ," of J 511<1 . 1:1
TI"~ IhlllJ..., .U1J le.lvl·" to each Ih" libert y of lud ging olht-rw i..c:," hl'lo ..·. orlt
"hleh nU1hmi:. ar r .1n:n tl),. ':UJr;l nt ('('\ p riori .
dr..i rlll~ to hl' hut ;\ " ~hllrt a nd ea..y Rhl:wri, . il1\truu ing by ex am r 1n
;J

1110ll' Iha n h)' prec ep tv, an d which ha-,no ot her rules than rhC' h"d,. a nd
ClASSK:1SM ANDDElICACY: THE DIALOGUES \> rilll.1l1 1 ~o"d "l'I1"e the cun ver..arion.. of Ali"t e a nd Eugene make men-
Of EUDOXE ANDPHILANTHE 11011 of" (p. 4 ). Th rou~h the character uf Eudox c, it'" dC3rly 8<n\e;au"
f b I ' Ioa/./IIl· whic h i.. being armed at , 3'> II i.. ..umm ed up in t n nC' IUu ly
This dispure h.ts been etten an alyzed (by Casvi rcr and IU umln . (If i .,"lI lt'" "ef\(''' :
co urse, b ur bef or e th em a lso. and ex celle mly, by 1<. Hl'in ri,h vo n
Ricu n'c..' l-eauquc le vra j. lc vrai seul e'ot nimab!e,
SlC'in ).1 and we don 't need to reca pitulate its hi s-ror) he re. I wo ul d like'.
1\ doit r~~ner partour, ct mcrnc dan\ la f.1h\(';
rather, to di rect o ur attention til .1 11tt1C' kn own work. particula rly m-
I Ic rouw fiction 1'.1Jro itl· f,lIl....ctc
teresnng in thl.. contex t . since it ha s t he o rj~lIlali t y of prcwnnng the
Nc fl'nd qu ' " f;lirc :lUX y('U'l hr iller 1;\ \' cri[~ ,
quarrel in th e fo nn o f 3 di Alogue hl·tWec n two ( h .:\ra(t l· r~ of wh ich o nC'
"i.li..-IU po urquoi lUt'.. ,\,('f " '>Om lu'o d.,"" Il~ pru..-i ncn
Eudoxe. inC3m .nn Bo ileau 's d.H!>jcj sm wh ill: the OIhe r, Ph iJ.w lhC'. dOl~ ~1I111 rl·~her,h C:.. till prurk' ct fl'"m l·hel le .. prin,~ ?
so for th e aes thetics of Jelie.1q' . Tht· ho ok , b)' Do m iniq ue I\o uh o ur... i.. Ce n·r..t p:t.. \lue Il' ur, ..om. agf cah le... num h reux
u lkd On Iht \t'ilYS of Thinki,J.!: Pm/JerI)' in \tImks of Ihr Inld /u t 11>('$ ~ll il'1lt lHu juu r.. it I'o rcill e ~gal e mc nt ht'ur eux
m,"J1i,~s dt ,l};~n p~nsrT JaIlS /es ()JWTolKes .f(, r es/lTi l l. I'u hli s-h l'd in Qu 'cn p h i" d 'unlieu Ie ..cm n' y gene 1a m('s u re
1687. th i\ dialogue. w hich fol1owt·d the Cmll'rrsdtirms of A r;slt' and EI '-tu' un mut qudquefoi.. n'y br3\'C' Ia ccsurC':
f.uRrn~ IF;nrrt l iem d 'Ariste el d'ElIgi'lu', 16711. ...... a\ to knl''''''' 3 ~rea l ~1ai5o c ' ('\1 \Iu' cn cux Ie \"r3i du ml'n\(m ge \'3inqu eul.
, u('(n\ . l"o do ubt fo r thl' hr"t tim e in the h i!>l or)' o f w h .lt ""'.10; {(l hc I'arl o ul ..e mo nt re au x }'C:ux r:f V3 s;\is ir 10:~.. ( oe ur"
kf'KN,'n 3\ aC'\thctin, Ih e o ppu..it io n of c1as sic i ~ 11l to ddicaC)" wa .. p ut
lonh ~\ thC' hppo..itllJn o f two ide a l t)'pe5o, or even of tWO tvpe, of men. ~ b pen ..ce .HI grand jou r p.utout , 'uffre C't ..·C'xru\C
UC'IC' 1\ how thl\ J.. un.
' pr o fC'S<,Qr (J ( h umamtle,,"
. . a nd of rheton
. .c whom E! 1II01l \il·r.., hicn Oll ma l. di t t(Ju ju u r.. q ud lJlIl" ..:hu ..e.
Mm agc Q\tI"~tC'd tor L~lO
" g :1 flu I f af('ete u' pt'd 3nt :1n d fo •r l' XC(''''
i.. "\'{lrth~ llf Im--r.
0- ' J lCUOUlo.
-
Nuth ing i.. h('JUlliul h ut th e tru e. Ihe tr ue unl)
\i"d) flC'qu~~ung " thC' lJdic\ and tilt" minor an ilot...... bu t of whom M J ' II m ll ..t rei gnc\·l·rp ... h'·rc. CH' n ill the f,lble;
da..nt' de sn-lgnc
. u\Cd ,., ...Iy lh 3t '"wit 001.C'S nur 0 ( h'I.. cver}' por e. "
b er)' ",tion'" .IJ ro il €.llsl·m·....
IhtrodlKn hi'" ' .....0 , horocte'rs: t hey 3r e ..t .....o m l' ll of kttl.'"f!o. whn..('
Sern'" onl )' til nl.lkC' lIulh's ..hlllc "'rp"" cm,
;'CJIU'~.n. nt ll , po iled them a nd wh o h3vc no It·..\ pol n en e.... Ihan Ihc)' Kllow }'m l why my \ ','fH' " ;If" read in the r n w im
0., erudltlun • • . AhhflU}; .•.L. I hty havC' h.1(t t he \ am ed uc a t io n anJ th ey Jl'lIIantlt'J by Ill" p"ur'c .mJ wckllnu:J I:oy rlin..T<o ~
I nnw RlfJ1'C' f)r In.. th C' \a rne: t h'Ih ~". t he:c h:u a u cr o f theil m inds i, quill"
It i..n·t th.\I the ir ..uu nJs. th (lul1.h r1eJ.<;,., "t JnJ num('f"Ou".
btl II ..I' th cu p' )'dlolI )gJ£"'I
..dIHcfC'nt." . _ o r . a .. we: would \:Iy no w:ula ys. lhclf. hI' ;IIw .I)·S tu till" ca r o f l'\ IUal SIl\;'l'\·....;
tonJ'I ItI~ - , hat mil\{ o f 311 d l..li IlKU i..h t ilt' twu Ill en . f.udox c ·~ Th .u lh ef(' i\ I1('V ('f '" r lace \\hC'rc ,hC' '0(' 1\ \(' u"",'h the' nK1n.
~ hit n~ tnC' mdic;:IIIc-.. fflllnw d.1\..ica l unhodH'lY: " N o thing UI Iha l ;1 w lIrd ne\('r Jd; o thl' ('".I (' .. uU :
..-"tn him .munlt "",urh of In" en IIIn ' h .11 h (' nlll I t';l\o n .1hll' an d II;JIII '
) 4
 w
It i.. ,h.lt In them rhe mn h, e ve r mend.ll..' t)' triumphant, BETWEEN H EART AND IE ASON
everj where shows itself and goes right to the heart Bui ll' ,m\; main disI;if'le!> in the eiM tccnth « ntury, put it: " The ans do
nllt I;rt>ate the ir own laws: these a rc mJ epenJenl of the r()rmC'r'~ whim
In broad daylight rny t ho ught s p ut themselves fo rwa rd . ;lIh l ar c m V;}f1 .1hly pat terned after the exam ple of nature." But the:
A nd , good or bad. som e thin g is said by m y verses. pOlllt i ~ nOI fO indrtfcrently "im u.ec'' e\rerythmJo;. " natural," It i~ rathcr
I II ullvcillh :u which in .\ luxuria ntly vanegared nat ure 1\ ('.....ential, con -
This passage from Ep istle 9 conta ins th e p rinci pa l thcmc.-s of das'ii. f,n1enl wu h n- ason . thu!lo "nature nor ;ts it i.. in itself, but a'l. it can be,
ca l a . rbetics w hich Pbila nrh e will try-olgain..;t Eudoxc-if no t 10 re- ,I Il J ,I " II can he con ceived by the' mind" or, a!lo B.ut ellx also pun it, thc
fute. th en at least to put into doubt: vr rt...imil.lr Ir'r.Ji-scmlJl,'/llt>) rather than the true t 1""'1
(p , 24 ).
1. The a rt /science equivalency ind icated h)' t he rcducnon of the Batrcu x u..t'!> The M is"IltIl(0I'{' a.. an example: " ""nen Moliere 'Ion
Bea utifu l to t he truth and. th ro ugh the s.rmc red uction, rbc cq u,lt ion of our to depic t ll1i~ .u lt hrop r. he did not lonk a rou nd Pari.. fo r an original
the judg ment of tJ.S1e to a theo retical jud gment on th e perfecti o n of .1 tit whi-: h rlU' pl.lr could ha ve been the exa ct cop y: he would have mad e
certain wo rk . on its adequacy to a "co nce pt ." to d et crmm,..d r ules. bur .1 hi..tor y..1 po rtr ait. he would ha\"(' given half 3 lesson , In..read he
2. The reject io n of " fict io n" an d , with it, o f the imagination . the ~.lthcrcd rhc tr aces of hile he ha d obscn..ed amon g men; he added 311 hi'l.
" m ad wo ma n o f the ho usehold" as Malebrancbe p rettily p ut it , th e lim- p,e lllu.. could provide III the sa me gen re; a nd out of all these compa red
xnd selected traits he: molded 3 uniqu e char acter .ab e representation not
ited facu lty Descartes had alr eady declared in ccmpanble wi th sci!;'n( !:
of rhe t rue but of the verisimrl.r r" (p. 25 ).
in a lener to M ersenne in Ju ly 164 1.·
S , T he true a rtist will rhus reject an ything rha r rna}' evoke the Span -
3 . The ide a that the a rtist's activity consi sts not in inve ntion but in
i..h or Ita ha n baroque. Th e wo rd's ervrnologv is well known• appea ring
discorery. as Boi leau reminds us in the im po rta nt I i O1 Preface to hi.. 1Il the hrs1 edi tion o f the French Acad em y's dictionary in 1694; " B3-
bst new edition of the Satires: " What is a new, b rilhant. ex tr a ordina ry roque. ,Hi,. S.lIJ o nly of pearl s of a "'ery impe rfect roundnes... A baroq ue
th ought ? It is not. AS the igno ra nt come to hold, a th ought no o ne m USI pea rl necklace. " Th e figurarwe meaning will be accepted by t~e 1740
have had before: it is. on the contra ry, so met hi ng everyon e mu st han edi tion of rbc same dicnona rv: " Ba roque is ..aid .11'0 0 in a figurative SCt1!>C
tho ught o f an d wh ich so meone d ecides to expres s for the firs t t ime." fur what is irr egular, bizarre, uneven. A baroque spirit, 3 baroque ex-
Thus, properly spea king. d is-cover}" bringing to ligh t. For " m a n's mi nd pression. a ba roque figure ." T he ba roque is the n the sl'<lpefes~. th.l t
is naturally full of an infinite number of confused ideas of th e tr ue, which . w hen co m pa red to the circle, the perfect symbo l of the principle
wh ich he often sees but partiall y, and nothing is more ple a sant to him of reason can o nlv look like an cxce'ios. likc an rnt'leg"n cf'- in rhe sense
than to 'oCC o ne of these ideas offered to him wdl lit, as in the light of III which '3 m3the~uti cal proof is said to be inelegant when inst ead of

da~·." The a rtist's ta ..k.like' that of the s<:ientiM :md of tht' scho b r. lies t.l ki n~ thl' sim ph..·..t .Ippro ach il In'ies If..df in usele'is deto urs, C\'en if it
h,1)fw 3 l hc:C\\-'ecn imua tim l , as th eor ized in Plato 's RrpulJ lic, and goz;ftS, obta ins till' rip-hi ;lIlswcr. From the sta ndp nim of the srandJ.rJs of cbs-
the unconscious crearion of the ',erv w hich will he t he ce ntra l co ncep t ..id.-.m t he h alia n lu roque loo k!!> . SHied}' speaking, m Otl$ lroll$• .IS In
of the ro mantic moveme nt's aes the t ics, Boileau 's tormlll.nion:
4. If an is dlscO\'ery, the bri ngi ng to light o f a truth still co n<:caled 1.;1 plur3rt em rorte s d 'un e fou~u e ime n..e.c ,
10 rhc dc.-pths of tht human hea n, the beautiful ob ject , fo llow ing t~C' Tu ujours 10m du droit s('n.-. ,,'un t che rchcr leur pen!>Ce.
cx3rn r 1e of the' scie nti fic o bject, is that which in na tu re re"ea ls itself 1{) 1I ~ cro iraiem s·ah.lisser dans ICIll'i vcrs monstrueux
bc fully "·ongruc.-m wilh Ihe 13....... of rC3"o n. A\ C h a rles Ua Ut'u x, one nf S' ils rClls,til'nt ce q u'u n .\lItre ;l r ll pt'!lSl: r I:OmlllC' eu 'll: .
[ vitons ees cxd.·s: IJis..om 3 1'h alie
• ·!lp.n<I1;1 h;l\ put the' u n n iJ.n con te'mp l for the imJ.~narion nry " ell: De lUuS ses fau x brill 3nt 'i I"cd .ltan te fo lie. '
J ~t..,. cm.r.ntmnl iJc;l ";I\,C thnr urig,in In the' im.1lU n.1 rio n. th .1[ is. in
c:rn.a.. Ic.rrtIl:l1l_ \ltt1••uion, If nne~) wi~h~ . IInc moly unJel'!!otJ.nJ t-}' im.tgl· C3 rrie d awn b,' no nsensi<::.1.lrd\m r
IUIIOn -.,,, ....I n " I >fl(' 11kn , pru....ided It he ..om rdllng J lffC'r enl from thr The y go ..c3;c h 'their thuughts b r frum cleM ~nS('.
. - , ..nd.lnJ." n,t'",,~ IJn ,II, It,.(,,,,,, fI( th,. U"j/t'rsr" " '/If'/: . S 4,').)
~.
''''0
n.n "," oold th ink It ~nC"afh th eir mo nstrous VC't"o('S aETWUN ttf"U "NO t(ASOtoi
10 riunl.. Wh3{ someone else h.h rhougbt. O r t:ur ,eJ t M.J.u ): fo r to adn nru rnu\ rh ymCT"
lei u" avoid such excess: let u.. I('.1\'(' rc the Italia n.. Us a~(" ..till, I believe, uf cu her one Ic3\'o the: choice .
Of .111 th~ b J'>(' gems, the m.1J rad ian ce. 'tou a nswe r nu th ing. U 3\'e thi s place, rogue,
ll a ll ~erou \ m ale and Ire,lchC'fOu!> fema le
6. Since .m i s, like science, mow·J ~)' a will re wa rd pa ru usi,) I pr~. \\'h n thi n k.. to re nder f.11'>(' di<,cOUf\c inn ocent ;
nK"ingl. toward .1 bringing to light uf that which remain .. hidden even To rture of Writer... jU!ot fea r (If Reader ..;
though ..bared by an eremal, because rational. hum.1 ~ natu re, it fn U.,t r h:m b to w hum. emba rras sed by con fu..ing word
avoid anv ob ccu riry in expressio n. :-':0 1 a ni)' d oes the md bblc have no !\I ~' ~n In It!> co urse vainly seek.. ou t m y tho ugh t.._
place in 'roc:trJ: the figures o C rhetor ic must he ceaseles sly luckcd
7, Alt hou gh the e....c ntial gu.d re m.1in\lh:l.t of "plea ..ing rhe peop le
down wh en the)' lead to the " eq uivocation" sngmanzcd by BOIleau in ,I" m uch .1 " the Prince' - and (If "c apturmg the hear t..... it ha\ to be:
•..erses of admirable clariry: nude clea r Ih al th e hea rt. ber e. has nothing Pa!>C21i.1Oabou t it. it fu-.n
Du Ianga ge Francais biza rre hcm aph rodr re r.nhcr int o the Ca nt...ia n co ncept of m ind, an d the plc:a..ure brought
,l h()ut III it h ~' th e poem ..ho uld co me mo re fro m the meanin g it conta ins
IX qud genre te faire equivoq ue mau dire ?
rh.m [roru I t v " nch ne.... of so no nrie s." Thu.. when Boileau bo rro ws th e
Ou maudit: car sans peine .l U X n mcurs hasard eu x
\'lM:,l h ul.u )" 01 the aesrhcnc s of dclkJC)', he t w i~h its aurhennc mc.m ing
L'usage encor, je cro iv, laisse le chcix J ~ deu x,
.lnd 1I110l l'di,ud y gives it ,1 ran onali..t con norariom " If you were to 2 .. k
Tu ne me repon s rien. Sors d 'ici fo u rbe indigne,
me in w h a t co nsists rhi.. plea..ure a nd this piquanq ' lul a ",.,.ern C7l' I (' I U
~tal~ aussi dangereux qu e fernelle ma ligne
sell, I wo uld an swer i[ is a ie-ne-sais-qucn easier to fed th an to p ut int o
Qui cro u rendre innocents des d iscours imposreurs: worJ ..: it is m y opinio n, never theless, rh.Jt it consists in lI t' l ·t'r off.:rrng
Tourmem des Ecrivains, [usre effroi des Lecteurs: the re.JJer ,mythi" i: other than true thOllghts .Jnd ex act expressio ns." --
Par qui de mot s confus san v (esse ernb a rrassee Tha t i.. the ve ry posi tion Bouhou rs is try in g [ 0 re fute, poi m by
'-1.1 plume en terh'ant ch cr che en va in m ol ren s ec , ~ poi nt. by wa y o f Phila mh e's discou rses. Again sr Eud ux e's rat.lOna ~l'iorn,
agai n..t h is prai ..c of tht' poetic \·inue.. of th e de3r and dlsn nct Idea.
Bil.1rre he rm olphrodite of the French to ng ue
~b at gen der ..hould I m .1ke )"ou. cur'ioed ( Fem) e quivocation?
· 0. A" fl0t"t/'I" (', c.JnlO J: "S 'utfra rlm.lU It'cu u r ., ut' Ct' .,u i fWUl lui
I,f,me " I( )ff t' r tht' rt,.,,/a "ut th.;t wl" d , rTl.J)· pft'.ISt" J",n l .
- II n l cmaim e-;pril" doni Ie.. loomhre\ pcn ~elo •• c l. .11,0 :
Son t d'un nuage ipai.. tn uiouf\ emh a rr;l ....ct'!io Qudqut' "Ulel qu'nn n .lIle, Oil plai ~.l1U. 011 suhllme-.
Lc J")Ur de 1.1 rai'>On nc: It' -.aUfan pc r~r Qu e toUI(JU~ It" t..,m \>("n\ ~ '.1Cl.'ll rJe ,1S('C1.1 n me:
Aunt donc qut' d'«nre .1pprcncz .i pen\l'r, I.'u n 1',lUlft' s.1inC' menlll~ \C' m ~l('nt '>C' hair:
SdflO que n"ut: idee C'iot plu ) (JU m(Jim Oh,,,cIHe 1.,1 rim e C" r u ll ~· I: ..d ,l\·c el Ill." Joi t q u·ohcir .
L'uprnslOn la \u it. nu mom lo nctte o u plu'!. p ure, , . , .. , ,
Cc: qut' 1'00 co~it bien ~'inonl:e clJ ifcmenl Ailllel June I.t r,li..on; que IOUltlur\ H~ C'\;rH~
F..r In InIJf\ pour Ie Jlfe armrnt .ll..immt. UhiJ,) tmprunrent J 'e11t' "CUll." rt leur l u~nc C'l leur rei". (Ihid.)
Cnuln ' ptrlh exl'" \\'ho\C du k IhouWm \' :h.1tc\ l:r If> d l·.l h ....lIh. rll"h .1nt or , ut-Imle.
An: f"rever t"mh~ rra'lo\Cd b y a Ihic k clou J Cl u r gu.. J !ioem . . mU\Il: vcr .1FJ.. .e ....·it h Ihe rh ~ mr;
R.c:2tof!" lighl cannot pc nctutr it : V.linlv do Ihr v '>Cern til b.llt' e.lcb .llher;
larn lO m.nk. then. before you ",'n tc. Rh~ ~e i\ a ..J ~se .1nJ mu ..l t>ut ubey,
A. ynu , Ide.. it ur mu rr ur kunbKu rc.
The- c Wp1'n .ll m dt_ fullnw. Of mure o r Il."!>" pure , :rhe ;d~r~ 1~J\'t' reJ!J(lJ1 : m.1~' from il .11.lOc
~"I "' ell ,htrU ~1 /Jut can be u[le-re,J lIl,ith cbflt)· ' tlUr writings ... )rro.... ,h ...i r t>f1l1l.1 n<:t' ,m J ""' lffh .
11w rd. tf) U} it cn rne ", ·!til f.lulity. 3
 rwo
f'bJ..ntht' In'" to demon srr.u e t he part ,rr"tlon,zliry p l.l~'s in a n)"a . aETWEE N HEAR T AND REASO N
C''\r rn....uon Ii lkJ.ury. In J,ny poem , I.( It. •5 .111)" gCJtJU
.. •. t hcerree iIS "a COnt
l h stlc
rcn:t"i\·cJ . ,11 1c.1 'l.1 in pri nciple, thai which scp.u.lta Ihe .lC'~lhctiu of rhe
at oM..~rity nllthing can dc.1r up ." J Co ntrary to the tenets of cia ."" c;~htl"l'n th from rhat of the ,"eVenteenth l'C'ntury: "The inner tun\iuon
. _ _ !l.'i'cal
Jc-."1riM', the ",~ftJb/~ ch.lf3, ~tcr o f the ~auuful must be .1ffir . Iw wh Kh rh c Jomm3110n ul dd ""icdl'hcory in the realm of anthntc\
rncd
I ' broiL-eli l'llrr~'iponJ" CX;tetly from Ihe point of view f )f rnerhod with
.
" U"hen you .lsI.. me what J. delicate thought IS. I do not know whe~~ ~.
bo rruw the [~rm s to explain ~)'!>e1(: t hese are things difficult to vee at Ihl· dl.1Il~(, wh ich t.\ kClo place in the: thenry of nalural science her.....een
Ol1\."'C' and '" hich, through their subtlety, escape you Ih c mOln l' nt \ '0 Ik 'l.\.·.lftl" ,U1d Newlon , • , The purpose of hoth tranvinon.. i.. II)
think rou gras p th em " (ibid .• p. 194 ). And )'(' 1 thi s tlllsay:!hlc is 'n\~ Irl'\' rhc mind {rom till' 'l h~()l t1fc pncdominan ce o f dedu ctio n; it is to
i1I~rim.lt('. simple indication of a weakness in the .1rI 1"t'!'o Ca pJ l"U ICS Ioe m.lL-\.· W ;I)' lor the L1ct\ . for the phenomena, for dir ect observanon"
expression, it is rather the mus t inrirnate esscnce of "dchcarc thinkin g": ,111.1 til tlm .-. nu ke mo re room for 'ielh ibllity. The diil~nO'.is. gene rally
l orn·d . h.r-, ~H1 nc tr.ll h uf ca ricatu re about it. In truth, the conflict Op""
"The sense it co nta ins is neith er as visible nor as mu ch in relief" ;1\
I'o ..ing d ,llo~i c.l l to , ent lOlellldl aesrhenc s is enti relv roo ted in the seven -
Eed oxe thinks, and "the hull' mystery is like the soul o( the d l'Ii C,h.-V III
wl'nth cent ury . Alth ough it goes on in the ('i~ilteenth century in a
thoughts, such tha t those wh ich ha ve nothing myste:-rinu'i a bout th~m.
'Ullll'wh,lt Jlffcrent form-,md here Ca<;slI'c r i.. ng hr, the eighteenth
neither at botto m no r all aro und a nd which show t hem sdve:- s .111 t o-
l'l'!Hu ry favo rs obse rvamm over J t'llu.;:t ion-il i" not modified in li S n ·
gerher at first gla nce, a re no r properl y spt"l king deli cate, howen'r spiri. sl'Ilri.ll\. wimc .." the work o j Boileau's disciple. Cha rles Ban eu x. Les
rual the')' may ot herwi se be " (I' . 195 )." Ik .llIx ·A rts rrd usts j W I meni e flrillci'/I? [The' Fine Am Rt'dllCf!'/i to J
\VIe pe rceive here all th at sepa rates the aest hetics o f sen nme m frulll Singl e l'rincip le, 174 6 1. It rropO\ l'lo to hring into rhc retlecno n Oil the
those of cla ssicism: if the jud gme n t of tast c s principle is no t reason , if, Lk ;llltilul t he observa tion of co ncrete expe rience, rather tha n tr u"l the
a.. Ph ilamhe ru ts it in a "cr y Pascalia n formula . " the hea rt is more in. 'O llie virtues of Ca rt e..ia n ded uction: " Let us imitate rhe true ph ysicists.
gcnious " th an t he mind " (I" 8 11. then we mUH exalt th e ir rat io nal ,111..1 whll accu m ulate obse rvatio ns and fo und upon them a system which
sen sitive element of subjectivi ty, Bouhours's aest hetics re ba bilirate. in then red uces them to a pr inciple " [p, l l. The' mudd i'i ot cout\(' pro-
opposition to the Ar' poiti'llf~. the rhetorical p ro..:edures whi ch ,lllow \'iJ cd by Newton's phyloics, J ust as [ht' latter reduces thl" mulupli cit)·
fo r the irrational in man , lx'ginn illg with the use of cquit'oedl metaphors of .;:c1esti al phl"nom ena tu a .-.ing,le r rinciple, uni\'ersdl gravi t.ltion •
.....hich a re "like rhm e tra nsp.lrent \'eils whi\·h show w h .ll th l')' cmer, or ae\ thet ics Illllst seck to reJ uce the J i\'erslt)' of rules J t play wi thin a rt
like masks und er w hic h we tl'cognize the d isguised perso n" (I' . 20 ). The wo rks to .\ single. u niq ue rule, for " all ruk.. Me hr anchc,> frum th e 'i.1me
pleasant thi ng a ho ut equiwc:n io n is rrl'ciscly th.lt in it th e re is a "re' trunk " (ibid .). But ., h ho ugh the mctho d is no l o n ~cr Ca rtes ia n. the rc-
mainder," fo re\'er un graspa ble hy th e un d cr!<lu ndi ng (PI'. 20ft.). AnJ if ~ll l I S of HaHl'UX'S fl·~e.ltch .;:onform to Boileau 's ICJ.chin g; the rule of
··tho ugh ts. through being tr ue, are bl'timf'~ trivial," th en .....e must pU',h rull's i" "t ill the illliu tion o f nature o r, mor e prcci~dy, the umta tiun of
th~ logic of SC'ntiment to its conclusion and praise blsen e' s. In h : t• •111..1 tha t wh ich reJ.son un \'eil'i a~ thl' cssence of nature, And if the pr inciple
Boileau is lotill the target here . isn't it "'fictio n, o r loonu:thing ,,<)ml'wha t of ta"tc i" rc.hun , then it's d ca r th.lt [he true' gemu o; J oes not im ·rn t. he
ponic.. which renders ideas \ er)' plea sant in prosc"'? (Pp. 22 5 - 1.6). .l,scU1ws: " T he hu nun mind ca n onl)' crca te incorr(l.-rly: all of its
Th U1-. "a pnnQ1~ .....e once knew, of an illfinitcl}' ddlc.lt c sp irit. U"l"J tU proJuctinns ht".1I' th c ma rk uf a mod d . , . The genius who wor~s [ 0
Soay tha~ the \Un hr ing.. ha pp y days o nl)' to the I,;'o mmu n pl"'Op lt. . . ' Th e pll·.l'l' sho ulJ nu t. a nd ca nnot, leavl' th l" limitSof nJ tu re itself. HIS tunc-
prop0'ioltlon seem s falM', and o nly bccaust' o f th at does it ha n ' bca ut y" linll ....ull 'ii..t" not in illl.l ~in ill~ wh,lf m.lr bl', but III findm g. ..... h.'l ~ is...
(Ib id." In a wo rd, Phil anthc migh t he tem ptl'J to ,,3.)' : Nothi ng. heaunful Invelllioll in the a rts is not .1 matter of conferr ing be;n~ to an ohlcct.
like the fal ~, o nly the fal!l(' is f'l rai '>Cwo rth y! il is IJIll" nf fl·cogni Ling it JS it i\ wh ere it is" (p, 11), Th C'. ~ rtist's onl~'
In Th~ P1l1/osophy of the' f.lllighlt:llntt'nt . Ern st C ;ls'iircr corrc( t1y urigin.lIit)· lies in the chnlce' of a subjcct, and in its cu~roSlUon (p, g~).
nut in his cfl'a ti\,c faculrin. H is e~sc nti JI wo rk com,lsts III rK'oCntlR~
the n.lIural idca hc wishe'i to ('xp rcss in .I peh."C'ptlblc form-m.ltt'olc,
_f:
'0
• Nocc. In rau,"~ IhOlI
, n okcd. ""lin Ih~ notion of inKt'nu ity IhC' iJ C',1 of ~C't1iu\ j'l.
I:olo r". "o und s. CtC.:
..
TWO
\l'h.u ,,,uM rl'll~ Io:cnius do. bound by h is, It'('unJl ly ;UI~ h.i ~ 11Ullo o k. 'A'hich
BETWEEN HEAR t AND REAS ON
hr annot (;Ill' N'yond n;uurd . . . All h l~ dfo rts had to 110111 rhc!nst'ls'cs pe
III or der til d isplu y his loyalty 10 hi., "wn meth od , ,lIu\tutn wu h
fot\.-r to mAl in" 3 selection out ,If Ih(' mo vt b,';Iuriflll polUS o f n;HU te, to Ill~;~
l'X,llllpll'!o such ~." rh.s onl", part icularly represcm anve uf hl\ \t )"le oi
of mem an u qu islt{' ","holt' which should be mo re ~"'rfc";1 rh.m 113lulC it'>(:lf
.tr ~\J ml' ~H:mun : ,M u nSlt'u r de l eihnil wou ld never an emp r [0 luvcl in
.. \thuul however ':C'.Isinl: to be natural . TIllS IS rhc pnnctple o n whic h Ih(' ill hI" c.H n .1~(' th rough a spo t which hi.. dri \"er aw ueed h im could noc be
JJ mt"flta l plan of rhe ;Ins Iud ro be erected• .m d whic h the great .lnisl.. ho4:; go ne Ih rCH~~h Wilho ll_t t he ea rri a~e kcrllll)t ov er, even If rhe)" h ad ho th
fono,,"'N 10 C'H~r~' cen tury • . • l·.lh·lI noth ing , ;Il1J th l' even If II were J emo",trateJ to Ihi'i learned nun,
\l 'h al is I~ funcnon 01 the .u ts? II is 10 tran spose the [ra ia u l n.nUll' and 111 ,1 ~l·unwtrl e~ 1 .m,tl)', " uf thl" ro ,tJ \ inclmannn and of the colrn a gc'\

r~1 them in ol'tjt.:ts in whll::h Iht'~' are not n.tru ral. Th ~I" it i.. Ihat the sculp.- h el ~h l and weig ht, th,l t u ,hn uld nut Keel (wet . We believe the man
tot's chi<.d !Ioholill1> us a hero in ,I block 01 marble. Th e pam ter, wil h hi.. ,-.' OloT'' hl'!u h ' Wl' Ju the p h ilos o phe r l'>cc.lu""e rhe p~ulo,ophe r i\ mictak en C'.C'O
mJ.lc.~ everv n siblc ob ject ro me OUI {If the C3m'.1S. The mu-acsa n, wuh hi.. an i: more ('.N ly rha n rhe man" (ih id., p. .1 bl). Ernpi rjcrsrn has ot course
tidal 'W,)IJnj~ m.tk~ rbe storm J:rum~'(' whilst (,' (,~" lhll1~ i~ ca lm. a nd. fin:dlv conw ro the .ud uf rhi.. ann-Cart es ian P.h e aliani' m .tlrc',ld v noticeable
III I\o u hu u r\ . bu t, e..scnrially, Ihe ;I(s thetic<, CIt fl~hn~ o nly d t'"vdop s and
rhe pot'1. Ilo"ith his invention "mJ rhe hJrmonr uf hI" verses, till.. o ur mind Yo',;h
l·nri eh e.. the .1e..,thetK.., uf J d ic;Jcy: " lf there 1\ .,1n)" rC31m in whi ch rea -
nuk('-t'C'ht'\ e ImJI;:l"S JnJ our heJ;" with Iacn nous senrill1enl<" o ften mort:"
'('l1 m): shu uld toe qu iet when cu nfro l1leJ with experience . then surel v it
ch.umin(: than It Ihe~ were real and natural. ( l ~ iJ., pp. 13 - 14 )
IS In the quevtion -, on e ma y ral 'C conce rnin g th e merir s of .1 poem"
(Ibid ,. P. .\(7 ).
The difference with the se' "t'ntt:emh century's cla ..sica! o ut look is thu s
Thu.. the prlnclp,lI a,pcxt"o o f the eonl h,t rcma in 111 pla ce through-
smaller than Cu ..ircr thin h . ( I Ut Ihl· l"igh tl'"elHh cemu~·, until thl' eml'r genc e o j the liot att emp ts .at
On th e mher side o f t he conllict. the abbe Dullos, th e gre.l.t~1 eigh, .,ynt hl's i.., of wh"h Ihe Crt!i'I 'If,' of jJtdgmmt will he th e ulti m3tt'
t« nt h cenru ('~; theoretici.m of tht" .,1t"Hhetil.-s of fee lin g , aligm. h im!>t'lf .l ~·hi e \'l'" m l· n t with in spt'(""ul.ni,"e philo~o ph )"_ The ...raying rower of the
....i tho ut hes ita n on in contmuuy with Bouhours, H is Cr;t;CiI f Reflections clJllllu:t is alll·...ted by the b cr that the a nrinomy'" Cl-r1l ra l p rubl em -that
on PMlT)' .and P.Jm/;ng ( 17 191- o f which Vo lt3 ire s a id it was " the mmt of Ihe d lscussibi hty (If t a.,le- i.. e,"aJed br l>oTh Batteu:\. and Dubm_The
u5('ful book 3n}'On( h.ld ner w riucn o n the ..e SUb jel.l S in any co untf')· fo rme r d oc s ~o in th e n.tme 01 ,1 ratio n.1list d t)~m at i sm , ..im::e " there C:in
in Europc" '-is r()ulutdr situa ted on th e side o f a c ri tiq ue of clJssicism in genera l be h u t [1I1e ~O(lJ ta ste, th ,1I wh ich apprm'cs o f th e bt'3utlful
in it.. a ffirma tio n o f the im::o nrcsta hl e pn m a ...,. o f e motion on'(' inrd li, l1,1tu re : t ho ...e whu d o n llt a prrme ir nl,"ceo...::I rll)' h.1\"e: h"d taste ;" · [he
g.c:t1Ct'. If the purp<Kt' of the work of art is to p lca se -somcthin g Ihe I.utn ior p rec isely Ihe o pposite rea ...on: in mJtlers of r.h te, " thc path of
d asslcim also admit- it still has to he rem a rk ed t ha I " (If a ll t he r.tlenb a q~u m enr is not as proper for k n owin~ the lI1('rit.. o j \'enes JnJ r i~""tUn."S
th a t gi,-t' dominiu n onr orher mcn, the mo<;t powerf u l i.. no t su pl.'rio ritr .1" is Ih .n of ""elHil11l'lH: " Accordin g 10 l>uhu .., "kding in..tr ucts us hl:ner
of inrd lm Or of enlightenment , it i.. thl.· ta lent o f !>wa} "in l; t h l.'sC to o ne's If t he work lo uches us ;Illd It It nl:'lke ~ rhl' lmptt'ssiu ll on us it !Jlo ulJ
"niL '" Duhus\ Reflections th us pr e"t·nt th emselv es as J. th l.·ory (If the mAl' Ih:ln a ll thl' d i..sert atio ns cr irio w mpu~e to explain merit .tnJ to
l'.lku Lu l.' im r t'rfe e tiun<, .1I1d 11.1.....,. Till' p.1lh of di , cm-...iun 3 nJ .lnJly ~is
effect \ uf 3rt un the hu ma n hcart ; thl.')" lea ve th e d oma in of I;\w or rult's
.. • is, in truth , tining whl'l1 we I1l U!oI find lh e e ;lU~ es wh y .1 wlllk rl('.t~!>
and nnd them\c1\'t'J pb,~d with in rhe sphere of fa ct, o f psych ology and
or d oc !> nor : bur it IS not " !o rroper ;l" fl-c1 lng whl'n it co mcs to d e.::iJIlI~
.a,nthrtlpology. H ere i\ the book'!> pro ject as formubteJ in irs In tr oJlII'::'
bno "Ie. ~ h'I (h tilt' lllll'!ot iu ll: d o cs th e wu rk r le .l ~l' o r doc s It not pll'.tSe? Is thl' work. in
IHm '' .''A co uid • .1\ It
· we re, d ispla)' th e hunun h ca rt ;11 t he
gl·ller .ll, good or h'ld ? It eOI11['s dow n to tilt' ....lIne t h i l1 ~: '
,tty In\1.1n l It 1\ rendeted \ () ft b y a p Ul'm or ;s to ue h l.'d b\' J. pic tu re,
","f)uld prm·icle ( ur rt " , h . . ' hts If Ihe: "p;llh uf .ugllllH'nr " is reil'c Il'd b y dlt' .It'!'ol lll·r;l.--S ot i('dill~, n '~
, a l\ <tn \ wit \fc r)' en Ln ged \'ic ws :1n J 1.· " a Cf tn "" l~ f,n .1 J lluhk· rl'a" u ll, \'l'ry l'x plid dy sr;lll,d in th e- R(·/l.·a iuJ,s. l.)n th...(me
011 me.J.;CTlera l eff--- f
. ... 0 ( elf WOrll;!i, a n ef(Cl:1 m os t uf thl.'ln s<..e ll1 (0 h JV,
h . • .
h,1I1d , ..inl"e a ll rl'll'rt'nee s [l) l:lllll'('pIS or n lll's h.n"e J ISJ r re.lrcJ- thc
10 much uouhle to rt"H.'eanlo;,,"
l.'onseq ue n,e o f <1 radi c.ll a itiq ue- rh,1[ in ~(l rpllr'Hes not h ll1lt '"~1I1 .;1.1 .....;-
It I ,hu, d e.ar that, wi lhi n .1e"lhe ri, refl ec tion itsel f, m o rc iOlr tH· c.tl rar iu nahsm- Ine re rl'm:1in nil l:fitcriJ ;JruunJ wl\l("h JI~~"U~ JII
tMk~ oould he Kl ven In oh~rv3ti"n th an tn ded uc tl u n - w ha t D uh o s,
'2
 ' wo
Id bc-Pn : " If the ~I important virtue of poems... nd piCha
ceeeoem co written rules, we could u~.. thar rbe bC'!lot W.1y of :t~~ UI W UN HEAU AN D I ( AS O '"
at rhnt n.«,lIenee .:II!> of thC',~ f.tnkin g in the,est eem of men 'iholll:~ ntOO CHl S. it I\n'[ t-.ccaus< th~ arr :lnCten. '-
.
up to the RCn ;,ll~o;;lnf,.'C' . follOWing H,. ' I
, ""1 wa\ cu mmon., admntC'd
dut: 01 dsscu ~n and .1n.tlY'S'''' But the- m ost Important Virtue of Poe: , UI lon.a p,mrrn uf lhougtu "hl(h
~i ru .lI cd ;1rchetn lCs '" the pa\T' " ii,., •. . . h
.nd ricturn I tha t of pl('~s.ing us," at wh ich POInt we rnuse rei). n u • <...-oI U\«: t er If\GlIr'TUtt' all tdcaJ
ddln. cd by reference to R('a \on und(,htt l(·..I. f c. f 1
frdmp ro iud~('. On the oth('~ h.1n~. It is. because Dubos does nOt :~~ • -t.. . ' ~ .h one 0 t m: a l.' tl nes oj the
~·ow tno Tfi e ;U1 C I ~o n ts o1r(' rhu-, no long('r 3. ·h h .11
vi ion, .t,. Kam will, the pos~i "'''lty of .3 cntlq~C' of d()~m ;ltlC ratio n.1hs ma e examples of a model re'ildmg in the h· ' h ~
0 . ' , , rI.: crYpt', U( I tnfun..H'h.
. .
rn , . , • 'lo U ]rct .. n u w 1,-", remalf\lOK
"hi.:h docs n OI prohibi t .111 , d en'nce 10 ind et emun .m- crit eria_to .' l-ove rhcrn. ,pcrmrrs cnncrsm to function • Th c emergence 01 cnncum, .. .
- 'deas:' if llot to ru les-that he is Jed to compare the impo <;sibilif)' of ".l~('po1ta"'h'• tied, ro that of aesthetics. • puts" an cnu' to t he :l.nc~nf. . ob ~_
anthnic disccussion to that of culinary d iscussion : ··\'(.'ould One eYer ~t nve rerrt....em;ltl~n of the healltiful. Even though ImlUtion remaln\ a
OUt, honing posited rhe geomerrica! principles of ra s h.' and defined the ccnrr.rl cun.:epl m the ,A rt of POt'try. we ha\'C' seen th at it sbceld be
qu.aJuirs of c"a')"ingredient that ente rs into th e composition of the dish undcrcrocd _a~ an acnvrry of di\Co\'ery comp a rable to that oi soence.
to dlKUU the proportions maintained in their admixture to decide if Th e ~uhlt'lo:tl\'lzatIOll_ of t.l.stt' is thus found again in the spbere of arns nc
the stew is good? One does nothing of the kind .. , one ta-res the Mew lre;)t~on, where t,he lO~n'ldu.t1 ha$ a (enolin room for action. a pcK\ibil.
and, wi th ou t even knowing these' rules. one knows if it 's good , It is. in If) nt Jl\lln~ul\h,"g himself from others in hi\ capaCll y to bring to lly n
a w.ly. the' same thing with wor ks of the mi nd and with picture .. madt' u r ex pr('~, ~he la ws of nat ur e. Th is bit of bberty is already manifnt
for pleasing us b)' affecting us:' I " Discussion is the refo re useless, " tire- among the French cbs~,ic i:;{s" the lcasr modern of the mod ern s, thmuM
'Orne' for the writer and disgusting for th e read er" (ibid. , p. 369), dll'lr cxp ccta ncn of ong lO ;tllty. as witness this port rait which Boile:l.u
drJ.w,> IIf himself, in all modesty:

THE END Of TRADITIONS; A DISPUTE Au ju ug de la rai son as..ervissanr 1.1 rime

'MTHINMODERN INDMOUALISM Et me rne en im ita n r tou jou rs origina l
r ,ll ..u dan s 111t':r. ecrits, deere, en joue , sublime
Between the various Instances of the co nflict o pposi ng the acs rbencs of Rassernbler en moi Perse. Horace ct juvenal.
feeling and dogmatic classicism th ere is no t only o pposition but a lso, as
with any truly annno mic structu re, connect ion. If bo th aest hetics lead In th e yoke of reason I have rhyme sub jected
10 a sha red rejectio n of inrersubjecriviry felloeving inverse argu ment s, it
And, tho ugh imitating, always original
I have in Ill }' boo b , sublime, gay. elevated
." because the)' .are both roo ted in a monadic co nception of subjectivity:
Ga the red in me Pcr~ill :r., Horace, J.nd j O" ('nal.
rhe quarrd don not to uch o n the q uestio n of whether it is fin ing to
nrabli..b the beautiful on the judgment of the in d ividua l or o n tr ad ition. If we situ.ne ourseh'es at the po int of "iew of a traditio nal. oon\u~
the way a quarrel bctwem the a ncients and the moderns wo uld. but ;ectivist. W3)0 o f thinking abo ut an. we St.'t' dearl)' that there- is more
on ly on tht notion of md ivid uaJirv to which each side wo uld refer. To .lgrecmenr th an oppo sition betwt't'n dassi.:al .u:-sthetk s ,m J t~ ot
tIwaathctaa of f«l ing. the Rea\O~ of the classicists ap pears. no doubt , senrimc:nro In th eir J isplJCl' ment of the principl e of juJ pnrot of U stt'
at a doJ;matJC authOrity, a\ that which i\ the least sub jective with in tht' frum rl';lSOn to ft°cling the I.m er mercl~' fulfill the mv\'t'rnrnt to\lo.1rJ .t
tubt«t, But wr \hould not mi\ inre rprct thi ..: even Boilea u's 3esthetiO subiecti" i73tio n o f the Ul'au tifu l he~un hy tht' d as.si.:ist, in the \\0 .1 10.(' 01
are t1uly mOOt-Tn to that they in no way qu t'stinn the gro u nd ing of the Ca rtc"i.lllism_ thc rca:;on why, strictI)' \peJ.kinl:, on ly the- ;,l('stht'tlo of
Buuuful (1ft .. ubjectiv itf, Rea'iOn bein~ ('Oflceivrd of he re as il facult y uf fl'di ng desenlt' thC' n .l l1W of Jest!Jeth"s: also tht' re.1!oun wh\' thn • .-,11
"'" ou!>J<a. . nplnre the lo:ellt ra l prob!l'm of origin,llit~o b~ nitici7injt ml;t...~ anJ
Oi CDUrw. m ehc qU;lrrd of the anci entll and thr mndems. BOiIeJU dc:nollncin~ tht' pr.l.:tict' of pl.J.giari'!om 10 whkh DuNl~ sipliti... .nl •
Iidc of the andn u'l, hue wr nerd [() unJc~tand the C'xact n,1' Cono,ecrates .In entire se."l·rinn lIf the Rt't/t' .:tICINS. C.1 n(l(~.an olm'.1l\, l)u.
. . . of , .....,,, If. 10 hi" eyu. the an cient\ a re rrt"fc rable to the hns a,h. ",uppIC'mC'n! tht' r.l1rry dt'\'.Itl un ;,lnJ the." 'tmllt)' ,,, h" ,

••
'wo
by uan!>rl3.nung into hi~ work s the bea utie s found in the works of I 8f.TWEEN HE.4.n AND HASOH
~~ nl.1!otC'n ? . . • I respond • ••
th ar it always wa s permissibl t" to h hr ~.H1lC' (llhc;r~ '>0 stl'rilc; in celeb rated artisans." Presagrng ~ \ontnqUleu,
onndi through the wrr of oth ers provid ed it is not don e 3 'i .1 r lao; elp Ilu l'l.'" .Ir r !le'> rhi.. rvpe uf ,u U !y!>i\ l n th(' "ch,1UctC'f of na ti()n~" .....ho\.c
" . . . I ' k ~Ol n \l
M.IgJ.lnsm co nsist.. In p rescnrmg so m eon e e sc s wor i ,1 5 ont"\. O1'\'n': lit"t'Pt'''' (,n ~lI1s he thinks he sce-, in " the po w er of air o n the human
Tbe upreme fault bu t 31..0 the supr eme wea kness in a wo rld dOminat ' ~ }<h" . . . h u m e\"('r~"th in~ I have iU!>l expo..tul.lted I conclude," M
eJ wrllt""t .1tlt'r .1 Illn ~ lO'lUlry on the hi..to nc aland geogr aphtcal variatlon\
b)' ind ivid ualism, in whi ch subiecn viry has impo sed itself .1 \ th", fou
1' 1 1,\ .. 1<' , "th .n Ill..1 .IS w e .Utnh Ulc Ih(' dift erence In rhe ch ara ct ers of
da rie n of .111 valu es an d th e ori ginality th .lt engend ers the wllth fJ , a.. the
1l.lllurh HI the d lNerCII( I.lnd,. '00 mu ~ t w e ,n tr ihute to the ch.. ngn that
rea l sipl o f geniality,
1.1 1,.· r l.i(t' III th e qU.lhlit... o f Iht air lIf ,I ce r ta in l;ou llIry the va ri ations
If o pposition then ' is N-fW('CI1 the r C3"C>O Il l . the cLw,ici\t \ and the
Ih.u u k.' pbu' III rh c more, .lAJ 10 th(" grnill" (If Ito. inhJt>iunts. JUSt ...\
aesthetics of feeling. it is. after all. set u n the b.t SI\ of .1 slu rCll (ejt"crinn 't e Impulc dlt· ob..crva blc thtterence between Frenc h men and lralian s to
of t ra d itio na l visions of a n , as we can o bserve in t he rr an ..iriol1 from r~ du' .ht h'rt'm.:e betw een the nir oi Fr.\n( C' and the air (If lralv ... 0 nlu,Ot ....e
classicis t to the sennmentalist co ncep non of th e." publ ic. .JlIn bulc llt the .th("r.1Iio o, in the qUJlity of the an 10 Fran~; the:!oCnsible
The beaut iful is o f course defined b ~' Boileau, in the rnodem f.tsh- Jlth:n'nn' we lIo..crvv be t w ecn the mort s and th e genius of Fren chm en
ion, 3 S rhar which ple.1S<'S the." taste of a public, such rh.ir the 1701 Pret- .,1 .1 w\'en (elll ur)' .JnJ lrcnchmcn of .,ome oth er cemcrv" IS I'l J.
ace ca n decl are th at ,1. " wo rk wh ich i... no r at .tli to th e taste of th e pubhc 'li lt' inu- re..t we ma y tind in !ouch.ut " cxpl.m.llion"- at t ime ~ qu ire
is a very bad (mech.m t) wor k: ' Y('[ this public rema ins in so me sense prt·(I"c, .1'\ 10 th is ph s.tge. typiC-II HI the Rt'fll'(flf)l1S, " And th.11 i.. why,
aremporal. since its ta ste co nsists in the." .:ap.1Cily- b y righ t co mmon to tor t·" ,llllr 1e. Itah.ln'o will .dw.1Y" he mo re .1pt to ...ucceed In pJlmln g and
a ll h uman be ings-to per ceive the one a nd eterna l tru th . " A thought i\ pocrrv Ih.1I1 the people ..urrouading [he BJh K" - quit c nb viou..ly does
o nl)"as beautiful as it i... t ru e," and " t he infa llihl e effect o f th e tTllt" \\h('n lIut lin e in it... ....ciennfic" co ntent. \'I;"'hJt matters I.. the legitimation ic
it is well pu t, i'i to seem stTiking to men : ' such is th r Jeer com"iction pH" to tht' ( o nnection I I cstJhh!ohc!> hcrwttn .1n histotl cal and .1 gco-

anim.Hing rhe classicist Io.'"tmcep tio n of art.... reLu io n to a p uhlic whnsC' g.rJ phi":.J1 rdatt\"lsm , In the cnd situ.1 r i n ~ thc prin..:iplt' of taste Within a
CTTOrs of judg ment C.1n, at t holt po int . o nly !:oe mnsid('Ted as t ramitor)". \el\u ment no longer mt'rt'l~ IndividuJI l'o ut ,1.1.,0 n.1rlOn.J\' Thi.. rd ,ltl\'ism
i.. .1 direct co nsequence o i the sllhicl,ti\'iz.nion 01 tht· luJ p ncm oj U'lo te:
"The majo ri!)" may, for.l wh ile. uke the f.1lse fo r the t ru e .1nd ad mire
wha e tilt' re.\So ll of the ..:I.\s..i,"'ts \ 1111 repre'tt·nteJ 3 um\"c r~JI .tnd in·
bad th ings. b ut it is impossible th .ll in t he lun g run a good [h mg will
\"JtI.thk ..:ritt·rion, k d ing is ot It.. e....t'n..:e ~I \"c n to , h a n~c. \'<Jriutio"s in
not be plea..am to it." \l:'ithin such a per !r>pecti\'e .I history o f .In can not
Jrl J n ' (mm th.11 pom t 0 " ' 10 1<mxn thi"kJbft' JS Ihl' Jwnst' pO$$iblc
truh' exist, \'uiations in taste being but tran... iror ~", acci Jent.l1 de,,' i.tt iom
. 1~p,'fU fit 111,· III" st r..ltlun uf <J prmople u'/'ich is. In trllth. IIniq"l', nor
fro m a no rm wh ich alwa}'s finds its p red o min ance o nce .lg;u n ,mJ im·
"I 't'" .1$ J I'I"iutiv"s {rom . 1 " orm: Ihl')' becomt' tllt' lIorm . l>ubo s thu\
PO'>C'\ it...df o n .111 . op t'ns Ihe WJy for .ttt hi"u H) ', which will soo n come into l'ot"ing with
It i\ by co mp licating rhe idea rh ar the goal of the work is to pleJse Wint"hlm.l nn .\IId I>ldefOl. fu rtherm ore, lhe ~lI ~lecri\'izat1tln of lhe
rha r Ou~ arrives a t a conceptio n of th e p ublk thJ t i!t oppo s('d, in the l'.cautllul -e\"iJell ccJ ill hi" Rt·,lu tlf}tIS-contJills . in cmbl)·o. 3nJ no-
end, to th at of the d :H.~i ci$t s. on ~ th .lt introduces bot h the hi sto ricism I.\hl\" I hrou~h the cTlt iquc ol r l.\giamm It call.. forth. th(' t)"pic.tlly mod-
2nd the nationalism rhat will do minate the ni neteemh cc n lUT\', Wh crras un :md alltilT.ldllioll ,1I imrc'rJri\'c vt u n gin,1!it y .It .m y r ri\."l: ; origin,1llty
tut B<>4leau rhe publ ic IS 3 de ju re, idea l o ne, inc arnatin g the rule s of !nun 'm er wlll(h no ltln~er Td en cxd usivd~" ltl ererna l rules as \\o11C".1u
fC'.uon fro m which ir cou ld not fo r long devia t~> wi rh D ubu s rhe puh lic tlo.:.., but whtl '>C'" n1.t~n ituJe is to he Inu ked fur in ,1 histo ry vi thle' ~t·.lU ·
bC'w~" w ncretc. historic,l !ly and n .1ti ()n all~' deter mi n('d; rhe parterre ulu1. Wh.I' hl're Ol1llm{'" a s IS ,rothmg less tkm ' he reqmrnnr.'nl p.d on
dna nm me-unate ruin for the judgmcnt of taSle cx istin~ ou tside Jnd thi' .u risl 10 ;1/1IOI '..Itr.' for Ille suke of ;"'WI"Iti01I. u ,hid, ",11' finJ its
'nckrmdm tly of ludf.u It is thf)'>(" rul es>wh ich is why t h", \'~Iri arions ir e"Ollu;I' {"Ifill"'t."t i',lhe .JlfJ,:r-gurJr.'s of Ille lU'enti~t~ Cr.'ntu ry,
I' tub)ect ro ck nv c from a rad ica l hi \t oricity. p~}'choi(lgism he rt' tti'"O Howcv('r irn ·du cib1e. the wnllict llt'lwccn d ......KI:-m .tnJ the .I
....ay II) hi~l"M'ic".m, an d the second p:m of the Rt.flt.a iml5 pu tportS ((l thetic't of ft.~ ling pt,)'... Itsclf out .I~ain ...t 3 cen.un Sh.lT(,J .1l1tnraJltu>n-
k .. tht olUW whit: h co uld hav e r('nd ered so me centu ries so fl:'rtile J nJ
,,-----
 ·wo
"-round. Tberefore th e need . fur he' whn wHuM seek .I s,n, h . U fWHN HEAlt AND _EASON
. .h .h . _ ('\ 11
_,rhUI n-adcnurr-IO .1 fumC'wo rk, tha t 1'-0 In" H. s u n !<,ct i\,lt v h rhro ugh Clmu'pl".al dcm tm strali"" _ and .1 Ji JC u u",,, is',,,,'1
,Jlmlnc
er Jrtinnl, mu~( be th,.. rri n~'lrl(' tlf Ih(' ic dgm em of 1:1 .. ~~~
'C....:.;o olllr ,n ;l h n~UfIl("tlca l ,lOJ very fragi le :.Igre:t"ment reprdmg the myufuJ
IMmW'1l .100&11 tnt' co ndmo ns un tler WhKh .I('<i;thrl l1':!> ,o u ~ J. J itfcrC'lHi:l,ft' 1'l\lCc r. But rhc Idc,l of JI "M:u....ion i..oppo\Cd (0 the fir"" common UJ1n~
It wit trom I~c (unhke' ",h.u hJiPrc-n('J with th e .c.:!;)....U:1Sh) wit hOUt -ra..tc can be discus-ed l.llthu ul!:h 11 canne r be- argued .Jbou r) •• • 11m
dWf"f''':'" ~ Iirrm g into narit)n.d ilot J nJ h'..tu nCI!>1 relanv ...m (.1.. was final! prupo!>lflun co n ta in.. the uppt: )..ite ()f Ihe: ;"hc.n'c prupr "',tiun (" to cadi
1M case wi th Dubos j. That is the main que ..rio n in rbc Critiqllt' ~ his IW,," taste"] , For .~h{l u , that wh ich It is JX:rmis..ible: to dl\UJU. there
mll sr he hop e ul con ung to a n .1~ rCcmcm, H and then:for e oi tr,l ~­
J..J~","
109 rhc l1lon,td ic ..ph e re. of the coguo, of individ ual w bjtttivlty,
Th e metho d of scm ng forth the annnorny i.. rhu.. a phcoomeno logl-
THEANTINOMY OFTASTE , ,11 o ne, It consi ..t .. III dl'scn b mg, rhe comradicno n, actuall y experienced
D~' till' al·..rhcnc .. conscw u..ncs~ m ord er ro enco urage reflect io n. Ai long
In hl'lo t hi rd cnl;o1u~. Kant rn ised t he q ua rrel which . [or O\W J century,
,IS W~ olgrec to reflect. we w ill disc o ver in ou rselves-c-such i.. K.:mt·\ pro-
oppow d .l\si(.; ..m and t nt aesrh encs uf delicacy In I n t' status of an
">und ...o n vrcnon-c- rhc mrim.ne senrimen r that it is .11 rhe UJTl(' eme
.2nrinom)'. Behind thC' mani fest pr oblems-c- is Beau ty t he im itat ion of Ji
jmpossible to demonstr ate rhe validity of our aesthetic judgmmro. .and
truth uncovered by reason o r the sub jective mamtcst anon of the Ind . vet, In ,1 way. legni rn.ne 10 d iscuss them. in the ho pe. hO\lon·er OOCfl
fable' movements ~i the hea rr i-c-be discern ed . \v-it hi n rhc rep resema . rt·huHt,..I. o t sha n ng an ex perience ab out whi ch we sporuaneou..l)' be.
hom, of subjecn..·it), underlying the two moment s of th e: :m tinnmy. the lin e rh.u . ho weve r individual it molYhe. it cannot he allen 10 anot her in
deeper reasons why the eme rging ae st hetics sh ould in the en d supersede ,,) Ia r .10, th e o rbe r is another hu man being. Kam invites u.. to rhe ,&.3
tM",,'O ter ms of the "dispu te" ,lOJ ttl to so lve the p roblem o f th e co rn- th.u the t.rvte [ud gment by itself indicates an inrersubj ecrwe co mmuni·
mon sen se, of t he o biecti viry o f crit eri a, wit hout reducing the I ;N (' iudg- '.1Iio n,1I ann . ,1l1 "en la rged relatio n o f the notion of o bJect (a s of ..ub-
tnnlt to a scientific judgml'nt a nd th us nt"g;lti ng it<, specitll-ity_ I\.ant\ jeer)" (ibId ., S 57) ; it we set mn to d iscuss taste• .Ind if diu grCt'ment
.an.aI Y~l s is so fundd memal th at we sho uld ha n ' it in mi nd c'\"Ctl th is euly III thl.. in <,t.m cc:- u n hk e wh.lt happens within thc cu linary dom.JlIl•
into t:ht- subject, wrun ~l y <,uh!>\lme d undl"r art when it is in fact .I skill -l>nnp ,1oo ut .3
Fullowing .a ior him familiar approach . "-am ren :a ls thl' .lnti nlJm~ real d,a log:ue. th en th ese arc cer uinly indicat ions of th e fact th.at " "
b)' beginning wit h a "topic: ' wi th a n ana lysis nf th ree com mon s a~'ings juJge aesthetic exp cricncl" to he co mmunicable even though it ~"Ould not
co numing dw: jud gment of tast e. Th e first . "to t'.lc h his own t;h te; ' Dt' gro undl"d o n ..<:ientific co ncepts, c:' "en tho ugh tht' comm uni.:.u io n it
prncnts 11\ ~"Ith no pa m cu la r d ifficul t y. it sim p ly m('ans that t he Beau- ICilds to can ne\'er be em pirically gua r.lntceJ.
tiful hlend.. into the plea ..a nt. th at the judgment of [;)ste is 3 stri~·tly And that is exact I)' wh;lt the thes is and the antith('!ols m akm~ ur the-
IUhjca.....: ma tter. that It co uld not therefore claim !>u rneo m.· ebe's nec- antinom}' of u ..tc tcnd to negate. each in its own W.1V :
nury adhnlfJ n. The sCi:ond com mo n sayi ng. " t,hte should not be 3r- I . T h c ~ i ~ " T he: luJ I-:l1Je:nr of t.1stt 1\ not iounJ c:J on ':I\n.:rrt<, : oth r r.... l'o<" It
cued about'" fJb~ d~ ( ;eschmack lliPt sich ui(ht Jisputin en ]. is mo re .:ou lJ l-oe .n gut d "hour (dc..:iJ eJ Ihrough rro.\f..).
tuhtIe. It \uPflO'\a tha t the jud gment of t3 ste. e' -en t hough it rn3)' con ' 1._ AllIilh..·..i... The 11lJpnCnI of u ..tC i\ (l'lInde..! un .: t'l[k"C'p""; otM,.. ~ •
Llln.l pr t1rnwo n to u ni\ erulity, ca n not be dem oll'. [f.1ted wi th proofs. could no l. J e" p lll" ' (~ ..Jllle:rc:nl .bl'(;( h. e\ "cn I"'C' J, ....l.I)o<J (.I d.aim ..'OUJJ fklC h:
With Jrp.unenl$ rr'I)-ing on det erminate <'cien tific co nce p t!>. Inad... 10 Ih., III·CCSS.u y a"-C(lrd of o tht-rs with r h l ~ itlJ~mC'1IT 1 , ,lr IJ_. S -"tol
T" I"'P the antino my of d a ....ici..m a nd scn..ua lis m , [(I thest' t WO
T h l ' antlnnrn)" p i \"()h 011 the q ue!iotin n \li th e .."\\mnHmi.....at-1hn · ..~
COl'hmIJI1 u yrnp ~ c mu""t add .1 m.u :im ("Vcr\, o ne ca n find within him-
thc ;1C"St hl'tic iudgment. of its l"ap.lcit) , to tr,m~"t"f1J \)r nlll tht .."\"ft'lIO~
Id l duuuJh limple leflect ion : ·'U ..tc ca n 'he JI ..CU..\('Cf' I Uher de"
r aninli.lr suhiectivitr. On1r frum thi,. .anglC' I"
thl" r roMC'm \"\t ~ u ·

R.
Gni'h.rw.. liiS, II(h slrt"Jtl'nl. c..,ont rary to 3ppe ;d ra ncc" th i.. nl.1xim
tillll,di t), or ir r ,n iu ll,l llt )' ("-IlI1.."l'rlu al it~ ,)r l1l>n,,·IJll"Tf\lU,lIIt\,) o' t ..
noc cnn tr..cJiu Ihe W'conJ cu m mUll \,I)'ill/o:. ..i,u:e tlll·ft· i" ;I d if·
t¥ • ...-n A JllpUIJI,')_ a \(ie nt lfic .1IKumc f1( w hi th prnccl'd.. appn Md ll·J .

r -.... - - - 0-'
' r·l:L.. l~.. I
LI' ••
 •
,w o
In . ten \t'. ttko rfM-,.l~ .:m d .In Ul hC'!'>i o;. correctlv unJC'htl)oJ L. h If:lW HN I1E .... t "'ND ' !" " O N
~ul-i('j,;t I~ nUlllIllJ: h ut .:l. m on J.J .ind " II.l.ual. inca pahle ut " mu n. OUI ....
. I'() [ Con
taln tltnw sort ul tru th. '00 that w e " 1.I ~' .admit-the- prinCIple- of rh '
nu.an 'IoOlu li(l n- rh~t t he" .Ire oppo ved (lnly in .1r r Cil r ;t Il CC'. It i ~ (' Itsdf_ w h: n :b )'l'mPltlt:l\ ln w IH prove lncilpJ.hk of v )llo'lI1l( the probkm
(th('\.I ~) th .1t ,hC' juJ,:rnC'1U elf ta sre is nor based o n sc il'm itTccn nccrt\ trUI.' ill lIlrer"Ll b lel ll \'II)' ~~ CC' P I.:I" With ("lo'!!ry mon J.,J." OltY. Ihruud't rn:uourw
ro Iht:- in t~l' 1.1\ 1 1O'l:lncC' th C'fJl()~ cal _idu (,f .;a pf«,ubll~d h,,-
th .u I e e..nl1ot I'C' demonserared, .a!> d .ls,"u.."31 r.1fion.lIism hcl ic\,('s' it . and
. . " IS no moor . A n~t II If ~.lppens that the lud gm C'nl tlf u ..te, dnpitr l a \ ubttcn e
IcM rrue th.lf th,,, judgment reters non etheless to " mde tcrminate'
ch.u .\Cte-f. (KI:;hIOI\.. a co mmon ccn ce , then If I., o nly for de boo fr .aVlll\
apt .. ,h ,1t is. to IJt'JS of reason wh ich es tablish the JX...sihllitv ,·f, on.
." nOt \\"h;t:h. hein~ vnch, rcq tu re no d i..cu~\inn , ThC' ultimate co nceqcence of
of ;aJ uplf f.mo, ar 1('.1" of .1 Jis(ll$.sw1I which lll .l r lead 10 3 " common f f1lr l r lt: r ~ 1l1 I .. Ih ull th at " a U\te jud grm-nr mcriw to be ta ken a. connt
K11~:' The opposuioo is thus merel y ,1r r .lrCIH-",h.l k crical"_\ince
()o l~ III ~() fa r . IS It h l1/'I' l''' S that ma ny come III agree .... ilh each Olhcr
1M term "concept" " is nor taken In the sa me sense in both m.lxims of .rbout n •.1Ild even .' h... m b et not because one \Uppoo.,a an a pnon
rhc- b cull)"of aesthetic judgmen r' {ibid.I. Eith er. in th e th es i'i. by "co n. r nn.: irlc behind thlll accord , bUI becau se ( a ~ 111 th(' p.lh te\ u\te, the
cepe" I~ unders tood a scienn fic rule o f rhc un der..rand mg : or , In the \ ul-jC'I:H .irc I,y chance o rganized umformlr : ' I t Th C' Bu unful i.. redcc ed
.Jn ti r he~ i 'lo . o nly an indcrerm inate l ei!',] of rt'l1smr iv aimed at. To rc...olve I II rhc pk,h.l l1t and art [(I the kitchen. And, besides, the vanetv of U , te\
the antinomy. then. " rbe thesis ..hould say : the judg rucn r of fa ..tc is not Jl'Sl'rn's no mo re d i..cu..siou th an their agreement : it llo merd;· .1 ;3ct to
founded o n determin at e concepts. the .tmit hcai... Oil the o ther hand . the be e~ t.lh h\ht:J , a nd the co mm o n sense ca nnot he eithe r t~ OOteet not'
,uJgrnc-nt of taste is founded on a cnncepr althou gh a n illl ll·te rmi oolic rhc d1L"'(:( of a n inrervubjective d ialogue . Th C' lh~i s rhu.. iOOIC.ll n rbe
cmc fn.u ncly. me sup r.1sc-nsi ble ~u bs t ra ru m of rhl'nnml"nJ. ); t hc:n Ihefe .1trl ....1 1 (If ;l p, ydHllogl..m ..oon fd ap:d hf a histo ricl'im. and IalC'f ~

"-ould be no o p pos itio n bern'een th l'm " (Ib id .• S 5 7 ). :t w.;i ol 0J.: i~ 1l1 w hich will also redu ce taste 1(1 'loome \On of mat('n.11
The co nc rete meaning of th e Kantian so lur io ll h q~in .. to l'ltll' tge. rn 'C"r t •td l' .
Though tht"o blt"(t of 3. privJ tt"a nd intima te feeling . beaury ,l W .lkL· lh Ihc - If l.1ken Jugm,Hic;l l1r. Ihe .ln lithesi':> ce rta ll1 l ~' ~ 1J. bli ..h~ th e com-
Id~",s 0{ U.Jso n pr~nt in t"\"ery m a ll-whi c h is wh )' il C;tn t r;1n '>("enJ lllo n ~l'n'>C hu t 3( the; l·nsr of a dou ble eH(lr; it rt"ducn lhe u ..re luJ ~·
pnn tt" ~ubirctivit~.. 3nd bring fo rt h a ..:ommon st'n-.t' ([he Idl·a.. "awak· me-ot I II ,1 lu gic.ll ludgmt:'nt and a rt to ;( St.:ienct'. Th e ct'11tral ,:-oncer"
mcd- b)' t he beautifu l ob ject being in pr in cip ll' commu n rn h um ann r l, 01 da"llical r<1.u una list aesthetics thu s bl'CUmCio that uf pt'rfulJo" . The
l b C' bc3 utifu l o bject i.. 'iim uh a neo u"ly pu rel y sen ..ihlc yet imd ll'c t uaL it heautlfu l work i'lo t hat w hich. ill ,.: onfnrmity 10 ru l e~ Ito con.:ert..l Jetet -
n 3 feoo ncili3tio n of nature a nd of th e mind hut :1 cm lti" genr rl'co ncilia - milll'd b}' J. " poet ic a rt " perfe ctl r rt:a lizes .In t"nd i r ~eli J I~I) con ,,:cpl u..uly
hon, tht- fruit c,{ natu re itsel f (o f man's naturt' in th(' ca ':> e of th e geni us) detl' rm mrd. Art's e ~~en l:e; liC"> in th(' ..:un..:er t: it's Ih a n k~ to it th.u one
can dell'rmi n(' an l'dif ying e nd . th.1nk~ to il apin thJ.t one c.m t-on ng 11
.and OOt d 3 eon\Cious w ill foll o w ing d.eterminate r ules. as t he da s~ iclst'i
,u)uld hue u. 10 rea lit}· t1.. i n ~ th e met hud.. of tcc h niqu l' {of whi ch prr..rc--li\C in r .;amt·
ing i.. o ne of th e modd sl. Bill J o gm Jt ic da'lo~icism cuntJin~ J \C"ronJ
lkyond thnr tr uth COnle lll . th esi.. a nd .1llt ithcs i.. in Ihe antinom y
l' rror {ill Kanr \ C)"es, no dou bt ••1 b iting}: in n·J u..:ing tht:' NJuuiul to "
on al~o be int r r p rt [ed dngm at ica lly:
me re Il'ch n;ca l tl'pre sen t:1tio n of an end ro~iteJ h}' ( C,hOO .1nJ u ..te u'
-The t!lni\ th en com~ [t) m ean t ha t [;I .. te, b('in g in the J om.1in of
thi 'lo \'cry rl'.1<;u n. It end, up lOSing the \Ct)' sul-jl"ctl\'it}· th.ll the J('lotht-n\
fl'C'lan . " .11
ru rd )' -.u b!t"cti,·C' ,affa ir ; tha t it i'i t h u... at lea st de jure.
IIf <;cm illlent. ,Ih ho ugh c()n~·l"i,· i ng it incurrectly, quile n~th d31mc-J
ux1.KnmuRiable . ineffable: , Empirici..m le ad s to ..()1ip..i ~m in aes th elic..
f" r itw lf. C l.hsic isl11 grull lld~ Ihl' n)Ollnon Sl'n~e in ..u~-h .I. .... .1, lh.1t 11
much.. It llJd In \pt'cub ti"'e phi lo..ophy : " [() e.lch hi s o wn ta..,,: · · th l"
no lo nge r br ings IOgt:thl'r pri....llf 5ubje,'ts .llu m.u t'l.!. h~ In-Ilni''\, MIl
moo .1 J -indi \"ldu;t1 s cnmmu nic,ui o~ with e,t.:h ot her (lnl~ tnJ ul, -rl\'. tlClh"
-(J .. ~ . .. PhllllQCTl"n: " t .mra rk:i'n1 Jt" f.l(1O d('01 ~ th(' !'U.... ,hilit)· uf o,;om-
~ 'I." .lthnwnc WI' UXJld ;afKlI(' .Ihulit III. All uJ lm,1Il , .mOtU
-lthodwn. I hi- wmpln t --.·.. rd, . hlor ·' I I' IH· dU'l hint: ," Jr(, d"v,"J nl,
( Om'

Ire ulIl!'lr IhAt C'....r1 111 :10 J w, .Ilo o C' . L(, J n j l1 ~ fill du' o ld IlI;I"i ,o til
-,.,m"",. - I".JU'w"IlI" 1'1I1t1,.!allll'·_(' IUI.i tl t:I' "1 .I l~n h·.ld w.. u'
th,u .. nr h,·C'.. ,.1,,"('. l-'rr('ll" m i~ .lflll coJ l>,. ('nlr m.:"",. mt:'t' to.,.,
U:O"III'rr ,I,· k .mt , "il L ! j l loljl l . 11. l tl4.l
..... -.
"
 TwO
throufth the- ~-unlXrr. th e refore' rhr n uJth rh.u 1tI th m vclvec whi dl I I aETWHN HEAII:T AND R EA S O N
r.ni(ln ')~I""m. ~a""Tt' 11IJ~"-1t'nt i, h:d:~'l
'
. u",('\""1: . For classica l "the a 1 1 1"" 1 ~ . As in eYl"r)" Y("ril,l bl(' anlln{J(ll, • the~ n,
,- -,~ ", fin, In
. p I.u;('- anu' I h . \
lud,;mt"fl Tof rea son nn the um"C'IIC'd pc rtecno» ul ;1 fh lll ~ a nd Ihl: ti n " ICUll \ lrrt-pI.I,,·e.,_hk cu n lflhuIlUIl_ ar__~ .," I,,t·, \e..\ up(X~u'h ......
I an 1 ,
' Ill " r. lI1 un' ex ,ll lly, 1".I"h Cllle: Ira n,,(X1'OI"'o II\("U with C .I~ mt n lhe
non of the: Ji ,'('r.;u)' wn hin If In .1 ~u.1 1 (lhlJ.) . Th e i m pu rt ,t lll thme 3· "",('
whethe r or not the wo rk o f a n IS "we ll made, ' wherhee II ("onfur g 1\ ..t1wr ' ~Cl IIml,;h .1,,<-.. l'a ch. PU"lllflll rev('<1111.
_
-11 I0 Luc: lIllun Y(..1\,. u nlcn-
...
•• . h -- rtl'Ot .bll·. A K.lIlU.ln 11"....o n illucrr.ned In a p" " e,,1 I '-
not 10 I h(' "ru I(1, u ( art (10 pt'r ..pccnve, III I rcc umnes, ell': .), \e ll\l h'liry , , . ;u ~ ucmun'\lUh\"C way
bemg but rhe confused wa y in which the tillite ht-lIlfot \ ,h ;11 .1(e O1('JI b ~ ' hu ne " e..s.l~·" on ,1(".. th I"U".ln th l"lfilt1cmpl lo fully ellprmnd-nm
«in' 3 reahry in ih ell cumplt-rclr lIue lliJ;lblc . rt f. \llll" li S llI" sl fUIII\HI,l hlf' :Ipo r1.l" _ ;J l,;'o nu: pUu n Clf rbe hUlluful which
~n' ~ " 10 pl.1Il1 Il'o rOllt.. l·xd usl\'I'"I)· 111 ..111 cm piriusl phil"..o phy.
Despite th t'it n ppusitioll. the J(l~ l1Ia Il C Ihl'si.. ,m J illlli rhC'\i.. ;IKttt-
on the' esscnna l: the cn~lln; the mdrvidual ... .l 1l11lfl . l d lwht'rhC'r \ Cn \ It IV('
o r rati onal man enn g littl e in the hn.l l.1n;1Iy""i!lo ) rh,u ca n enter Int" (um _ THE PARADOXES OF HUM[ 'S AESTHETICS
municarion with the o the r mona d" Hnly inJIrt'ctl~·, not thruugh d ,\Cus_ FROM [SKEPTICAL) RELATIVISM
sion bu t b ~' t he inr errn edi a ry o f a pr cccra bh vhcd h'lf lllfln y (h.u lllo n)' ot TO ClASSICAL UNIVERSALISM
~mory o rgans in em pirici ..m . har mon y IIf th e in J I\' i.l u J I rc nvou-, wllh lll
\'(.'h .11 I ~ inu-re..t il1 ~ .Ibo u t H lIlIw\ l' ~ ":I Y " O il acwbenc , ,.. the le""lon th.al
rat iona lism ). In eac h ...-a ,>(" the: su bic ct i.. reduced In th l' in d ls'id ua l an d .lllllll.\le.. a m i run s Ihro u ~h the m : "'c t-:innill ~ Irum ol rad ical emp mci ..!
deprived of its esscnnal djme ",iu n - i nte rlo u h l e:ct i \· I1 ~· . In bo rh C3 '>('\ d lS_ pt "Ul ol1 -tllU ~ Irum 3 p nncrpled re!.tm ·j\ m- he trl(' \ to a-n ..e at the
cu ..sion S('tInS dev oid oj ..en se, amUl1/:t th e ernpi n cisr.. becauce (" \ '(" 0' - Idl'.t Clf uni vn ":11 nor m .. CIt t.' \ I s," The \(' no rm v he a( (urd.. .a \C11 .. uah "l
th mg is b rou ght d own ro qu estions uf fa ct, wi th the ranonah...t.. ht"c:lu~ cu.....rrucrurc, _I su b..truc t urc which , In rhe urea of rnerbod , m.mifC\H
th e concept a nd th e' rul es SOOI1 put .10 end to .111 pm..ihl ..., ch-cu.... io tl h). ilw lf thr ough .111 explicit reje ction uf dcducuon III favor 01 oh..t·rvauo n.
p<'rcmptorily dec rct"in ~ w he rc ~noJ ,m J bad ta sh: arc to ht' found . Ih t-I ortm·r........here ,1 ~t'nl"r a l ab\ traci pr incip le i\ tirst e..u ht.shed , .and
The Kamidn pn~!>("m;u io n o ( th l' a n IlI1Um)' i.. no douht ah..tr act CUll- I~ .the rwa rd s branch..-d nur in to a \',arict y of infl:'renc...... a nd (lJlldu'\.KJnlo,
a m mg the h i,>to ry o( art . Raci ne '" ur I'oussm\ wo rk cannn( he r....du ...-ed molY bl.- mor . . pe rten III It!>d l, b ut "Ulh It..... th(' Imf'("r lc(t1on of hum.;an
tn ~ing th(" e-tfc...·t o( a flatly r atl nn ,lli ..t d ,l,>..ic is m - n o m o r.... <,0 th,l O n,Hure, .Jlld i!> a ("o mnllln "UUfC(' o( lllu..ion and mi..u kc III Ihl\ a.. " ell
Pica..w ·s ur .\ l a lt'\·uc h'" 'oll ld he to rrl':ni "e" ()( (o u r-d llTH,' n..ion .l1 ~e-­ .J" in o rller ,>u!"l le(I..: ' I. Thl'r ~' where, Ol'(,IU.,e o f thi., .,uh..n uct ure. we
ome"tf~·, Bu r it i.. nor w ithou t co n nection to cu nerell' h i<,tor)' if we pur ..oClulJ l'Xpl"d Ihe m to e.,tahl i..h an J e) lhetic'" Clf fecl i fl ~, thc~e ..... ri l i n ~"
ba d : imo p lace the inrcrmcd l.lu' lil11,; aC!!olhctic'> co n"i..r.. o ( .I .. a "PCClhC all t'm pt rathl'r tu Ie~ili m ;\te Ihe mll\1 r i ~omu .. of d ol ~..iCl "m~. thtl \ <oct'm-
dl ~pl llle. ha lfwa y he twl'l'n sp('nlla ri\'c ph i1o~()ph~' a nd artl'.ili, crc" in ~ tu Ot· u m' o j Ihl' tir ..t .Jtte-mpn tu so h -I" wh J I Kan t hJ d ;1nricip.u onll
ation, In thc conl1ict w h ich . in the sC\'cm ee nt h ct"ntu ry. "ppo ..e" the n.tnll"J " t ill' .m t ino lln' o f 1 ,I ~ te_ " 1 he who lt' prnb lem, ;1 \ \\ (' \h;1U ~ ,
theoreticia m o ( das"ici..m III th e p art i ~.m .. o(.m de..lhetics o f '-d e hcaq ," Olllll~ from t he- f:ll l , ila t Ihe Hum....OI n "olu lin n ll'fS; line oi th(' mo ment ,
ir i.. rnml a rta in ly th c q uc..tio n n( the com mon \ en\e, of int l' r" u b jectiv- rh'lt l{l lll plI~e Ihi .. ,ll1tino my. Ih.... fel ,lt1\·I~ r lsl:n..ua1ist Olle,.t\ its POint of
ity. whi ch i.. a t th e \a me lime a t th e cent e r of and ..ce lm in ..e pa rablc: dt'parlu re_
{rum a well-dctcrm inn:l ph ilo.-.op h IC.a1 repre'>("nt a tion of "Uh lt'Clivlty_ '11Ii\ I ~mi u n de~er\'e\ flU( notice, Nl'PtI\'c1l,lhrou~ the .tron"" II
Although il i\ oh\"iou\ly pcr(e, tl y ah ..t ra ct (Ill th e \ense: I'\"e ju..t lI1c1UlI:lhly lead~ B urn e into, It ..1,;et ch", the uu tline oj 1h~ rhll(~orhh:.al
requirel11t'flIs .Ill .1lle m pt to ~o beyond the ;;a nll nOIllY impe.~, ~lorC'
Indl COItedl. the ..... .1). in whi ch K:lnt rut.. to~ethcr .....hat ..ccrn s to h im to
pro foundly. rhl- lit':ld C'l1d~ HU1l1e\ .le~thcl ll:S ,1f(l\'e at ar c h lp-hI)' \)mr"
~ the a ntinomy insc rihe d in t he \'er y hea n o( ta..te i.. pe rh ill''' su gg esti\'('
lom, ni c IIf Ihe ditfi t;ull ics mod ern rd l t'ct ioll o n rhe- llcol untul r ncou nl t'n
In cla rif ying the pU\ lt lnn\ h i"lOfl cally in pl a ce a t th c tim e of Iht' emc r"
.....hen . J!,i vi n~ in to Ihe roo..t r"dical ">Oft o i i mm.an~nri"m ;;and ..ul!I«"t1\ -
genu of modern anthellOo_ What t he Ka llu an a n tino my ill umin.llC'\
i..m. il cannol ...tti"fa clon lv u ke int u aeumn! t h~ rC\lUlf'("l1l('nl 01 tun-
paMlOltarly ", til i\ rhe ..... .1). in wh it:h. in fact , the aCMhe t ic rh eorin. pr in t
10 h... own uuical ph ilolon p hy, beyon d wh:u uppuse:.. Ihern to ca~ h
~('nJ ....nce th,ll Ih c' ldca uf -a no rm o f la !>!e, Ihl" iJe.l u l .l cumm..1fI "C'11
re:"ll i?l,J Mound t ht, .....nrk u( ,Ht. cunum..,
f.chN , Mlmctlme' ' m ne to recip ru c::a lly hor ro w cert;lin of t he ir Jfgu·
s,
 -ow
P'U' " .l(tet)' of T;I"'t' ••h ....TIl .... of o plninn. wluch pre ·1 .
\' ;11 , In Il TWff:H HtAI T .a ""D ".a , 0'"
~ Il- roo otw iou'\ not: f a h ave {.Il1cn ul1,lcor ('H ',y UOt" !>II h lio n (lt lh. j". t ype uf behef, , citIng
St' t\'a . . nUl frum r...p. ctornUlnon, urlfns"'l'nl to
bOIL" I" Thl\ fnYurk " .n..tuult"'io the ffilllllll al l>toullIIJ.:, PUiOl fu r 1-' . l h ~' t'mpm t:,11 cu n"Oflu..n ..." , IThe rrw...Jd (If 1h1\ .;Ir uyw., I
l urne , r~ ....
rd1t'ctwm r~ rJ lnft rhe "1"11 ~1.lrd l i t U..te. Hume is. nut thlllking ui d('. ":ClUr..c, the Humca .
n ~cnc.1 ' u~y of the- Cfl n' ~ .. ..... • _1. I I
I" U'I cauu Iry,
nun _ thl~ de- Iacro rdolll\"j"m. On rhe ,um t.lr~·. hi, cntl re rhC1l(eli cal \VIe- can ~c~m 10 u~dcf\t.and huw thl' peT1op«fh'e ~tN by em-
rh~h, J"f'rm ih If to No !troun~ rJ_ .... uhour IhC' 1(',1...( lhffi cuh y. With rlticl!ol ~ w uhin the-urt::(lc.a1 phl~OVlph y d~;a n (he- -ay... hera 1t hcocamn
H IlIn('. C..a'lo\irn ....mes ,1 pn'S'K. "Feeling nolonger need .. to iu..tify jlsd f .l qu e..non uf values , and t"opt'f.:",lIr ;at'lolht'tlc nlon. for ~ '"CTIubk "ad.
bete re InC' rnf'tun.11 of reason: on the contrar y, reason is "llm mu nco he_ IU ( t' ol aurb cn nc irv." If B".lOg i,s redu ced 10 ffiCre preeece .. nhuJ lin

fort' the fo rum of sen...m en, oi rure ' imprc..."ion: .1I1d qu cstinnc.·J fC- rcpre..cur.mons, 1.1 t rut h resides 10 lilt· hnal .1nJ.lysi.. in wh.:a( I C'llJlC'~
~ rd lng IU ..:bim..-. u _ -t,l l m s to '>rc.l k of the o ne and a n i)' Bea uty o r, ..... Ithin 10 )" con sctouv ncss, then senn mem i\ th" l1lO\t .1urhcnuc ,!Mit of
mure ~cu ll~·. ttl '> f'C';lL: sub spent' acten utatis o n v... lue, bot h of which the ~u ~ fecr. since It docs. not rd er or \('11d us hilCk to anythlftlt odwr
th.m Itself. a nd po m rs to wa rds. nn ext en ority. - AU \ot'nmnnn ft ottbt;
aJr~\ ,1~ ehu" rr((Trt"J ",1..:1.. to their uh ir nar e truth : thl' 'en.. . e imprC\.
~"c,Hl ..e scnnmcnt h,h a reference (0 not hmg beyond IUdt .1nd K aJ..
!lolon, .lt the SOUfl"C' uf .til ideJ ".
W.l p real. wher ever ,I man i.. co nscio us of u. Bill .111 dt.'termm.1IJOn. of
The mult of t his genea logica l p roc edure i ~ clear. In .1Il e ' ~ a )' titled
thl' lInJC ('I .lIId in ~ a re not righl ; hccausl.' the)" have J. reference co ~
"The XC'r ri~ " H ume cal mly as..er rs th at J SC(l( co uld nul appreciate
thing beyo nd th e m..elves" (ibid .• p, 261il. such as the Idea at uu'YhlT
IW Lln music lJ nu doubt reciprocal pru pmitinnl becau-,e " bea utv a nd which ma kc-, u.. e" pect t ht' a ppea rance of the d ft"el whm _e \ « tbr
.,'Om .at(' me rd)' of .1rel .u i\·c na turt". a nd l'o n..ilot In an aE:n.~ahll' :.c:nti. ';:,H l "". lhtl, lO c i tin ~ II'> (0 go hcyo nd th e o rder uf pure prC'\oCnCt .
mmt. produ.:ed h~' .1n o biC'\:"t m J partlcu !.u m ind . ;) lTurdlll~ til the But . r .H,IJ o ... ic.l ll ~' .-.1l\ d 11 \ .1t lhi.. point th.lt Hume's line ci .11'
re-cull,OIf truetu fe .m d clln st itu t io n oi t h.u m in d " I ~- a ' tnK tu re .Jnd ~ lJ I1H' TlI n '\'l·r..t·.. itsel f- il i.. this very immJ.nent i..m thai W Ill C'iu H I!oh
co n..titutlon .abou t which ....·c kn ow, since Duho .. a ud j\ ln nrl" 4 uit' u, the .m '., , upl'r iur ily ove r ..d enn ·. lhc r m sibillt}· tht' hu un tu l won. h", co
cxtent to which th c)' a re ..hared by n.uimu l tt.1Jition.., " Each mind e~Jpc rd.uivi..m to .lc hie\·c, if nOI .lb..olute un i ""e:ruli~·. then .It ,U~ .1
prn:ci 1"C=~ .1 difierau be.tut) · .•. To sc("k t he r("al b("a uf) ', m re.l l J d ur· mu ~'h I11UH' ~l' l1l'ral :m d more Jura hlc con ..ensus th.m that to ,. hKb the
m'l) , ~ u frultl eu a n enq uif)', .u. [() p retend to a"cl"rtJin th (" re al ,,"H'M h i~he ..t m;tnifl,..t.HIllllS of !Io cien ntic or rhllo'iorhi, a l t hou~tH (".1n r~
t)l"rnl biner... .. trn d. Fur .ltt bdnng,> c:ntirdy to th l' sphere oi ..entlment. of prncntt. It
The reb,r i"'ity of th e ae) ther ic jud gmem th u.. n.·. . e ills itsd f IU hc two· J oc.. no r pre lend [() ..uper"l·dc.: thl" ..tate s uf cUIl'>C"io usne\ .. th.1t norre·
fold: It is wmultaneou..I)' dependent o n th e pu r l ic II /,; r ,t)' of I h t' ol1lt'CI ..c.::nt.u iu n.. ,Ire in or dc.: r to tell u Ulh.. .lbou t th e re.l li ~· e'\tem.a.l to Ib
the notion of Be-auI)" is but a " word" o \'l:r1)'ing im p ressio ns th,lt Me r ep r~ nr,lI i oll\ . It o nl>' aim s .It th e e" p r~''''iion ('If passiom aMnmon TO
dt nertnt acwtdmg ( 0 the o bjcct th a t bri ng.. th l'm a bout ) J nd o n the hum.t nit)". an d irs l.7 J rd inJ I "'irtue i.. nom" ot her th.m Jram,u urp:
pa rrjOl LJrJl) (If Ih~ subiat (the notiO Il of l\c a m )' b ci n~. from thi s a..pc-ct. autl lt'llril.7it\·.
bUI a tOtn('fllent tc rm to Je\j~13te: a p,,>',h ic. (he n ;1 s()ciul{J~ica l rea lit)" Skepti~.1 1 iro n}' hl"rc Up"l'[S thl' o pininll 1'>l'St fl'i.-ei,,"cJ 1'>~ (onunoft
dlfierentl.aled ~ccording to the diffe rent ju dgi ng mind..), ~l' ",C. which willlll l'd)' J("U'ph scil'nritic o h j<-..' mu)" .b C't.lhlt",h N tu:
H umr', DOmmal, m a nd p\ycholo gi\ 1O a rc well k no w n; it i!i ..nil SPUIlI.llll'u u..h· ..:onccdc.::s th e ide,l that bC',1ut)' C.lnnot: h.l\t' the .h~narr at
unrorunl IU point O\u (hat they a re nUl 3 !Io im p le m alll'r of opm iu n ilut J un in-rSJI r;ference. AnJ \ er. " Th l"llnn oi .l1'>..tf.l( t }'hilt
nprntU)n of. funda me nt a l phlk t..n phi c,l l chuice, TIle y a rc Ihl' dl' tellls (If pro ft)und then log>'. h,l\'r' l'rc,,·.u lc:J du n ng 0l~.1 . In a
fnl din t c-.t th~ red ul tUJIl nt Bein~ tn pr e\t'l1n' w ith in rl'p rc!'ocnr at ion sin ' 1'(·rioJ. thl'~e h.w l· hl'~'11 ul1l n'rsJIl~" c\ r lllo1('J . , • AnJ ~\(h
t ,..h ...-hlch fl umc l(Jin" Betl,,:!ey'" ph llmnph)" , ,:.sSt' 1;'$1 !' ('Ici/II .m l hel'1l ex pl·rienl:t·J mu rt' Ii"hl e hI the f('l ol urilln ot ( h.ltk'C' .and t.1
PPf~I', BonnK .. II) pt'nnve ur he- perc eive d. If t ran..ccndc ncc-the
tha t th e..e pf et c:nJ l,J d('cisium ti t , ("l m ..Y . 1'hl" .l I ' Dll( lhr- ,.,n nc·
of • "'JOtl ('. Ienul I(J (he indI VidlJ.ll- re l;um a p")'l:huln~~'al
the bt".HlIil·... o i dm,llll'IK(' ,1n,,1 puetf) . Ju st C' rrt" k~'" (If rJI"
..,... • Ita. k"1 ..II u illlI\(cndcnt :a1 (flllh ; u elf i, t.. u nly .1 ild iel. nalll re ;lrc ..u re.. ,1 h c r J littl e lllne. ( 1' ~.1in put-oh..· A.'rlAlll'I.C. il
111.l111 Lllll fo r l'Vn:' In .' ""'I UJ . Ol·..... ;1111("' ',. r h\ Sh: Ina" .... ~. Ar
'" nM'It C (' tf ll n tht'n &;Im'l,un K ill oIn.ll)'Ii nK th e r rlP('(· of furl1U '
 TWO
aU WEEN HEA IT AN D _EASO N
OI'IC" ,,: thnr \'l ~"tOrr rernains lrd gtlc ,In.! t Cln f'!.'f .Ir,', " but lefcon
\'ir~1 m.ulluin an uni"Cf'j.l l. und isputed ('mplfC' over the mind .. o fct' J:nd
lui thl' ret·lIlc rg.encc ut a univc r\;1!i\m th.Jt (Oll«"t'" not hing ro lhe-
ITltll" ,III"'"" i"o roU" c!"", ici..m?
U.lJ •• rr. .!.79- S0 ). ...
TIll" .\IIW"l·r ca n be stated very simnl,· .1o t '"~ m' "genera
, 11("Ve:
I r'lI;"
c_
\{'hCfC on" w(lUld have expected rh,u radical i lllm .ln (·nt i ~01 . [he re- • ' 1"'
~tJnd.l rd (It tu..tc IS nUlhl"llJ.!, ot he r than human n,;Uune. H um an nat ure
~u..:tlon ('If hc-J.U ( ~·. h~ r ure senn men r, I(,J t~ .111 .1 thohuc rd .ui,-j\ tl\. tht
.,("iul:. II. we lllol~ pUI It thl\ WJy, rrl.1fl\'d~ invo1rio1blt", il will prov ide the
in verse h,lppcns: It Ii becau se the ("' p r C,."' IO II nl '(·ntlmt'nt. _t it be au.
foun ,I.III<,", If I1U[ for au .1b\ohne uni \"er<io1liry of taste, at 1('.)\( fo r it\
rhennc, cann e r mislead, rhn the' Beaunful can be lhe obre..,. of a l."Otn .
eOlplfi":-;ll ~l',U' r;l il ry within ep .rce and ti me, " h .lIppe.ln [ht'D, th.Jl.
mon sense til which ...:ic'n.."t" can nor r(, J M)n.)I:'oI~' 1.1" d .lln!. (Cf. DUhc-I" ,lnllJ :o.1 .ill rbv \' ,l!ll,'I~' a nd caprrce of [J.\ It', there are cenam general pnn-
"Th.u me reputation oi ,1 s~sr('m of ph ilosophy m.1Y be J t'\ttoyC'J ; tholo; ( ll' k .. loll .IPl'fllh.Hlon o r hlamc, w hO\c infl uence a (.31eful e)"t' rnav Ifact'
of .t ('<"C1n can n o t bc ."].! ' The ..l'm u .I!l..r rcl .mvi ..m that H llIlll', quitC' III all o per,lli ll!1\ of th e Illitl~i. SO llie p.H1icul.1r fo rm\ o r qU .llitie~.lrom
Jo~tea ll~'. seemed to choose :I S the st.trn ng pornt tor his .te"lhctk rd lt'c. ,h(' or il-till.11..t ruc tu r... ol rh...int er nal fabric• a re cakutm'd to please , and
nons here gives wa~' to a universalism ..eeki ng ro re i,-)in -,enlll~ OUI llthl·r.. 10 Ji'rl"J"c " (ib rd ., r · 271) . 11 n ne post ul.1rn . with Hume, th at
fro m sentiment and not rea scn-c-rhe ma jor thl·sr;.. II I French d ,t s~ iCl sm men\ n,tt u n:, their "mremal fabric," is fundamentally ho mogm wu\_
the problem being. oi course. arrivin g ,tt wh erever will pcrrnir, in Ih; Ih,'rdorc rhat she container for sense Imr rc\ ..ion, I~ in prmciple idenn-
bsr instance. esrabhshmg th e quasi-umver salirv uf th e Bcau ntul. ( .11 fl.r, 1\ llu'n- th en va riatio ns in tave can o nly emerge fro m the fact
Though it is tru e th ar the re exi st great var i.mons in ravte, \in ce th.\I rhi.. conr.uncr m .l )' he more o r less 1J1lTt' " (C/. Duhos: " The senti -
" Be.1U[}" is no q UJ.li t)" in t hi n~~ themselves : It exists m t' rdy in til(" '11lllJ rlll'nl of w hkh I ..p ca\.. i.. found ,I m (l n ~ ;111 men, but iu..t 3'> (h... y h3"'t' not
""hich ront e-mpl.u cs them . . . ," !: Wt' <.· ,unw t t ht' reb y wndudc that ".111 ;111 eq ua lly ~ood e,us .m d C)"e" so h.lv(" thc)" no t all an cqu.lolly ~rfe\."t
t3 S.t~ arc rqulnlen r" : " \X'h()("\"('r wou ld J ....c rt a n t·quJ.lity of gt' niu\ .JnJ -.enll llll'nt. S(lltH: h J'"c it ben ... r than mhen, ..-ithcr t>ccau'>t" thnr or-
rlt'{?:.ln\.'"C ~tw('('n O gilh)' and M ih o n , or l\uny,lll ,m d Add, ..o n. .....oulJ It,i n!o ,Ht' n ,lt ura lly ben...r made: up , or necJ.usc thC"~· h.J\"cbettt' t perfrotJ
be th(lu~t to defend no le\ s Jn e"tr.n"ag ,t n("r:, t h3n ii he h,ld mJinumcJ th" m th ro ugh lh e fn'quem use Ihc~' nI.Jke of them. olnJ th rou~ cxpcri-
.2 mole-hill to he- 3S hig h a s Tt·!lcrtffe. or ,I pund ,1'> e,tell..,"'C ;1\ the '·nl·...... )~1 It .... in the ~ r i tc r ia th at permit e\' ;llu.Jtion of the grcJ.lcr or 1C"s.~ r
occa n" (ib id ., p. 26'1 ). St ra ng<.'l)", th en , rhe ide'l ot a Ir J.n s':t' n dt'Il ~C (If pu rity lI f h Ullun n a tUfl' th at we w ill h;u e III look nnt onlr fo r the rea\On
the uanda rd 01' ta ste' over ag,ti n!i>l th e in dividu.l l ("()n, ~ i()u snl"s s rt'cl.lim, for djffe rl' n ~t''> uf fa .. rc but alsu- the sJ.me qUt"<itio n sec:n fro m.! J iffcr-
its righ rs: .. , , , tnr: U stC of a ll indi\ "iduals i\ nor upon ,111 eq ua l footing. cnt J.nl-tlt'-ior tht' fJ.("w rs w hich rcrrnit us to juJ jte that t,l\ telo are nor
.and . , . somc me-n in gene-ral. nowc\'er diffi\."Uh to h I.'particu larly pit("htd cqUl\.1lcm, · H u me cites five :
upon, will be: .1~k noy,- l cJ gt...J by univcr..a l ..t'l1time nt ru h.J",e ., p rd,'rencc I. Aestht't i(" oh ll'~t i .., i n" req uires ti t..t of .111 rh J.t (he n.lturc 111 qun-
above others" (ibid., p. 279 ), Beside s, ir !i>,'cms d e,1t to H lIlIle - a ml he re lilln bl" \;l11l\ ri ll' tI1u ..r ~t'l1(:r.11 p rindple o f \"ar i,n ion s being the fa\.'t tha t
h~ l.lkt'i up a gai n t he idea of ;I p OCri<.' art d ear to (he c1'l..s ki..(s- th ;ll th(· inSlfll11ll'llI" of JUdt-;l1ll'lH, [h.1f is till' \ ('m t'S, \.'all b(' mur c or le!os wcll"
rule-. o f an exin . and th at thm,c rulC"\ (ra n slate a n agrct,"m,'1lI " co ncern ' ~J.lihrdft'd , or n l'1I d io;. u rg,m il cd , br il\ m" '" If (hl' spirit i~ nor ~rcnc, d
ing wh.lI ha\ bttn univt,"r~lI)" found (0 rlease- 111 all countrit'" a nd in all i11IlCS\ m,tkes u!< inc,l p;lh le of ti XIl1~ uur J nenliun on th e ohlCL"I o r " ron-
agn" (ib kJ,. p, 269 ), We are here wry fa r fru 1l1 tht," "eJch mmd pcr("ci v~ lo unds the Urcr3tlO Il ni th L' whule m.Jchinc:" thJ.1 the Sl'IlSOf)' o~n ,
J.rc, l hl'1I .. n u r e:xpe rlll1l'nt
. W I"II be 1 ,. . ..'nJ Wt' sh.1l1locunJ.hle
·3. IId\.IUU.., " to
a dll1crem beauty" of which Hu me spoke .b if i[ wert' o b \·iuu...
. . Ib
III d ~e ()r th l' c;\t h o hc a n d UIll" cr!oJ C,Hlty . . , n
_\ m.Jn in J tC\"c-r \\ oulJ
At Ihc same ti me alo tht' idea u f a t ra l1:1.ccndc ncc of t h c criu riJ of
be-aul y ret u m ..., univcrroali:l.1I1 hecomt's more pc re mptory: " Th c ",anl l' l10[ .lnSh. t u n h iS . r .II.It '· a!i>.l blI.' to ~Il'~ 1 J " LOIl<.
. ·" 'Iin.....11 .wou n. ·• no r would

Homt,"r, who plca~d at Alh m \ and Ronte fWO (h o usand \"l.',US ;1 1,:0, is
sn ll a<fmirro at Pam ,IUd a t Lo nd on. All thc ch3.ng~ of d il~ate, gowrn-
mnll. rchgion. and bngua~t,", have not bem able:- tn ob!ocu re h is gll'~""
(ibid , r, 2 71 ). How then to reconcile the two insta n ces. o f :l.llt'h a th n lf)"
"I.__c : it, rOl1le:-dneu III fce llnK> which i!li b)' c....t'n\.'t' given to c h an~e•
••
 two
o ne, a ffecte d with the' jau nd ice, pn:tcnd to give,: .1 \"l'nlict w ith r('~a rcJ BETW EEN HEART AND REASO N
colours." ~4 II)
n.nll rc 1~ I' h .ISIc,1 H ~· t he ..arne in .1l1 men In a ll th l: hntonca l pencd... 'I'd
1. Besides beal rhy organ ... g U.1r.m (l·C' i n~ a rela tive j J ~·l1ti l Y (If Ih II'S undeniable thai Ihe h uma n m;a...bm e, like :InY macame, i.. fro m the
msrru mcnts the aesrbcnc iu d~m(,llt IS based 0 11, Jd l":.u (' a nd rd inro (' hq~l1 l1l lll~ 1I10re o r 1('...... perfect. Inure o r 1(',,,, well C.lhhrJl eJ and. With
' I - H . f 0,.
ga lls a re called for. To support hI!'> r l"'~h. _ ume ~' t t's a amous <l1lc,'c d o l C' 111<' I' ;h!o.l ~e o f nmc, 11 retiues, I'( rfecl.... a nd .lIJ IU...I... 1I\oC'1f. o r on t he co n-
fro m Don Q Ulxott' which is wo rth quormg in full here, !Io IOC C' in In('I~ . If ;H~ If .lc lt"f10rat~: "· Illll~ . t ho u ~ the prinnrlC"\ oi 1.I....re be unillcf\;ll.
photic form it co nrams the u lnmatc pr inCIpiI.' of hic ,1cs th ('ti..: Cs\ ay\: .Iml. nCJrly If nUl t" nflrd~' the ".lrn(' in .III men; ~'d tew an: q ualified 10
~IH' luJ):,mt"nl o n ~ n~' work of a rt , o r eo,{.lhh...h thei r own sm l i m('n l as
II he ",·jlh f!:uod (('a"o n. ~.lp SANC HO 10 Ih('" "'q Ut fe "lIh 'h e" Jo:f C'':1I n,,\C'
Ih,' ' t;w d.lrJ IIf beautv" (Ibid .• p. 2711 ).
th.J.t I pretend 10 h.l\·C' .1 juJgmt"1lI in wm c. Th " .' J qU,Illly hC'I('Jll dr:o ill ' 1Il; 4 . T hus, to a vcud ..ln~ nll ,u ndC'f~l.J nd in~. ,I fou n h crite rion WIll be
b m11r. Two of m~' kin"mC'o ...."('Ie'"nLCO called 10 ~i\'r Ihn r " 1'"11Im ul J htl~\hud .I.lJ ,·.!. Though the u!nm..lll'" tou ndanon of Ihe judg men t 01 U,Ie- i.. hu -
WhKh W.l~ \Ur po....-J to l>t: excellent, h.'lII j; old .Jml 01 .J ~, .. ...t U IlI.l h\,\ O<l( t~ 111,11\ n.uurc, a nd th ough th .... nJlUrt a nd th erefor e Ih.... iu d ~mcn( ca n be
lhC'm I.h l e"> it ; ( On..iJl'~ I t: .1lIJ .liter mJl ure rdllXti u" rn>Il"lI n.::~ Ihl' " II\( h . rdinnl .lOJ ':Uh l\'..lI C'J . we vhou ld nm ther('by .:onf uo,c culture and rttiu-
N good, ~Trc' II nO! for .I ~m J lI l.I' I'" ('l ll'.uher. \, hl\-h h(' ~r\·•.·nc.1 III il. The ,110:('. II il avprre.. to IIhi ~·,: t1 n l ..., lhl'" ,1C'... rhct ic luJI:II1C'llt mu st ..t.:1)' tr ue to
other. Jit~ u,m jt Ihe -wme r reO:JUllnll'. ~' e~ .1.1..., hi' \l: rJKI III {,t\"t'ur (,flh e I" ulnmate principle .10<1 n:m,11ll a n.1Iuu l ludgment -ulmatt"J of
....·ille; but w ith the l'C'\('o 'e 0 ; .I U 'h· ..1 non, ",hld l he could e.I'll" ,l l ' III1 ~III \h . enu r-e , hUl nor a jtcc tcd o r mJ nnert'd : " It I" .....ell knn n , th':l1 in .III
'Iou C.l.nOOl lmJgin C' hllw much IhC'~ .... er c I;..., lh riJr...ulcd lor Iheir ludlo:nlt.·nl. RUI qu cvuon.... vubrrnncd to the unJ t" rsIJnJ llI~. r re ludl"-:~ i\ destructive of
wh o lJu (:hnJ In thC' enJ ~ O n em rt~' i n ~ the hogshead , therC' "".I, f..und .II InC' "oUl1tl ,uJ):.mc nt . . . It I.. no It" ... l.:untfJl1· In good t,1, (c; nor h.a'> it Ics"
bonom•.111 o ld kC'~' wnh :I IC'.uhC'm th"nl: tl<."J Il) il. (Il'oid.. r . ! 7! , 1Il11uenl.:c [() corrupt o ur !M.·ntimrnl of h.,·.tuty . It hdnnp to gOOd sms~
III t"he..:1. its 1Il11m'nce III both C,l't"'\ " (lhid .• r. 27 7). To f,lloJ ~cn \C Uf. 3 ..
Th~ an<."cdorC''s mcan i n~ i, twufo ld : it inOICJte-s fir..t 01 .111 thJ I Ihey ",.lI d III H ume's time. to " co mmon und rn.u ndlllg.,·· m~J nin~ the
Hum...·s aes thetk mnJd i.. tound. III cu n fo rm lt y w it h th e I l n~i n J I m,'an - \·a p.1 .: i t ~· tu iu dgc Jj, .I cuhureJ but ne' "crthdC'... ~ IIJ tur.l1 mJn . \ ub\tltut-
ing o f the wo ro · · t~ " I C : · in Ih e cul i n .u~· .trts• .lnd that the !k.J utl lu l is iug for .t ny o ther hum.lII heinJ:. oUh iJC' oi Ihc prt"jud ict'> ..lncnd,lnl to
here re d uCt'o [U Ihc r lc.lsJ nI . Bur u n tht' orht'r h ;md. if th t' lk·.lOtlful su( h an J , uch ~r"'Cl Ii.: illd i...J u,l1.
is o nh' that w h kh r le.tst's . th.1t "h ieh ..uit... th e IIItcrn .t1. q U .J \ , - b i (lI()~i O:J I 5. Cu n seq uen tly. a "sounJ u ndcr~I ..l notn~" (ibid.• p. 2781 i... ':,1lled
\tru"'t ure o i men. ih cri terion will he p rO' id t'o b ~' tnc mmt esscntia lly lo r- .lIIJ wit h rhi.. IJ~ 1 ... rne rio n H ume nn ..:e J):..ltn cu nfirms h is attach-
h um an co nsti tutlon, th at i!'o b)" th .lI of Ihc hest t'),pcrt s. wh ich w ill pus · ment to d assi..:ism- th 31 i.-. ,In il\l('IIIIo:C'IICC a...U1t" eno ugh tn pCfl.:ci,,·e (he
5c:\S. tk lu re an)' w.l)'. J (crt.1in u nin ·f\. lIn y (in rhc ...cn se th at. in so f.u ...,:n'l; u l thC' wu rk (Ii ..In . fn r "C\'cq' wor k I,f ..l rt h.l\ al'io() a ce ru in end
as it is css~m ia l , it ..hou ld bt' that ul .t ll nlt'n ). nr pu rpo\e. to r w hic h It is c.:l lcul.lIcd ; .:Ind IS ttl looc J t'emed mor c or 1<.""5
J. t-Il.. n ce the th iro criterio n. io un d in ttlt' ref er en ..:e tu th c cxpt·us· rnko:t• ..ls il is moTt· or \t-s... hn ed ttl .\Iuill I h i~ cnd" (ibi,t., p . 277).
,,"uh ufe. Iksideo. a tJ lmted nJ tu fe. he who pr clc lld s ru jUd gl' w hal i ~ 11111\ i, the IllO!ol d ,.... !oi..-: uf ~U's t h \'li(... tht' .lc..th clICS oi p~'fl.'ctiU1'.
beau tifu l a nd whJt l ~ u~l~' must h;l\-c (uh,,'al ed it th rnu J.; h th e {rellUt'n' Il·~lI lrn iH·d .

U tion of wo rks of MI. fur " t h (l u ~ th en' l'>e n atu r.ll1y a Wid e dl ffer encc I-Im llt' .... rdlcO:l iun . Llr fw m f.t l li ll~ 1010 rt·I.lm'l!om. IC3ds hi m to
pn "1I. w ith in rhc rc;tlm of I.tw (J l' lurC). IhC' uni llt'r'o,t[ IIalllc o ( .t " guo"!
in po int of delic3c}" be tw ce n Ulll.' prr"'ull an d <lllo d lt'r. l\nth i ll~ tenc.h
IJ" ll'" w hl( h III Ihl' lin.11 .t nJ lv..i~ tcnJ.. Hl l'o e (tl ncl'ntral t'd wilh in .10
furthef to ~ncre.l~~ a nd im prn \'t' th ili r.t lent. th en pr,utit't' in .1 p 'l rt icul.H
..ll'..t h~·li(" ;t ri..w ..:ra c)". \\ 'e o f ( (;ur..c ~lill h .I VC tlll·x.u uill C', tilt' rrohlC'~!o
;U l, and the frequent !)Uf\ 'CY or co ntc m platio n Hf a pa fli "::lll.tr , pl'l'it" of
HpCI1('d up O\" I h i ~ ..tr;In ~l' comWSlUlI by Ihc 1Il0 .,1 ..kCptl...;ll of e111r 1n -
bea ut)·.. (il'> id ., p . 274 ). HC'fC~, t h t· idc.1 t ha i th t' pr ill(i p lc tltJt pt'f1nit, us
CI\I11\ IU ...a l ~l t·~-u l1l\'('r" ;ll i t\ . rhl.' no rm JII\<l' dlS[ilKtl on l-ot."t\\t'(' tl IJ\"'t
[f) thC'ori~,t' Ihc u n i...er..a 1i I ~' u f I;h te at rhe S.lme- tim e ;1' iH rd J ri\"it)' i,
.m!'! IJw - we h.ld t"xpl.',,·fcd· to ..Cl· mo n' Mllidl)' gw undt'd within '"
one ;ln d th~ sa llie princip le' becomes m Ufe pn·..::i, e : ii the n:' is ;l uni \Cr'
ir'tmt· .....or l. Ilf a r;lriOltJlist p h il ()lon rh~'.
Io.Iriry 1.1 t.htt'_a, auc"' lcJ hy the perm anen ce:of H o me r\ . Ten·nct··s. o r
In Il mh. th e ddti , uh it'~ co mc fro m Ihl' f.l( t IhJ I tht' \ t.l I1\b rd.. of
Virgil '. wn rk'to _ it i.. bl.'c.& u~ th~ (1Jllu incr o f im prc:s,i on , Ih .lI h UIll.HI
,. 59
 IWO
ta\1C' "1(' not rrnfV'rlv
.... -. , ......:lking
"' . mind of th e' d ltC' mad e U P III lh('
in rbe 'ElwEH. HEARl AND tEA SoON
mrn of but rhat they .U C'. strrctu $1"" $11. the Illen o f l.l \ t t
t.n l C'. In I C .l ~t rm hr)'" ti t nurmatlvily, Ihe' 1110\1 tm till1\re' idea of a c:ntCTtQn lilt
t('hn ThC' exreres J'~ rhe ..r.uuJ.Jn.i, rhC',- don 't frOS5("S S it. O ursid"n. 1 .1 ~1l· ?
. ,-. ,' .' J h . ' (' (If
t~ ('~'-rh
, -. ' concrete tmrlr ll:.d ('Xl..renee -c-an I (' h"1;' enreria I h,it :..t.. rvover, in c a rr~'mg on Ih" "'·ar. don om B umi' r;' ''-pnatd,.
dl tinpii h theru from orJmJry mortnls-e-- sra ndards h3\'C' no reality hce.luw he can't tnt l)' r<l~lt the q uevnon of light .nd ha, IlJ \uclr to dw
nochin,t pt'fmiH en.tbh hin~ them bf right . Meaning that in a('sthe~~~ ~ I' he re ot b ..::t- con ~ ,an tly mi...inl/; up hl\ \upf"Jo'Cd "human n.lNre-
a in thC'o ry Humc's rhil(lwrh~ . In Kant's fo rm u la, "(Clot s C'nrirely on wuh rhc rat her ba nal realu j- of an elghtrtnth-<entury bocegeoe ~
r UT'J'CKln 'nC1o : ' 'X"h )' should rber c be one human nature (rcp rescntC'd in m.m: Unfor tunately, Hurue rathcr r.bviou\ ly u nnot .11"""'.1",, a~ oid thlt
It pu rr form b~' Cl.J'C'm yet stili fur ther cultivat ed hy rht'rn) a nd hot :I , nr ic i ~ m : nm only doe , he denounce Homee and the Grtt" t rau dun<lo
I'J ,idy 01 natu res (whk h would of co urse permit the gran ting of an tm lhcir "wa nt of hum.lnlt)· and of decency" llhid.• p. 2R2:• .and rwc of
cnrird)" dlftern H s t.lfUS to vananon s In t.1o;,re) ? For H ume 's ans wC'r 10 rhc 1110 " 1 beautttul French It.l geJi ~ for the " I;.i g<,tr y" .... hi,h "ha\ di,.fi:g-
ehe problem of sund.ard~ to have a ny ..o n of rele van ce. .....e ha\'(', in urcd" Po/ywcte and At hl1/ie (ibid.). bUI he: ru lly u"es dte: cake ...·hcn.
"UI of hat red for the ba rb.1T1ans b)' the Tl'l.lI11C'\. he doc:s not hc-\IUIe' to
faa. to ;lJm it th.1t .I h.1 pP~- purpo siveness has o rganized hum an natUrt
,l:r(,.lll~· downgrade Sh.lkl:'\pe arc in f. vor of Inc Scorn..h John Home . ~n
follow ing J unil) 'ing prin ciple, so that we ma y th ink th at "eyond es,\nl-
o h~.:u r e d rama tic a ut hor who se prin.:ip.ll merit SC"Cm!o to have been. N-
na llv il"l("SS<11wl Ji s~n sions. .1 natural co nsensus is by rig,ht pl:l'>\ible•
vide.. rh at uf not bein g English. Ih.ll of bemg HUl11e\ Inend oJnd COU\In.
\I 'e 'hn e therefore to posrulare that. through .1 mvsten o u-, pree-rab-
and for Ih.lt rC.1..on to "po..s~s the true rheamc genius at Sh.luSrear
hshed harmo ny, sense impressions come to agreement wi th m the realm .m J O I w J~·. refin ed from the unh.lpPY ba rbanvm of the' one• and hem-
of LUt e. And even supposing such a harmon y to be phil m o phinlly nouvncv.. of the: other."> '
admisslble -.although it remains 3n enti rdr gr3.ruiw U'i; ponulJte thert h thi,. a re ~ ro:tt.lbl e symplo m of Humc:\ £.an,lII'31 p.,ltriorism? . .
_-hcre aC'SthCfics is located. that is. at the le\·d of se ntiment- wt' would JUlIltt. hilt .J s}" mprum pJm.:ubrl)' troubl csome for the solution he' t~
still hnc to ac.:ount for the fact th at. a ltc r all. Hum" do csn·t gr,lOllhc rn a pply 10 the pro blem of Ihe sl.lnd.lrJ of I,hl e': "inc(' Ii thl.. t.andu J
ioa mC' Imrort3ncc o r the S3mc significa nce to culi na l1 d lsa grcemenls ;ls ~ imply 15 the men of tastc. and if it hAppens thJt th~ mcn oi u ue
be ~ to art istic on es. Bur if it',; a ll a matter o f sensc im pn'ssion s and J i...1grec (for exam ple. H ume mol)' Ihink Home gre.lt .lnJ Sh.lknpc-arc
more or lao, wd k -.llihr atcd contJ inc rs. whv shou ld there he 1.....0 scts oJ J nd H. ,Kin e rJ ther lou s,·. bur Ihell: are' Juubtl es~h " mcn of t.aste- ......ho
\t 3n4a rd,,? ' . 1 0 nOf ..har e thi.. view ): then who is to dCilJc tin ;he JI'~corJ. and in the'
An "en bigger difficultr adds itsel f to t his first line of qu estioning. n.lm(' of what? Sin..:e .....ithin J. Hum(,;l n persrn1:i"e th('re' is no lerm
If dl(' sr.andard of ta,>te, and we have seen .....h, ·. is lite ralh: confui>ed extt'mallO Ihe e x pe lt~· l ud gm c n t. We' ean·1e'\en m.lke'out tty' ",h.u rir:ht
with the cxpc m ' ph)'sical cxistence in so far ~s the y h;l\'~ a hJ ppily somcone' wu lJ decide tha t this or that juJ gmcnt i.. or is not t.lint N b ·
IoUUed natu re. then it beco me'> d ear tha I It in faer has no tra nscendence'. prelud ice. \'(lit h ever}' que..tin n of right d i s..lppeJrin~. the d ij"."U ~u~ih ry
or, If you will: the "u. nda rd '!i Iranscendcnce is PUt ely <l nJ ..imp!)' of the beau tiful reve;)ls ihclf to be im('('ssible or .11 le.l..t J e\'OoiJ oS.
rroua-d to the' de' facto d ifferC'ncC' cx i"ring hctween t he e"peru and meaning a nd sign ifi..:,m,e in ;h H·t')· princir le. el'ef)' Qm" Ivtng 'oc riot-
mJ re;1I5tilllteJ in tht' Imtr,m 5grt.·ss,lble ",,,'it'u/.1II5'" of IoiJ ",Qll.JJK
hot polloi. The de lure qu e"tiun. th~· question of crit~'ri3, thus hJ"
m,ill,jJuoJIt,),.
.1 lend en,,:y to hto iOlcgr311y rcd ucC'd [(l a question of fac t, 'iuc h that in
I'ar.ldoxicallv. emr iri..:ism pftlveSIn N' nu It(th.·r th.!n the'nl(l..r Jo,..
tM md the ,·try ql.lt'Suon .lhOUf normlo o r \tanda nh dis:1 pp~'ar ... Within
malk of tolti (lll;"l ii~ ms ,\I ,woidll1g Ihl' lI.l1ro\\' fr.l ml~ uf rhllo~rhi~·.al
Humc-', pcnpc(f i\'(', wt "hould limit our~e1\'n IU u hservi ng t h;u , the
i nJ i vi J\I;l li~ m . Th e iJe,1 tlf trut' .I t·.. thr ti..: eommuni.:".uioll. '>t1~MorN • .111
"al prian hnmg-Iet\ admit n for the ..ake of a rgu ment-a ,o3 r~c
the ",lIlle. b)' rhe: b et of .l 1..~:ussillO. C.ln'l scem tt ) No .,It-I~ tu olouln .l
nat",1' and unn:finc:d scm,ory urgan... he ha .... ueh and 'o uch ta,>le~, ,1nJ
Il'~; ti rn ;lIe st.lHiS fWIIl worl d vlsi()n~ within ",h kh. In the' ttn..l ~tu ,.,
the: n ile. p'J1oW\\ ing a lOore c1ahor:lIC' inrcrru l COl1!olltllt io n, ha~ on the' it's ur 10 God-or to a :lccret ··'l.lmwny'· .1mllllt: N In~"" ..n"....". tu
nd" r h.aM wd1 lither ta'ttn, BUI by wha l right c an we, frolll " 'hJ I is loome tl'rm cxtcn l.ll [II hum,mity- tll SCl"tIr(' tht' ''':ol11mun!ot'"n : .
'" ~I. '1mrk flh-.<-ru lioo , \ lrKtly cRlri rical.lnJ f.H.tu al, dcd m:c the
60 ••
 IWO
TURNING POINT:THE FIRST "AESTHETICS"
a £TW EE N HEART AND REAS ON
,A,ND THE fiRST HPHENOM ENOl OGY"
",hidl t ,lk c ~ th e Platonic d CV:lhu tll ,n of the- ~m,hl~ .... a~in'\t 1M rmet-
NIIIO~(lrhv \ hl \t o ry teaches us rh.u t he appea ra nce (If new t . 1I1,:111k wor lJ the idnhc'>r. The' vcn..ihlc. defiued u th(' mere " phC'nomc'-
. •. _ . _ Cflnltlol.
I~' 1\ m(l ~ t orren, nut 10 ur alway s, th e Sign o f a m u ta tion in tht, fl'al nal" m .trufccranon (If ,wh at are In facr entir ely intdliglhle rcb. uolu
of th ••ughr. Frnm 175U to l i 6 4 : o nly fo urteen yea rs ~t"paralC' t1'" t-l'IWTc n inllll.lll'flal "elll ~s . df )l~ not at finl ~ i~t seem opahlC' ~ prn-
emergence uf two notion s who cc impor ta nce hac n o t !>to p ped hein 1C' \·,J il1F,Ih,' IIbll'.:! for .1 new d iscipli ne. SUi'll)' epeakm g, II hu in La b-
, . gCu n· 1ll1\ nnl\'Cflol' no exis tence n Uhid(' th e' hum an tmagin ancn: The body
finned since, "rout 8~um~.Irt~ n, Ae5I b c l/C $. and 1..1Iul'ol'rt '!o l'b C'Iro"/ I'.
h;l\ Ill> IC;11 umr y. It .. un il} proceeds fru m ou r pcr Cq"t1nn. It i\ a bang
tlo /og,' it could be !>,]IJ Ih 'lI . 10 \0 Iar ,1\ rhe r borh re pn"!>en t ..pectflc "I n ',l"n ll, o r rat her im.1F;in.ltion • .1 phenomenon.
th eories of s('n!>I1'o,hty--of the :oo('n !>ih le o r p henomena l wo rld_ rh('v The mcam ng of the: flJrmulJ a,,:cll rdmg to whi ch the senvible 1\
are the su rest sign of the arrival wn hm philo so p h y of En ligh tl'nme~r bUI .1 ..cont used lIu c l1i ~i hl e" - th u \ nOlh\ll~ i.. truly real cu r..ide rhe
h umanism. S o doubr for th e firs t IIrn C', th e poi nt of vie w ul hnlte knowl_ hmi ll·J pomt o f \lic" w hich i\ man's-c-can o nly be cor recdy inter-
edge-c-stncirly human, th er efore senve-bas cd-c-i, tak en into .1CCOun t fOf r r~·t ('J in rclanon to ih c Lcjhniaian theoty of o l-je(ti\·ity. For ft.;a'>Ons
If\- own ..ake. It is in this d irect io n th.u Larnben .Is~i~n,> a t wo to ld ta\k we dU1l' 1 nced tn go int o here. I.C'Ihnil fehl'eJ III define .lI rcprC"><mta-
to the d,~irl ine io r which he h .1S en..ared .1 new name. l.ike c prics, tllln \ ul'o l~'cti\'''Y h~' way o f the link il mIght have with a m3.tefial exr er-
w ho se inrennonv It must generalize. pbcnornenologv must "\.1 \-C' th(' 11,11 Ihll1 )!.·IO-it~di. As il Will Llt"t lot Kam, hi\ pmt-l C'm con si'loT'> in
appeara nces," th at is. it musr search tor t he trut h behind th e oftt'n ti nd i n ~ With in the ~ul'oiect '" reprewru anons :I cm enon permitt ing him
m isleading. phenomen a ou r S('IN",> reveal to lb . For example, we must. 10 Jt , t1I\~U1:ooh M:ic:n ti tlc o hlt"C1 i\'it)" from purely subrecn ce tUlVtI\'e ptr-

thanks to astronomy. learn to deduce the real movem ent o f pl.Jn (,h from .:cptlunv, r\ \ of te n wi th in rhe C .lrt c\ i.lll rradmon, th e old problem of ehe
their a ppa rent movement. or to not be ta ke n in by th e refracnon of ra}s dl , tllK ti"n between d ream and ruhty will prm'IJ e the vet)" eX.lmple of
of su n ligh t in ,) liquid . But when the di,>un.:C' from th e ~cn\e · ll(J ll nd to the: f,l·IWr.l1 qcesnon.
N ClW, wh ;u doe s I.l'ih nil \ .l}' .Ihnut th l"? H i.. pO\lli on hn rhe' mmt
the t fUe~ fro m the ph c llomeno n to th " re.1lity, ha!> lleen tr.l \-d ed . phe-
III l'o ... i n~ :I I th e ..arne time: qu il'" de.lr ,lnd in v.;m 'lble In the ufiou.. p.l\-
nomen%g}' can .;al!>u gu in reve rse . l il.:e per->pccti\"C'. it ....I n .1l1ow U.. to
S.1 ~e:!o of h is work'\. where ir is the moM ..trong.I~· ex pfl....'>cd : the sensiblC'
go from [fUth to .lppearance J n d crC.;lte, es pl'cia lly in a rt, th e illusio n
wurld - rhe m ater l.ll wor ld pC'rcein'd h}' th(' -.en,e .., With in sp .1ce .lnJ
of fC'.1lity.
timo:, ,h hl' in ~, a p pMenr l}', e xterior to mcn-h;l\:t v~ril.lble ru hf)' in ~
The P/.oc,to",eno/uK)' itl\' ites its rl'ader to underst a nd t h" ..e a mll igu· f.lt .1'0 .m d onl)" in \0 far .1.. it rra n\ l.1tl·s, tho ugh (Iln lu~cdl}', .1 sy!o tern.1tK
au!o re!.;atio n ..h ip 'lo bc tw('en th e se ns ib le ph en o m enon a nd its [rmh. urdl'r w hich ':,111, tho uf,h ,n .1nnthcr Il'\'c!, thJ t (If the inte llig.lt>k ~
Str.;an~dy enough ., like th e A (·sthctics. it d ra w s it!> ins p iratio n e....cn tiollly ~r,hpe d b y te ;hllil. The trut h 01 Sl' lh il'ok rhings rh us n: si~~~ C'xdu'loi\e1}'
from lcibml\ phllu\uph)" H o w cou ld th e first two .l ut ulltllnOUl> thl'o- in thei r r,Hio n al co n nl·( tio n-thc onl y t ~ pe l i t ,onnC'\,,- non, mnrcon:r.
tin of 'o('n"lb llil~' ha \'C' is!>ueJ Ol ll of .1 for m of t ho ugh t w hic h J.p p;u(,lltl )' pl'f (eptih le from the \ '10:\\ pOint ot th~' ro1tiun .11 hl'~ng th.1.t i~ Gmt "Th"
red uced th e \t'O\i b le .....orld to J fur m o f no n- be ing? h \ ;l questi on wo rth true a t!t"jull in the m,Hter ~,f the n l-j"(h Ilf IhC' S(lCn'"~ IS the hJ I;-"lnof
s o in g o \"(' t, OIh('","'i..e Ihe p ro fo u nd sign ificance of th ese pruic( t\ risb ph~'1l0rtle:n ,I, th,u is tu ~.1y rlw ((l1ll1l'ct iun \ If wh,lt t,lk('s pIJ(l' 10 different
gumg right h)" u\, pl.1l." e...\lId t il1l l'~ : ' ~ · . .
Under ..u.:h co nJ ino mi, it'~ unJerst~ln"J hle (h.1t Int" pn n(l p,11 ~.l\1.:
of fO: ,\\U II be lund.u n l'nt'lll y opp o \n l III 1I1 .1t oi 'h,\th~ti.: .:re.lllun . 11 .Itt
lE IBNIZ AND WOlff : THE EXHAUSTIO N ctl',l(e~ ,I !>l'll ~i b k' wOfl" :lnJ ptly'> up on Illusto n, S(lcm"\', .tltI _the ..-,,In·
Of THE SENSIBLEWORLD Ir,lt \,. ~~'l' k s 10 llllveiI t \lC in t... \\igil"I1 l,. ,\1." ,'..
'_ r!tum:l
' l. rd ,Ulllll'
. the ob-
I~.(t~ Hi th l' s('ns('\ m;ln ifesl in ( unf used f,lslllon. O nly th l" \\,;1\ ' ( .m VI
The' p.U.lOUX u n he dt:!>(r ihcd h ri efl y: L.ei bni l ·!l 'lIl J Wnlfl \ Il1l't ;lph p - . '.1 in • "t hC' lI.m .m ill phc l1\llnC1l.1
.lt l.lm nhl. CCIlVlty
, ,'
MIK e, - \ L ·
10 (l re .(' I ~, lll l .If.
&a. lu wtuch lhc Ac"tIJet;€, e xp!i(':ld y .ld h ('rL"S. i'lo wi t ho u t ,1 doub t that
.1
. 7
 -fuch p .lu nn-n 1M tru th!!> of fact .1hout !>C'll~ib l(' thi ng .. o Ulsi d f UT WEEN H EA. 1l:T A N D tEA. S,O N
- - _ ('() Us
" \TOtiN b!, mea ns or the tru th !'> of reason• .1\ th e .lppe.1r3nCl'!o, of 0 that . ,1 ~ lo nj; .1'0 the- flhcnomcn.:a are well linked, i1 RM I1C'f' nue malone
become clea r rhro cgh geometry' (Ibul). ThC' 111l' .lOing of th i~ f1ti~ .;.111 rhctu dr caruv u r no r."
• . • -, [e Xl
. ·htd1 4"'On Uln S in embryo the project of Lambert .. " !JC'l1ornetlolo . .' II we .;on~i Jt' r the ahl "<; that \( Iu [a,~ the- point of view of man
L
uc.u: of . d ' of
I a ppc.ara nao I.. nOI groun nJ on reas on, I • In ot her wo rd, .
° . ,. "
lrom rhat 0 1 (.ml. thl.. r adical JI ~JC'iation of 'oC'n'\,hllity from ban~ be-
turns OUt th.u the objects oi the )Cn!>~ are no~ ·'".·dl llnkeJ, " I t \ htt~~; (o mt'!o more pronounced ,1nJ even J "critahlc oppocinon, To u y Iha t
"T .Ire dealmg w it h .1 rul"(' Illusion. a s i.. to r (,x.lm ple thC' cace ....;th hum.lD kmw. I ("J~t" ~, hmllC"J compared 10 God ', (.....ho - \en every.
dreams. Ii on t he o ther hand "' "C can find J r.uion.rllavv· for the Ii nkin ,hilI):" ) " .,I," III ,tttu m that it can never com pletely hberarc Itself from
~(' n "h lh , ) '0,1 ' to amvc at a clea r and dl' tilll:t cog mnon uf the ranonal
01sensible representations, then the Ianer .1~l· "well gro un ded,' th ey J r:
o rder U lU ..cnwv ,\Iway.. hide from u.., /t IS hf"C<Juse &('e ",re ~jngs ('n'
DOt pure illusions but " phenomena," that 1'0. ('tymolngi(,:31l)" sreaL-iog.
,/(l/c'{'d It'Itl' s('m l b ,ll ty ttnu u -ec<J1Jn o t ' '''' St" ou rsefl'ts up to the point of
manifes rarions oi .I realiry which . though confusedly per ceived as sen-
/"i," " fmm ".1",-" it '('(III'" IH possibft" 10 cont emp f<Ju 'he to t<Jli ty of
sible-. IS nonerheless, in itself or from GoJ '~ viewpoint. intdlig1hl t u-hat IS. ,11(" ...me qu a non condit ion for ,motl,t", percepuon of the
throu gh an d thro ugh. u'o r/,rs III tc' I1/~i"'t' o rder . It i.."\Ird) not WUhOUI impo rtance in rhis re-
H ere lies th e criterio n of dist inct ion between dream a nd realil)', ~p,·ct l!ut Lcibniz of te n choose... in order to CXflH'"'' thiShuman fimrude
:\5 \l:'o lff'5 O ntolog)' pu ts it, in irs Larin (S 9 7 -9H ) A!o in ih Cenn.Jn and imrerie..:tion. ac..thetic mcraphor s like th i ~ o ne. whose C'\"e~' cle-
CS 142) version : "Since such an o rder ca nnot he found in dre-.ams In ment i.. rne.lOingful : "Let U ~ wnsider a ' cry ~au tltul painnng, Let u~
. ·hich one- cannot. basing oneself o n experience. ind icat e an)" reason hide It .."o mplclcly t" ....:('pt for ,\ tiny portion: what ..hall we ..ee there . _.
",h y things should be toge ther and would remam next to each uthe r excep t "I cun tu... ing ..wirl of colors witho ut choice. .....itbour art ? Yet " • .
an d wh)" thei r mod ifica tion ~ho u l d foBt)\\", it a pr e;\f~ clearl y that it IS whel1 we ..:omide r th e emi re pi..:nHl· from a proper ceme r of pcnpC',n"e,
bccau 01 order t hat tru th is different fro m d rea ms. Trmh is thus noth· \\'e will under ..ta nd th.lt wh.ll seemed to he ;' pplied to Ihe cam "as h,
ing d~ than the o rder of the modlfic3t io ns of things." haflpt.·n..ta n..:e w.ts fur the .trti.,t lhc .....ork 01 .1 \ uprcme art" (Of rl"'f'
A ()("'\lo' paudox : this logi..tic th oory of objt"cti \"ity in wh ICh t hC' ""n- R;J.I/coJl O,ixi" ofn,ings, S l.l l.
ible is gUnted a SUN S d ose to t hat of non · bt·ing is nc\-e r tar from the The tt'xt depenJ.. of ..:oune o n an .tnalogy: hdort" the .....orld . man
them e.. de3r('<jt to an an thctil..... wh ose o bj t'ci . how t'\'er . it redu ces to is similar to .1 spe..: t;l[or who unly sees ,l minu..t·l.Ile a"re( [ of the wo rk
nothlngne....- indeed . in ma ny W3)"S th e a rtwork is bUI a we ll-rcgulatt"d he.... ..:cm rcmpl.ni ng; th e point o f v;e..... of the tIlt.l lny. the only one from
which it's flos.,iblc to .uri..,c .lI ,m adequ ate pehpecti,"e. is n:scn-oo to
dre-.am. Bnidn, LClbn iz is perfec dy a wa re of thc faCt that h is cr iteoon
Gud, Therc where we S~ a muh ipliclt)" of the !>C'nslhle. confu~eJ .lnJ
at objcctl\it)· don not pcnnit the tracing of a n a bsolme scparation Iinc
ch.lUlic. he ....t·es.. u nh"urde r a nd reaso n; the re Wh('H' we think "'c per·
~ttn an Ofde-red realit y, grasped b)' rea~ m, a nd the p rn d uct iom of
Ct'l\'e a 'i.llcn ·ssion of ~\"t·nt .. in time. he onl)" ~e('<; .1n .Jtemror~1 lt~,"~
the imagination. After all, th e a utho r o f th e ,\<1(lf1l)d ofogy did no t wait
t'ollllC'( tio n (God l\ till' o nlv br in g wl1\) pl." t·s hl m ~elf .1t IhC" \'ie\\ r o lO [
f(K Freud 10 prn.rulate. togct her w ith the cx i!otencc o f an un cono;CIOU"
of the end of h i~torf ) ; Ihere' whefe the world ~t'm~ to u~ to ~ exte"~eJ
l"ycfuc lifc Ithal of "sm JII pe rce pt ions" ), Ihe- bct th ai it 's r o so;illic fO
in "pace an d. in thaI ~l.'n!o('. '''ex ternal'' to u~. God SC"C'S hut an IOtclt.p~lc
"account for drcanu them~l\"es, and fo r t he Iinle Iink3 ~c with o thc r
urd t"r of th e rl.",ipw":31 SItuation uf hein~ who UC' in tr uth lmm.1~rul.
phcnomnt.a: ' U1\ go furthC'r: nothing pr C\'en h us fro m p r co; llm in ~, JS As he was in P\;lIu'~ l"-,,H" C. LClhniz's man is t'lln~u.ntly mlsln! h~" the
~ hypothC'I\, the ex ir.l encc of dream .. with th e partil,,' llb r ch a racteristic m"Ulifol dTH'ss of tht' sens;bk wo rld : "A nd ju ~t ,1.. the s.tme ":11). '>«11
til bring enlirely coherenl J nd .....el l m dt'rcd, The dem on str ati on . if dt'm- iru m diffC"fent side'>. ~t'e m" ent irely ~hlft'rcllt .Jlld i.. "b il were pcr".rc:' -
OInUatlOn YO'Crt' .. till n«dcd. of t he degree to w hic h the:' cr ilt'r io ll of ob · ti"e!y m ultiplied. it h.Jrrcns in the !oa lnC' W.ly Ih3t. thrt,U~ ~hC" anbnl1e
fClLtmt 1\ d'WoCJCi.ated in Leibniz from th c notio n of a '>Cn..ib le world "
mil Iritud t' of Simple L
"UI»uncC"s, L "
(nue 3.
re ,"u~t
.
.lS nUIlY J lttCfC'nl um'
"
C"J[rcrn.allo me suhject. i. hi.. a rgu ment th.at, undcr such co ndi tio ns. "'"C' H'rses which ;He hur fhe pcrsl"t,--ri,"csupon 3 "1I1~1c 011(' Jl,,"l."\,rJlIl~ eo tht'
Id tu-vC' I() "" y th :u Ihu\(' d re-am!> dre rC':lliff it..d f: "'It i.. true alsO
.s
 rwo
JHfcrro[ pnlnu o j view of eac h monad " ( M ml.lJo !ugy S 57) C 8ETWHN HEARt AND REA SO N
' . >oJ i\
P rt'ci ~d}" ht" of wh o m We' kn o w. no t o n Ir rIt.1t 111,' pc rl'c i\'cs th i
. . ". - .. lllUh i. THE AMBIGUITIES OF THE. AfSTHfTlCA: TOWARDS
plll:;f)" of sensible pc rspecn vcs fo r what I t IS (a n Illtcll lgih lc oli ff THE AUTONOMYOF THE SENSIBLE
. ," C'tcn c('
berween h('in~s) . hut :1!..u t h.t t hie' IOtc~r .oItcs I t ( III th e 1ll .1Ih cm~f i '. 1 .
. . ' l as In
rhe o nji ~ary M"nse) wlt~m an o rdered svsrcma nc tl~ ta l il)' ; .-' 00.1. un('t~ l rj,ull tir...1 rcadmg, B.1 U m lt·ln~n\ J,t''''l h~t ic~ "cern If) place t~ly('\
.1gain 3 S In Pl.u o . o nly rhis t<lMllt )", In co far as It . , the m t dh~lh l t· wor lJ wllhm rhc tradlllOn ul \'('",II11an intellectua h...m, Thi \ i.. ho rne out no"
t.lhh h ~ rhc .Jd; nitlun III beaurv as "pertecrio n per ceived by the OKnl.tlo · ·
C.1n be said [0 be rruh" •
l:-c'ing 1(·IJ .
1lft'l.
.
thl" sen sible world\.
.
di""t'r\ it,· '
. pru. ur ,.('r1"0", 1,1" 'fIf lmnlfm (S M,l ul the ,\ ft.'l oll" ' ys;coJ)- a very d ao;.,iu.l
viding at best its drsrorrcd refh-cnon III the hum an m1.1gm.lticm.
,ktimu o n wn hm the Wnlttlan ..(hool '~ and one l cibniz had ollrcady "Us-
\l;(" C3n. under such condinons, \ cr~' wd l lllHtcn r.lnd w hy lOt' PHIl_
~.: ..t('d III ;1 p .l ...~.l l:W uf his '-~"'ol)' UII wl"""um: o and which Mei\'" r. Baum-
ect w hich aims 10 take an mtcrcsr In rhc !>t"nslh1c world .,.. !ouch in urJC'r ~.lTt \'t1\ m.un di sciple, mak e... t'"xphcil in the'>(' tC"rm\ III section 23 of hi~
[ 0 prod uce• .n an "a e..rhcn cs " or J "phenomenology," J "'pc':lfic th ~''Un'
h nt I'ml ol/it's ul All ," Cl" " Ct'S of tilt' Bt'<1ut,/1I1 1,·" '/<1nRsgru.,J(' alter
wo uld seem to No put iculJrlr bJdly gr ounded in ,1 Lc,'ihnill J Il IIll",lI~: .« I m ll f·.r \\ " H ('lI scl ,><lf t t'n l. te,([ wrut en In 17 4)1. befo re the pubhca rion
tU.11 framework. II i.. ~o r thi ... reason th ,l,l th .: Ae$lbt'ticoJ ill\'lIc,'..1 IllJny ult he .-to'stll,'tIC" . hut III a wa reucs-, of \I si n..'t: M eier holdfollowed Baum-
m i s u nJers f.l nJ lI1 ~s which Baumga rt en med. wi th vc rv rd,ni\c ..uc..:{:~~ l:.lTh·n"s cou rses : "111at beaury III Foell,·roll ,... a pe rfection in.b much a\
to dissipa te in the first r .1r.tgrarh.. l it hi.. book . Ho wc' :e." r. In,i .1... contra- Ih" pert ccrion i.. known III co nfused o r "en.,lble fJ...h ion, ,.. HlI,by .1 thing
dictorv as thar mJ ,' sound. Leibnix's rhllc,hOp hy. ,1\ Biumlc( ..ubrlv un- J ~rl't'd urun hy all '>t"rinu<;, con not cseur-, of the be a a u t ul."
derstood. could a lso opeu t he W.1y 10 Ih is new preoccup.mo n . . T)1(' d anger 0 1 ..uch ;1 concepnon 01 the beaunful, ba'>('d enti rely on
U I1'lni7:S tbeodicy turns our In be suscep nble to. If nut two inte r. an .t....i rmlanon uj th e." sen..ihle '0 Ihc VJ,guc ,\r .:on(u"C'd. 1\ ub\ious• .1\
r rnat ion s. at le.1\r to rwo 1 3d i c3 11 ~' opro..t." d resea rch d irections, We ..'an ~ knc.kl"" ,n h n • .1\ a guod Leion irl.1n. rcm3rks in his "bs.1~ o n Srn"'-1-
fi rst of all, tog ether wit h Wo lffs urthudox,·. ('o nsi J,,:r t h.lt It founds .I Uti""," a " co ntused o r "t"n<;,lole" knm..ledge o j pcriectlon rcmJ ins in
ph i losor h~' that 13kes m ",w3)" fru m sensibility, If truth resid es Within ~ n' r, WJ\' m ferio r ro J d e.1 r and d l\tin .:t know ledge of Ih,.. Sll" U pcri~c ..
an in tellig ible o rder Ih Jr (} nJ~' God ... pu int C,l t "i ew can ~r,l"p. Ihcn wr lion >· ..~ Iha l on e cu ulJ he It,d ttl ..c,·e in par.l~rJph 662 nf the .\ ft-r....
ha\'c to. as fa r J ~ we MC car;ll;!lc of doing "0 . ra l!'oc,' o urse!\ e.. towa rds phys,coJ a n o bo;.ude to the '0'1.'1). Idca of .In ;)utono mo us J I'lClplme
thiS truth. (ollowing an inexorahl e- mm'cm cnt from the ...ens lb le to the enl ifled ··aesfhet ic3 ,··
R.ml11g..lftt·1\ t f\l,.~ to po int m il anolher wa~' wi[h hi.. notm n of
int l"lli{tible. Ontolog y a nd Thc,'o lng,- musl ~ th e ev,cntia l d ISClplln':"
.m.,/uXIII' (.uimlis. til whi.;h I Will fI.'lu rn. But Ihi" 3ltcrn.lll\'e is n~l
under th~ condition ... But o n th e o the r hand. if Wt' foll o w J cerlJ in
withu lll am"iguil v 01 1 th i.. J cclsi\ c q uestion oi the n,HUrl:' of the ~3Utl­
conn-plion of cu n t i n u i l ~' which fun damenr311)' 0rro.. t·s Lcihni 7 W 1)1:\-
fil l. Th e titl.: c,li ":lle oi the m.un ch.tpt.:n.. " Ae' lherk Tru th '· I \'t'rtUS
C3"1:\, we ca nn ol tu rn awa )' defini tiH'l y from Iht' sensihle w"lrld . O n rhe
oll' 5th l""'..' I...n ·In'S til illlpl~· a sut'" umplio ll of aesthetics [0.) logi.:. of the
\"Ontra r}'. we Ina )' c\"t~ n ho ld th at it is th er e. and nut in God. w hu is
.....-m lhle .....or lJ In Ihe im dllgll-1c worl..1 . an itnpf(·.....inn lC'info rcca w~cn
inacco<;,iblc, that wc mu~ t ~ed.:. In di scu\'('r thi S rJ t im u l orJ~' r wh i.:h I ~ r.:,\(li l\~ tlw par,lgr ;tph... con.,ccr.1ted [ 0 the Jdi nililln of th"" trut h whIch
It~ objm i\'('" \ ub ..truct ur t'. At th ai poi nt it is the SCIentific J1'iciplincs. in
IS.l um g;trte n ... nll ca ll... .,.lcst h.: IICO· " Inglf.:1.
' - I " •as ;f III unJC"rlme
. 'the r a ul-
.
w> br 3 .. Iht")' co r re!opo nd to m an '" nn ne viewpo int. wh ich hecomc,· ccn- I~'I , Iwl.....n 'l1 1111: two cll rnp,'[Lllj: J i ~(ip lil1 """ , Thc cf\le nJ whICh rc ,rmn
tr" !. Th an ks ( 0 3!>tronOm)'. oplics. to th e rJil1c,'rcnt hrandll's of ~t·o nH· try. th t' dct ~TnHlution (,j 'H'sth~'Ill' tru lh are thlls ..tri,d)" borr owt-d tw m
etc.• Wt' learn to d i..cC)\'('r t he inte lliglh le co nnect io ns t her e w hc,·re." Ih ~' )' r l ~·or\'ti .;a l phllu soph y, \'(oc ' C:lIl , I'l stln
· gUl~
' ' h ,hrcc'. po.....
- itJilit\·
. ' or non con -
I
.u e \'i<;,ible for li S. th ar i.., at t he heart of th e ..e n..ihl t, w o rld. Frulll ( jnd 's tra d ictin n, n m lor1ll1t\' lU Ihe pr inl.:lplc o f re,lSon. and llllU" .
poim o f vit'w we ~u m 'cr to ma n's and, full owin g a lug ic we h,wr Jl rC";IJ~­ ' . £,; " h I ~ l tJili ty of obl ('(IS ,)1 ("Ic-
Ac\t hct lc truth f(,·qu lre... 111 cllecl t c p" ~ . .
inu.krd. it\ w it h thi" tu rn 3hmll th.u the pro hlem of th.: sta tu s of sen- . h i " I
g.lllt th ou ght. " Illt"an lng lha l 111 t em I u rt ~ l OU
IJ nllt he." ··,'h.1tJ,( Ie."flsn.:
.. hilrt" hc,omc !> '>0 cr Ul.:ia! th .l1 phil m u rh)' ( :In no l o n ~c,' r eva de It even Irai t, wh ich .Jr': IllUlU.1Il)' ,ontrad icto r)'" lS 4] 1l- wh: re w", r('\... )~m1e
It If ,, 'ue IIIdmed to do !ot). W itne .... L1m he rt\ l'ht'" m t/t'Iw log)' .Ind. tht" Lcih nizi.ln dennitio n (If o1l'$o/llu pl \ .... itJIllty l(l wh l.:h B.1ulll~arten.
fiJK'cull Yt rhe AeJlhr' iCd, .7

••
 1'0'0
In "ulft' o rtht " IUli t,h h ll JII••1I!J.. "Ylk)//""'l"JI(\ 4 32 ) .m d
.,.
'tI" I (
ra § 4H
&ETW £[ N " EAIT ...NO u" so '"
poulbll1 ut"lo. I .11,,1 Wultf\ r h l lu~()ph y , to nc:vC"rlhdC"\\ fi!,u nl .. (on,,"enc, all .... o-n
Tv .h l\ " ,.", req uirement, w h i..·h (,1l.:e" ...".U t' o f till" r rinci" l to duo I'hl."llo mr.-lIal spht"rc: of Ihl:" ~nsl nte , and lVanl Ihc:rd ore I,. ....
' / · . t ' C' of ctl n
tT.lJ ~:t1nn h .lJJcJ I h .11 w 1uc 1 1:"10.111.11("\ frum th e n riIU:,"I. f
• . t- , - ~ I I iuffi
. Ihl:llI:" It' au to no my in r d :H i o n to 11\ Md du \1\IU." ltJ«K 1\ 1 ~ ,.Inot
&.'It''nl n.1..oll .lnJ ""hil.. h Jcrn.,1n..l.. (If the hc ;u lIllu l n hWl"t rh . . f h~·rd.., y .ufi rm the per nn eu ce ", an d fC'(l i\tC' m, urrrlution of the . . ....
.tll ~unJn.I .mJ w~1I hnkcd,
. " .IH'orJ
. .
lII g 10 TC.1<;011.. and
J1u hc- r u in! nf Ih l" nnllC' helng Ihal i.. mdo ? Ib llmltJ.n m \ h. \ k Ide.. 1\lMt. m
'.. _ . . _ ( · ' fl'>t'.
qunt&:n (S 4 ] , ). II U It . fur t'Il3Jn p lt' ••1 narr.tnve, fu r If 10 h L. "n f.u .1\ man ~llu lJ nor pe rceive lhl' wm ld ut hC'rwi\C rhan lhrou gh the
. C ' ~~ 1I . c .l t q~o r i~, <II 'ot"11\1 hlht) ·, th ere ex i..... wilh in him an iJn4lo 1(r1'I r.arl6rl' ''. a
nfcl it ..rqUma"'lo Will have to follow 'h e: o rder (If f t' a <;u ns h
. . ' . .~ ta l 1;1<,:\llt)" IIr ~'o llcCUll n 01 laculliC\ that is the an.. h'~C' for the wn lh1e
nothlnS In " Will appear mcoherenn the modd In R.lum gJ n en\ I:'\'
wurJd ul w h.u reason is to r Iht' inl c:l Ii ~l hl C' wo rld, C"nd.allvd , . If lW:
brInf: lln"s C!JrinlJrtus: " H IS "t'T\ na me a nd th e C)rt~ill " I h i.. JUl h ."
: • . . Cln tv 1oo1tU,lIe ,,"r~l' h'eloo nn the ..illt" 01 Ihe ohjeu and n" longe r on that of the
alT C); pUIQt"J: th ere trom hi') excewrve p ride hdnrc the t rih une'\. P()W~.
I.lu lln e.. ot rhe ..ub jecr, there mu cr be, o n the plan e (,f thl' \CI:\\lble ~ orid..
bence the uht-oJc's ,lRf:er: rh(' revu lt ht"ing. Co riola n us', (''(ill' .. ." rIc: lor m...1Iu l sequence.. o r reb tif)n\ bet.....een the-.c: fo rmv wh~ ..re, f'KJ(
In a \IounJ, the rfO.J.<dfts rhar exp l.nn rhe action ~houlJ I'\(' ..:ornr lnd)' "Iermcal. h UI dlldfoXOId 10 the rat ional tormc (idea..) and lhe rcl.at~
pf'f'upllbl, hc..tw~·l· n th e....e Ior m .. a.. reason per ceives them o n th e pl.anc of the inlc1-
The third and b~t requirernem. of Im1l)' , i.. deduced irurn thc fint 1i~1t>le wm ld . It ... because of Ihe creation of thi<; nouon of ;lJUlo got'l
rwo: the object oi the beautifu l th ought must PO'),l'S\ unity -mce thr rdtumis• •11 ntn cs very "h ffi..:ul l to fnllow through the: winding p.ath\ <Ii
m.nacrtnlcs rrll~.,:tion d i'locerll 'lo in them .lrC .. i m u h .1n("uu ~I)· nnOUIn' the A,·stllt·'''.,. thai Baumgarte n c\"l'ntually J I\13nCC\ himself from the:
tradlCtor,. and wd l lin kr d , throu~ w h ich lt1 u m g.:m c n h rill~" togrthrr ur lh"Jn'( Ihe..t.~ n f Ihe Wolffi.;m..,hool and c\tC'n ,omes 10 0 Ppo'IoC" them
not only ~ ui~ni1i.tn \.tring th at th.t t whkh i'lo not mIt' hein)!: i, n"t .31 nil ( efl .ll n c~'>C' ntia l ~)ints .
Brrng. hut also thC' hallowed dassic.al rul e (If th l' thrct· u nl1le."' : " 11us Let'" bc~i n al th e hegin nlOR. the ddlnition of ,1cuhc:tlC\ gJ\'m '"
umry oi objm\. \Io h ieh i~ 3n .testhetic un it \" tel t he cx t~nt to whi..:h it 1\ ~ tlun 1 uf the A esthet lcd . We C30nm unders ld nd It corre(tl ~· if 'A"C" rc.ad
found at tM- k \·d of p henomena , w ill be ~m u)' o f int ern .ll J et cr m ina' It th rn u gh the ' ",'o lff '>Chool\ gl<1'>SC'i : " "e<olhcti,s ithro 'Y <It th (' "hera!
.HI.. doctri n.... of in feTlor k n ow l ed ~e:, a n of lhe ht'a u[ltul thought• .an at
riom., .Jnd thertb)' uni t}' of ACfION , if the o h lcet of th e." meJu.u ion un
Ihe ~ n.lloguc of re.\...1I1) i\ the \c ience 0 1 <;en\ lble knuwlcJ~(':' The un-
the' bc.Jutitul i\ an 3ct iun, o r d , e UnifY o f ex te rn a l d etcr mi n J tin m a nd
po TtJnt th ing a bout th i.. deh nin u n- I( wh.ll we arc IO:O~IIl~ for IS I~
oi relau o m" 01 , ircu m \ u nces, a nd th e;c h )' u n it y o f r LA Cf- a nd o f TIM....
or igin ality- i.. no t Ihe fact Ihat it contin u,,~. m ~el~nll ~ anJ \l"oh t s
IS 4lY).
wake, to h old th ai :I thc:ory o f looc:nlooihlc: kno..... IcJgC' I" Inten cor ,1IlJ the~­
RC'.Jdlllg th~ texn, o ne could get the fedi n g of m o vin g ,100ut in <1
fo re qu:tlih...... J.1."\thct i.;s .IS gnosf %gi" mf a ior . but th.lt . b~' pumng In
cla Mical fra mcYwrk in w h ich the beaUlifu l i<; d r fin cd a s .I fu nctio n of
pl:tCl' the ~·{In..:epl of .lItolfogrm rJ tII )1J;s. th~ . pro i.ecl of a. -.pC'n.:e of c~
W urne COteri a wh ich pe rmi t pi cki ng o u t th e tr ue , bea ut y bc ing in the ~ensIOll' ;1., su..:h bc..:u mc\ po~sible. thu s legiti mating chC' Idea th.at nuns
('nd hut the ~ns;btt' pr('St'nlallml o f d toxiCd/ perfeauJIl. T h.u BJ urngar'
pIJim of VICW , .IS .I h. mlt. eJ L.ueln!; . ' . . I·
IS .1 so 'AI, .'In" . .1 pJ rtll-Uur l-on..k!-
of
tm" ph ll(1\()phical modd i.., u n lik e what wa .. th e ca st.· wit h the rren..:h "
er allo n. T h iS new pc rsp....ctl\'C'. lIl\tene In
J ' rd .lo o n 10 thC' ~cnttfflth
d.u.\it.Uh, Lrlbni7iJ n r:llhc r th an C a nc\i a n Jot.·.. nut sc,'c.- m to alter this . r . h ·r\CJ nl..... mlt on l\" .1mn ng (\.aum·
( l·tl[Ury's, will Ie,'a ve :t,n Impo rt.ln 1Il ~ . ' " _ - . h
dl.lpl'\I'1n 3ny way; on Ih e cn n tra TV, it' s ;I ~ if Ll."ih niz \ r;1tlUII.:I lisl1I, · MC'lC'r Whl1 III 115) \lo n er. 11
ga rten's im medi ate J lSClp Ie S -S ll ~' h .I S . • L._
mure r.adlcal and more (um p lett.· th a'n th a t of DI."~c.1Ttc\, COI1H:' inw 1<1" I\nOld r J.... i8rrr.h·"ht"(:t'fIlI........
Ohsl'r11tltirms 0" r I lc! I .m ll ts 0 f I I 1m ~ . ' II
..t'\lmtic:\ only the mo re to l en~the n the liMof c1a i m ~ to rati o n ali ty the
Ii'l' ."ic hrdl tke ll tiff m e" $C11
' 1 I. ' L_ mtlllS!-l-ut also .anJ~.l
} le ,t'" r.rll; " . 1. _
y

bc~utlful .. hIm m u \ t make ro dt."!>(:rve ih lI.l me. . .1 . el., S('('!1lC'J tn l(.1nr h 1 l"t" so)
III Lllllhert '" N lI·,ro/ll t" w /oX)'. " lth t' r l'lll .' • f
1.c1\ ~,. If ughl (Jff: \u,h .1 rC'3Jing o f th e Aestbel icll, ho wevt.'r .IC- impo rta nt tha I fo r a wh iIe hc to u t hn~ 1'
·11t vi "f"\ \ 111".- die' (.(111./'" llf W>t
ClpCcJ It mAy hilvt h~ ('ven .lmHnK M.lu m ga rt cn 's d b.ci plc\ , j<; no t (ln ly Rr.Jsfm the tit le o f " rh l' nome ll lll{l~y, I .....,
r.ar ,

.
"'*'~ltC'n, II 'lUIIC' lItn ply ml'l'~c~ Ih e gen er a l d ir e(:t io n "f Kalllnga rt en's .
Uaum garlcn '!o aesth ctl t.:s ":Oll\tlfU
tC's III th i ~ 'lom 't' .l eCol
P'f'9Ut. WhKh ( .an tJc. rU I Ih u\ : ItIlW. w h ilt· ,un illK Clllt from I.ci h ni7\ •
 TWO
.and we can IIn Jen-t,wa ho w it could h:lw vn often len t itself ttl 8 ElW H N HEo\Rl .... N D REASON
, I J ' .. lcdll
ri,·C' fe.1Jrnl:s: how, tnc Ct' • to mterprct a ll mnern ry that hcgln ~ f c. 1ll,IIn W'nlft . in his Empi';CoJl l'sych,,/ oKY (pa n I , S 11. had ;& I ~a dy t!n.
,1 l..C1bnili .:m rhilo..ophi cal r tlsitinn that ho lds t he hlp;hesr th . r,l l ln ; ~n .l l l· .t .I ~ thJ.1 of t h m ki n ~ "s Imila r to rca..on." But from ""mllar"
• . . .' t'ufChC.:a1
n cwpt)int . Go,1e, to .!;It' hr t'!>w n t-C .10t lV t' rhe ..ens ible world, fin dlJ t 10 ' ",1t j;\Itl ~ol1 " " i" .1 cUllsider;lhle vtep, fine determined prC'ci-.ely ill K<.-
v
I....irimare 11"11 (. 4 U III l\aulll f:.1Tten\ ,\ It·t,,p hyJ;(.:J. Th e- inferior bcuhin-the ana -
~r . a n in ter c..t III knowledge of .l sph , ere, th at o f "t'Il'ill;ltlit" ...... h' leh
0
cn:rphing. it see ms , ~ h()II I J 1(';1d rhc ph iloso pher In llt'gl cl:t ? /"g,,,, Mt lfltlls-cuml"rehend " ( I ) tl1(" inferior facult y (If knowing what
8.1UmS;::;.I((t'n i",- q uire .1W'uC' Ilf I,he ,d rff icuh.
v since •
rh,,-' In lin n, · .:In(~ , ~ 1.lent U:.1 1 between I l1 m~~ : (2) th... inferior faculty of knowing what 's
- J llh' Jt'nt ~ l· t w ccn t hi"~~ ~ (31 the ~("m ltivl'" ml'm0f)': (4 ) Ihe poet ic faculty
rbe ··prol q:omcn.t' · to the AI'sthct t(d ,,, con secrated to anw'n in' Ih
o bjections an o rth oJ o-.; \Volffi .m could r.11M' ;Jgainsr it . l h e, C' "bjccti ('
1/"( ,,lt.l5 !ig..",1I. \ 't'm1lixr l/ <"II ,llcI,t"Hj; IS) the evalu an ve bculty tt"'·
" ,IOn.. flllt.IS ,It /u,1I.JI,,-I,. HCll rf cil mIRSlIt'tm iJXCH l : 1ft ) the expectanon of arm-
N-3[ upo n the' subjec t stu d ying thi s new disc ipline ;1<; n n I t<. obrece, "To
I.It ":;N;~ ; (7) rhe ~t'n"u J. l lJ.cuhy of dt·... '~nat lnn IfolCIIIt",s (htl r<lct~utlC.:J
o u r science, on e co u ld object that the impression .. o f th e 'cn,<,,>, thr sc·"s ,tW,I. ,,"S s"m l,d" , Ik : el chmm RJI'cr mii geHV '
products of rhe i m J ~ i n .1tio n , the fables. the d i..rurb .mce, ot th (' PJ s ~ltm\ I'he-,c Iaculnc.. have in w lIlow n th:u thC'y app rehend the rd .nio ""
etc.• a rc un wo rt h y o f philo so p her s • . I I n <,\\w : th e p h iltN)phcr IS ~ J.nlll ll ~ rhc thin g.. of th e "("""Ihle wo rld. Taken 1U~e-thcr ,a..... uch thc-y
man J.mon~ men," (§ 6 ) w h ich mean.. th.n, rat her rh an to tr~· f(lr .In cou ..ntutc the ,In,,, f().~ntl ' ",tlom s: like rea wm (and unllle the UIIOO-
impo ssible coinci dence with God's poi nt of view, be (J U ~hl tn tJ\.:c ;10 ~ 1 .II1Jin l: l th ey work 10 produ ce oh lccti\,It), h~' inrerhnking rl1' tC\Cnta ·
inter est in wh at co n..nrures th e ob jec t or In .m y C..r sc th e uncircu m\·mt.. nons. Here ag.ii n we need to ~n h.lck to W(I!ii's bnpincal Ps),t:hology
able medium of ,111 hl l o knowledge: th e sensible. " O I1C coul d sull Ublt"CT (\ 2':1 .IIlJ \ 2 3.\ ). which ...hSlillj:ui..he\ thre e levels:
th at contusion i.. th e mOl he r oj error. •\I r .1n..wer illo that it i" the si"t' - th.u, hr st nl all.. (If the infenor taculne-, (nt .....hich l\ ,lUm ~nen
qu,) non condition ot th c dl s(m·cry- of truth ' " (§ 7 ). Thl' A n lb<ticl1's w" u lJ e\'(·nm .ll1y ma ke• .1S .....e han ..n n, I h rn u ~ vJ.n nll\ mo,hhca-
tl" n~..10' th e ,,,,,, /oxo l/ rJtiOtlis): the S(:IISC". Ihe lmag matl on . the poetic
I
p arad oxical ..iru.1tIOIl b('wmes d e.u cr; th e rhilo ..o p her ca n. no d oubt.
negl('Cf th C' kno w1cd~e (If th C' "cn..c.. •1I1d rurn cxdu..i\·e1>· 10wa rJ.. imd -
leetU.]l. dc.1r .1I1J J i.,tm (t l..n uwkJgc o f t he u n i \·C' ~d l; rh a t W:ly hC' co mC'..
f.u:u h \·lf,J( IIft"'s !igt'".t' l.. mcmnT}·:
~ th,n III the IInJ er...t.mJ inv. li " t(/ /t'Cl/Is. Vt'rstJ'fIII. whi.:h 'umprc-
henJ ... .utentio n. rd 1cctio n.. th e bruit}" o f J.h~l fJ'l;on J.nJ of comp.1ri-
i
dosr r tn Gnd. But ifhC' wi..hc.·.. to renu in " :tm o n g men"-wh..u he ~-an't
.1\"o id anyW:l>· {§ 5.n)-he m u..1 pl u n ~e into th c se n sible p.lrli~-ubr J.nJ
..o n. Th e un J cr sr.m J mg i~ by n.ltu rc p.ut 01 the \ upt"rinr faculties.o.; in, e
11'0 rt·pre ..(,lllation~ ;tT l" di~linct (the w ncepl uf d l'tlll..:tion Id an~ 1 thu s
\
try" to ~ize the inJI\·idu a l. nUt i!o a no ther ( o n seq uenc e u f th e samC'
Ir;1(l.... the J I\"iJ lI1g IlIle he t\wr n mtcnor and <;ul"c:rior fJcu ltlol:
pri ncip le o f co nt inuiq·: as ..cc tiOll 7 of the Aestbt'lic,) ' n..ish upo n. , on-
- rh;1I. I1n.1I1'o-.. uf tt'.1<;on Ir.llt o. \'a'llm ftl. whKh IS thc la...-uhy uf
fu ~d kno.....led ge i<; an integra l p.ut nf t fUe k no w led ge jor " n a lu re: Jt K'S
<:ulllle..:tio ll or Iinka~~·I".,.,"II$, ZIISLJlml/l'III'imxl hct.....C'l'n r~l"resenl.l.(Iu~O;'
no t lump fro m d .ukne.... to d .lr1ty.1t i:<o rh u s throu~h d a wn th J.t wc t r3\·d .\ nd w hic h... \~ SIl( h.. cn~en(lers o t-.lc:..:ti,·it)" p rop crly sptakmg- w hl'h 1$
from night to n oo n,"" .....h\ . w h ik th e u ndl·rst.IllJ lllg.,tn ln· .. ,11 k~l'.ll iruth ..reJ.o;.lm intr ooll cC!o
T hro ugh out rhcSC' rc..pon:<oes to pos..ib le o bj t"etin n.. comin~ fru m tbe 11<; ;llt O th e sp he re uf r r.lll~.: ....nd ellt.11 o r met.1phys;..:.11 tru ths.. _ '
Wol ffian 'i~h()o l Wl" m 3k e OUI, from tilt" \'t'ry tin. t 11Oe.. o j Iht· At' srh clic<J. T h.... AI 'Stl ,'I 'ti( LJ wnrks 0111 .1Il IIrigm.l1 philo~ol"by h~· l.lklllg up rtllS
th e will 10 g rant rh e "l"n..ib ll" an ;l.Uhlllo my for w hi ch t h e id ea o f ,mJ!o' \X'olftl,1ll cb ....ifir:311111l with rhe .lim o f for~i ng. II'> ,nn,er t ,of .m.Jlogo~
Non r<Jti(m;s q u ite e xa ctly J~·til1l"S Ih e n ,IIUrt" ,1111.1 lim it ... Tht' nl }t io n o f rilt/IJII/S . Th ~' beautifu l w\1 . I hrs!
' f ill..•
(I a Il(
d ( 'hncd - • lIld It s_ m thl..
.
th.1t 11
"a~thcncu- Ingica l " truth ref ers ha ck to rhi~ id l",t J.nd not, :t !o o m' mi~ht f em r.,timris, whlr.:h
... o rr l's p n n d ~ ttl rhe t;l",-U I1\ ... If1C ,m,1 fig _
wtll gTJ.Sr
_ .
h;n -c thnU ~1 o n fin ,t rc,"adi ng. 10 the w n fu\;o Tl of Iht" two JOllM ilh,C" Cll , " S or I\ l u ~e th...· h ltu r< ii:,llltu n
i ! - ;l~ :l St'm ". l / li" hll~e· of rc'p rl's(,Jlt;l ti m , . 1 h
" ' h . " t " H...·m·C' thC' for muJ tat
Int If) a red uction of rh e ti r..t, aC"it hC'tit:!>, to rhe s('" (ond. ' ·tK;tbu l.u\', a s ;1 " legality WIt (lur um...... p .
, . I U m" u fen's ('t'll ' ..J ~thct K$ ...--CI-
To better g r;1\p \\'h;l.t lb, ulll g ar t~'n unJt'r"it,1I1ds h)' ,WJ!OW'" ra t wtl/S ...·(l lllt· ~ ba ...-k ;lg;tm ;lllJ ;lgalll um l'r " au .,' .. _ J.J
wr mu"l di <;(;c m how h e di ~tlngui:<ohc!< the in fe rior f;Ku lt; e\ th a t lll.tkc t;linly d ea ls with truth. t-.ut "mil tr ut h qll.ltt"'IIS St'HSltll'f'h cog~().'4 C"'1 ~
u p Ihj~ ,ma lr'Kun r~r,(mu frum th e.' :<ou pl' rio r f.-u::u h ies, under !otandi n g J lld e$f, " in ..0 Llr .IS il is knuwn .,,,I\..II.IIIy'''; whi...-h Illl".1I1S I .II t ("fc- eXI..
re nt,n . fS:tumlt'lN cn III m an y W.l y '> takt"'l up 3)!.;tin ami c:xtl"ntj<; rhe J o- 1

70
 IWO
lUW UN H'
.I l-~Iin-
-,.. .
p....-r to
·.-r -
o me !>n1'S,bl(' or
an · ·.1 ("'>lh ('ti~-o·l<Jgi~·31" (Ib "
It cri \l j r.. h ,mJ t' 'ull ,IIUlm nJII "n. Y('f ho", • bl
.... T "' ND ' E"'SO N
1l~ tfU I
' • .. "

The ('t1r~"l on Cn l tl~~ he re Its. tl~1I mc. uurt g : fhc I r~ th o f rru e thin' " L. •
\CrI'W C" roc nl tlf
• h...:" '·c reJ wit hout rC"rUl:rlJnu~ . Th ,lII h h
Ir.... ftCliIb ,
... "-
m Irs ~r nctnt se nse IS aes rhenc In so I.u as thClot, d1tn~~ are sen I"' ,;,1" , ...
., ~ ru m l\ " lIh" 1I1 lo r ..11 Ih J ' d,'Wo:o\" · "
' 1'1 ..... II; we- (.II
nntJI u n..... 11
_ SUa Iv per'" ... C"nnlt 11 \C'nnt, thorn: dw
......cri\"C'J
r~ '
.n true: th rough se n ...H1un... IIn.1.~I,.~ . o r 1,."\"C'n a n t i1.:"ip 3l10 .\ ' 0

" C'1o'otnll,1I 'I~m!l,,:.Ulf)n , .3.""lhmCI'Ulh Un lhuobeuidrnhc: " -

n b r. II'l ' ._
cnnl1C"CtN to (Or?bodinp • .aod there ends It... J u m .lin " (§ 444 ] , hJ~ thJI Jq:n~ 0' uu th ...hleh. ~""~u:
Il ,t 00.:0 fIOt ' IT1 rIy;a turn pkt e- ","11'_
. • .>uch ,I j _•. _
hnk.1gn o r rep resenra nons ca n ol1lr be g rasped by J fac u lty dosC' ttl h l.... ('\(·r permI t uv 10 ~ 1~C" f1l .3. n y I)"~ nl f. l ~ -. " "'"""
11<'>( • 'IoC"nc-,o. (S 'Hlll
reason. But Mnct' the hnk.Jgcs a rc sertvual , thl"rt"furc cu nfusC'tl J.lld n 01
antrl hpbJC'. n cannot be rt'.1W~ uq- If. .1nJ \H" must ~ crC' h;J\"(' r('cuu r~ \l'(' on rhcr cfo re bet te r undl:'Htand thAI of tn ]
t g03 ;aNhrt.~ In \0
to an .In,Jlogo n r.:tI 01US .I ) dchncJ t>~. the' mfen or 1.1I.: ultic!> noked Ifl . ] .
l.ar a~ lt~ object h ,c:n\u a pe rfectio n • i.. nuc '>0 mucn _L h
n u t IS ·4"8)
section 640 of the ,\fel Jp hysic.J. ] h
mch i" necessa fl y a ..traer and gencul IS H~( J . ,h l hcque!lotoft hl'- ln_•
Therefrom 3. third rhesiv w hich .11"'0 singul.t rly .1I1 ric ip.lt cs rh,· mam
.... • • .

J i\ iJ u,ll ln lh cpcctbc d iverciry

. .
' , _

and rich ness. \l:'h Jt th

.
h ·
cant encran ;aIm"
0

\ \
themes of the Crit' oJue of J"dgmelJt and initiat e.. ,1 tru e o;ynr hC:\h ~. lor••1' B.lUm J:,.Jr.[cn p UI S II I~ one of his favo rite formul ;as, a\ the: " moe
tween classicism aod th e J e!otht"t1C\o of senrimenr. the l-e,lUti ful 1\ hollt. .....,..thlc de ter m lncd ({e'tl'rmlnaclon (If the indi\'iJual" __--I
, -- . . . _ . o r• .I S expr t"'>xu
".1 y between the ranonal and the orJin .H, ..t·n!'o ll-i!t". In tis ..:unfuloed in his. .\ leJ It.1tIOIIS: he ..eck.. th~ ex tenS/t·(' d.JrIr)' of rcptC"SmtJtion!lo•
.1sre=-Ct it is o f course rhe opposite of reason , hut ttl rlu- cxrem If is J mt'Jlllllg rhe mo.., cornplcrc po ssible I:'numera tion of J rep t~utlon',
lI
lmkage of represenran ons it nears " meta physical" truth s. ,·"'.1/0Ko" .:har;lcteri..II C'i . while the sciennsr aims for in tl'rfs;t·t claruv, obt.lim:d
verits us, it can o nly be grasped b" an .11t.1Jogon ra noms, BcJUl" is PN . l'l~ .;on\idl'fin~ only on e cha racteri stic and decomposing it into srmpll'
f~(tt{) cogmnonis srnsitn -ac Iperfecno n of sensual knowled ge]• .I for. c1emC" nh (th e sea rc h fur tru th req uiti ng, according to Lerbmz. that we
mula perfectly commented o n br Baum ler: " coglll flo reters 10 Ulllt,. go from col1lru..irclo to simr lc:lo).
snfSltin,s to p)cninzde (d in: rsit)·. rnat eri ;\1r ich ne!os) ;\nd pe rratif) means Th.lt 1\ (1m: of th e Je cisis'(' aspe cts thro ugh which che :\tsthctic.J
not:hi n{t o ther than the e1cvati on of these tw o m ornem.. of ~('nsu31 JI\tance u,df from the ta sk s t nditionallr assigned to philosophy b~'
kllO""lcdge a s such : thIs doe\ not at a ll mean a r atl()n.llist imetaphpical Wolff'" chool of though to To bettc r gras p its impon.1n ce. we nttti to
theory' but sim ply th e bet that ..l·n\ual kn owl ed ge PO"l'sses it!lo o wn k('ep in m ind ,h l' di stllleti on Leib nil m;\!.:.es. in his .\ ft dit.Jtiont's J t
pn1"ection. The rep rew nr a tion s of the imaginat ion and of the s cn sc~ .He l·erit.Ju , cow ,ifim u.. ef idciJ , between d ea r tepresent Jtiom and dimnct
capablc of h3\"ing t hei r o w n Unit)· J.nd th eir own con necti ons" (ibid., reptesenrationso
p. 229,.' (larin · en sues trom the e.'numera tion of cha ractc:mtlcs:;J ublc mol,·
The bt"autifu l object ca n
thu s belo n g to the dom,l in unknowil to be rtd. ,q~a re. bi~, t:tc. Th is r"p e ot d ar i!)O , called extensi\ e b~' BJum·
Can nianJ~m fo r rht" samC' rea so n it i~no res rhe p rin ci plc of l'onunu - [tarten. is not a t all specific to scientific a..:ti \·ity. It is o n the ..::ontr.lrJi.
itt·- w do rrui n of the \'C'ri",i milar: Inlrinsic to o rd ina ry k nowled~e a nd perm its it to t:rasp the mJ,t,Ju.J/
to tht.' ex tem to which one ind i\Oidual sta nds out trom [he ot hcn thC'
I ,hank It hu alrudy beco me c1e.:ar ,hal Olllch o f wh.H i~ n:p rcwntt·d in tht mnmcnt We.' ha vc en u me rated. be: it at an entirely emriricall('-e1 , ItS
br.auuful though t·act IS nci t ~ r compll'ld y ccnain no r can it I->e perc...in ·J a~ 1<) prinCipal chara..:teri!'o ticso T ht> mo re we c1at-orate extenlol\e dari~' the
bettet do we re.lCh the ind i\'id uJ I in all its loeTlsual richnC"'\s and dJ\_C'f'('-
0 (""0" . Th is type o f cla rity w,lI int ern t the at"1>thetlci.ln to r It gm:" !lte to
-Cf. .lIto : " 8 3 U m~ tfen h..d Iwn great id ea~ : tirlo!. Ih.n Ihe ,l('"thenc ol'llect
• u'ldI '~u.1 1fa, i, " [;I\I C") . Thc u:b}' Ihc specific I .Hk Il f an in relallon III ( ~rn ' the bl.'a . UI.iful o l-iiccr . . ' o .t. •
. • 01 O n ' inmosl': to lolo" K'nOIk
eulillnlt. k icnu i\ .dlllowlnJ~d ... The aC!lolheli, Ohjl'l"t. "0 may Wl" d.Hlf ~' [) ''O tUK t k no w ledge the mtt"nSI\ 'C c .in .
die idea., " not: • Kien,ific obie'et. but il 1\ .. II Ihe- ..allll:' an oh/Ul . It I" nul kno..... ]C'dgc:. re kr!'O
' • d , hat dfl('Sndt .lIm .11 cnumer'_
to an in \·e.'r!'Oe: rnKe urc
~ fI) rbt w bjrcc', arbit ra n nt"">~ but UI .a dc:t ermm ,uion analo~ou" to . " h o· ~""J r.,1tt"J out the
a1mg cxtern .11 sensible prorentes: aller a\ lilt: ~I _ . ]
\ .1f
Ih m fA re...on. lf we hind IhC"\f: two iJcn lnJ;:l"t hrr: the ac:..,hem. "blC:(I (CIITltolnt' ,. h . b tracts I'ut 1~'>('lIn,l IUIts..
u\ c Jr J.ctcri"tlC!'o (using J tlen uu n l. It a ~ . .~
0

~u.lII"lr,. with legalny. Th at 1\ 111f: me arun); IIf Ihl:' formula: he.tulY 1\ rht . ] . . d··- with the mtfflnOn ...
..-.i<>u_ol VTKII~ knowWg.e." ' Ibido. r.ll l .) SInge!lo OUt !'o hared PUUltS J nd nMIIl Ilteren.."C"s
73

"
 rwo
UrnnX't1nlt nut ,:nl~t.l1 ,"( t OLl' p t " ("1' ('('1('\ .tII. 1 ~(, II(' r;l ) . This t ILt 1
" .1 I Iy {l l,'r.
"",tun"f' ~ eo ..
"·u ,,p Il.k n l lll C" ,II1J l1iffcrc nc...~ WI I he' l1.lnl(,',j " f('IICI;1 . . 1(j
. Il"
I-
"'J \l ot _rrlla;tion
_ itemg "rh(' mode' through wh ich we J.rr ive' at dI,.
rutet "fkJ.I~C'.
Thi~ -umr1r d .1s..inl.'.H1un. arrJrC" ntly q UL((' echola ..tic. :lctu .llly ha,
p'C',Ir r'ulMophh':.1 l lmrort.II1.."'t" for aest heuc s. II r :II ....... ht"'. ul a li a pm b.
Inn " htht sotunon ,IliO n" " Ulo f(ll'o('t~('r und er-rand th e exact n.nUfe' of
tbr .;".; lo1(on r.JI;on;s . In th... ouv..t fo r don ner knllw lcd~l" the' undt'r.
~unJlRt- which is more Of I .. ,1 (o r", .I1 I.H:ulty of ,.I:1\'.i fi~at ltlll. qUkkly
b«omn r~JSO'f. J. tt""n"':t'nJ('nr~l t.h;u h ~· genera n ng n h lt.' CflVit )'. 'X-'h}.
t hi 'lo Iu rrC1n in lrit-OlZ\ , )", tt"m ,.. (';I"lly undersro...J . 0111:(" t h(' "Imple '1'e-1 Ihe- ' IU("'ll" n .In'oC"".I' I" ....h e-Ihn I>l(" olt, hvu {" f n Ulh " cquluklll I.. "'''n"'
cknKnu have been corted o ut and th e' ~C'n(,r31 co nce pts h.1"t" been crc- ,,II ( " nu 1" In " . 1.11 .1" II t " r1 e-, po'nJ' I" the ,"JI>IJu .II.>brca (.",tatnt'd In &...dI
ared, .all me' work of the- undcr'tJn dln~ . we discover the int clli ~hlt' .I ( ,, "(t'r l . In w hJ I co ncer n.. ntY"l'Il. 1 Ihl nl " ,ho,..!J he- rn1l'ul, cku 10 a

tounJ.Irio n of ctuu.." tcnnics and th e Tt'.1S011 for th ei r co nca te na no n (for rh,l.....'rho:r rh rr .III1hJ I 1\ .. .. nrained '" f" "'l.lI ,pt'<II", J't'ri«1"'" In lu.. ,.~
JnJ In 1" j:KJI trut h hoi.. onl y Nt'T1 .. hl.lln<1! ,1.1 lho: pnce "I a cnrt'l do::uhk 1m... an
thi!> mrerhnking which .1etuall~· convtiruree t hem a.. obiccrs). Nnw- and
m;alnu l !"t'rfC"l"U,.n , " , ... 1<.t' .1 ( " mpnll,n n : nnl: can u.Jn , lorm.ln ITfqr;ular t<\nck
this is the problern I was talki ng ah o ut- If aes rhcri cv 1\ intert..,tN in
" I mJrhlt· Into oll'l.lll orl l ~' ar th e pn..t' tJt .J I.... ..f m311:rlJl , uho,u nu: < ' II'~
C'Xten\in~' d.ui~·.1f therefo re It St.1ys with the m ere em pirica l a n.1I)'\ l'lo of
t11~ .IT 11:.1'1 In Iht' hl ~h value oi the ft1-ul.U rnund iurm . 1\ \ tr.I); - blSh uluo::~
rqJr('K'f)c.3t1ocu.. one fails to sec w hat in it co uld pl;)~' the ro le IIf an
he-II: m(":"" rt~ .I , ....'('11 trorn .1 1(\1:1<31, fIf'l an .J"lht'II<. pot"l of " 1CVo'l.
J1Lllogwr r.Z1ICJnu o r mdced what th e need could ht· for ..uch J facu lt)·.
The soluoon is J S fo llo w..: 'Inc beaunful i v no Jouht found in Ihc- ,.\ clea r-o n cu nceq uc nce co mes o ut uj Ihl" co rnpanvm: " \1'1: ht'pn
..ea lth, the une~'. the \I\':lcit)· of char ac terist ic tr a it s ; h ut thi.. wealth Ihen .... lIh rhe pr e.u ppm i1ion rhar t'Hort\ In anam olt"ilhctlCO-logk:.1)
1\ o rga nised, tho\e t rans are hou nd to o ne anot her io l\nwlnJ: a IC'/o:.lhry
lTurh di rect the m..elvev t"'> pccially to w ard.. mt't3 p h~' ~ica' m,uc-nJoI [fUm
...hich is not th at a t reason but is-or that a t lea st i... t he fun damenta l 3nJ IhJoI Ibt·y ihu .. ..cek to gra sp rhe object s 01 .adete rminat e mc-1 J rh~",,·
PD'tulatC' oi the At st"l'"t;col-im n nsic to the ..enslble sphere:. f or c-x· c:ll lTuth, 3" m uch as i.. r o..~ i hl(' , up In tht' ind n'idu:al" (S i 6 U." -A~
much .1\ 1\ pCl~ ..iblc:" bt"C,l u..e. 3 \ Haum gart t'n .... e11 know", II I~ Imro'"-
:ample-, In :I pottk:al dc..criptlon .... c ce ruin ly come acro..' a n enumera.-
..ible ro a rr ive d i..tin cr!y .11 th e indmdual fur Iht' <>:lmt' re',hun~ th.u ~ t'
tion of tun\" bu r th e rheto rica l modaliti e!> of th is en um e ra tiu n ar c a..
cannul. a~ finltc hcing.s, gra ..p the hi~ C'~1 ]ogic.llITUth..,.. BUI the qUO!
Ifl1flOrunt JiS lISrich nC"\'io . O r agJin, wh en a me ta phor sub ..ti tuu.... certain
ior inJ I" iJ ua lily in tht" <r. pht'rc 01 .lc\ lhcril:.. JUC\ no t mt'an th.ll - C'"C'!1' .
w ru.te rim" " 'it h others. It must ce rtainly ( rc,ltes a ..ym bo lic !Ink
t hln~" need h" put imo a pictur e ur ,1 puem a.nJ Ih.lt ,) m.....ro...::ur tc
. 'ho'Ioc " lope," if We' ca n 'i3y th ;lt. i.. no t th at (jf re a..un bu t th at of
re,lli..m cnu lJ he the guara ntl'C IIi heJu ly. The Arstlu rlc.J I" no" dtrt'
antherl«. f rcrKh New r-.:unl\ foreru nm:r. ,.\.. ht' ft',)J .. tht' :\ m t"i.I. the .Jt"'othcu -
1M dC'firmion of the'pnem-ura tto sem itiva /Jl'r(ecta est pol!ma .:- CI;HI will " lIl'it he t Ih ll1k aho ut nu r care ,lbi)lll Ihe qut',lIun of kn.''ol. .nll
at t M - W"Il\Ual pc rft'Ctio n ( I f dl~our ..c·' ind icat e!> a cunccption o f be.1ut)' with which l UI) ! At'IlC,)" fir""t fOuchl'd hJ I)': ,111.1 ~·cl . it h \ '(f1'- true. tw:
nut InttlJ'~tn t\lm dcmrn t'io: dwersrty (o r, vivac ity, the r ich nc'os of the' d id to uch It With t'lth er th e Idt or Ihe f1 ~h t ((lUI. unlt'.... ht' did It \'o lth
roo..relc particul a r bro u&tn to 3 hiJ;h d c:Jotrec of cx tens ive c1:lTIty) ,Ina hUlh (lOCI. wh ich 1"1c..~ ( o l1 \ cnient " (S W I."
1M '"/~,'mkl11gl uf rhi .. di ·..C'r\it)' In th eir q ua lit y (If $Cm IM I Iink ,l ~('!Jo Won h i.. b id upulIl ht' inJi \'iJu,d. upon th.lt wht..h ~Jor<'" t~ .." Oft-
h rlliuch h ....,hy t~ a re , o gn ll cd b,· the- mral(j~(}n r,ll;(}1I; S Jl1d nllt by t'cpt - fur cxamplt.: Oil Ihe (lrs t " .1'11( • .....hich the ,\ ItJ ltJ'l lClrff .atlum ~
rea"""',. puclLe fm lilt" ~lIlt, rt".r..on tlu t n rder......)1;1.. to ,) um-lue rt'1'ft""('1U,ItMlO
In UTt.J1n way' t he' A esrl'fliccJ wlil ta ke t he oppmilc d irect iull frofl1 IS HY ~ a th t'tnc lItte ll n:cu n..idereJ ill C ernu n th.)U~ht L1rIII .anJ _ ,:luJ·
phtl,~ hy: n ca nnClt .and . hlluld III It ,l b, t rJCl nut the ..em 'hIt' ill~ ~'alrt"r Bcnprmn )- but the .ani ..t ..htlllid n(11 hlT ..11 th.a' r('N>Un,'t
d K f,dlwr lf}1l' put It, " ' X/holt i.. pclt'" ticil l ill tht' POl'," "
....
"
 TWO
L_ ,'--~k.' unin' (If rhe va rious w ith out wh ich the hea"'>f I TH REE
I II oh '
tm-"C'SllO
..'"
• . "
Id not ('l'tn be a n object . This as pec r of the Ae stl,,:t;ca or
h . l' . ' ,
' <,
en" llp t
L_, Jimr-m ton , the on e r .It IS " .lm S mum concer n In th C > "

.,..O(lK " e ""'tiql

-' j w gmrrtl: the bC.1uu (ul o bject, althuu~h nOl1con("t:ptua l. ITI U ~ h ..
'"L _ ....... t'Ilti.d l"
-' ~IO~
> te h o b> I('ct o f .1 co"'''Um lCJ
- I 10. Il. and inte,_ t aVt
>
~t- - · " . ~ R ln l~
LnJi\-iJu.11 mus t nor lead ••as I S 100 o tren th e case III th e avsth .
irhd I f bi - - . ('( ICSnt
~rimcnr. fa .1 ,~on .l ~ il· wrr .r .1w a 0 su leetl\"lf)' m ro !" elf. It'~ hr.
" ' U~ the' be.untul object has ItS own 13\\'5 and ep lHem o lop ical
.... • _ . C' \t;llU~
I" "" IigJ/iti p~p,tJ as well as ,) ~ mty of t he d l\'c rSll)" of irs CholraC1tr .
isrjc fu ilS rhar It can he- co mmunicated. It cea ses the re by to be.- siricri
w~jroj\'(' and acq uires, if 1I0t con ceptual o biecnvirv• a t 1(,3!-t a S('mll~ \
obiecri,"it)" wh ich is irs exact analogue.
NT IL KANT, moJern philn \op hy remained, despite B J u m ~nm'\
The A~sthf1;(.J gJ\"C~ a ph ilosophical fo nn u brio n to thc Iheme\ .:11-
reoOld y encountered. in 3 more litera ry form . in the Fre nch Jell :uc~ llt:-
U ,IO~I l.:lmherr \ effo rt ... dominated b~' :I Cartc\iall conception of
thl' inha en t limit'> uf h uman knowl edlte, FimtuJ( is thou Wll of in reb-
rween classicism a nd the a esthet ics of sc n nroenr. \"("it h the a rtis t\, locJrch non III ;111 ab volu rc reference: the idea (If an «mmwience louppoo.cd.ly
for the indit-idu.J/o r particular, we enter .I real m C a rtesian rea so n ran . l'nti rdy en trusted [ l l t he d wmnv, It\ by reference' 10 Ihi\ supposed dr-
nor gr asp . whi ch we ma~" call th e realm of the ir ra tio na l o r.lxJrmwing " IIl C vmni..cicnce that human knowledge is \3 '1.1 to be hrmted and th3t
from rbe voca bulary of aest hetics , th e re al m of "mystery,' of ,jd iC3cy, the' m.trk of th i\ lim it. ..ensihihl}', i\ rclanvized \0 th.1t Jcsthetl" can
o r of th e " l-kncw- nor -wh a t." But w ith Baumgarten . th e mcdi an o n be- ncn '" r trul y tree itself and beco me au ronomouv from logic and meta-
tween rea so n an d unreas on, between rhe un iversal a nd the indrvtd ual r hy\l.:s. The Kantian mom ent i.., ..ecn fro m th i.. angle, J. ven rable revo-
begins to wo rk itse lf ou t. tha nks no r o nly to th e e ffects o f th e co ntinuity Iunon . .1 swu cbmg aroun d of perspectives unprecedented in the hi'olor)"
principl e but mainly to rhe idea of ,nl.1log)'. whi ch 3!- w e have seen per- ot tho ught . In th e Critique of rllr~ R ~.1Son , and especialiy in its t1rlot
milS us to bu ild a b rid ge between the sensib le and the int elligible pa rt, th e "Tranvce nde nta l Aesthe tic," K,lO[ invites u" to reverse the re-
wor lds. [Thi .. is tht thesi s at t he heart o f Baumle r's bock .) For such a lation that existed between f initeness an d rhe Absolu te ..ince the d ol"' "
bn d ge to bec ome a real necessiry, however. th e ",e pa rd tio n of rhe' twO oi mod ern me ea phvsics. Instead of first pO')itin ~ the Absolute in o rder
worlds mu"'t .a "'o he rruly ..t cu re . Thai is 3. ta sk w h ich Baumganen. 10 thel/ ..itu;lt e th e h uman co nd it io n within the o rder of !('<;<,trBeing. of
dopite his proj ect's bold ness a nd or igin a lit y, co uld no t acmmr !ish Iimit,u illn, K.Ult hepn\ With finitud e to then go up, but onl~' a!O.1 SC\.'"On,j
withi n th e fram ework of a Lcibnizian philosoph y. Sll.'r . lo wa nJ th e Ahsohnc. In o the r w~)rJ s, the simple f.t(1 Ihat ou r c~ ­
!-CIOU\ I1l'S.. IS ;)lw;1\"\ alrea J \' !>cn..ua ll~" limited b~ .1 wor ld e"teflOr to It .
a wu rld it JiJ nut' c re;1te , i~ rhl' hrst i.Kt . the o nc irom which wc mllst
\(·t n ut to l'lI\" isage am'w all of meta physics' Iradltio l\al '111losriun... Moln
IS a ra,ji ca lh' finite lll'i n~, ;m d with out th i.. finitude h~' wnuld not be
l·nd owl.d w i~h reprl.'scm::ltlons and co nSClllusnC\S, it il is frUl', .u HU~M'~~
pUh it l,ue r. that " .111 (o nsdousnc\s is (OnSCltlUSIlCSS of so ml'lh lllg
whit:h Iim;ls it. Th e llltim.He Wll~cl.luen(l· of thi\ rl'\'ersJI : the OleU '
ph}"sic.ll pr etenti o n to k now rhe .Ih~ohw... to ~,t.1Sp thl' u!tmlJte l'..scn..' t
()I IhC ( n ~ i t ll o r ro d l'l1lo nstratc G, I l ~\ ' \- el( l' ~ te ll'-'C' .I"' rel ,lti\"I1l'J
,_ III rr!ol!lun
"
to t he inltlJ " (I f t h c I·InlltC
"" I a ftirnutloll
.
>
°
. d ' St"'\I\. ll-Ie (l.lOdm un whKh IS
. I >,11 ntl Illnl1('C he ...ls..il-!c to
nCl'e\sa n h" that of h uman co nS(IUUSneS). t \\ ... t ~ _
> J t:. '
re l .lt1\" il~· w nslia l kn{)w l l',j~(' .11\..1 cnn e It .1.. ('"\\
• > . I . cr Nan" ..I.. (untuo,t('Il\.
f"

16 "
 •
1"! KAH HAN MOM!,..'
i,h'IKe,
. Th e I.Icl lh ;J1 I have the- iJll'a of ."lI 11--
ecev......n Iy eX",I1"r. L
vclng
rrtl\'C'~ nOlhlll~ .l hulIl IhC'_rul eXl'IenCl: ()f th ," being, HC'n..e IN- """
n ll' ,1'U n~ ,1";l Oll ll,d 10 t hr I.lN nl C ud by the- r.ril lqu~ "t P,. rc 1(C<1$O" :
~", Ihr tr_Hl ' . t·l" k m,ll aru] I1nl)' ,1..tcrnlln~ I" (C HIlt:I" " I ( "llllh.1 ,~I. n\'"
' c.I ~' '' l ~ I "" u ~ 1' , 111 Ihr- ~' T1'· I "\l .....' he • .1('1\1":: "'.1\111' noltr C"I~n I'IIIV~ U\
,\llh Ih,' o h l'"<1 I \'c \ .I I I J I I~ " I \ 'k h .I ' ''flU'I'' .•• h um ....·h" h It h«fJmC'\ ck~1
Ih.Jt Ih,' l,k ,1 1..1 , ud• .l "'<'lll~I .llkC'.:I1I \J't'(\ll.lll.,~ "k. \. w.y' nothing mc>r.. th.,.
Ih,ll K,""UlI ,"111111.111..1, II' t .. l<'g,uJ .:Ill .:o n lll:l:ll< >tn In th~ ..." rid loflowmJ
1>rI1l. ,,,l... "I .1 s} , leI1 I.1IK Ill""', <,\ell .1\ II Iht:y h.l.J ;\11 ton n ni~N from
" m' .... k .1 1I- "T1l " m p.:I '~ll1 ~ p..'I11~ 1U ''' ~'''' l .1\ hl$:h~ sl .IuJ .lI11·\uf!i":tnit U UW!.
THE IDEALITY OF THE DIVINE AND THE ARRIVAL OF MAN I kll , e II I' .1.0,11 11..11 Rr ''',m l "ul,l uu l I•.lv<, a. II' 10:".1.1 In)"Thml\; "lh~r thJn II_

The tin l implicarion co ncerns Go d's sr.u us to IIll" e xten t dU I hi\ Cll.. own t" rl1l.11 ml,' 111 t he l'XICI1'1011 oi II' .·mplr1c.lllht·. never .Illu len ."rtl l~I"J
A / /mllts ,,/ ,·m /, t l/"," lfS.l.~ ' ·. !It-llJ.• 1'1'. 4,H . 4'i 1 _ ~ 1 )
tsren ce ,1.. the loire o f o mniscience a nd en-ma l rru rh s IS. in modr n!

mt"tol rhy\io . th e c biecr o f .I de monstra tion. W h,lt 1\ ,1111 Jl'nounc~ in The HIl'.1 III Cod Ih ll" hj,\ . from .1 Ih rorell cal point uf \'i('w. no c b-
f.1tlorul i ~t metaphysics is not the definition of God ,h th e hulJr r o f an Il'(tl\ II~ - ( It would " I cu lIt'loe be .\ dlNerl'nI mmer ,t "e- .lIdt)~J the
unlimited kn owledge. Noth ing. ind eed. prevent.. us from th inkmg out "pr.n uc .rl" ..t.mdpomr, th at o f mur ,lht~'_ 1 But such In Idea lottll mntn
,,('g J ti l't'J)', in opposition to O Ut finite under-ta nd ing, the iOl';) II i an 111' II" . ,ts "" l-ll""" (J nJ no I OIl ~c r .I, n h=ta phy~ i,ia n ' l . HI loo k .n t he urn-
finite- undercran dmg for whom bein g an d thou ght. real .1I1J rational, H'r'l' ,15 If it were ,1 .y..ternanc. cohe rent .111. created b}' an mtd ltgent
would be hut o ne, \'('hal is qu estioned is "merely" th e pr et en sion of .ruthor. TIlt' idl'.l o fa n umni ..cieut unde rsrandmg . of an .1t:h IC\·l'd knowl-
demo nstrating th e exist en ce o f suc h ;I bein g th ro ug h ontological argu - nl~t" 01 dw uruvcr-,c, maintain.. ,I rcgulcnn g [un ction lor our fioue

mem. Herr we O1u..t bri ng 10 mind . be it o nly b nctly, th e cri tiq ue that l now kJ)tc . 11 \ in rel.mon ro thar idea IhJ I scien t ific r rol:rc~~ m.3k~
the "Transceedemal Dial ectic" develops on th is topic. -cnsc, lo r cx.unplc. t\ .. Ka nt r ur.. it in In l" .. cernial text We must quotC'
In its most rationalis t fo rmulation, the on tologica l a rgument, in J nd co mm ent on : "
Kant\ presentation of it . take.. th e follow ing form : the concept of Gud I mamt.tm Ih ,lI: UJn' ':l'nJCIlIJI I J"';I ~ ,lf~ n....<'1 ,,( c.. n ,UtulI\-~ u"'"I:e, W th.1I
a" per fect and necessa ry be ing co n ta ins a ll realit y. "Now. in .111 rca lit)· rhr- ': lI l1n'rh " I cerraru Ih lll ~' m l ~h l be given , h ru u~ them , JnJ ,hnuM they be

existence [d.lS /) <15e;,,1 is a lso include d : rh us existence i.. couraiue d IInJer'lU" d thi\ W.I~· th~' ~ a re bill " 11'111' 11" 11 1.11_11"':11':.111 (OI h :erh, I . ~ «tJrJ,"l'
wit hin the concept of a po-,~ i b h: he inl;, It this thing is a no lishcd. a bol. /" tl,,' ,'n li" ,,,, 0/1/.0,· /IIl trl l"K/( .,I .jf~Jl mn' t , " /thcm;.: I, " 1$ th,' ll t'etH J ry "1,,.1 ·,t
ished :I ~ wel l IS the inner pOM.lbilit )' oi th is Ihing. w hil..'h i... l·un lra dic· .1 I,('/IIK tlJ 11'/11,-1, In ' ,11ITIJm l. ' (' \CU" " '''', tl,1' jJ,'J "f Gu,l lS Il ,mtlh,(..ss oJ __ r.-
IOf)·... ' Accordin~ to the ontnlogic.J.larguml'nt. Wt: coul d th us t:"onc!ude. ''''J 0,- n '. HfIIl, whu sl' .. I' /o'e (i l 'IIl' U II}l."uud)· 1'r llt "l'1l f.~ "",J.,"g. Tn.. 0/1""
from the ..imp le analy!ols o f th e co n cep t 01God. h i ~ n:al cxisten(l·. f(Jnt 's luXu,,1 J').:lIn1,'n t tllJ' ",uIIM 11.l1 ~ " S bt'1I(,I '~ 1I:'t" (.I ll Kf)'1Ot tWin , 10.. (()ft.-crt of
obtcctlun.s ,,"ell knnwn , 1r co n..ins in M.lting thaI the logil..'al po ssibility. (; ...1 t l/ tn.. Jlfin<r.l""" (If Jm .,.",~t,'", .. IS fi li i)· J ." pbm,,_! Thr, hJ'l' ,m dw
that 1\ , a co ncep t's non cOnlradlCtory l..'har;ll,:tcr. d o cs nOI III ;ln y war uther lunJ JIl t l ut' lJ llJ IIl~ rq :ulaliw lI' e. ...hlch i, IIIJ"rcn'JhI~ n...."l"o"" ~ Il"
gua ra ntee ib objeeth'ny since, in o ne o f t he Crit'q ue's l..'de br .Hcd p roro '" Jlh'(! ill~ ,l1r 1l11,l l' hl ,Itl .lI11 ~ InW.lr,! J .·,'ru in Jllll . \'('ilh Ih oll .11m If' I'n~ l.
, illu n... " Ik in g i!i. evide nt ly no rCd l p H'di cuc. mea ni ng ;l I."Oll( CPf lit lilt· ,lHl.t"tIlIl1.l1 111lc' 01 .1 11 rlll,,~ of Ih.' undt·r, t.llhI111!t nwct III lint po.'llll.... h,,;h
",nncth lng \l,· hich could join ihcl f 10 the cu nl..'cpt of ;I " ling" (Ibid, . " "n', In ~l\'l' Ilwtl1 tilt' ~r.'.ll t" t lInlt ~' hlgrlh,'r wllh Ihelr t:'~J!C"1 ' rrt'J .l. .d -

p. 04'JO). In uthn .....o rds. admitting Ihe' Idea (If Gud .'Ai a m'ccssary IJ ea lh(lu~ dUI pll inl " "nl~ J Il id".l I/o.'uS m t.Jgm J ftu s !lrufli "hll h ••,,,,Yf"1'\ uI
cJ h u nun re:l~.m. a Jrnini ng e ven that th l• idea uf hi s e xi..tcn ce lIl'ces'lo;)('
II)' ,,'In, Ihe IdeA uf God. if ,.. nunelhcle.... the ca se that this exis tenl:c
n an IdroIl e ll. l..rcn ce. a n e xi'Jolml..'c nitty in th u ught . no t a rC.J.I l:'l( ·
71
 r,.Uf
~ Jo nut ,1 ~ru,1 l1~ ..nun. 'r• .1\ II Ii" ('J. lIl1 p kl d ~· (IU I'i<lt' Ih t HE KA.NlI "'" M O ME N 1
~cII'J'O"'w.kC"J"t'"C""C'. llbiJ.• pr. -&21'0 - 17 1 f
brlv. rime ha -, fu r God no real ex l\ten
. , .
I, · I
l\ on Y 2'Y~ oi " l.
n{ll l:h runolo~IC.:lI, rclauon\ : the \ Y"le!ll " f rh 'lOU.
" ., . e ' UCU1o' ltJn 01 hclnp-tf
oJ ·n order to rm"fTl>~.
la'."" (" the' un. JC'r"ot.mdtng\ ac th' ity
. h
-t e the term "succcs - oo n "fill make.. any "n h I h
'loC ere an! rupomo rrf mm It.
•
.
"""1fT cI ·........-nt'C'lh (0 eeter 10 the IJeA u f God, to th e idea 01
-k;......... , ., ltLttinl lt to get ri d of I. Fo r Ka. nt, on the (;fJ n!u.... ,h
L · 'J .
-,
I.' p'"nt lUI' \'1ot'W
01
omJU(,QC1kT, t'I'cn (hoop, W~ hJ\"c· .,1dmlttC'~ th e nun oh jective ch.l raclt'r nnl fuJe .
\ ho ll IJ nor' oe rd aU\"ll ed III , d ar'l," to an iO fi nue d iyif)( undn.
(If dln wk~. II docs. JtU"r .Ill. ~nr ~nJ di rect k nowledge by co nti nuo ..r.llld
" U1/!:, fo r the . " " 11.pie rea..00 th ar rhar unde nu .....mg - "' n' on"L. a P'C'",nt
0U'h' dtm.3nJ&n~ alit. not onl,- that It !>houlJ seck to rend er the w orld u t \'Iew of huma n rea...m, a n Idcd . Thercl o rl.' rh
" , . '
1 h
I.' pn nclpa C .lU CIen",
~.aoJ more intdh~iMC'. but al«l to o rga nize' itself. a.. far a .. po\~ihlC'. lIC01 , h.um
' an kno .... led ge, [he filc
.! that
" it I!> alway, - ~
""JUnu Ir l '\oCn~ bilIty.
L

mlO.l mort 3nd more coherent and )y\tC'm~lt ll: rorah ry. Th e withdraw.1 to 1011111Ion, ...hould not be rclam "ll ed and • .1\ $uch• devalorued, euher
01tM dn-iM dlU~ nuruksl\ n~If by a st'culJr;:.alt mr of the idea o f God HUIIl.1Il. sencible reason. i\ not le\<;ef than that of God; It i\ the- onh
'" rltt ,r.um o( IIv lhrory of h OIl'1l"dgr. Against th e background of rhi\ r()~"l ble kn~w led gc. which IS e:<.l ltly why dl\"ine knowled ge, the- 1nnnit~
4«UbnutJOO we can !>IN.lIC' thc revalorizatio n o f sen ..i b i li t ~· which .....ilI under' t.md lRg. IS red uced to th e ..taruv of an Idn of reason. \t' t could
it.ld J.:m t ro m.t1l.t plain the a uto nomy of the aes th eti c sp he re in rd ,:u lo n :uy rh.1t th e wuhdrawal o f th e d,\'ine and th ... revalc riaan on at \.t1\'ilbilln
"evpr....... eac h o th er" ; W I.' begin w irh th e o ne to arrive ~t rhl.' other and
10 tht intdlipllk ....-od d,
n:drrn' 3 11~'. It is bc c.iu-,e knowledge is .llwa~" .. ned 10 sen..,bll.' mrumon
th31 rhc nonun o f o mnisc ience i.. expelled to the realm at mC'u.rh ~' ''lColl
,lIu..ron•.Jlld n \ bccau..e rhi.. latte r noti on i.. expelled to the realm of
THE AUTONOMY OFAESTHETICS
Il1l1"On th .lr ..cnse- ba..ed knowledge must fin.llly acqui re it.. full m :ide--
In dw PLloton ic philosophial trad itio n, but also wit h in Cbrisnaniry , sen- m...nt In lcgmrnacv.
wbl1iry h;u been ~~- ~cnlJri C3l1}' denig rated in favo r o f th e tnt d l i~ble. ,-\... Kau t \ Ir...", e... the Cntiqlle of Putt Rt'.J$on can ~ re.1J rorh
That is., in .3 n~· Q 'OC', the Ih~is defended, som eti me ~ hum(lrou ~l v, hv "d~"' . golO~ fro lll Ihe ..A.....th etic.. to the " Dialectic" Of from the - Dt ~­
• ~~ 1\ In thn phuge from T"~ Twilight of the Id ols: " Th~ tl·l.~I":" to thl' " Ac\ lhe lic." We therefor e ha\'e to be \ ef)" 3tltnri.."e to dw
s.tmo.. l#:hitJ, oJt , so Immoral ;n or""" " '11)'5 10 0 , d ecei\'c U'!. concerning " a\' in which t\ant . in the " TrJ nsl.'rndent 31 Aesthetic: ' 0;«'-:.. 10 Jem·
W 'rw . . ,orkL Moul : I~ us frtt oursch'no from the d eceptio n ot the on~tr3te Ihe nuncollceptual-..emiblc 3no intuiti\'e-ch,tfJCfer at thl.'
~in, from b«ummg. from histo ry, fro m lit.~ ; h ist on' i~ nOlh ing bUI notion.. of ..pa ..:e a nd of lime. H is a rgu ment , aimed di ,n"tl~' J t l nl'tn iz
U1 tht \otnla. faith m lies. Mo ral : let us sa y 'No !:to all wh o have 3ml .lt hi !> redu ction of sen..ihillt\, to 3 "confused intd1igi~le: ' m,Fht
faith In tht. Iotrna .
.. ~ . h k h f •
• • I~lst e Spc.l .. ere ru m Soc ra te s .ln d e h lls t \
. • "{'c m pu rely for ma l. but in fact it 'lOuches upon o ne of the rruio uoJnt
point
t....._ '
of 'lew In o rder [
..
k h
.0 moe t em oot .
C h H ·
I S argument a gai m t r I '
h· qu(·"tioll!> in the h i!>tory of philo''i(lph~", th aI o f thl.' ..UIU\ oi the Itu lioru l.
...........
t; .
b.~· 1\, genealogical" onc. It "uggests, a s th e sec tio . n I• .
\"(~ p ut In of the l1on..:un..:cp tua l. They di \-ide u r into twO mo menh whose meJn ·
It.:loU IrnUC::Ilc\ (holt in
ph I~ '
r ' h
rn It)" II wa\ ecau\e they feared sem Jlality th ill ing an d !> i ~n ih cal1 ce we c.l n br id ly indicate. "
, 0I r: .3nd RlO rah\tli condemned St'1lsilJllu)' in Ihc name o f Ihe "S pace is no d i..cur sive o r. a~ It is s;lid. general ":U1Ker r 01 the' r( b ·
prunacy rncmtdhg.lblr W 'th
t Fl ' I . lOut f0 IIo Win . .
g th e pa th ot gen ea logy , r \c
I lions uf thi nglo. bur a pilI!: intu ition . Fo r nr st lit .lll Ol1e .:~n onl~' ,tpf("
kT
, 4pU' ~. PUtt' Rraso1f I d h "·r
. ea .., In I e ran!>cend cnu l Ac.· \t he t lc' · cha p' ~Cnt a sing le space to on es('lf. and whl'n o ne' sJ"e'a b of nl.111~" ~r.1~"C"o one
• to a «1t1qu~ of ulhnil.'
s_......t. _. __
. ' "
Ian ratlnnall~ m wh ich in Illa n" wa,,\ fnr c..ee't UllJ('f~IJnd ~ b r th;lt on ly r ,utS of (lI lt' ,\no the u me S~',l .."t . Funhennorl.'
• --"'1ILl>C ' p<l\lIIon. • t1,e~l' pa rt s C;lIl;lC)[ p rl" \'Ol' Ihi.. o m' Jl1 -I'l1l:tlmr,lS"ln~ Sp.l~-e ,h rhetr
"I:~ h~y~ kC'n huw, fnr U lbn, f " _ . . IJ b, r l · ..i ~1 C'l ~ut ,It!: "II-I ~'
rtw p'ltnl of ~ . ll, ru m ( , lid \ point of view thu s frull1 ' ump om' m pa rt s (su th,lt Ihe lf ,\ ~t('~,Ht COLI I .
U
'l'lC'..... III all 'lmnn~ " ht- ' thinkabll' a.. l'xisr ing in it " (ih i.l.. p. H ). Th is hN p«1 .."It mt" .1t1: •
...Hft!l....tf,1 t _ It III lng, the rel at ion s w hi,h ..e( 1ll
r tJu,.aremrruth I I . . h h h' I d ill ,m J the' ('l'nn nutt)'
<.ud', "It'aopotnt the h purt y (Jweal :llld Inl dligi hll', from menr !M S tn d o wilh rhl."' 1I.IIUn · I I I III t I tIl. , _I
'"C"n" It hat flO I . . · . 1 N 'ntc",fC'ln ! '" tht" luc""'"
cr-.~ Ol lkr th ~ ru tlll\tenl.:e :m \1 "p ." c 1\ but .1 \II h It:h , h'lr,\( tefl1l' ..pMI.' (.lnd UI1IC' ), t l".ll1 I'r _
• 81 '.II rhe "mult . " " " . , l. , " I rrN'''\.I..ttn _ r n lf"t11K'
t. a RCf JU~ Ol('XIUt nce o f beinv.... SlIlll- I " ~ wa )'. E\' t' r )" ":U l1":Cpl 1\. ;l h\ .1 ~" s . J ~~ nr nes "

"
 . t Hi I[AN flA N MO"' fH I
ftt'lI
01 e6rmtft U; In , he ('t~trl . lUl.1hutiun ,1lld ': (tnllllUl t ~ Ml' Oht;lintJ 0 1 In t' tlIlJ !tIlt.lt y. fi nl y 10 th e mild ... of lhe- " Ilk ..
.• h . t' . :II. HnJcu--r YIn dw
lC'rlTI " IJ t'a . ere III It' "a11l1.ln \e ll\(': a " th .lU......L,1·· Of' "tn ln" m. ·· tII -t -
dwr ,1AArt'f:.lllolO 01 r .lrt\. Frof "r.h ·t" .I l\J till nme , on th c l·H I1.
ru u hty wh Kh c.m never hecnmc "ll n'J\Nlcd .. .,
It... . It "luc.. li~ ,1rtJ l-untlnUU~' tn .ll r fl·.-t',I... rhc ,' .u r-; ..iuce , (II ho trnw
UIC
•. l h h ' Kr. whkh un newn toe
..rr ... ~e nll'tI . us, t. e~ neganon nl \IKh.. n lUC"a I . , tfft.allt... don nt Jl
.....~\ tfk'.I"'ul.H~. tn t rart.. ,'If "1'.10.:(' a re th .. u~llI o f .t~.li nst lht h,,_
1-1" in tn , e rrc!>cn"'l' . lit No. rhm_gne..\ o r the n01h ln~ h IJ ( onlv · tn dw -no "'"
n..."Olf rot,ln unp a'ip... t-It !Ot,lllt~· . ..... hm lt.ltl' lO!o l'om lO~ aft er thi s tUI"lily.
( lI.:r (1t .1 nOlhm g.u' <.clf Im.lgmed or tdea]: " I h' . •.
Tbt Jorgumm l's l«ll nJ m,101t111 i... so Itl s rC.l k . ...o m p len1l'nu ry. h I " . . n t 1\ 'fII:llY do .... e .atulndw
form.1I co n... er t lit rue im agined nflthm. but never . h>c:
cnnulncJ 111 eee tor mu l ,l; "~r.I':c I" rl' r rt'ooCn tC'J ,Is all IOn nn e given . L
noIhlnR Il wU "
nup"tudt.. ht-iJ. l. .... hllft ..um.:it"ntl~· rrlln=~ il\> no n..o nce p tuo l ch.u.lc, lil-IJ .l.
H " I_J t~l'.
r Joe"
'no r her e de velop the r, .., .h , !nc
" .·" n" ...... U1u hn- d
tCT ~ no ...v nctrt mCll'mp.h~ in il-. " C~ si~nihc)[lon rh... mea ..ure of
L

t'!cin~". unl~. .I.:ce'''lb

I" ' lc. ..m th e m od. e 0 / the Ide. 3 He on·' ~ Indlcal" .Ih~
m t..-Im..ton . The' dthnlti"n of ehe concep t "ta ble" dOC"- nor info rm u, Ih .u I.., how II IS tor us" 110m: hem"cos.: · He d· hO'AC'\l:r "peelh ,. dUll
ot thr numhct 01 ut-It' t l;i,;nn~ 10 tn... wu rld . But the rcpreccm anon of .
the re h .Ino d ll·r \\ .lr o t gr.hplO~ [he to tahrv, n corw..t .. ln " nnJl . ooe-
. the rmd ..r " I hein~
'f'o&a I ' connectC'J ro ehe IJt.J of rhe mh n it} of I I\> p artv, M o re th an rhar,
......1/ in "l, d I ~
' ...... .I .....h ole.. .· " In ,hce nd 3nC't'oCntlJo
tM 1I16nlty 01 s.rJ,.:f I" antecedent. coming hef ore th c pa rt .. ·•...ut out"
{ In.:1I0n preLlIl.._ between .:omprc hend mg the tn'oC'mblc 01 ~ tn
0/ " . thrm..d H'" Jll d tmJIIl~ (Illc"C'lt III thc mid' i of ~In~.. ;t\ ;t .... hok.-·Tht"
nil 1inC' of .npunnlt. wh ich bring~ K.lnt to .::h.111C'nF:e l .e lhOll '" lo r· 1".In .I l1 u~"m 1\' th ... nn llun n f .. Bting'\!l.thc.-wurIJ " th.u W,l\ tk1.dortd
muJ.uion ui tht:' Pri ~l rlc oi tht Ide ntlry o f Indi'!>,·crni \llt·... 1t".Jd .. h im In
In 8rmt .m d ' ,1111'. \'t 'e ted oundn'" tn he In th c mid ..t of the m-.nn bk
Imrod1h.'l:' irunon.lh~' (non .:o n.:cptualit y) inw t he hea rt tlf hum.tn
"t Noma:" .... hrn we ",.,' th .u t'.J("h Ihi n~ "' g l\ t'\" or umcd.. tt'otU ,1U tn~ ..
kno'tloYJp'. Un .at I~ ou t~iJ(' the ...on ...-erl. wh .n rJ-di(".ll1y e\'ad,'s .111 .11 -
1>,1, L.£ruun,1. .IJul Ih ... h.)("k~ruunJ 1\ in lurn un,,-cllnt OIJ}lin..r ~
rcmrt at r.luc)lu liz.l tlo n. o r e\ 'C'n tx pl.m.H1on . I.. the faCt th at IhlOlt~ arr l'o.l.: L.t:.r..tm J . .... th.11 tro m b .lek~f(lund to hJ ckground ;)nJ from horuon
pvm In bl€ d nU11( . 10 ~P.lct' AnJ time, This. I he~i~ will find ", wa y \!lUI I II hur l/un II I" lm p......ihl e W c\'cr .lrriye 3t .ln ultimOltr. lin. 1toulltiJ.non.
Hu~'\ and Ht'i~C'r'" ph('nomcnol0lt~· Br ;Iffirm in lt th e !Ioe:n ..lhlc\ It l'o In till!> pru...c '" Ih a l we expe rtelKc rhe- nuth ln ~ tht c\.rc-r1nKC cC
autonomy from tht cono..-ept. it cha lle nJ:l.... thc m u st h;lM(" p rc..uppm l' .In' l el~ . thl .. nonr,,~'("hnlflgK3 1 feeling of th t rJJical ...o ntinl:C1K\· oi bt ·
bODi of tuJ lt tOCla l meurh~·\io . m~,, : " In th e ~b p r i n ~ 3Wa)' o f being.. o n l~' this ' no ho ld o n t hing:~' .:om~
m r r u\ .m d rt= m,lln'_ An\. Il'"ly rne;tb Ihe: nothm~" l ibIJ.), Thu,,- I t " to~
\lttU" of 3 ccrt 3in gr;t~r uf th e tOIo11It}· t h a i w e c'\pc nc nce tht i«lln~ of
CRffiCALPHILOSOPHYAND PHENOMENOLOGY
.m x ll"[~'. III finilud e:. tit rh t"nmh in g. tli non-hcln~ eh olt 1'0 IU'••1\ . of &tnlt-
The connc"aK1f1 that u nitC'\ thc phen nn1enu ln gical u .1Jitiu n ttl Ctm cat But .11 th l· S.l m l· [1m " we undcr\ und wh y wc " hnllt ~mg~" ':.In onl\
rtn lowophr can b.: m:adc ~C111 mott' u'o<: ful .1 nd e)(.1.:t . It will enahlc u .. to ltrJ" p the C'n'o('mhle 0 1 hei n~.. In them ..eh'es th w ugh .1n IJr .l. It I" In i.l,,·1
1>m:C'f :ap;"f'C'CUlt tk tm pu rt a n..t' u f K.1 nt \ ac....lh... IIC' w ithi n th e ~cn('ral Ihe ..e"'lmd W;I~ 01 gra spi n~ th e WIJ h ty ot bClIlg.. Ithe ..tindtn j:.o nC"odl
hblOf]l 01 the trnll. bet.....«n the auru nnm il.1tiu n of th l' <;l·O'tih le and th e in the Illid~t o f bcin~ .. a s j whulc" ) whh.:h pren nr-. Ih t" hh[ W.11 from
«I,rw oi the n\('uph~' Mcal ligu re n f th e di ,'ine . being ,m y thi ng o lh l'r than 3n hl e.l \111 the " .Intian ",·n..d .
10 V;f,,J/II M"r"phyllcsf . HeidC'AAer d i , t i n gtl i ~h('~ and o ppu, c<; tWO \X'e Coill cUJl\" incc ull r,!> ,'h e~ e:.l..ih- th.1I Iht"' C' 1\\'\1 nOlllln" ," (l u lln
,ch UN C'Il nnl MJm fA the tuulllr o f bci np,.. o r n f the e-xi ..teot [51'/('11'/. Jre horro well fro m " .m l if we IC'~;llI: hr.1 til JII wh .\! I\.Inl lInJc....t.1nJ
rurr'i. A. he ..10k. hi lOw-if abt,ul the mcanin~ Ilf nOlhlllg lle!o... under' oy IJ... ;l . lh l'n Ih l. d efinit iun ' h e gino.. llf " lOhOlte ~l\cn m.l\tnl1uJc1..
M

M,If"IJ ".lM " rad lu l ~Unn o f th t l., t;tilly of th e: cxi,tcn t ," : H ci ~k~' I\J nl 'IJtnl with g re.}t d M;!)' In Ih e I'wlc .r::nmrnJ ,,, All f,,'"'' \ kt.r·
IN 'C"fll'Urb ttut 1M r\{.tln n of thc " 1fIu ht), flf Ih l' ex i ~te n l" hrin ~" up ,t plry51c5 ( 17~ \ ) lIu' Ihnl " t1l.1t " IhI.' tt1I.1ht\· til .111 (',....I1'- lt e'f'C"'"IC1""t
. 1 ",.h'rm: " ht,,., ,h.~ld ....'t'. whn a rt' c\u:ntia lly hOlle, m 3ke Ihe ltl1llhl'lI.l 1lcxper i"nn': ' vef rrn Mln.. i,n I(' J 'III1",1 nt ,-r-o n 1.1"10. , ..,,,,1-
tr.nk <If b.1 pt'1W:1rolhk In Ihcm'oCln' J nd o ped .llIy lo r u..? We ca ll g" /I"l ..... h O'o l' men' H'rrl"~enl.tlltln m l ulr..... " In.- rt' ('1Iturl~ Jl th'1ftIoI
"' COft!u rt up tbe- whole f4 hcl ll~\ in.ln ·llie:I.''' 'film Ihc pur... lflll..e!," u t lh(' unJ l'r 1.111J I!11o:: · \\ n.ll 1M MrJo ~I'o-
TM lUI'" 0' ttcoI thu \ "ppc-..n til he:- .Iel t' ..... h l... eml }' in Ih e ",od e OJ
u
 ' .... If
IH I IC A N Il AN M O~ t H I
"" ntT" he' p ,"n1 in inruuion : it i ~ Ih\l'. 1Il."J.:.u i\'dy tfd illl'd
ftUn
.1\ :I
,,-Un«'J't of IT,lwn 10 Whl,,·h no ... I<">.1 u.1ll." uhWCt ,,-.10 ht' , ce.
"n
olher ha nd , It u ly IS .1 rt'fHc'..c:lllaWIll. hut nUl '11lC
.. .. " ' ,
,h., •
w ever p"m.. I
• I
, " 111\' " t h tl u ~ In , not knn..... n, vince 1M t he £" '1 ~
rhtouP the ~W'"Jo:' ro~Iu\"C·I~ l"1ln~i.le-mJ. 1~!l:3~.(Jn ly pm n r to 3 ••~: I'" ' , _
I
n.... .Ina~, tl on " f C'p-
rt'''tl11" .1 1.I",k. ,10 IIw n . -n lClIl to add u p indc:tinn d y the bank" Ih'l( KM'nU
Icm.- .I t,n L.; u'!o in th l.s Ih.lI ( h t"~· h ,H eoi rt"~IlI~tI\'t" ~ ~3ge .l imt"\lat~.
COI,,,lru,,t...
hftJ ur a ~ p.te-m d efined .I , the "uruty o f " .HlOI I" tit"Ms o f kno wled C' Th e"e tWII co nce pt io n'> of th e tUlallfy are nut unconnn:1 l'd. Jond we
under nne lok.l." J Tr.m scen dcm al id ...as th u!> arm a t cOO\lit uti ng a ,~.
cou l.1 even S.I)' rh.n nn e fo rce... the ol hC'r tn beun l~· an ldc,l. It U ", I~
trm oi t1prnt"fl<-"t' to " hi,,'h t~ mvitc the under sra ndmg. This sYs 'c~.
1n1I"l'o, i"'le to survey Sp d~-C. til e nclose it in a rep rnc-nla tJOn .'h~ It
.uK rot.lh ~. wh i.:h .....oc ld I'C.' mJoJe up of the ..ucce ....iH' u nction u( tht' .1 lw.ly' p r,,·ceJc,'" th en ,the dct ualiLdliun of Jo n .Ichin-ed ')' llcm ot cxpc.
lIonnp .."Ol'\Hruet~ b~' science n If. a l w.l ~' s re mams 3" Id('3. me3ning oil ncll.:e 1\ : 01 1'\0. tor ever impossible. Th ese ~ n"t h lll l;\" th J I 3rC' the :a prton
" U!oL.- to accompli sh or. alo the third Critique pUts it. a " p ri ncipl e of (orm " III 't·n'>l h ltu y alw ays guara ntC'l' an cxuriu rn) Irredu cible ( 0 rep-
rrtiaTion.·· rt'St nt.tUHI1 .ln J • .1'" .. uch, Ihey rC'SI.,1 : IIlYJol1empl at ;I dO'>urC' .01 the ~,. ..
But eheee is ~('t a no thl."r w a ~' o f g ra spm g the tot ah ty, t he o ne a irtlt'd rcm of ('xP('(;('llcc.
lor In the dchninon of Sp.1CC- an d time-a ) " in fin ite given m3gnitudn: ' ln
.. chaprer of the- CntJ4u~ of Pur(' Reason ennrled "On the Am phibnlv
THE SOLUTIONTO THE ANTINOMY Of TASTE,
at rht' Conat'" of Rd k ction: ' space .lnd rime a re ca tegorized as form',
FR.OM THE IN DMDUAl TO THE SUBJEO
at " nothing- [nrs U'f.lgin.:lriurn l. Th ey a re indeed. (o r.1 sunple rC'.1 !>On.
nottung In coesoce sn ess, Fo r there 10 be co n..ciomnC"'is there h .H 10 he: 'lhi-, rel.mu n III finitude to th e ranonalldea of "y\ (cm ma kn ~PC'.:ull~
s''T1rbais and th erefore application of tbe caregcncs, a nd rh a r ca ll ()nl~· .:!t'Jr what (ypt. U( col unon K3Ml wi.,he.. to put forth. con.:cming the
happen if there I~ ,1lread y ;I comeor in the inruitinns, Pu re time an d pure J nrllllJm ~ " f (.)'1' . in h i<; (;rJti,,/(c' of the FJcuff)· of JIIJgrn~t (o r CrJ-
~" ,ltC Ih u~ OC\" pe rceived in them selves. but nnl)' wh en the re is ;I " 0/1It' ,,/ Ju,IWIlt'lIt III the English tr adi tio n]. Fo r uppe¥om ~ reaso ns. both
content 21n:'2J y «reared m time. SP3CC .1nJ lim e. 3S horiz ons beyond d.1.,"lc.l1 ranon•.,h .,m an d scnsuahst ernpinosm shuc- th e' S.:lm(' lJoihn~:
the bound\ oi ;ln~· cc-pcC\CnUtlon. a cC' Ih us nOlh ing.. wh k h n c\'crthd('s~. Ihe~ le.lJ tu fo u ndlll g the: ··cu mm o n ",('me" Ih:tl C'mC'rgt"o JocounJ the'

u y. K..1m• .loce " "oOmeth m g" ; p ur e sp3 ce a nd tim(' .m: ··ec ru in ly loOme· bC':tul ltul uhle"t '" , u,,'h a b ..h in n th .u ..u ~j C' ctl n ty becomes. '100 to "rut.; .
dll ng 2i fo rr", of m tUltion. b ut 3r(' not th em se h 'e.. intuited (> b jl.'c l~ : · rt'inC'd 3nd there by nega ted_ Am on g Ihe d.r '~Kim . the: f'C' rwn,tlity "re---
nus ddinition oi cmpl)' ~pa .:c 3 'i no t h ing n~ 'i t: n3bl e~ us to bcner Clri" to the :Iu lho r of a juJgmen t of fa "lC' i~ d is,o;ol\'C'd in " unn-('f'U1
Lmdc~ the not'lon o' mfi nite gil-en m agn itu d e. It d oe .. l1ut .If all rC'a\on tha t beh a,'es q uite dOgITl.rti"ally to wa rJ th t' p:trtlcu l.tr. Amon,: •
mC'2 n that ~C'w= 1\ JQ\C'O in tot Jli r)'. in irs infi n it y. in a represm tatioll_ emp in"lsls. th e ~ u b j e " t '~ p Jo rtl cu larity dues ~rtm . Jot fi ~t . 1('0 bt" rn--
K.am IS ddinirin on rhli point ~ h e n he w ci t c-~ in ;} text a ga ins t Ehec· '>en 'ed; h ut in Ih e end int C'r"uhjt·cm ily i ~ rC'duc('d to .I rurd ~' nulC'rul
turd rh...r It 1\ ImJKt"~ibl(' .. w 'iut\·cy th e .....hole o f in finite gi\·en spa ce. 10 principle. to the id e;l of ;I psychiC ;lnd or g.ln ic Slcuctu cc ~·u mmon to"
~r pdt« In (~t rC'p rncnl;ltlon what nn ct CC3!>e'>. a s if it We re 'io m(' ~pe" ie, (If in d ivi d ua ls. Fru m th .lt po iOl on . th(' .lC'lothC't:ic ('xrn1ena
dunlt . ·h"h tnch ,.omn,·h" rC' . • • Th" u n dc rslanding ca n l"n .;o m p3!-sth e n( cd, nor h ing further th at i!- spec i fic.lI l~' h um .tll. the" 8<;autl fu! i!lo ~1 ..
In nile nu mhrc than \t"m ib iliry u n : ' T h at space i'i an in h l1lle gin m ,'arkty of th~' pll"'lsant . ilnd the.ln of (U{l k;n~. rht' m\lJd io r JoC"lothc1:k:)
IlUJlllluJc mun\ on ly that it 3Iwa) ''> 31rcady e)\'cr!>tep!l ;t n~' n: p resent3· in gen eral.
1"-"1 And., 2' such. 2\ an {)\Ct\tc p p ing, it is ,h i.. lloth in g w h ich is yer nl i~ is IhC' q Ul.stion r;li..cJ ill' th ... ,ultlln lm~ of 1.Ist(':: hom t\l L.rt'J'
.. lOftWdu nK-" Thl\ COffin ..llI wn 10 uYlng th.1t eJUr fin it ud e is itsel f un· lh(' iell'" oi J po '> sih l,,' uni\ t· r"J li t~: oi [.l"r~·. Wllhu ut th e-PC1llCirk ~lIlhl"
Imvtcd. ma l WC' .1ft' in nnitel y n nllC, II sp a .:e i\ an in finite gin ·n UlI;llirl co nm m n w o'c IIl'g.mng d ~lIhiecti \ ity ~·om:cl' cJ llf in .:I n\lnmt'l.1J'hr"
(multmi nr" ~lfutc-d hy the: :tu :n 11f1f1 u f pam.). it flC'vC'r b ll<; w irhi n , iea l, l1ol1-" 3Il1hrupologi.:.lI'· \\'.1)'• .IS nl.1n\ hUI1l.lIll~' ~ II \h.1U ,,1.tmC
.2 t-e1'tc"n "u fM-In but (.Ifhl·f ')'{Cf,\('1'" .all rC'prC''>Cllta t ion . Th i<; " o n' r'
b.1Ck co rhl· non -" .un hru po lo gicJoI " ch.tr.l~-t('f oJ 111.111\ hum.tntt,. LaWI
,. .. c.alkd MDUlh intf' hy IYnt. a nd [hi , nuth in~ j", u "d f [he in this Chd l' h' r.) In ot her \\'o rJ", huw to thm k J""I ht'tI\- lnlrf'U~"tIH.)
.......od. .... our fil1ltvd" . 'fl u: [/Jullt )' th .u the kle,l ai l11\ fllr . "n Ihe lI.·ithu llt gruulIJi n~ II eithn a ll .t JIl~IIl ..ti.: '('.l~lfI N ,1n of ,...- .....

•• •
 THE KAN TIAN MOMENT
, . ,';111 hril1 l!- (O~~ t hl' r the u blt"U ' undO', · .I
\\ "" _ ~ lOthlt l:U lion .
.I I "~ ,ln d IIn l' c rcu te .\11 l' mp itl cal Cun,_ , h' into "' \:OTTl mo n
\. . - . 'pIOWIl.h .... h
na nu ' , I II Ih i ~ vimple ope t .Hio n. rh l ' fi \l C' (on . C ca n ;)IU l. .a
111 _01 lilt' n-tlccnve illl I~ ll1l' nt - arC' .l1 , J
\ !lIUI I\"!: moment of n
' rr C'C.
II • _ _ Cd Y ptC'l C'nt :
" I. Err..r oj .111. the .ll::u vlly o f retlccn -, I
. I . . . ', 1 on l u r y proceed.. from th
P ,J ( t m m thl"1nJ '\'iJ 1 h '
P.H IK U I.I.f t o t 1. UOI\l ' _ UJ llot s gcneral cl )
1.. 'I Il,' 1-:('11"( .11 to r the utuver...1Il i.. nHI , . h f C .1'ioS •
~n en C o re the- ,;jCllVit., of
rdkl"II 1111 IHn on Iy I hr()u ~h II .lnt.! ahe r I I - h h i '
_ \\ crem t C' ret C'-.:t IVC luJ il:-
nll'IlI j.. tlw u rpn..u e of Ih l' llctn mmJ nt ind eme 'h 'h
.. er n, \\ 10.; 1l.1H:<l from a
1I1l1\,u...11 we .lln-old y have ttl Ihe partiluIJ r ;ll\",h .
• , \.l u, l,;On\tl lu le.. on l\' .tn
.1rrli..:.u ioll of th e uni versa l .
J . Ah hllu ..:h t~ll' ~encr;tl i, nut given av a I:Oncepr or oil determ ined
1.lw';u rhc hq~Hl lll llg nf rhc rctlccnve o pcr .llilm. Ihcr e i, .111 the- \.Imt' .In
IIlJc b·n n in.U!: htlr i/_o n o f e_x pc":I.ltinm \Crvln!:, a, d ue or. in K.lnt \ ex-
r rc" ion . {Irlllo ph ' to retlccnon . In o ur ('xam ple thl\ pnnuplc l'u mC"\
im nl the louie (It cl a..'>( · .. . It Clllhi,h In the C'lr'\'cta lln n ur th e require-
1Tl1'!U rh.ir th e rc.. t W ill let It ''tClf be cla ....ificd .m d thl!' co nfnrm to lo gic.
The UIlI\T r,.11 rhc n exivrs, not .lS .1 co ncept, bUI In thl:' v am , nf ldea. IIf
.1 rl·~ u l.ll i \l· prin ci ple tl f reflection .

4. Th i.. opera tio n implicitl y SUPPO"I:, tha t il i.. rerie"I~' w ntin gcnr
wh erhl'r th e: rC;11 d o es o r d ol:" nut correvpond ro th e impcr.1ti\'r\ of 109!_
':.1 1 r. mon.rhry [hat we do not im pos e o n 11. but III which we ..ubm it il;
noth ing Sto ps us fr o rn thi nking t hat Ih C' rea l could \'l"l well nttl \,JUl't~'
our sub iecnve req uiremen t o f logic..1 sptcm .1ticity...0 th at finally we
could co n..nt utc ne ither genera nor spec ies. To deny Ihil propocinon
wou ld be [0 po stulate the r.n iOll.llily o f the rC'J I .1 prim i and , In the hn.ll
.lll,lly, i,. to u n cc again gra nt ub i {,c l i ,' i t ~ hi th e iJI'J of a divin e point oi
view [rom which th e world would b e: whollv in tdhgihlc.
5 . T Ill" ac nvu v o f rcfh-cno n rhu-, tur ns ou t 10 be JI th... o rigin oj J
' :tti, f.l clio n Kant ~;l ll s aesthe tic . ;tnd w h ich refer.. 10 tho: no tion of Ii·
lu tHy. 1I1'1"3 lJ ' l' the real, after rhc dl'consrructioll of m{,IJphy s; c~ and the
ontologica l orgu mcn r•.rp pcn rs f.h lica!ly conn ngvnr wh en co mpa red to
Ilu r requi reme nt fo r rnnonah tv, th e rd ll'ct in~ subje ct can expcncn..~
pll·.lsm l· Whl·n. h .w in g h .ld llO gU;Ha IltCl' o( it, hI' tll'~ern's ;\11 .1~rCl·l1Iem
ht 'IWe:l' ll l h l' fl',l l and hi s rl'q uire nll·ll1s.
T hl·.....· fin ' IlWl11l.!lt S o f the rdll'ct ing ;1I: ri\'ity 11\.1ke lip th e Illtll~J1C
. I . 1 which prr>t,ll·s
, t r Ul tiU l' ot th l' i ll d~mc lll u f ra ste. As 111 I l l' 0 1'{'f.1tIUl I
tI"cr I . .. , . . Ih ' 111'.1(If S\',r elll. thC' IllC'.l
r I I.' ct l·.HlOll Clf l·mplltc.l cOllce p ts. Ill S I I '. h'-il
llf .1n Clltlrely i ntel li~i h le wu rid - tlll' \'l'ty Ol1e Got! woulJ ~t'C-\' ' '
h
... Ih '
(" pnncipk ollh... .1csthdic rdlt-cUlm ,
. An J t h.1f S' rhe !'i' •N lll \\h ,\ t C'
87
UtUE
nrwn Jrtin itlon 01 th e hc~u t i fu l Oh 'l·...'1 .I" on e .tha t rt'l'nn cllt'S natur
a nd "pnlt loo k fo rw ard to the rheo n es III ro mmncrsm. Th e Co nnt' . , e
L. _
......ftn tlK 1~.3 0 t \y~ t("m .lS r n.n...-1r
L _ " .1 _ . Ie ot I'dlecn
" _ecrto n an d the dcn nltloll
l.:tlon
' ,
oi the tlC ~utl ful 3.. th e reco n...-i!l.1uon ot sc n .,slh l!lf1,·' a nd in td li"cn
'" cc call
be' ~rN ~ucCl nctly : d C":\o pue_ lh e'd em onstr;ltlo n ut th e 11Ius.o rinC'.... 0 t I ht
l.le.. oi God. th i:\. IJ('~ cont mu~ to pl.l~· .1 re~ul.1tory m le tor all intd1 t'e
rU41 arovll,l. h poi nts to rhe un~lllsnat'>l(' but fore ver present J(,lnan~
fOr .. peri,eo- r~non.1lil.lrion ut rbe real . a nd t herefo re fo r a co mp lt'tt' SCIENCEAND BEAUTY; THE ENDOF THEClASSiCAlIDfAl
sc bwmpnon oi the sensual marrer of kaowledg... u~d l: r a n intdli~blC' OF AN O BJECT1VlfY O FTASTE
fo rm {rhe ca tegonal serucnrre j. Sta red more d ea rly: tn con f()fmlt~1 with
The C'xa.::l . -h ltercIKC' betw' een the tud grnent of knowled eugC' Itee
Lnbniz ', rhi lo<.oph ~·. If \lo C could 'O itUJIC o u rselves at God '~ po int of . L "- •
UI;l;C'fnU-
OJnt l ud~lll l'llI ) a nd• the_ [udg rnem u f taste (rd lC'(l l\ c judgmCfll !. W10U
. L Id
,,"ic'-A'. mere .....ould n o lo nge r be an y d istin ction for us between th C' sen. J ,I
I:o l' nlJ uC mo re prl'cl$l: In o roer [ 0 b nn g to hght the ultimate gro und for
toit-Ie and the' m relligibl e, intuition and concept, parn ...rul a r a nd u nl\'C'r"al.
Ihe JI \tlOCt!nn thai th e solu no n to rhe annnomv of U"tC' eftC'Cl" between
nature and sp irit . etc, That such a po int of vie ..... can neve r he ou rs, th,lo[
J J i Spll ld llO. In ",,'h lch sub jecnve pa n ieul.lr ity i~ canceled .....nhm an un-
It cannot, fu rthermore. relanvue man's fini te po int of view, 1<, the C'Tld
rcri ou~ r.mnnahty. a nd discusuon, in w hich the umC' pa rtieulam v.
rnuh of thi.. pUf('I~' IJeal st.lms. It remain s nevert heless true thai, .1" a
whil e rt:m .t1mnl: p a rncu la r, aim -,nonetheless to expand. up to the POI~t
mete- requiremen t oi reason. rhe Id ea o f God o r of w srern ca n .11 nrne,
of dJlmln~. without demon str ation. .....ithou t the mediano n of .a con-
be, if not rnntd~' " fulfilled" tlUnt sa l " " presented"], at lea st pJ rt ialh'
cept. un n l·r"a.hty.
or " ..vrnbchcally" cmKed by certain o b jects. The Beaun fulr s. p reci vely,
Let u-, tiN ul .rll convider the case of a judgmem airmng at sc-ientil1c
one of thc\e objects: a~ a p.zrll.:l1 reco nciliation o f n ature and spint, ul
uh lCcti"lt) . In p rccr tncal p hiloso phy, and opC'.::iall~· in CartC'S IJntsm. tM-
\C'TI Ib lilty and concep ts. it fu nc tio ns .1<, :1 co ntin gen t rrace -c-depcudem
probl c m of ob jccn vitv i v, accor di ng to Kant . put in the follo.....ing terms :
on thc real it~f-of th is necessarvldea of rea so n. Reflectio n's 11"'e con· 10 3 sk if ou r rC'pre~cnt.llions o f o~icct'> a rC' " tr ue" is to tr y to Imo w ii
1ou m li "e momenn will thu~ be prc se nt in the judg me n t of t3Sle. wh ich the)' a rC' .lde q uato: to the oblect a<,11 exist.. in it~lf. o utloiclC' m~' rC'p r~­
procttd~ (1 ) from thC' p3 rt icul ar (th e beauuful o bjec t ) to the un i\'ersal latlon. It we rellen o n thi s .:::udully WC' will reali ze thai. put rh.lt w.n .
the- rcoqulrcmmt of a pC'rfect un io n of thc sensihle and th C' in td ligihlC')i the pro bil' m o f tl b je'::li,,-ily is inso lublC' a pr io ri: Il y dt'fimt ion I can nC'\'er
(2) 'A-ithout a det~incd concept (thi~ req u irement p o ints to nothing kn ow wh at tho: o b ject is m itself. with ou t my ob scn 'ati on oi it, B,· Jqi .
'Ah idt wuld fu rnish the \ uho.t anc c of a oopo etic a u " ); (3) and this SlnCC' "it/(m. th e o h jt'Ct I'm co nsid ering i~ .llwaylo .In oltjeel for m~ . .In obIt'\.'
only the Ilka o f God o r o f s)'uem ca n h ere p ro vid e th e pr inci ple for uf "', ' repfl'~ent.ltion a nd . to kno w w hat thi s o bject i~ In itsd i. I wo uld
rdlrctl oo; '<4.1 the exi..tenc C' u f the be au tifu l o hjl:c t b ein g l'o n ti nge nt in han~. so to SpC3K. to lea... e my consci(lusncs~-whi ch i". of (ouro,('. 1m-
rd an on 10 Ih ,.. idea: (5 ) the 'iimi la rly co ntinge nt agree ment bet ween a ro~!»ihk In th e p rca itical p hilo soph iel>. in Ih.: rhilmorhi~ \loh u: h con -
p.1rricular rea l and the u ni... C'ro;al req u ireme nt fo r systc m a tici ty b ringi ng c~'ivc of th e c()~ito as a sub ject c10 seJ III upon ih consci ou sn("j.s. ~~ a
.boI.lI an lhc1i, pkasurt' . mon ad pri~olll'r of ilS o w n rerlo:~cntJIlOns. thl' H'r~ r(l ..~ rioning o~ thC'
problctn of o h jl'l:tivit\· can o n l\'. folll1wing K.ml , I<JJ llllJI~c 'iO!Utll n1io.
D 1
l 'tte .....,lution to tht- antino my of tam ' h er e find .. it .. cx p l:1 n:lti o n ao
fl.meanlnJ4. Unl llr:c w ha t c!a\"ic.l \ rau on a!i\m m ain ta ins , rhe 11Id~mcot O ne o f Iht'm co nsist...· in h.wing G oJ into: n 'C'I1< (the Ji,,'i nc gU.lrJnt« dr
nf U,tl' I~ ont ba'Cd nn dderminlJII! co nc ep h (or ru le!»); it i.. thu s im' tilt. prcc~rahljshl'd h a rm on,,) to ;hSllf l' the ,'on n« 1I00 ~lw('("f1 the ••at--
P" bit f O "ar~" abtrot II .1\ if it ....e rC':a lud gm ent (If <,d l'n ti l1c kn o wl· jCl't tor u~OO a nJ th l' " th il1~ 'ill ilSd f" (or ..... hJ[c\'(·r is J C'!'oi jtn.ucJ.I" " II..-hl.
,.., YC't M.. hut thcu·hy w nflnnl tu IhC' purC' C'lllp ir ica l ~u blectivity .of ihl: U1 hcr ilo the Skl.ptic i!»nl of wh ich Ber keley's phll'Nlrh~'_ I~ the m<.l.'d
w.... t1 ftU' It rn a un the p rC"Wllce of a n u h jcct w h k h , if it i.. bcau
n1ul
~p(.'ctJcular eX.lnl p lC'. Thus, ei lhe r WC' gnmn,l lIlICrl>\lh(',;tl\lt~ on d\C"
"e "'-ll MU"pf rh.at ItM I~ u lr:e III ;uKu mC'nl ). w ill a w.lke'n .1 ne (c'Os;l." dU~m.ilIC inte r\'l'n lioTl o f .1 d eu s C'lI m.I.::hl n,l. or w< IYlIoun..:e ,~t<"..:tu 11'
OIl rca",,,,,. . . .tKh ( h m mUII III hu ma ni ly. It i.. thro uJlh rd er rill)! (tl O'
 THREE
..nd accept comple te relativism o r, as they called it in Kant \ d.l.}· h
, p il,~
TH E I(A N lIAN M OMENT
sophical "egoism."
.I"".... ·u l ... my t crt c"<"nt. uio n " \\"nhullI ukinJ(. in l... .accoun t the law and
As we ha ve seen, the antin om y of [,)..1(' rep roduces tn l\ vtrucr II" crllerl" n. the .I"~I"'I.llIun~ I rrtl,lll~l' w IIL h:1\'(' no Oh IC' IIVlI 3nJ .... 111
. " u~ ln
m.IOY......ays. The Cn t iqu e of Pure Reo1$cm .u gues rhar \\T h.l.\'c to Col u ·tTI,,1 l" purcl~ ..11(" ...";I1\t". y
out.t "refutation o f idealism: ' 10 go beyond thc \l('"T'(linh 'It dnR_ rtr
" •.1111:
\\'1: .ml "l Ih ndur... J' ''t1nKui~h . "linin ,t. • L , " phi-
, n...Spn... 1'!' 0 1 m eor enca .
~ r s k cp ~ic cogiros a ~ d define f)b~ ('cri "' l ty mdepe nde nrly uf th(' htlhl ln\of '...." pln. betw een tW11 h 'pn Itl .h ~n"; i ,,l t IHn .· .'11e P IU t"Ir e'm pl"Cd
.. I tfpC'
mr en onw and ex renon ry to \\ hl eh th e mo nad ic I:Unl('pUOlh of tn" ..ub. " 1'1 ,, 1'1 h.... 1."1 .1 ..ubj ecuve mcarune... 'md ,L ', ' _nv.... Wnll:n
ne O('lII:.. L' L rrnur-
iect im p licitly rder. Oh jce li,,·it }·. III c ritical p h ilm.uph}. WIll on lun g" 1" "1"" rh e IIltr " Tllllun III ,1 ... 'nl"l'pl. Ih.n i... IIi .I rule' of ..)"mn c..i, .II th e'
designate w h at is e xternal (0 repr ('..c n l~ ~lo o bUI rather Ih e 1I0u''' '''.. II\" >"Inll' Iln ~ J ,·I"·l lIun.lIr .llld ..t r lrrlnlnlhl "' .n, . ,.
Ii
. . . '
I '
".In"". m Ill.nu ng .II
valid charncrer of prnpo..ition\ w h ich encctu.ne .10 .!"~),,;"I .lt1lln u r \VI' . IhC' \• .11 111I lro u" ,.1 m e w 1111(' 1.....·...llnK 111) 1'1 1:01..1 IUlln II:It III fight. l ceuld
thes i.. of rep rescm mons. " ~ u hjc,tl"'(' .m d , )b jtXli\(' " il l then be or~ ter-l••11 t he pur e,," >uh ,n IUC' Ie\d ul J'l'h C'I'1I011. Ih.lI 11'1... wJ.1I "(' lIi..t\
as 30 asvocianon of rcpresemauons \".IIiJ unl~" 11Ir me •.l nd .111 "''''0("1\:,.1,
It. '11I Idl 't) tl c h !. ·· Htl i II ... d l'" JI th.lI .I pl"p'''''Uon lulln,I .....l on \IKh .l

tion of uni ,,·ent.1J1y valid rep resem.nion-, rand here Ih ten.u b!('..' I\It} h It"'!tIIJ.: ha-, n.. Ilhlr.tl\lI~ .In,l lh.ll. 111 ln un. 11'11' p.trh "f the ",,,,11 cxi..r
.....IIlIlII.IIl('... I .. I ~: ' th .n I thU d o,,· h..a \1: I .. " f"I "' u rhl'm toget her," 10
de6 nil i.."d }· placed Jt the heart ul ub kl:U\'n ~' ) . \X'" ..h.1I1 h .l\e to dl..lln_
"vv nrhr-azc" t h e m. I" .. upcr....Jl' In~ puu"-Ill.u pl"h'C'rllnn ...nJ .u ri\'( .It
guisb betwe en repr esem mon.. \.IhJ o n l}' for me I ~ u b l " ,: m el and 1ho"C'
"hll·...l"lI ~ ,
which a re uhi,·erS.1Il}' \·.IhJ (o b lC'l.-li\ d h~ ~ojn l: 10 th e rcprC"Chl.Jnfln~
I h t'" \c,I~ rhe 11I\1"1I1e111 , ,1 tJ'le fUI"'l" ," ' "h'luIJ be J ..·. ,;n h.cJ an re-
rbemselves o r, rather, til Ih elt \ ' ,\(I H U " ,,}nth("o('''• .1hJ no l \ln~ r Ihruu~ I.Ill " n I" th,·"C' IWu " pc.. 01 d......... I.1I1" n" r m p ltl ~ ... 1 \lIhje.., ,,r 3.""n~i.t..
ref erence 10 ~ n (''I(1crh.11 " t h lll ~· i n · lt..e h : · 11" 0 . ( " " .. t·puI.l l uhlt'" ..-c Ul' .h "'ll l.tllUn l. It 11\ t old p.Utlop.llc<o i n hellh
The 1.1..k i" Ih u... Itl hm ww .t ~.Im H u,,"C'" r l\ IlIrm ul .1. Ih.l t (1!I=-WUnd· "u huu t th "'r"'h~ bClU",lOJ: IJ CI111l.l1 " lth ('111'1 1" . I"hc !C'('linJ: (If t-e.IIII}'-
ing - l ran~('n dC'nn" " ((Ib jel:l i\l l)'. intc ,...u hl C'CtI\'n~' ) wuhm ··Ullm.lnrn,"('- .ll , ,, n llO): to ,h ..- .t n .ll~ "... dC' \dupt"J In rhe Ih lfJ ( :. 11141'1'- .111.1IhC' .u....·
{w lthu u t "('xirinl: fn.m" rC'prc..enl.Ju un..). T he d l't erm lh,JOI "(1t=ntl h, thell ..· 1'1"'.l..lIr(' Ih al .K O '"'p.Jn"·' II af c helm oi J .. ff('..... J """c.i.lli" n It(
juJltlhcnt ai m!>.11 "ol:h .1 lr.Jn "l;cndcnl: c . Let u " look .11 t he e x.lmple ot th e 1lI1.1 ~in .lli( 'I1 : \\ hen t hca hoi I"'C'h rt'lll 'n ,,1 .1 ht".IUllllll nk j(,'I . Ihe
a juJpncnt ~t 3 Ii n~ the re I" .1 ..·J u".tl re b u on bctv.("('h tW( ' rhl.· numcoJ . lII1.1 t:in.ll ion. "Ihe m o,,1 pcl\\C'tful $I"'H//./I' 1.1111 11 )':' .1 "\oI ~,.-i .l l rJ i n1J~C<O
T v.o dcmen no l."Ul1le inln plJy w h Kh .I11n ..... 11". JI;C Il('dlll ~ Itl t..:..Int .IO I \\,.th "\lt Ih,,, hn\.. m~ ur t-f llIA Ih .t il )' "' ,J ~ re~II I.IU·,1 h)' .l \·nn~crt . h nm
d..1im obi« 1i\ it)' in the I", l; of t he ctk<t to th e (:.III..e :
_ \'etc 11 1"\1 h.1\·e to h.H'e.l Uhl\('r".,1 rul e (t he d et c rm lO.lOt l uJ ~C'n l
I th,.. P llll1! u l \ 1"\\ . Ii'll" Im JJ:,m u\' Illll'rrl.l\' I ' dl'''C'f Itl .In fll1l'inC.J1 " lI h -
W...II\ l' ."' ..." ...·l.tlll.n Ih.m 111 .1 rq.;ul.tIN "ylll h""I" .:aill1eJ .It rfl K.l lIl."i n ~ 3.
pructtl.ls. from th e Uhl\·c t', 011 til Ihc r artKul.tr ). In th iS 1:.1"1," II I" the ,, 1\·lIt lli... lud ~lIu· nl. nu l .lh hn uJ.:h Ih" Il1lt'rrlJy ... "jUIII: Itf ... In th .ll il
p rinciple of ca u!>.d il}. 31:CO rJm~ to ""h IC h e \" er ~' cttco.! n' ·I:"'''3rlh h..." a I olon" n" luk. n nphlll): lle..l'r1hdr.... tJI. o pl.l"-(, ,11 1/ II fllllllWeJ .t
....·n .l ll! " I CI~h. :· .1\ Il lh n!' " C'rt·. 111 "' J.nt \ own form ul,JIJI llI. .1 ·· l e~ ...llI}'
Ctu...e.
- But fo r it to lx· tr ul)" iio("wTU ln(' • .IhJ nut m e rcl ~ mcuph }"'1"·,,,I. Ihl"
la ..... mu st al so pr m "iJ " a cri ll'noll uf .lr r hl::lllOIl Itl rh('nomen.l. ,>.nl"C
I III the , ,,n lln~t'" m. " .1 k~.llny \lolthn UI l:o n("(·r t . Ln ITlU"'\". Ihe :ttl \ee m·
1II1=-1~ In... m. "'t J l"t.mt Iro l11 Ih r Ih('llfCII,,;.,1 . phH e IhcI" ,IIlW .t IIfter \ 1111
ph cllo meh a .I11 13ke rlJCl:' ill tim e. liw rnm:;pl e u i c.lu , .l lu y will Jrpl~
10 a n)' "u ccC'ts io n of whi..:h II c.m he l.· xpc runellt.1l1y· ..h(lw n . hy 1·,.... I ;m n ~
I .m.. III ~' (, ' \\ uh \ l. lnn l. th e , u und•.1IIt! Int'" ,,""(lI,,"i.1Iiom u l 11I1 ;I ~l" Ihe)'
btlll ~ fu rt h III 11 \ ""~' 111 In lot'" ",,;:.1II11e..l. C.Cl:llllO ht· \ Hu\"tu fni;t\ if th t'"}'
h .I J .ume 'tC"n ",·. .... II llin ' \ \ Jnl.....I III \.I} "tI 11Il\·thlllg (..... hi..h why' II1 U-

I
,;a riables, th.n it i ~ ir'~I 'I"Ts j1Jlt· .
.1...· , .lll \ 1' (,d",ly. "1Ihl lll; UUf ullJl·"I.lI1Jill~ hI''''''' .." , p"' f,·dll1g....).
If I follow thi \ cr ill'nuh Il1 .lr rlylO ~ th l.. 1.I W, 1 (".11111<11 '' I n'c1 ~''' ,, ~.
• r, 'm d ll> rU llIt III \ icw th ..· rl.ly· ,, ( thl: IIII.1!till 3.tlO Il. a lth1Jll~h II fCII1.llnS
!>l"x iat e just .t h}· phenomenon 10 ju st ;lIl y nther . O r . m ore e ....h :lly.. II I
rlll f h " Ith,n th " urde f ut \c lhihih tv and hJ " rn:n ur.." IU 110 Ctllh.ep t III

• App.ltenlly, un... I,,'uulJ I t.I ~l' ~Il~h .. Jdl nillon 01 o"'iC'l.·m' I~' b.lI.-k 1<' LC'1t-nll-
BUI mac would bt- lei lur ~ th.11 thC' d C'mt)n ~trJ t,un I.f Go..l '.. l' ll; I\tl'n~e rCl.j UU'l''''
WI .. 1ol'nIC • .I1l'i1 p OUh l..k I'!'rtC"ol'IIIJtlon ... bdiel in Ihc in.ihdf.
I r('~ul.Jle II" " r):dlll l.1IIo n•.111 the Ul~lI' ~tnKlur('~ It..clf ..JS It il co uld. of
1I",·h . \.I I I\ (~ Ih (" rC'qUirell1ent.. 01 the rulc~ lur.l luJ~n1C'11t u* kno".ll-Jjtc•
"Ih ere I.. Ihus a Ir('(" dnJ COhl lllltent .IgJ"C'Cfllcnt hel"I:(' n thC' multi-
9'
00
'Miff
eaoon " nd th e und('rsto1 n d i n ~ ••m ,lg rcemc nt ("om ~ l c rd y un fo( cst'cahl(' 'H I t(AN TlAN M OME N l
am! e ngovema ble-c- w hich is wh\. there . C;In be neither a POC I IC .... f
. ••a ~ In rd ll'(lI cm\ .h l:en, iun fru m the . 1 ~
m.3.n"hir (<lr.s pnt t iq u(' ) nor ~n ~ science of t he ~.lu tltu l ho..... t'ver dr. p amc u a r 10 Inc inJC1crml n:t l~
1.10:,1. rh.· IWO l''l( l r~' mf momc nr, a rc Iht C"\'loCnllal (m n . It [he .Jrt icuu r
fined. And rhis agree ment of th e sensua l .m~ th~ In td ll",,:t ua l (" (uhit', In " c"l u l llLll ""ICC1 did Ill/I cOn/ lnRt'",/,· h rin h h P
I; J n Ul ' e agreement of the
rum lun.."tio ns 3S 3. symbolic trac e•.1S 3 hegm mng for t he bringinKinto 1.1<; u lu e\ dvm .mdcd hy rht Idea of 1Io,'\lt 01 f h·
• , • I I 1'" agree m en t "lone pr o-
tu hry of rho <tC ' dc.ts of (rase)" which• .Is. we h 3\"C seen, to bt- " pre. d uce d in ",OO1t· .H ' l h l· I.•ll a nd VnIU lll a rl\ ' f h h
, , ' .1\ lon , I c r~qu ir ~mm l ol
sea red," need 10 actua hze a pcrfC'l"r (('( onelll.n io n of rhc \cnsl hlc:and the ,,-\ll' m ,m"; lfy mc ludcd In the ldea uf God und .. , 1
" • Chlt"JU .1\ ' t'Ku .ltlvc r rm-
inrelhgible co rresponJ ln8 to the' po int of view a divin e Und l"rlil :mdm ..:Irk n l rt"llt'dll~n. won ld Olll ,u all be fulfilled. Fulfillmtnl coma from
would h.n e upon the w orld-whkh can he rep resented b~ the accorn~ the h'eh lJJ,: of hru lllY or cnd.purptl\i\cnC"\\ called forth 10 U\ bv the
r;Jn rin~ d iag ram . ", .111111111 of- le":l In ,\~ mu ch .1'10 il i\ e",t..nor " d c'lIltmgen, • In
.
. _ ~) U\ an
r d ,Hlull I n our rnnuple v, c\'t·ry,hln.: happcmnl; .1$ If rhe objca Ctnh'
t'X I~It"lt u ...at1.-.ty _"f Jt~df ourrcqu i r~mcnr fnr I'.1lltlllallt) (for reco ncih-
Jll n n ul the "cn\l ble and the IOrdlrglbl t'/. '«-'11.11 1\ ple.J\ing here is th3t
Ihe 1'('31 vhoo ld, wtrhour ou r lnren·cmlUn . come 10 uti\f\· o ur ennrelv
Inrd liSJhk IJ r;l of ..rwetn ..uOjC d l n ' dem .mdv. l".1lu rallkaut y Will th us he: held tobe the mnckl
ind erermiuare > uhe rl·.IIIl~llOn of
inr .lrtj\lI..: bcnurv (w h ich explain \ the deep ..ignificcece Ol lhc Ka rma n
u",vt'n.3lity ;; w h Kh wllul.:! r~'lll ilt'
e -c the ~~-n l hl"' l\ o f ,he- Ihctlf)" of I:(""'U \ . a subject I'll Come ba ck to ). On ,he other hand, II IN:
~
E Id(",l \ o j rea son• •although indete rrnin a re, wer e nUl preccm ed to be: com .
"~ >e
e
y

e,
'-t'n",i bll' .lnd o f the
Imdl rgihlC'1 mon r" humanity. the beautiful o bject, wh en ctimng up these ideas,
wo uld vumrnun up no com mo n sense, not even the project, 10 0'>(' of
•
": -
~
d l~cll rd. u f di ..c us..i n ~ ra vte, since , ((J d l'> cmlo, "nne mu ..t ;lI1 le.lst have tN:
hope o f co rm ng to a n ag reement."

l\oCll\ u.a1facullyJ Im rellec t ua l faculty )

im3pn.aliun undcrsl.1ndm.: A N EWWAYO FTHINKING THE SUBJECT;
REFLECTION AN D THE COMMON SENSE

, c"nt j n ~l'n ' harmnn y Hf C(J nti ll~c n..:)" 01 bt',mty .1nd uni\ t"rsahty of the hnri10 n of expccunon\

EIf"~
an ima~in ,1f jl)n th.ll j\ lrft" 011whi, h rh e lu d g m e m of I.h te I'> based a rc ,hc rwo term\ bet ween
~
.ami 1I0'lloUbll"("I In ru in. which retlt'ct io n o,>ci llatelo. \\'e h,l \'t' ,t1ready Seen hn\\ '. fn lm .1 IOgic;)1
> ~ yt"1 \lrul.'turt"J .1110 Ih t" poi nt uf vit'w. th e reflc..:tin ' actl vit)· w n\ i\ tlo fi"'l of .111 m the comp.lri·
= ~ un dt"f\u ndmJ.:. \o n, fo llowing till" con..:ept \ of ide nt ity ,m d dIffer ence. of th c t1tmmu
,E rt"quLr("i
wh ich m,\ k c up ..pe cit'" an d g eoc r.1. Th illo \luge uf th e word. which goa
:; l' b;lck ro \\:rollf \ p... ychtllol;< halo a ll J pp t nJ lx in .1 thl'ory o f Ihe \t.,,:.
• lkauuf ulO bjnl o f l he " mi nd" or .. ..p irit... und tr..tood as the cJr.1dty to C1lolabhsh
unforc'l't'n rd.Hin n .. Oetw cen a pp,tr eI1l1)" lli\t Jn t o r quite d lfft"ren t nt"-
lIlenu ," But 10 this " c:xp .1nSIOIl of Ihe o hit'' ': ' ,IS K,m l p ut'> it. ("Or«·
~pond~ ,11s lI a ll "exp a ns ion o f Ih e ~Ul;-l ll'l·t " thrllug h wh ll.·~ th c lJo~ter
U',hes ro bc cUIU:lineJ wilhin th c n;)rr o \\ front iers of nltl nJ J I':..d q:.~",",
h.nnt i n~ncyl anJ arn Vt'S at Ihe ..ph e r e uf "the cn nllllUl1 st'n »e" :

97 "
 TH l ff

t Hi Ko\ NTlo\N MO MEN T

1'111 llur w h"cs in the Id ea . bm III _thC' p1.1CC' of urhe-r\" " .1\ ~imply rm plrj.
~".Il hl'ln ~s J,nJ not as hUlTIanu-)' In genef.l\' Within empi nctst aevrhencs,
rhc common ~lo me remai n.. ,1 Mmplf' tac tua l RC' nefJlit y .InJ lIS rightf ul
,1 ,1111' l~. ther efore , ~ercl~" pa rlleut.U (me.lninR ImkcJ 10 th e p\ycho.
1.. ~Il".lt and rh ) ~lnlC1~I.l:.I1 p.lnll:ul.ullie \ 01 rhi.. .1nll1lJ I \pc ein. ih d f r~T'
11<.:1I1.u. rh.u I' hUI11.Hlltyl.
" 'c IIlU ,1 therefore re jl'ct ..y m r a l h ~o .1, much a~ dogmanc reason
The refrom the fund.lmt'nt a! maxim o f the retle cnve l.t..:uhy nf juJ . wl\('11 we 11Im III .I reflect ion u n Ihl' tran'oCcIIJC'nl.ll .:onJ1IIon \ of pc....
men t. the maxim of " expanded thi nkin g": " Th in k III (,\t' I)" o lhe f I)nt'~\ ' l l" h t~ til J, tnl l~" II1lef · slIl,/.·clwt' Jesthetll" l'umm (ln -ence. In rano nal-
place" IA n de, St.,IIi"I,'des ,m Jatm Jo,kt·"I.'" hili .1' 111 elll r in c l 'lII rhe l ounJ~lInn nllhe- "ulmmu ll sense" i, not trul y
.111 Illhor, ul't,e.:tI\ c loundatlun ,i n,;C' It nulhti("\ t be \"ef}' iJu of vubjec-
It's .11 rbis point o f the Kanrian argumcntar io n t h.u the \u lullo n 10
lI \ il ~'. III th e tir' l ca-,e .1l't..o rbe d l't ~" ..m imre r'of m.ll emversal• •1111.1 In tht
the antinomy of taste i~ reached. and we must here lldln t'3 te th t' ('X.all
'o('o,oJ hy .1 vtmpl e m at er ia l vrruct uee, bo th of them excledm g th e verv
nature uf th.J! which .n th e 'i.l lne tim e hring\ K.Jnt near hu t .11:100 ~J'
r'I'''lhi ltty 01 di \cu ,~i()n , For dl\""ll ~\lun • and all (fill c-icm wnh It Iinclud -
rat es hi m r.ldic.1I1~· [rom th e tw o points o f n t'w which nu ke up the
1111: (II cour....• art c nncrcrn j , rfC'lti mel both .lJmllllng .I co mmon po im
an rmornv; Neuber Jo~m ,Jtic ranonahsrn nor l'mp ir ic ism .1101. "ITlll l\. til vie w• .1I1d the {;let Iha t thi .. pomr nt vsew i.. nUl co nceptua l hUI tn-
speakini. at th iS common sen-e. In the for me r th e wo r k of a rt \«- ks ~ ,krem ll n;)tl'", In other wordv, the hnking up 0 1 a r.lrtlcular sentiment
universahry founded on reason. whil e in th e Iarte r. de-pue it, fd .n n i\ m .II1J.1 uruv cr sal Idea as opera ted b ~ retlecnon . with Theaim of c\ubli<;h .
in principle. the work can achieve• •1 \ i.. th e "::. hC in Humc, all empiri- 1111: a d irect commumcanoe between indmdual-,• .1 non - cun ceptually.
e311~ " found e-d ~el1l'rollity, .10 agreement resul ting fro m sym p.l th~· u nder. r-rllllllde J common ..enw.
stood in its slriC( sen..c, ol!> th e bet o f "h olri ng t he same feeling. Kant\
position might seem ncar to rh.u o f rario nah ..m a nd empi n cicm in cer-
"SENSUSCOMMUNIS" OR-DIFFERENCE"
rain ways : isn'e the com mon sense e-r ablisbed . in th e very p a, sagc wc
have jun rcad, through .1 \"Cl)' clJ\si":'11 ref erence to "the wh ol e of hu· It h.l\ somenrues been objected .lgalm t su.:h an mterpretanon of the
man rea<,Qn"? And ht'!>ld e<;, doc\ n't th is common Sf'nse , .1S thr e),prn' C, irlqw' of j u,/gm t'''' th oU , " fa t flOIll r crm ittin ~ a 'Jlre:" l'Ommumca·
sion indicatn, h .1\e to do with sem il} ;!,f )'. wilh sentmti"nt ? But d(""\o pile wi n: the l'xerl:i\ c of [he rrllcctl\ "c luJltmen t Itl\'('\ ti ll'" rathef III [he sen·
Illn,011l lit .1 p ruml,C'd oUld c\ cr J it1eTe,1 community'·; th .lt th e Tellect i\'c
a p~a ranC('S. the d lffcre l1l " et\\'lOlOn the Ka m ia n dnd th t"dJ.......:.11 ratio·
nali..t ptl!>ition" i" fu nd,unent.ll. If th e- expJn..ion of reflection tlU I !=.l·l\o lud /-:lIleIH. un .1~le to .1ch ic\"(· .1 rh llu ,uphr 01. t hl' " com mon sell\(' .. .:Ill J
ot int n,u b jn O u \"il\", lin thc c(>lltury skct.:he.. out .In " im"enm "e procc-
eratt"i 3 common sen'e is in ' J et \'u n(ci\"ed ot an rdc:rl'lK e ttl rl':l.~on. th l)
llurt' \\hkh. u pon .th(' tr .1(... II I. t 1Ie un k"no wn, u f t1Ie UI\J 0;0;
. 'C'pra
• l'tle • hrcak!>
fea\o(JI1 is no lo ngl'r the C a Tll·\ I.llh' Jctc rml nin!=. rC.1\on, " u t Ih l' in J l'tl'r·
thc clln, rit utl.J llo rms, exphllle\ the ,"On\CIISUl. re;lIUl1latl'\ the ~ens(' of
mi n3tt' Id e3 of .an ilgree mc nt ( If the , e l1 \ lh ll' im a~IIl.1tl()n :m J uf Ihe un·
lliffnelll:t' 1,//1 "'Iii-'e'"dl." l:
der\tanding_an Id ea I t~e1 f onl~' cunt i llgl·nt l~' a nd unfoH"';ecah1 r e\"ll\..rd
by the cmergence of n.nu ra l o r J:en ia l hl'auty, Th e b eJu nfu l tllI l \ I rtll~
·111" () h·Il·..: tIiHl.
· ,,·m,
\\ h·10;·I' f"·1• ph\'lIlll1ll'llll ltwical
.. in 'pirJ,tion .1IIJ re:·
In s ..... illinv," · ~ .lo:k til H t' l d q~p.l· r \ re'1 J i T1~ 0 1 Kallt, III facl fe~ I " upm\ .1
fem a in") a nt.1Uel (If f('c1 i n~ ,HtJ sen..ibil it r . Uut t hCII.' 3g~l i n, in (O~tr,l\l " lldl· r, r 'l1lJIll~.
'- " ( ;In 1le 1',1\1..,yetI ·J rl·J up• .H l_d 110 . In crn"u,
ml\U whIch
" -jth what take\ place in cm p iri..:-i<;m, .....l· m u '> t c;l rcfully .n-nit! co n lm illf:
whic h "l eop ;1td I 1 I'~ III It\ \'cry p r1l1tlp " "" 1e" J n ~. intlorp rel311o. n 01..the th iN
ftehng and <;r mpath~·, alt one of KJ llf~ impoTlam Rt"h••f;(}115 pUiOl\ IIUI: - J .111 .It a llleTe f' h·, I, op hv, of " dl lfa etlc(',
C' lTIq lll' ;lllnlll!t to hn
NTht pruJ'lCny m J n pn\st"!>..~ o f "('iug a hl l' to iud!!e t he p.lrt l( u li1T Ilnl~'
I )

.In c nll\UnJ er\ ta IlJ IO): . h.1' 10 J 0 \\1",h the nu tio n of " dil«1 . "
..:om·
the un ivrru l iii S(:nciml·nt. Sy m pathy ilro emirdy d ifferent: it ha s to dt :
mun icat ion ." The ex p re....I.lJO JHI'S. no t .1 I.t 11 ml' •)ll • .IS the
In
" ohlCCtll suit·"
l11

only ,,"uh the r3nicular, a hh()u~ the p an icul.u 111 ut hl.' rs ISieg<hr blofi

.
;Jul J,. Pa, t/.uldrt', u 11lo:/eieh.:1n .mdrrotJ" ; in "ym p ath y " we do Ilo t J t .111
Res"" Ih.ll Ihe ta ..tc lud gmellt COliIJ L- vc I hC' 0 ~I" l"(t uf .1.0 lIlSt.llll .1nJ ('.1\\

"
 , .. I ff
~ U' .among md l \ldu",l~ ~ hl ~( \\C' CUt' H u m e tl llcr " K,lIn? " '0, (- ' " I l" ANtlAN I\olO """ '"
pnt urwf!' oJTa..re, ,U ",'('II .n III u pllliun. Yo IIIl,:h p reva il.. III the wo rl..! . r" flr.I .... ,lh t1., t', .. I II Ih r "...I.III!" .It ......n..'t'. p hror thr r-r&r Itw.-" ...t
IS hJI.) t~vtotn not to hJ W b Um un der cvcrv o n(,'s t111M'rv.l tl un :· '11,' r o u tll h",vc .. 1 r. D.. mf>f\,: m" " c I~ 'J'ftl,lt,,,, rhr 'f'ftudc. ,,; dw
..-auld not rtU It beuer: In w..rcn.."'t' on "dllfertn.."'t' (~f npin io n" In g('ntra~ J.; If · ' \: Ih..m ..e l ; m",,:e "'~ c ry II fIe ' " ' .. nJ '''''e ." "..at m rhr 0Il'wn. .... rIut
It h.arul, but in rna rters at usft' it t'on:'OInn \() HI\'IJI we could har..!1 ,he') ,1.111 .111 111.' """ (' uruted.
u ndrn t.anJ ho w it could be the o~ln:t t)j .a ph i losn~llIcll p.w .in n. \\'h~
I t"Ok.t tM idC'.l of .I direct o r immedraee com~un~canon it i\ o b \'io u\ly Th.u \ ~'t:l(th th e th('~" Kant , nm Utl\ muU ndl !lo. lf3 M potn IntO the
not to dn1y tht dlC'\.'"ti\·d~· " u n..rtr..' u mu ' n rJ lllt t XI..renee of a d ,fferC'nl:t' third (."l''''''~ a nd YohKh . grou nd.. an aoehenc cnnct'pu,,,, oflhc pubbc:
.uthout ",h id! there wou ld not even he aest benc di sc.u..sion . hut to In- ~rhl'fe " .. ,10 ITIlt-r\uhll"\:rn:l' \ P.lCC CIt frre d i ~'U"\ lnT1 Mt mrdurt'd by .I
rJl~tC' dut, unlike wh.t t hJrrcn\ III the real ms of crhics and scitllce. om..·C'r l o r .1 ru lC'- ..... hrch III nn W.l ) ' rneanv, 3.~ we can \('1: . "'m'IC \Ol'1" 01.
" ., t>o ItU OI1 o f dit"f" ren.:c " hut on the con tr ary, the " mcubuun of dlfftT.
an thnlc tn tr !">ubjC'l.-n\·ity don nor go thro ugh the me d iat ion of ;1 dett' r_
('IKC with li lt· idea (If the cn mmo n ""n\(",
mm...re 1.1"", o r concept , as Kant lnmsclf neve r ceases to remind u.. tn tht'
\'('h t'll think ing abour rhi.. artic ulation, the dement Ihat m.it..n thr
~t nplicit wa y: " ht w ho i uJ~cs with taste .. . m a y take h i!> ..e nrilllt·Ol
th ird C"' I<1"(' so inrcr vvt ing and wh ich r3J lc31ly d i "l ingui \~ II frum ...
10 be- "cntnlly communica ble, an d th is w ithout th(' med;alifJtl u{ CO,,-
m vial philo..o ph y of d ifferen ce, we h,we 10 he ca reful and nm make .I
(~p u" IS 39): there is also in the judgment o f ta ste :l "general com mu.
nli\t .lh' often Iho ug ht 01 ,1' SOIlll'lh inlt ob viou s: althoug.h thr idea of an
nicabilirv at sensation (pleasure o r di..p lea su re ). a nd such a Olle thaI
"nlc.vl ..'onuuunit v," of;1 perf ect rvconcihation of mdi\'iJ uJ ls Ithln ...n
u kn pl~'C' wim o ut .a co ncept" IS 17); ,mJ ,l l..n. " o ne cou ld even dl·fint 1II1dl\!llrt l,.1( (11II11l un il:.ll io n. i~ n lw io ll\l y iu\t that. an Idca. It ou ld l\C
US1e .1\ the (acult} · of judgm en r th;) t ma ke.. n ur fec ll n~ :tho ut ;) Itivcn ,1 ~ J IIl\ t h"t h tlll' I ~' lt l'r ,11Il.1 thl' ~ p i r i t of thc KJn tian J~th(' ti( to thin t..
rC'pln<1l t.atio n uni \'ersa llr co m munica b le w it ho ut rhe m edi .ui cm Clf J rh.lt Iht' l tl rlllll U f! ,>CIN : i!> n ot hi n~ but J Iho ro ughly ideal hOrt7o n. T1w
conapt" IS 4 0 1. nc. Short o f d en }'in ~ th e ex iste nc e nf th c'ioe rCx[\ - anJ pro hlclll o f Ihl' ..ta ill" of the co mm o n sen\ e i'> i n fi ni l d~' mo re ((ItTIrll-
with rhtm tht crotral me\is of Ka nr ian ae ~ t het il:s- I do n't u '(' htl W o m: cated th ,m " " u AAc ~ ll'd hy thc ar g.u ment tha i il is on l~ ... " tnpk ...nd
could ron\idc-r the fact oj ta lki ng about " im med iate " or " di rect" ..·om- C\l"t J iikrl'l l co m mu n ily,"
muniation. when rdtrring to .le) th cril: co m m unicatio n, 10 he " the: It h ~' th.1t i.. mc.J1lt Ihat ;)e<;thl'lI": d isl:us, ion ,lIms at J tugh l, h,J"O"
rnou k riotn misinterpretation co mmi ued b y tht" Neo- Kanrian.. lih id.). ,helh:al .1grccmc nt , th at our tJste\ ,l(e no t nC'1X$'>.lrily ~ha reJ. n .:.. Yl~
\I'C' ca n go ('\-en funher : Kant u ke .. u p h ere. in th e ,lc 'othctic do· jail bJ ck o n co m mn n pl.tccs that cannot be den ied . But It 011(' m(".ln\ t-~
mall1. the- famoU\ o ppmitio n Ro us'>Ca u worked o ut in hi !lo Lett~" o It Ihal the: cu m mnn scn ..c ha .. no OIher ~ta tu S th3n ...n ide..1o ne. J ~~
d'Akmbnt 0 11" Spcc' 3cks bet ween the ," pa,n , s\'mOOI of th e mon.nch", ml..t.lke wo u ld he mad l' conl:eming the nJ rure of the \>cInd umnn jt ft'....
nl the indlrt'Ct commun icati on w hic h goes th ro~gh the in ll:r rnedi.uy of 'un .lnJ th e e:mpJric.11 r('.lI m. The IdeJ oi retic..:t i n l cr~ u~ IC'l.·m- ity is .a
tM ,tagt'o .and the ft!$til:al. symbol of d em ocra cy. o f th e dI rec t ('omnlU' cnm !Tlun "'l' mc w hich d c b et o ,)rrl\e\ J I .1 snmetlmes impro ..i\ e loci 01
Naoon ....·herr the ~re=ctaton" CYr'\ are not di rect ed towa rd a n ex te rnal gt'nr r.llity, to wh ich Ihe C, i,iqu(' u(jJldgmt'1lt intend.. tu .tl ~ ..... :lwJ ..
ob,n;, bul u thC'r thcm\ClvC"j provide th t' sh uw. amung th cmo;dn's, " Let pl1llo$fJphicJ/. ;lIld nm merd y Id(·o l l)~ic.tl. suw,,_Thl~ i ~ J ""TU ~i .d rornt.
u, noc adopt." a. k OU\\OC'3 U w rme, hri n~ in ~ Into p lay 3 .. it doc,'!> th l· d ltt"ercn..·e in sutus thr unl\Trw l ('11"''
vi..-,i·" i.. th l' p a rtil.-u!.u wu h in t1u'oH,tical rh i1o!<ophy .1BJ an ..,..,rhct
thew ndlAf"t' tpt(.udn t~1 IUl;unril.u\ ly end c,\ r .1 \ ma ll nllllllter o f prrwn~ In thcureric:al phil u \o ph y Iht' un in ' r\ ,,11:.111 (1l11~ l\Ch,l\(' Impe r..
.. ' n ub.u.,r ckn. ,h al huM Ihr m, Ilnlor"l1\ anJ Immobi le, In !Io ik l\l.:e ami In wa rd th l' p.m k u b r, Eitl1l'r ,I l,lW is \dcn uti ...· tlt It I\n't .. IJ.. , ..nd It
__lIfon., . No, happy pcop ln, th"..e ,lr t' flU I YUllr (t'''!lv"I\! II I ~ in Ih" oren Nt'Wllln Iu d hl'l'll th e 0 111..· o lle III th in l.. he Yo.1!< ri~t. ht' \Il~IJ hn~
IV, n _..ndr, dw ,ky Ibn ,.'" mutt Kalh('r If'K'::,ht'r
,III J )el\'(' yu ur\d vr ..ov(,r ' 0
hl'cll ri ~ht to th ink \ 0 , Th~t i.. .t ..'OIl\('t..l UC'Jl('(' III th" " ..cnu,d n.atu", ~...
.. ten IPC .,4 , (rur harr""" , . . R UI wh.ll Will ~ In lilt' ('I,d Ih(' ntolr'l~ th(· Jl'tl'rmiIlJ Ilt illd~mcJ1t, In ,he sp here tIt t,H tt",.n tM od~t'f h"anJ. d'lC'

.
c, . "'U.teS,.! "'"hat . 111 ~ ",,_II Ihr rd Nfllhmfto I{ Y'''' j " 11'111. lln der
-rn , . , ....,•• tth.~ I (' IVI' ....nl~'h lt will r('1~ "I..." l'l"nl " !Iol"h
rd,lllun ~ct ""'('t'n uni \'l' u .l1 .and r.tru'1JIJ r, t>c,,\C"C'I1 iJr;a nJ nnren-:
rCdlln . i, in fin itel y l1Iure llu.tn..TJ. It " (It ('(' ut ..1".1' " J""- ,t4c' ,tyc.
..
 ht ' ( (

I "on~bU\ ." in ; .l L1 IJ,,'Olu gic;l1; thJI it i ~. ;h thcv "~y 'H I KAH fl A N M OMlt-if
. • • a Illn
t.. & 1 ,b ,' N ti< I hotu' to .l l· k nuwlt'(I ~t' rh ,u I h .l\ 't' at mv d e Ihe t' lIl l' lTi':'11 ui rC'ti"n- h" wevrr wr .ak .n· I
.. . h . ' l ~ ro.,"l . _ u. 'tr In pt04lmpuon. b,u ri,.
. . .a ~u't unn cn .ll crt tcnon In rhe u h lt-r nl t t' rdl('l'uvt' ,-ud ..utlKlt·lll-for ril l' prUVl"II<I. lI':e of \u th • I. , _ • •" . _~_
- glllent . . \ r . l ..n w n C'U UlrVVlloN"_
rhM auld .all...", mC' to dn 'iJ t'"In complete l"t'~t .ll lllY and I h.n e to ad. In .lll y 1,« .1'"111". lrom ;l pn nclple Ih<ll l\ drrpl ~ hu.L.kn a nd, CIln\mlron 10
DC. .l! k .l..t ~~. "' .11' nf h~T'<ltht''' 1 • that the empirical CORlen..us I ob\t"rve .111. 01 Ull .1~.1I111ty III the ("vall/alUlR of the f'lr"", In .hll.h ob,«l\ .arC'
aruunJ ~ "''tlrlo.~ o f art ,> ald to be "grea t" co uld alsu . for tht' ,> alll ~I \' c n rh... rn (S 17).
M.I \Ort. be the cgn oj .1 s~' mt-<~ h.:a l evoc ati on of t he Mea s of rCJ"On~ S~u.:h .I (,,'''I would m.lkc nu .....n<;e In Ihc Cr itlq lu' .,( Plirr RloUIilJ .
"h n "h\'• .b mennoned "he lorC'. o nlv t~(' p.n h uf ~ IS,,:~ss,on i~ o~n vmcc II Il U-;IIl ~ • com rarc tn wh.lt the uh ll'ct illm we u lkl"d .bnut ''''*It&r\t.
to me. In other words, it IS of rhe essence 01 th e rctlec nve ludg mt'T1I thar
rh.u the comm on ..e nce , even [hou~h empirical 3nJ parncvla r, mU\I n
an .. dw d .Jlm to unl\"C'tSaht)· beha ve in a n a priori " fflenJ Iy" w av to- k.l~T ht' taken nu n con..iderali" n in Ihe rctlccrive ludgmcm. wnee It
cuulJ be the." c:1 '0(' that II I .. its l'U rhe ..ymhcollc trace of .In IJc .a. Th.at l \
" .lr~ the parti cular, includmg -c-and pe rb ap.. especially-when t h~ lat.
rhv reason wh~' K.lnt can ..:a lmly m.l;nUIII Ihar " hc"'Uliful nature a..n-
cer \ronUtKOu\l~' rakes the form o f em pirical co mmon sen..c. Not to
1.110' mnn mcr.rblc t hl llg,> about wbrch we readtly .ldmll lht- h3nnon ..- <JI
admit th iS rropos ltio n• .1nJ I do n't sec in what w .1) ' it implie.. some \0 " t'\ eryolle'" i uJ ~m l'nr with ou r own. anJ we m;;ry even expectn ""ubout
oJ -~enda to rhe ideologies o f co nsensus ," is qui te simply til forbid much ~,s k \,f I:lt"'"~ mlslt"J"- 3. text rhat ....ould bc cnm rld:d~ uruntelb.
onndf to u~rstJ, nd what Jil1t"rcmiJtC's the Critique of flir t' Rt'.JnJ1I g.ble If If Wl" H ' true thJ I in hi.. eyt" the retlecnve judgrnent .;lIl wa~ \ re-
from ~ CmiolN~ a f ju.Jgrnt-nt. jareJ b.rck I() the' mere I,Je.. Hj a " fr.lwle 3nJ ever drffered commumty."
tu.nt 1\ qUltc cxpli..:1t o n this cru ciJ I poi nt . O n t he onc h.l nd. it i\ Thin):" .Ire lIlore cnmpllcated thJn th;)t. 3.. we can '>C't"• .1 nd the- ~
dr..,r dut an nnpirica l con ~t'ns u s is ne\'cr. all ;llone. the.' proof of duo m..n ..CIl'>(" l".lllnot hc reJu ced to citht·, .1 dt" iJ ~"tll con '>Cf)\ US nor 10 .I
• podlctl Cqualu)' of lht" judgm ent s of l3..h.·it i.. based on . and that lrum r ur... hle.l. In I" cmp iric.ll ~cner al 1t r \( COIlStltut C'i. JS it were. ;I mnturt•
It . -e ca n DC"\er Jtduce thc n cces~ i~' of ou r adhl're nce. Bcc;uhe il the .I " ~- lTl h<l h ... It.)..:,' uI IJcJ \-.lt leJ..t If it is not Id eol ~ca l. At this potn!

n«n\lty of the KSthcric judgmcnt " i.. nor a theoretical uh jt'ctl\"t' nl'ce..· cn U"; I..m Illu..t ":"'I1C In , Ihc J i..cu....i(ln mu.,t st.llt which un n(l mort" N:
wry. whtrt it can be known a prior i rhar n eryo ne will fC'c1p icasure' from ah" lhhl"d 1II the nJ IlW of J tfft'rcnce thJIl in that 01tht" uma,...l!. fot. ln
tM ob)«1 c.alkd bc.lutifuJ b~' me ... much less can Inece....ity l ht" wn· Ih... luJg mell[ of ta..tt". " olle \Olhcil" t"\'e ~' on c ti S('... Jd hc rC'O~ ~.lu'>C'
doc.:kd from tht" um \'('r"3 I i t~, of cxpe rience (fro m a thoroughgoin g unJ" une rc."w,,"e.. a prin .:iplc ..:omm on 10 .111; one <:oulJ ;J.h.•• .Iys .:ount on
nunlty oi Jud gmn u s o n the hca ut~' of a cert olin ob ject ). It i!o not 111M th.1t Ihl.. .lJh c: rcllcc If on e coulJ alway.. hc , url' thJt Iht" Q'>t" .It hJnd ,,·crt
nPC'tlmCe ww ld hard ly furn i,h very man,. exa mp le'>; no co net'r t of the corrt·..:tlr , uh..umeJ unJ cr the principlc" (S Ill). •
nn;n~lt )" of thne judg.mt"nts can be {!.founded o n emp irical ludgments"
S 1~ l . Yet an t'm plricaJ cOII\ensu..- an d we can nutt.' ill p as, ing rhat THE SUBLIMEAND THE BAROQUE, THEARTICULATION
. nt ckliC' not .abwlutd~· cxcludc th c pos sibility o f .It:'>th elic una nim' Of "Dif f ERENCE" ANDOf THE UNIVERSALIDEA
n Y-I\ III be nnthe r held In c.: o ntcmpt nor neglected; no r C.l0 it he in the
II mar hc ohkctC'J th;lf (he inlerprct.n inn PU[ furwMJ ht"l'C I" uhJ In
framework of d~ reflective ludl;fficnt in which it con sti t lllc,>, if oot 3n
Ihe ca..t· of the rd ln "live jud/!.l1lenr c,, >n ~·c." rn ln t: rhe- NoJ utllul. l'o ut dut.
abto~ulc .a priori cmerion, an em pirica l on e, (rcating, so to !>pC3k, 3
with tht' 'tuhlill\e. K.1I1t ori ~,Ilt\ him..df rl'sululd y lUWJrJ s t h"lU~hl t\lf 1M
rt'oump lum in fum of au rhcnticit), which mU"1 he critid lcd as Slh:h,
'·cxec....... of the " !m lll les..: · ul "dltk rcll..:e"l lll'; r'rm.l). ",hk.·h 11'" kV1.~
Alt hl.H.lJ;h " t here can bt- no "hjcui..-c rulc of ta..te whil:h wou ld deter- Ius 'Ill\' COlhl' llSUal or unin ·rs.lli,( prt"h'm;lllls. I),,,,",, he I1I)t sJ~ c,r!l.o,-·
ronw IhrllOigh c.:OO(Cfll, ",h .11 i~ bea ut iful:' th ere rCl1u ins non et heless itl), rh;;r if. in m,lIIl'rS COlll't'rnlllt: thc !:tC.lutilu l. \ \ t' ";.1 11 ,\lftf'n .1"nN-
"Ow ~ull;l.lfnrnufJI'.Ihl liIY uf 'W." f1\:n illn (u f plt·3..ur c or J i..plcasIl B~). .ISH·ot ttl oth ~' ''. " with our iud).:Il1t"I1 " tI ll ' llh l ll lllt ~ '" IlJtUI(' wt ,".anrw>1
.nd ~ .. 11'1< th;ll ukn pl.1«: wit hou t;) co nn.-p I. It prud uce.. tin- uI1J' · " ou tsdH'\ .1' '''t'S'' ttl Ulllef!li
..u ~·.h i Iy pro ml"' t. "l. ( :Jt -' '''I• An.!. unll (' "", tu,t
nlll ,. n bt a, " p' " "hlc. l~ 311 CPl'rc,;h.. anJ pc:ople.. in ft.. ...!'l." of ~ t~C hJPP~,t1 .. with rhl' ~'·.lIll1{ul, Ju h.u(' With th(' , uhlun<' .1 c.:.t

..
1I\ t' I lllt ,,"
t"1fcelln Illward Ihe trrrcM"n1 .ltInll" of c.:crtain u hjc,,·t... '1111" I~

•
 ' Hlff
- ptTW11latlOn th .1I there is an unrrc""t"nt.l~I t'. ·· ~ i n "'e thl' dC'!,rhe tk f I
at rk.1~utt' o r r.1 in I~ no t brceghe .1N Ur l-~' th e a~rl'emenr of f.l::I;~
THf. l( .... N lI....N MOM EN T
Wh .lt I S sutohm e i.. rh u.. in Inu h n~nh, h oh· .. I L
hu t tty Ihnr disorder and ch .l(l~? ' ~ r i c I<'II:t (II t\ on '1 h~
o r r<lrtUm ty IO,~ .I mm -cmcnl of the mind- v.hKh j\ wh y tber e will be
I hdiC'\"C' on rbe con tr ary thou with !'ub limi f), lus t be..:a u \(' th nil ··JeJII~·u(>n of the su bhmC'1no r C'l·C'n Ihe lo.kn of ru 'K)f) (althou p
mdeed ,I problem o f rbe "unrmocn r.lb1e:· ot th olt w h ich "surpol"~ [he~· .HC' rre"u rrl~~.d ). hUI the mOH:m mt of the ImaKJ n.auon t o t o .. nd
.all represenrano n, Ka nt ca rries ebe r roJect throug h , to its uhi rn.1I r rc\ C'nt rhe Idl·.l". With J il l[" .lmhlguil)· (.;m t'mr t.f.Jllu....l _• • rhi . du
to . ," 0 mg t
conseq uences-c-oot of sL:et..:hin~ out .1 rh ll(h()ph~· of di ffere nce-. h U11;
.~ .
n\.l\· tol" an (J ICl'l lo r the senses . .. . ca n be nUcd \uhh mt'. BUf prCC1w:fv
a rricu la n ng th is di fferen..~ tthae which escapes rerr~rn r.1tlon) "nth to~.I~ "(" Ihl"T~ I') It1 our I m.l~natlon .In efton tow.lrd, rh~n,ion '"t~
IJe-.as.. understood .I S pnrh.'p!(') of retle..- non. We mu..r d wd l o n this ~ mnrur v•.md In ou r reason ;1 demand for an absolute lot.lhry .1,
tO.l real
(".3U~ . if m~' hn 'Ot hnili is correc t. it's w ith th e rhiloliOrhy o f th e suhliltl(' ldc.r. th e l 't' n It1.lJequ.K~· of ou r f.o1cult1l for ~·JluJtmg tnt' gre.l~ at
m .lt the- Kaor ian aecbeeic• an d above ,III rhe ..-oncep n o n or thC' rellC'ctn't rhe thlO~" m rhe ~n'>lb'e world i.. for Ih ls ldea an .ltuu "011 of tht t«hng
lIl a '> urr.l"i.'nm.1i t.•culrj m U .... l ~ !.S ),
subject rr r uts 10 M action. rea ches its summit,
let u s begin b~· examining the Kanna n definition o f th e )uMnnC'. lt i~ th e Im.1~,"J.tlon"s l.l l!urC' which. 3\ .I neganve prC'SC'nl.lnon at
the IJ c.l". h as .I hn.lhty And brmg.. About rhe fttllng of the vubhme . In
Ca uin r.JSS.l~ at the third Cnri'lu~ seem to place suhlirnif)· C'lthC'r In
chort, the su blim e ··rr~u rrme:..·· o r. ;1' K3nt put.. If. - inw>h' n" the
nature Of in the- Idea s of reason, or ~·l't again in th e- wr)' acri\"i t~- oi tht
IJe3... lout II I" no t red ucible to them, II we undcn u nd bv wblml(" that
unagmanon. The global derimn on [val id for th e " m a th cm J.ti..:all)" .h
\l h ll:h hh rin.ll ity ( .J lthou~ . taken in anothe r ~n~. one could.a1"gUC"
for m e- -Ihn.llmc.d h'·' sublime) given m the ·' C C'n C'r.I1 Remark on t ~
rh.1t rhe IJ ~a .. o r rea..o n are ..ubhme onlv In 'j,() i.lr .1\ rhC\" .:.In ~.I!>U TC
Expos.lti~ ol Aesth~ic Rd kcm 'e Jud~C'mems" h.ls It that th e ~uhlltne Uf tu the lDiimtcl)· ~rC'.1r_ Bur then thC' s~bhme i, dctined il~ ..::onk"llt.
by
i ''.In o bjC"Ct lot n.tturC') wOOs.t ~prC'SC'nunon I \'ofstdltmg ) prerarn the .It-,,,,l utcl ~ ~rl'J. r. and not lro m the reim 0 1 \·Ie:Wof tin.lh~. the:rolm
dk nund to COIXt1,·~ oi me- unJtuin.Jbihf)' or n.1tur l' a s J. rr~tJ.UOO 0 1 \ IC\\ the relle..,-i \·e t.1~"lJ l ty of iud gmC'nt i, mtc rn ted in\
I D .lf'su OJlng ) of Ide3 S IS : 9:, The subliml' thus c.1l1s upon the thrtt \\ll.1t IS the re.1s.o n fo r t h~ I m.:l ~ n ,1tlOn·s t311uTC' in It\ .mcmpi to
rrm1S ~'C' boll'(' c'·oL::C"d: rhl' ohjC\..,- of n.Jtu re, the mind Iimagination). anJ prOC'nt the Idea ot J rJ.rional All? Kant'" 3nSWct I" u pllclt: '"\'("c .lre:
dw: Idns of ~.1wn" Throuidl the contC'mp l.trion oi a n J.rurJ. I OblC'.:t ItOT T.IpIJly co m'in..:ed th at nelth~r thC' unconditio ned nOT. conS('quattl~.
lmtMKt' thC'cx:c.an • mt im.Jgin atio n is led [0 the tl'mrtJ.n o n ot prC'SC'm- absolute ma~nltuJ~ bclon ~.. to natur e l("fth", Sp;JU ,J.,J ti,.,~.·· In otbn
in F: the I<k-.a of .a w hole in o ne singl C' in ru inon . It fails• .lnd .lcco rd ing tl.l word... sr3.:e .w l! timC'. ~t.'lI5l blllf)·• .tte the: lim it!> we C.lnnm lun1tgTC'io'\,
Komt this fJ.ilurl' function s ,u a "negam -e p resentation" of an Idea Jnd we di",,'O\C'r at:.tID. at rhC' ..:eme r ot th l" theat) ot the: \u l>hme:, and
....-hok.adC'quarc prncntAtion IS h)· defi ni rion Impossibll': "th~ .1ut hm ric t"\pl''':lJlly ot the m~them.l('icAI sublime. the .:un':C'I'tio n or UJI.:.Jl. tu n·
w blinlC' ca nnoc be com.a mC'd in a m' sl'n)u.JI fo nn hur h as to d o onl~ ~l."cnJe nt.l 1 rim fu J e wit h ..... hi, h the Ctt tlo./UC' of Purt' Rr .JSo n O\C1'TU11'lC'\J
",·lt h Idn of r('.aw n, Alt hough no aJ~quatl' p rC'scnut io n of th~ laner is the gen l"rAI r a sp ectl\ e oj Ca rte~la n ph ilo"orh ~' , R t'C1 proc~ II~·. il IS ttm~
pt)\\.Ibl C', they can be arousc:J and b ro ught to mi n J th ro u gh t his \·err and "P;,ic(' t hJ.t We would h aw IU mo\t' bc~·onJ . · ·su r"C'~· ,; 1\ tram JNJ \'e.
to ~ Jble to p rc<.ent.m JJea ; thl~ is e'I.Jcdy \\h;,it the imolSJn.1 non tnt'\
IrudeqU.1CY. ~ hlch allow i~1f to ~ !oemually pre...cnted " I§ 2.3l.
ro d o III rht' C.1 S~ o f nl.1thcmJ.ti.:.d ..u b li m lr~·. Bur Kam Joc.~ not limit
'\Xn.JI i.. pr~mN in rhl' sublime h.l S n orhm g ··obje cr in ...·• .1 bout It,
hlm'>!.'li to recAllin g w h.lt n.1s h "'t:n .....u rked IIIUI in rhe nTst CnII.lU~; he
Idea. arC' not n ·okni hC'rC' b)· An)' in tu ition. nm en~' n a ••..~·mholi'·· and
adds .t d l"scrip tiun ot th e- e x re rie n ~-,: !>rough t J.oou t b)" lhl' att empt t~
parual ont. If it. the- \'ery faIlu re of the im3g in 3tio n. in ~o far as ir ~;1n
Inregrate inro .• repre~ent.ltion rhi" .\ioth",.~ rhJt ... S p .l,;'(' C' :" or hlnt;
WltTk'U N t rhr,~ iJ Iholl u'hich ;J n",tp rt'setll..1hle. that i.. ca lled up<m
beC3U\(' It I". ' m f.)Ct , no thin ' g• •h .t hc ,~h arrer o n "The .:\mr hlto..lh·. oS lem
thC'
a nd . hich. u wch, l'\'<>kn I~ Id l'.J\ . " "['h e di ..po~irlon o f thC' m ind uro~
Conl"Cr t\ o f Rell~Tion" in the hm (. tt ll'1" " r o ln t!> ou r). T he' pro!> h
fedl"l IUbhmlty cncuural:C'S ih r«t'p U\'It)' fo r Ide.l ..' n i.. in n.1fUT~ " con1ti..h in u n J~f'l tandJDg th e eq uno.:.J1nJtUfe o j th is e:Xf"C'OC1\"T. 01 ~I\
UMUltabt.llty to th<-m • .Inti thcrcb\· m th ei r prcsuppmit io n Jnd 10
"~nnment of the- ro.. . e:rl~s nt"s (If the Im.l!tin,1tltm rll rrc~r chC' .I
dw UltatplUu ....n·' C'ndc~"bn to H('~t n~rurc .'IS .. !>Cherne fo r th t"m. tha i
o j.l Who le:" (§ 1 6 1.
Ian r . fudt 1••' una forh lddmg ) C't auraCtil·C' to r 'Kn..ibi lir(· IS 2'i .l.
100
,.'
 '" I ff
Let u.. now reconsider the rw~. mOO1c_~ h of t he su b l i m~: "Ou
proves, in ItS ~rc.lt~ t ertort In \lCW of the I,:nmp rc-h
ltIUP ' n.l t'KWl r . _
•••:en,lt'IItJ I timru de • .In,i..Is it W ('f(' . O\ t"fllm..in
THE IC"NTl"N "" OMENT
•
dtm:fkkd of u, of .1; given (It>jcct In 3 wt.thE)' of mfuititln (a nd t~'lon I' rhen r 1unt-:C'J m ro wh .lt K.lI'lf _ II •• _ R "r.l~ ( - Not hin g); it
Yt(' of .1; rlTscntJ"on ot a n IJ ('.1 0
f . r -
IT,Hon). Ih tnllt~
u\ ln
and it s in.lld('. IInde'f'I .ln,l the nJ IUfe tlf lhe- rleJ
U \.. ff1~fC'n-
J '
t> " . Tn
IIlg a) "". IH ....~
vee sirnulraneousfv Irs J lsrostUo n to the .I ..'tU .J1173flUn at the:'
' Uft' .I1l ..I"r1C'.... k L
q O.1;......- [" 0 lI1"mt'nf ~ III the' lIl.lfhl'IIl.llil.'.llh' bl- ure rn.. InR ur tee
. '. • _ \,I1Ilc:
- - - "" IIn("" Ihr ,,· ,. 1I\"1\1 of Jngul,,"
the:' I~,, ) ~~ to a law' (S 1 i ). Th~ two ~o~C'm.. ~rC' h~r(' d('.1rI~· J"'hltl"d
. L.
.IIl J u .. rdld. C'.I...h ut th\~ \C'llt llllrllt
~I
lnR to a f\o'
an mn r Jlrt('r~'"t' and their rtl.tnon..hlp: nr sr of .111 t.lllllfC' . the ft'rl, ,., t1w 1\ \l 11 \f'C' ''' 1,1 f<luhf\ .... C"JClh '_Cl h' f1l:"\f'OnJ
..1 -
"
.ln..C' .I1 Ont'
....11 C'.Irll('r on ' 'lo r n ,,, h i ·
ui limi ts. of imrotnh."'C': thIS n.ltur.lIl~· produ,..~ .1 JlSplrolsurt' (\\on ~
•
rhc hr"l "".1-<'. ,m J S\"\fC IIl IIJ "I h ' .. • ot \n it. In
nature IS ~·tt (0 be J etrnn inrJ ;,. But this tailure hiJI,'S an .1tI (' mpl .... hi:;; . _
. .. 1n I (' ~\:nnJ
\\ 'C' can II"", ~·(lmr.lre Ihh .tnJI"
('\\.1..\,,1 ,.\ K.lnt 111 .. ('\:t hlrl ! " . Tlle' vu .. 1
" 'h h
. "I!Io lA If t (' co ncr ete c:u m I
. J ' . 1" n
.n such, m 'c,lIs our Jc:"mn.lf10n -dISr1c.h ur(' is lmm('dl.trd~ lun,: trne I.. cfmed III ~1:ltln ")5 ai
formed into pW.Jsurt' (wholo(' nature IS al so ~ I,·t ro be J"' le m linC'd L 1"1('.&. rhe .1b...\1 III h ' I\ I!:rc ,U• .I, Ih.1t 1n ~"Omr" h h -
. .....In In W " C\icnthmg C'!'>t' is
sure an d d l ~I('.1 '!>u f'(' rhus ..ucceed ea ch ot h('.1' o r• .,lS vccnon !- rUh It. ,null, "-"..non If> then In e.. 10 mdkC' Ihc n t f bi ·
.. IOn n .1 "II md\' ~rC'"Jt (')I••
pll.. l l 1-\ !Ionl)" 1I1j;: "h.ll l\-~ ut cvalu..lio n f .'
" llte feelmg of I>ubhmlt)' II> then .1 Ieehng o f J I"r!('J \ U«' J u(' to t ~ In, ..
1lI~'t I ...ll llll.lthC'lI1.1IK.1I1 C'\'.lllIJ.lInn I.. rherdl'
° j:rC'.ltn~\ 11 reterv to . Nu-
J I I
.Jd t"qlU C}' of tht- unagirunon In the J th enc evalua non or m.l gn n uJC' to , Imm(' 1.:i1C' " (' muna red .
C'"\Jlu.1n on th ro ugh re ason• .1nJ ot plea sure .1rou"t·J thereby. duC' to the .IO~ nu mber 1:.111 l-I.' grea ter o r le-ee r th an .1nulhcr; .:i num~ r l.'.Innot .1:
..uch. pre te nd IU C\.I II1,lrt' the .I.....n lu td~ ~C.lt , •
cceccrdance of th i~ \et')' iodgmem • abo ut the IOJJe-qU,lt.,) ' o f rh ... p'C'Jt,
RUI m ,lt h(,ITl ,llIl:.I1 ('\.I IU.lflOn 1t"C1t r(('"urr\l~. In urJC'f 10 J('IC'('
N oi snuuJI fJculti~. w ith IlkJ ~ o f reJ~m ," To the ··nt'}t,niH' r r~,
IIllnt' j.:.rc.lt ne...... o r IIlJ,l:nltuJ('. thc C".Ilu.ltlnn l\..Inl CJ.lI!> ".lC'!>fh.:-ti, ~
urion·· , orr« rond s th u~ oJ '·ncg.Hi\·e r lc'burt": ·
The' n.aruTe- of su,"" oJ f«hng m Ult be nu d e r rex:ise . The t.1llu rr 01
mC'.uun,j.:. the e".1 l u:.t ie~~ grnu nJC'd o n .I UOlr~' 01 me.hure ~f.l"red "by
th(" e\'l.·" IUJI:Ol('nt , \\ h('rc.l \ nu m(n~· ..l C'\'.IluJu on ....10 I.'UIllIOUC' md ('h'
the' im.Jp noJrion rom~ fmm the t.J"1: rh J r (§ .:! 7 ) ··whJ t n,Hure• .1\ In
Oltd ~ • .Ic;,th Cli,,- l·\,.Ilu.lt iun ,>oem (('..,hn.l 1.11111 N-vu nJ .....hi(h I C~nn()1
objrct of the' SC'n~. ront.Jim th .u IS tor us ~re-.H. is to lx· nlut"d .ISIml C' n Tr("C' !1t .IO\thm~ ro m~ ~1t Tholl I.. nut nl'>...:: urC" .InJ ~"mtu ..('J , Th i.-.
in comp.1ti~n lA1rh the IJ C'".1 ~ of rC'.1 \On ." Wh ~' ? IX c.l u sl." n .nure h co n, nu" im um is rt"a.:hcd \\ h('n the ImJ./tinJ.t1on. lilli' wo rk of .lrr rChCn5ICln
~I
t.J.in ed lA'u h in the' limits o i rime .1nd IpJ.:e. IImi rs within whKh therC' is ur sellun' o j mtultions. ~dJ!> up Ih(' ra rtl.oI1 (Cr r en t.Ul.m\ anJ 1.'.:1n no
no at-~u td}' gte-Jt, Space (.11o ng w it h time' ). m ocher wo rth. i.. he-fe the Jon~(' r unJer')f.ITlJ.....In n,1 lo n",a !>mUlIf.1n(ou ..I~· ~.h r.l l ;1n .I(',thC'tll.'
rc.a'>On why na tUTe- ne \'eT corrC'\ptmd.. ro th e IJ e.l '\., OT. pU[ yC"r another ICH·I .111 ( I t rh('",· r .lrtl.l l r('prt"l('nl.1fhl lb , \\ 11.11 II ~.l ll1" lro m olle .-.ide ir
w,Jr. tha t wh ich makC'\ it \0 th.1t the IdcJ" n ·m.Jin J.lw.l\'S o nh' Id ea... To lo,(' u till' Ilt h ~'r , This Iimil " i ,te!lo th('tic ,:nm p(('h('n,\lOn IS,ht'll thC' ··J.cs-
tT)' to climb to a n ··o\'C:'rhan~" O\'e r SrJ.ce IS. in.1 W.1 ~·. ['0 exr~ri('nce rht' th ~·t i ~ lh- ~rl'.H('sr tunJ.lmt'nl ,11 ,"(' .I..u(e of Ihe C\'.Ilu.lliu n of 1Il.l!="i·
"in finit e gi\ 'en greatons." an oh\'iou)I~' negaU\e- expe rir:ncc or. mu re tu ,l(': ' It rCprl'Sl'IlfS ,1 m ,l'(IIIlUIll. J 'Ut>ll· 't1\ (' (J.C">tht·flC) .1l-..ululdy
cx.aetl)'. a frightnling e'li(pcTlC'nc e o f :'\"or h ing: " The O\'t"rflowin~ I tTan~· ~r('.u. ··w Ill' rc it i!o (nmiJaed .In ahwlul(, 1ll('.I..urc hc ~-un J "hu.:h no
b ring D.zs (;b~rscl'U't'"g/ic"€' lit erally. to a\'OId con fu ..iun w ith 1l.J$ J.:rC.H('f I, plh,.. J:, Ir: \uttk~·ti \ I' I~ , , , it t ill'll ...o n\er \ Ih(' idt'.1 of Ihe su t-lillle
Tr.msu ndt.,tt_l.F. ) i~ (or Ihe im.1gin.mon (d rin ' n 3~ II i~ tu it in in ,Inc! cJ.lIs 10,,11 th.ll t',m lf iu n w hIch 1111 rn.u hclll.ltl ' .I1 esUIIl,\t lUn ui lI\a~·
~nempt [0 gra~p int uit io n) 3 n ab \'~" in w hIch u tears (0 los e it!>clf : bu r niluJc.. hy Illlmh t·r .. c.1I1 eHI !,:c" (S .!6 ),
for. ~C' Ide .1 of RC3wn o f thr: s ur raSC'ns ih ll' It is n ut ove rfl u wing. Dill Th c co nn t'o.:tiun K,1I1f n l.lollshc s t- ~·tw('(·n Iht' ft'd i l1 ~ uf Iht' sut-hme
Icgltlrn at c, to b ring abou t suc h 3n cffu n of the im .lp,in.ltiu n - :u ITMti\'e Jill! 111(' IlI1m ... o j .Ir:..th ('fK w rnprl'h('n..ion (rhr: suo leClm: .Ihso l urel~'
rhere by to t hc ..arn e deg r('(' a s .It ..... :1\ rep u lsi ve tu thl' !lole St'IN ttlII'~ ., ,,:,re.U) l"rl',Hl'\ (t·r1'11 1l J dtl cu lfll'S, if h.IJ ..t·cm~·J th .lt tht' , uhhrn(' IJ~' in
rht· Jttl'l1l r l th (' im ;lgi n.uinll nu kt'.. Itl " "'l .lr ,\hO\'c" !>pJ...e in o rJ('r 10
CS 27 ). Ifthe eXpt:f1cn ce uf thc 3lwJ.ys "O\'crflow ing:' , h a t I!>. n f \ P;ICC
p rest' nt till' ld r:.h (It r('::I so n, Inllt'eJ, in thi) ;lttc m pf Ih(' m inJ upcri"n,'t's
a \ norhmgna\, i.. frigh tcn in g, ir i" hc c au ..e in rh e effoTt tow.ml ",hc at'S'
t...."h a If .In'> ':endr:nt.11 tlOitu J(' (a n ::In,.:,uishll1/l: e'(pcriC'm'(' o i th(' 11\llh in~'
lhellc co m ptthe-n\io n IClward~ a g rC.1te r uni r,,' . . . w e feci in o ur lI1iJlJ~
nn .. Ih .u i.. _sp .lcc l J nd irs deo;rin;u ion (the prcSt·nt.Uloll ot I,I(',IS\. But it
~ th vugh an thctlcally endmed .....it h in Iimit~" (§ 2 7 ). In it~ .1uempt to
we hc he\'c ~('[i(ln ! 6 of thl."third Cr ll l'! u.... , h(' m.uh cll1af..:all~- ..uN In\(,
pr amt the l<ka \ . thC' im agin.n iun experiencc~ .1C"ithe-ric Iinu ta tio n. tra n·
to, to,
 T"IU
THE KAN H AN MOME N t
h•• nUlhm,e 10 do "ith .1 t ran~c:nJrn t3 1 fini rude : SP;h"1;' ilsclt i
. ~ nOt Ih (C\"C n if I1U ' of Inc In fac t pr C"oelll ed " a way rA ~ in h "
urw;n».....ble border bet ween th e t'ltl p in ":;J I srnsib l,...md the:- irltclh _ (' rll.'n c"d ;11 the l1u tn em .n ical \ ublimr (i f ~Ig t .11 tht' fintrude
jt he limit th.u hinJcf\ rhe presenr.mon of Ide .!!» . It would , On tn,KJblC' ,,,pc if d .. h "
I he 4u,\ 11 c as P\yc 0101;1(.11" in COO"
WC DC It've Inc Clf,a ..i _
L, m...--,
J 0" ' ,. .. h I ' COn _ CO li I' ' 01\1 to tne Iran, ndm I
Irary. be .a matter o f entire ~. "s u 1«f1\'C'. I:syc u ogtcal" tinilud .: and c ·, udc. We cu u ld no longer undc:r\Tand .... hol' Id L see U
"nl _ f wou '-"; \0 forbrdd
limit. Otberwi-e put. I.hr hnut o f , ·' 3,:lh('llo.: f..u m r re hl,"nsion" is OIlC' b ut I t no r how. ru m suc h an exam pi,
J (J
w, c Id
eu .IRa'n "00 dr
t: InK
b-
wnhin the sensible" 1t~1t. J " m it which. In a sense, sepa ratec a d ear and
_ •
. th.11 ··.:oncerns onl y th e IJ cai of re.l\I.Jn .. If · " e- \U
Imit _ "" . 11 I ~ tr ue thai thoe sub.
d, snnet '-Cf1sthlc from .t !><nsl"l r that N-co m('s u b!>~ ure and confused h h ~
II nil.' -a rislc- l trom [he inadeq uacy of Imav'natio h
ntnte .lt'\U\etlc
bc-" ond of mr lim it. whi..-h escapes comprehens ion, is in 1.1":1 st ill tn: t"" . , .
.

. .
_

,
. , '"
,,-nlltio n u f rnagnrtude to attain 10 Its e5tmut.oo .... •
" 7 rrai tl" . c s 27;
w=mibld . Bur then W e" have the n~hr to ask what 1\ so -;uhhmt' about • !'Iond um nng acsrhenc w irh rational (\tim .."'oo here 1oCCm\ to be
I h~ _
Ihis vc b ject ive .abwlutd,· great. Wh al can evo ke th e Id eas of f C.l 'o(m If !(lst. Im te.ld of o b servi ng a tr an scendent al finitude rtimn fl f puee ' p.lCc
in .1 wa~·. everything r 3k~ place inside rhe se nsib le itself? ' == Olllhmg nc....) and a ratio na l tOldllt)' (Ide-a). .....e seem to come acr~'\
The difticullY i\ at irs grC'J(I:'\ t in the ex ample Kant ch o o <,C'\ in Ihi\ an e-ntird y ••..ubiccuve,.. "psychological " firurude lthe limits of 3C\thnlc
"tt)' same section 16. the cathedral o f Sr. Peter's in Rome. "On first l,."Ump rehcnsion ) a nd a se ns ible [Otali [y {the church).
entering" there. says Kant, the visitor is seized h~' a " sort o f perrle" . Bur we would be mi staken in con cluding tha t Kam enber cbO'\(' his
I1l •. . For bere .2 feeling comes home to h im of th e in adequa cy of hi, r )<J mples lightly o r cont radicted hirnse-If. One phu'oot. Jifimung the
imaginanon (or prese nting the id ea of .1 whole wuh in which th at imagi. hnkagc het ween aesthetic 3nJ ra tio na l estimations, .l110\\"\ us pcrh.1p\
nation a tuim; Irs max imum, a nd . in its fruitles.. effo rt ... to ex tend thi\ 10 whe the Jiffi cu lt~, : " th e g reatest effort o f the mugmaeon to the pre-
lim it. reco il.. upon uself but in so d oing su ccu m b s to an emo tio nal de- ..ent.l{ion of the uni t fo r the estimation o f magnnude 10\' 01\"('5 in il\clf 3
hght." The problems thi s example raises art:' m an~" , The strU l,."tUre o f the refercnce' to \ o m ct h in g a bsolutely grea l . , : . IS 27). What is the- nature
m.athent.3.tic.t1ly su blime J Ot'S \ «m to he p re sent. 'n ere: is. on the- o ne oi Ihl\ rder cn .:c? That is t h" q uestion Kant innles us to ans.....er in o rder
hnd. " tM Idea o f .3. w holC''' th at Onto tries to make prc~nt . nn the o ther 10 unJer \ u nJ the meaning of his examp les, The follOWing.re-rnu k trorn

.3 va m effort o f the Ima gina tio n, Bm if we look at th e exa m p le- more- !oCCtlo n 26 situate.. th e problem mor e precisd y:
d~I ~·. " 'CO ~all S('(' (as we mi ght haw expected. g.in ·n the !Ink Kant 'if" ~e t c:<amp ll"\ o f Ihe m:uh" ffi:rri C:rlJy sublime of n,1lUr" in mere mculUun
nu,blisha ~twem the- sub lime and th e subjecri,"e lim it to aC"\theti( m :rll tho\(' inslJn,;:"s whe rc o ur imJg.inalion 1\ 3fforJ l"J. nOI \00 much.l p-CJ.tn
comprdlnu lon) th at the w hol e- one is tryi ng to ma ke p resent. fa r from
~ing a r,u io n 31 Idea. is a se nsib le wh o le. a tota lity a lread ," sa ua ted in
numenc31 concep l J\ J largc umt 3 .. mtJ..ure (fvr short('f\in~ Ihe numeri~' loC"
rln), .J". Itee judgeJ b y Iht' heil:ht of man gil,t'>• •l1 .111 C\t nh. J.sun .hrd I"or the
,
nawre : the ch urch of St. Pete r in Ro m e. De ju re. ' the n. th is totaht y is mounlJi n; J nd. supposing Ihis i~. "J~', J m,le h l~h. II 'J" ..eoe .u J IIml In ! lhe
prcvmable. C'o"en If de fac to it is no t preM"nte d at o ne gla nn'; bcsidC's, It numbt-r u p re....inl: the e:rt!h 'i UI..1melt·r. w.a~ to mJke ;1 inluil.lhlc; ~lmllJ.rl~·
IS not at all IOconcei,'a ble th at Ihi s chu rc h m i ~h t h e pn: $cn tl'd in ollr ,he e3lt h'.. dia meter io r the kno..... n pbnelJ~' ' y\l tnl ; Ihi\ J j:.110 lor Ihe ..~~tem
!>Ingle inruiuon (il m ight just he nc( c s'i;'ity to fin d th e righ t \'icwp o int, of Ihe Milk\- WJ\'; and [hl' immeJ surJllle ho~t of su,h S~"~ttm....,.-hi."h ~lI lw the
10 uSC' one's mem o r)', etc.). And furthermure:, Kant him...elf nnw. thJt . . h i · f lrm , u,h J .. I'''lern. hol.h
n3111(" nf ""bu l.u' , an d mo\t hkch In turn t em~ , n l - "

brA, JdC'rmcn t \ciu~ the ' pcCU tnr pen et ra tin g into thi s p la ce for t he fir~f . h h ' nlllJIC(Ii ,u,h I n ,mm"u ur·
\lut no pro' pn:l of J lllllit t'>:ow In I e .l e,1 e lt l C\
time, Which lead, u\ to , u ppc'...e th at t he seco nd . or pe rhaps the thi rd . h h 'reAlTIeS' 01 Ihe numN-t.,1\
J blC wholl' , Ihe ~ u b l i m~· does 11m he "0 m ll' In tt'l: I
' Ime. the {('ding would di'i3ppe ar a\ the (entirel y scm. ua !j c hu rch wo uld . I u ri, e .11 ph'f""" I'mJ.le t
In Ihe f.1' 1 thai III o ur OIl WMU ;IJva n.'l· ..... e J " J¥' .
be nude pr nent. gre;Utr ullit...
In the o ther example 1(.1nt menriu ns 31 th e: b eg inni ng of ... eet io n 26, '" " . " . I tf If from Ihe rm.-Njn~ OM.
'M pyu mtd1.. the whnle i". ;1\ ;1 liMit e r Clf f3n . p re 'oCnte d, a s I()n~ .~s w~
I h iS kind of examplt' IS 4111l( ~ I etel _ LI I nul " M
H. " ," " . the un!ourr Js...H ' e- I
ere, ~ p"l;e It sdf e x p!ll,.' n lv C(lOsn tlH('!o n. :r." lhnn '"
tund ncuher tuo c1cJ'oe nor too far ",wa y. If. In su O! u p . t he IinlltS 0 . ... '111 Ihe IJe,." . ,"1"
.....ou I~I ne\"t"rthele ss h ave to surr·''o!'o tl) prc"" I J n (''-rt'" .
iIGl hctw:" lftlp rd 1l:ns ion a r(' dra ..... " :.II the int e TlUf uf th e \cn"ihlc. "'h;t~: th.:: " . h '~ II' su ~l lInC' l ~ lIl\ ('( A
e Il t ~t Ifllt·rpre l.lI lOn: the m.H ell1.l1ll J ~ - I O~
nort hcYlmJ th n. ,,:u lll pn h t·n..ill l1 is tol ill p.ltl of Ihe " prc..t·n t.1hlr
10 '
 THE. l< "NTl"N MOM ENT
nlCC' at lu nioCmJt'n1.l1 finitu de and not .1 r ~ r('h tl lu ~i l'al o ne. h i
.. ' _ 5 ~V C'n REASON. SENTIMENT, AND THEBAII:OOUE:
ufh« se rpn..m~ thar the limn to ac..rbeu c \"()lIIr rl.'h cns
.
m n shou l·"I1 fUJI AESTHETIC HUMANISM
~ alluded to hu e. O n th e con trarv, the progrc....ion tro m .\ sm.tl1('r t
.aI.a~, uni t seem s to go on inJd;nild~·. Wh;It IS .. tressed is Iht' cha ra(~ Th ( flo w r .1~c" Kant co n..e c~ates to the \ lIhl,me in the third CritIq ue are
tn' -ir~lf unhmire d. infinite-of o ur ~nLtuJ~. \\ ~ .lt ~ou l J o nce .lgain nc h in whal they teach us. Fhcy l>h,,\\' quite pr eci..cly h.)W. with in \(.;an-
be- e xpressed in th e pr op os ition : "rJ...'C l~ an " in fini te given 11l.1gn itudc ," 11:111 .Ic..rhc ncs, J . decon stru ction .of the l>y,lem of mcuph y\ io cocxi'l.u
let us get back now to our qu ('sli o n: what relatio n is rhere ~tw('c n \\lrh ,I r :l ~h c .ll l h ll1 ~ i ng altum finitud e, altuut wh ,ll fo rever nc.1pn rep-
the subiecuve absolutely gr eat or acs rheric est imat ion or ('\·.1lu;.1,lon Olnd rt",cnt.u illn .1IlJ whi ch In con temporary phil o<iOphy j;on h) the name of
the' .Jhsolutd)' great of rnion .ll ('v.lIu.trio n ? Th e answer is• •a t first. oh. ..J ltlt.rcnct·... Wh ich ex plai ns why K.mt\ aestheti c, wh ile "..vinj; up nei-
vices: berween them there i.. a neg ati ve relatio n. a rel ation of fa ilure. rhcr rc.1, Un nur sentime nt" both gra nted an e\,< ntl al ..ratu.. In thc judg-
1M firsr J oC".. not come up to rhc seco nd , it fails 10 It'- .1I[cmpt 10 nw llt " f t.I"U',. J l'C1Jl'J ly orient.. it..elf toward the ba roqu e. fo r a.. lon g
\n\'w:n .1" rhi .. a rt o f exe c.... manages to maintain it\C'1f .....ithin the
be' adequat e to it . But wh ~' ? h it u nl~', a.. the example o f the I,.-,)thedul
~)'UIlJ ~ o f "good taste" a nd tbu .. con..erve a (for ..enrimentls.m~fa ..."tory
might lead us to think. becau se beyond ;l ..-en ain lim it e\'eryth ing
rel.lUo n wi th rhe Idea.. (of reason ):
would become confu sed an d ob ..cure? Th .n amou nts, in th e fina l ,)n,)I\,_
sis, to a..k ing Another questio n: why is it rhar " t' l '('ry 'l hmg rh.n n3tu r'e. But wherf .1111hJI I~ nuendcd U the m.unlen.m(e 01 .Jo free pby of t~ po...n~ ol
3" a n object of the senses , co nt a in" tha t is great " j" " to ~C' valu ed as little rer rt'.....f\Ull on (..lIl'ol'·C!" however, to Ihc ,onJlUon th,Uthere i~ 10 benothlO~ for
in comparison w it h the Ideas of rea..on " (§ 1 7 ) ? \'<'h y i.. ,, (·t 't"~' measure U" Jcr't ,1I1 J m~ to uk( excepnon 10 ). 10 orn.llmcnlJI sud",,,. In the: decoranon
of sensibilitv .. . in suffici en t fo r the ldeav o f rc.l..on" (§ 1 7 )? Thi.. cannot 01 f ' M,m , . In all kind.. of tu nuru re rh.lI ~how~ good U ..re. etc.• rer;ulJnr, in the
be gua ra nteed onl~' b~' el(periencin~ th(' lim its o f .H".. thetK cnmrr('· \hJpt' ot ltl n, lf.llni " III be J\'oiJcJ n h r J<' rO"~ lhle. ThUi En~h .h u ..te In
hensio n (sin ce those hmit!> Me loc J.teJ w it h in the seO'>ible). We mu,t .:.trJ..'n" .11lJ h.u.}l.)ut' u ..te in furnilUre. ru ..h Ihe freedom (IfImJ~n.llllOn 10 the
add to It the co nceptuJI gain of th e " T r.t nsce n d en l.l l Aesthet ic" charlcr ~'I'r~t' oi WhJI I.. grOl...,."!ue- Iht"' idu belOg.Ih,)1 in Ihi.. JII'nr" 110 m ,111 .:on-
of th e Criti'1l4~ o f I',m" R('J so,r : srJ.ce IS an " m fin ite giwn m ag,nitude." ..tUIOI o f ru tC'> the rr,·u~e 1O.. l.1n,t"' I.. Ixing JffnrdcJ where rnle (.In e'llhlhlt It S
a nd natur~ i.. in spJce . Th en J nJ only then ca n th e limits o f .1C~ .. thetlc rerle( tion If\ prolC..:t\ of thl' I m J ~in a lion to the iul1nt utenl."
comp n:hension ma ke s~nSC'. They .ne a so rt of inf e rio r. psycho lo}:i- It is the tas k of n'tlect ion (or of tJ.ot" rt"flretll't' I"J~menf) to .JrfIClllJtt"
cal way of cXpt'nencing ..patiJ) aeMhetic Iim it.n io n. The eXJrn r 1n these 11" 1:1' mumt"',fS-deco" st",cft"d re" soll. u ntim('nt" .JnJ the (':russ
10 sec t ion 16 of thc thlfd Critique mu..t then be u nde r..tood 3 S .loa· tlJJI ;s tilt' IIm,prt"5t"nfJhle-IChi ch is " ,I'Jt m"kt's it the Jepnmg (h Jr-
logun of (he tr ue sub lime " .,inc e the rel.ni on between th e ch ur ch .1nd JCh'ristic o f thl! 'IlImall heil,g J S fi "if( bei"g Imt 011(" " ont"thefe55(J pJl>1e
the limit to JeSthe1ic com p rt'hen..ion 1h.1t b rings ab o u l th e bi lur c of ofth", ki llg Ihl' i"fi"it e. This point hJ S !'Iren \' i~l)Wud,. J I..~urN.
, ' J I'i ' J a n-Fran.;:OI<; l\'llt.1rJ-
imagination is id en tica l to tht' rchtion hctween th c ra t ional Id ea .\OJ Ac..::or d ing tu .1 th e..'s rm lo rwaru ~ e '
th~ u a nscen dentallimit th at '> pa ce i... in a wJ.y th.1t cn u ld he rcp rc..t'ntcJ . .
f.mh ful. or ..0 he th ll1k'io. W
H ' J , . ' , IflI 'rp rctJ tion .m d 10 hI" po-
CIOl:gy"c: r .. e , ..
, - " ' K' ' . thinkin" 1" not .1 hUI1\.l lllsm. AS
li ke th .s: I('l1IK ag.ll ll' t Er n..t Casslrcr- a nt' ~ . - h·
,. thc i S~U t'" .1tstJ ke .... , t LO
thc m·u-K.1nti .lOs wo ulJ han " it. all J OlorcOlc:r . I'

IDEA (r;n iOll.l1who ld . I f h N ' K)ntllO " . H l\'ot .lru S ar·

It .He " to o Important to hc ," t to t c ~ o· . " " f I '(~. • of
, .1 ,-'. rt'.ldlO~ () t lC ,rr tl-l ul
Itmit rA .Jt:'\olhf t..; l:Clmprc:hf ll\iun , patlJ l lllnit ~Ullll'nI h .hl' ~ Itself essl' llu.lIly o n .1 l .1s<;ll ' _ - ,I L .
, ' II f h d - ti n ,tin n It t·,t.1 !'1 h ~ It'S 1~1 ....'C\"n
r rl\yc h,,~a l finilude) ( I r J n ~..:e n J ..'nl.ll linillldl"l I "'<'11(.11 Re.,sOIr. •1OJ espc":I.1 y o t t' I.. l.: , ~ .1.. t 1 t hi~
. , ' . , ' II. " K ill! (olllClio 1'.1.. l
man .ll1d rea..nllin ~ fi.l1 itc hl"ln):~ III ~lm r . ' . . fl ' .. -.lI m"
the limit of .lc..thctic cu m p rc:h cn 'io lo n rdcr~
, - h r 'ci r lt'nt () t \C ...lrq.;Ofl..
Thu • Hilly in '>H f.u J lt pnlll[ ag,.1ln .\OJ ago1l1l ; ma n 1<; not I c l . , \-.t' n!'<· :\s
l1.~ In thc-uan",enJ~nt;JI - li rnit\ uf ..p .l('C('a n It l'\,ukc: til t' Idca .. an pera tivt' : Ihe bUl'r aJJrc....l·s itsd l ro ';, 11 rc.1,>llIlLll!t hmte I fo · •
Mnc ..bout t~ ,ublim e.
'0 1

o.
 'Hlff
THf KANT I",N MOM E""T
rUIT r rifKir't nf practical reason. the mOr.Jl l.Jw i v, in t he scrietC'St ~
". h"nu,, ·· (ih id.) . let us 0\'(,1 100,," the' furmuiJ. . \Xlh )' not simph- se, Crlti qu'" Fhc ~oJll ur h,nl 1'0 onc (,Of hJrlnonl7ln!t ~ thm lcing o\U of ~dt­
no nhu m,ln o r suprah uma n to design.lft' rhc sphere of rran Kcnd' S.ly 01 tilllflld..., ned rn t~(' lroln...:end('nullma~ln.1ti"n, with che "practical"
. cnee thllUt:hl 01 rhc "d lglln~ 01 the self," of the "funda men ta l and tu t.al po ' -
wbich-c-no argument bere-c-n-cs .th;)\c empirical m ~n ? Let u.. .11\0
"1 !'I111l~ 01 .nu hvntrc "·'l l..te~« (·." He mu..1 thu .. lind within pra cuc al rea-
overlook the b.m.lIlt}' of a remark SCr\ '1I1g IIwr el y to rl.'" lIl111d us th:Ul r,ln .
,elll .1 .. ou cepuon of H'( ~'ptl \lH y throll ~h wh h:h the hnk With firmud e ca n
scendeneal philosoph)' j~ IWI rcdUl.'ibl,' .r(: rsp.: h o lo~y o r :ult hrnpo logy, b\· m.u llt.llIlnl . I kI H.l· 11I~ Int..·rp n·laUon of re~pt'(t fo r rhe mo r.11lJw :n
\l;~ aft' lett with the probl em nl Jctl' r m m m~ the nll' dlllng ot the distinc.
,h c· .In .l t<l~ll "·. III ,_la' p, .Kf;C:l1 field, of wh.n p ure intuition i.. m the: rheo-
rion between man .JnJ reasoni ng fimrc ~in~ a nd 01 d .ttlfyi n):.the ClI.lcnt n ·I1.... 1rid .1. Far InUIl helll~ .,e,,:olld.1ry III rclanon to the' mor.1llaw. In
to which it sn ll a urho rizes u" 10 speak o j J. " Kann a n hum .lni sm" whtn n·.-'r ' '' 'IIl>~' .1 tun te l'o ('ing In ,he a..peer III th.1t nnnp~~'chulo!tlc.l1 luling
WC' evoke rhe conccpcon (It ''l he sub ject" J,",lIt nith in rhe thl,(lr~- 01 thr ,h.1I h·~p\·..-l h "r.. Iln tlwr "lI~..cque nt no r i~ It ..u mcthmg tholt l.Ikr<; place
reflective Jud gme nt. ,," ly 'K '-'l" UI1 ,ll1r· lh'~ re (t tor lhe' law . .. l\ III n ~ 1f .1 revelation of
No dou bt about II , ar the level of th e Cnnque (I1 /udg t'm r nl. all ht" tlI " , ~· h ,I ~ rhc "l·1t th.rt .1 ": 1 ~ ." I'
level th erefore of aesth cnc s. Ir I ~ well a nd tr uly man ;ln d t'l(dtls;\' ~'h' man . T h i, mt erprcr.uuut, whrch 1\ Ji ~r ll reJ hy C;l\sirer (in hi.. 19.11 !C-
rhar is u nder convid er.mon. "The p lc.rsunt ," Kant wntcs. "i-, .1 ~'i ~m ti_ ,"'W01 the Kuntlrucb, a tex t rh.rr l hu uld he' r..-ad to ~r.1 'p what tnt'
cant fact or even with irrati(lll.l l .lll;m .lls; bcaut v h,b purport .1nJ Mgn iti. 1).1\'" dcb.u c bcrwccn H ciJ t: ~er a nd Ca..sircr wa.. .111 .Ioout ). per-
cance 0 ,,/)' for 1111m.In bei1lgs l1IlIr (iir ,\ ll"1luh t·'tl. i.e.. tor l>ci n~", at once 'lilt.. H ~i .l q~J.:c r lU find .1J:.alll m the vpherc III pracncal reason th e u r n-
animal and ra[ H1I131 hut not mt" t'ly fur tl,('", .IS T.Jl/fl'l' l l - i 1ltt'lI'Kt'lft t.1n -trucf ur ..·••11 o nce ~pnnr:Il1 W U ~ JonJ recepu\·c. rhat "'c1nnp to the
beings-bllt 0'1/)'{or them JS.lt once .1",,,,.1 / .m ,! r"tim/J!: w ht'r t'3'" thl' U1l.\gin,Ulo n. " T hc .....Ii·suhmi"l..e. ;mmcdlJ tc .." n end!,'! . . . i~ p ure
good is good for t"very fation.ll ht'i ng an ~t'm:ral" (S 5 ), This pmI'ml- [{·.."("pu n t y ; tIl(.' fr..·..· ",d l-implN tlu n of Ih..· I;lW i.. pure lpont.1nclty.
tlo n. d ra wn ou t ;It length in section SJ of th t' thir J CTlt;qUj'. wo uld by In thl·l1l'cl\·t· thc twu ;tr(' o riglllally nllt''' lib id .• p. 16(,). Th ... co ns~'
itself he C'llo ugh tu It'giti m i1Cthe usc of lht' tt' rm "hullun ism " to l.Jua1lf}· '1l1l'I1«(' of th i ~ inr..>rp n.· r.Hio n is dt'a r : the mOf,'] law sho uld h,l\I!,' J .. des-
Kant\ at"\the'tic"', lin.1t1o n nun, ,l n J nor fin ite hem g.. in generJ.1. Al H t' i J e ~c t re":<lII.. in
But .....C' neW to go fu rt ht·t . T hc str. tn gc th ing 1\ Iha t, apropo s the )j·..:tlUlI .) I o t k .m t .1'1.1 tltt' f roMI'm uf .\ll'to1ph)'$Ics. m.m j\. for Ka nt .
CriI;qIU' o f Pr.lcl;c.z1 Rt'JSO", lyotarJ .mnb u res 10 Heid C'gg cr J th("'oi.. put.l p,Hticul.1f ~r"'ot"S o i re.h u lllng til1ltt' hemg. th,H IIl .....hich finitude
tha t. in bet. \\'a",no t unl}' ,1!ung· "'tanJing po sitio n (It th e nl,"(J-KantlJns I .. Iit'O 10 st'tw llilil)' ( mrlllw m .'I t th t' theuretlc.llle\'c1 .Ind. acco rding. to

b ut altO tht"mai n c:riticism C 3\ Slt t'r m .lde of tht' H "'i d c~e rt a n int erpre- Heldegger. U'S/INt at th e r r.1.., i(J.I1e·\ d ). Bur noth ing hin d('r s ;1 purd y
tat ion of K;lnt. The r (lim me rits d is..--us<;io n. Not on!)' J o n. It h.1\'e ph ilo. ro1liool"/, llt ll1 ~t· lhtI.11 , co n..:e ptio ll of tinituJt·, (III,,' th.lt .....o uld "'e e:-t-
lu gic.al imponance , it .1 1"'0br ings us ro Iht· cruciJI q Ut, ..Il\)n of the ..Uttl S pn·s,~ d olll ~' ill th l· d itfl.'n'n..·t' '-'dW~''''1l ht'illg lI ·are ] and lh(' ou~t · tll­
of K.antiJ n aestht"ti(.·s III relation In lh t' 'tccolld C r il l /I I/t' , b,,· lh' .Jt'l'Oir·h rl'l, lh~' I ~ J.lIJ th e llllf/:ht . For J.n in finite he:in~ the 1110(,1,1
The int C'rpr t:t3tio n Hc iJ~gger d e\·clo p.. In hi s KJ ,,, lm ch Itu ml. ueJ I.J ..... i ~ (Ii tht· orJ..·r o i 1\(-lI\g. for a tinitt' ht'ing. IIf Ihe o ught -w-he . .....lth·
~ .. Kant ..,,,J Ib~ ProM~m of M~toJph}'s"n l ..et .. out fro m rhc-l.Ju llc ...-or' Hut ,hi s J itit·rt·l1ce hi.· in~. io! Kdllt. m·'t·...,drily ri\·J to ~n ..ihlll~ and

m:t-prinoplt th olt K~nt"" thought i.. J lh inkin~ ml1, J.nd the tir"'t in lhu.. In a ..pt·(lti,,·all ~ hum.1II finil uJ..'.
moJcm ph ilo'oOphy. of f3dic al fim tud c. At wh:n c\'( 'r k H·1 one InC.lIt"> l'u\t, wh ,u H e i J c~(' r tt'g rel'" a l>o Ul the w.:o nd edit iun of the 0 j-
onnclf .....ilh in critical ph llo Mlph )' l:s('n..ibillt~·. undt''t'tt3ndin ~. (h('(lrl'li· tl'l/(~' of I", rt' H. •••l H lrI ... p reci..dy Ih ~' ('111t'rgcl1('(' 01 thi ~ dl,,[in.., iun.
cal rC'.1'>On. prd(''1i~.11 rea ..un ), t he link tu a n urlgmJT)' 't'u plit';t)' nlU'" ~hl\'h o h\'imhh· 1....1 d~ Kallt 10 ..ep;lr.lte finitude .lnJ ..~nl ll.11 re.:epri \'i t~·
11m be b ruken- th C' imagmauun , a s facu lt y .tt 0 11((' rt'(.' q,r i\,c .llTJ spon- .Ind Ihu.. tu reieg.u e lilt· im.lgin.l1io n In .1 \(·..·u nJ 3ry Ic\'c1. Hei~t'r
r_.a neou~ bei ng the milieu .....he re th i.. lin k tn rn 'cpli\·iry. a nd th t·rcl ur c to thcll d('mUlhlrJ.I..... hn w 1(;11\1 , u l>..t's..ed with lht' IJea 01 ..q l.1r.lung , he
hnltenn... i, thcm2 uud 2\ ..uch . In M:'('tlo n .10 of hi.. I\..,nt l", cb, tbt· rc- ethlo.:a l fro m th... P"'l,ho log.ic31. u n innu nJ.ld}· df..x h .I Ji srin.....i()n t><-
'orr. BeJdq;gct tri es to p ro viJt" .an intcrpre1Jtion (It th(' Cril;.lUt' of f\o,ttn men and r.lt ion .11 finitc bcin~ .. dnd rosiu th(' 1111'r,11 IaW,1S Ulld
Pr:ut'u,1 R,ason co mp .1lib lc: .....ith the: proicer he dl~(.'crm, in thc tint .11'>1:1 lor Iht' I.urer III gl' ner31- w h ich nukes It IlIderenJenl oj ~1

I.' I.'
THREE
an d a bvracrs it OUl of t he tempu ral ..rructure ot the tra nscend "n THE KANTIAN MO MENT
im.l~in,1(ion. This is wh a t Heidegger wri.tcs about '" " Ir i\ in\:ontestol~ f.. r hun •.ln' I,UI .11..0 I.. r " 311 r.I1ll'n., 1 ht-In ~, In lee_r al" Ifu, MIl, \'nnuOl/ rwtJ#:rl
rhd l the disnncrio n between a finite ~,l tlo n.ll being III ~l' ncral ,)nd moln "b""·.,,,,"l. Ka nl w ;. ~ h..re no t rn ll~ Ihinkll1\1:• .1\ 'Xh<>pnlh"IIKr moo;llInlt!' re-
as a particular example of such ;I hClng o)me~ til the fo re.' In the tran. r....I.-h...1 hml. " "f Ih.. dO:.Ir lillie .I n~r1 '"_h ..rc .d ..., he ......, 'J'C.3kinr. a, ~nric
scendental deducno» a s th e." lan er .1ppC'.1rs In the second eJuiul1" (ihid .ln,1 m..lh....I" l.. ~h l . .... 1"...... ':" "U"' n ......1, nto, lu .III" w the Iront,..,." berween the:
p. 174). And. " In the SC'OOnJ edition, Ka nt has enl.l rgl·,f the "-(Incept ~ J" dr1m("' I" " r u n Inu , e.l(h "lhl:l." and ..... h.. J.:ellrJlnll:ly ......,.!,cd tn "t'rU.lU:,
~I'" II• .Illd. f"I1" .... mil: r rm"·' r lo. thc I,h k, (It ('Ihi.:, ..nd Ih.JS(' of anlhrnpol.olJ.
.1 ra r ional finit e being to th e po int where it II U longe! ,um"'iJl~ ..... nh Ihe-
Ih" l"ll' " 1.l(" m.n ..·Au,,n I.~ ~' Hn him ,h lnu ~h Ihe .. rp'...IIKl11l>c:t....«n " .a ~a r'
co ncept of man and thu !> ha !' po .."J the problem 0 1 fllluu de ..... ith ~re-ol1e-r
amt·" "" .I " I h ll. ~ m -usel i ," !-" I.... I:C1I IImc .m d Ir«Jllm. And he re \IC' ..1\0 the
com prebensiveness" libid .• pp. J ; 5 -76).
.Iulh' ·I1 I"· .", J t.... wnll:ll .. hlt·(! lHn I n'U, 1 UI'ot .1 ~.lI n~f t1cl.kr,gCf \ mlt'TJ'ICI.IIIUft
Ha s this enlargement had••15 C:t.... tre r dH)u ~hl (:lI1J l~-uIJ.rd .110111:-
" t 1'\... II . "
with h im, no doubt). th e effect oi an "i mp rovemcm," ui a \'io o r"
against psychologisrn an d "a nthrllJ'i-llnorrh...rn"? H l'i J ~' ~cr '" an ..we~ 1I11s I ~' '''' I h .h l'\'IJ~'11I I y been forgotten h y the \'cr)" Ihm kcrs .... ho
to th is questio n is a lso cxphcn : "On the \,: llnrra ry, when l.·(.rr~·,I1~· un- llll\.t\ p n ·ll·nJ 1(' , .lrry un the inher it.mce ot .... hJI rhcv hel icvc to he the-
d er stood , this ed itio n is even mor e ' p s Y l· h o l o ~It.".I1 · "lInplf ht·, .1UW It l ~ I-kIJq~ t.:. l·ri ;1Il llH~·rr rCI .U1 01l o f Knm. II j, rather piquant to ~t"l' Lynrard
oriented ex clusively o n purl;" n ',hUll ,1.. such " ubid.. p. 171l). It 1\ thus LIke LIp , .\ I Il1 Il~ l \v nrJ to r wo rJ, 'l~.Il Il\1 neo-Kantism .m .lr~u ," c nt '00
no t, a s Lvorard believes. Caotrcr t h ~· neo- Kanrian. hut H ~' i J t' ~~' r him· I VI'I ~· .lll y l \ ~'o -K ,lllt ian rh.u C a....n cr dlll nor hesitale III mak e of it the
!>("If wh o neve r sto p ped criti~'il ln~ the drsnn crion between t wo kind s uf I~\I\' 1'''"11 o( s~· r.Ha t illn from ~h'iJq~~cr_ II p rove... if pruof were.' needed,
fini tu de : man's sensible finuude and the purely r.ui o na l onv o f rhe tinite rh.u th e (tlll l('m p c with wh ich the Heid... ~c r i a ", ha ve always loo ked
be ing In gen eral. It wa s fur thermo re Heidcgger w h o firvt ~how"J thc uron the nco -Ka n na ns is mo ..t often accompani ed hl' ignur ance ot C!o-
way in w hich th is d rsnnct io n • co nt rar y to ap pearances, co ul d have the "t'lll1,)1 piece .. in th e record of thc onglli ng d ~·h al l' . \'fh y su..:h ,1 hlu nder?
!tCCond edi tion of the Critiqlll> bpse h."k into 3nthrorolo..-:y .h .1 con - Bt' CJt"I' Ihl' I m ,l ~c r y ,\ru un d Ihe Ih s"tl'1o Je-h.ne an d the Ji..mt$trt.'lt ha .. 11
"'quen ce. in w far a~ il 1l'.IJs K.lnt 10 " Ih mst the im .lSlna lio n iolt!
thl' boleS-ground, Ih us con,e.llin~ it.. tr.m'>l:cndcnt.11 nature ("o mp leld >'"
thJI , in cht" eyes oj a n u \"C'rha..ty H eidq~eTi .tni ..m. an)- Jn J all rcierence
10 man O f tn hl1 m a n i ~ lI1 inc\"lta b ly refef\ hJ., k 10 thl' ,dCd o f an thropol·
\
(ibid.• p. 174 ). tJ);~·• .mJ thndure m th e mctaph~ "lc" o f \ uhjc..:ti\'lt}·. And, 3\ II. wdl
h. a fu nhcr pr oof nl-aJed thar. 10 thc ...o ntr a ry. it is neo-K ,JIItial1lsrn \;,nuw n. ncu -Kan n"l1 ~ po~jti\·i ..m = 1I1l'1J.ph~·\i", ot \ut-i("(tis'il~".
that ho ld s the dIstinction Jlsa pr rm -cd uf by H e i d l"~e r 1() be cru..-i.1I. therl'f"re ,l nth ru pu lu gy" Q .E.D .
,;Ind th at maintains the idea that th c mo ral law addrc....C''i it\cli 10 lini le KUI h l')'o nJ thc r h i lol(}~ ical rnist.lkc, lyotarJ\ .l dop led re... iuon
bcll1gs In general anJ not on l\· tu man? \'('c Ill't'd n n h ' re ;ld th l' rl'\'leW Il'.IJ s hll ll 11) 1111.... Ih:1t 111 H"id cAAer '" inte-rpfl·tJtion w hich. thu ugh Je·
ui\irer w ro tl' oi Hcide~er\ "hook on Ka nt in th e I ~3 1 l\,mt-SwJu·n. h.lI,th ll·. mol)' bc r h ilo..ophil-ally fe w le. •-\.. I ha\'c trio:d to dc mon ..trJtt'
K.1n1. he wrote, Went 10 "orn e len gth!> so tha t d Sl'\\hcrl'," thl' ide;1 of thi llklll~ clh in. withou l lnsing the link to Icm-
pur., ht ~.• I hnd()fl'-Hci Jq~~l'r I" ri~IH-wilh mdfJ as the site o j a nni-
rhl' JllC'.1nlnj; of hI" -l u n)~-cnJt"lI1.1I" r rur lt'Ill.lIK ..hu ulJ nOI be.' J ispl .lct"J nnW tuJc .... hth t.· ~t nK l url' i\ Ihat o f t1w ....: hell1.n i ll1l~ lmJ gin ation . h .15
Ille p"ycbolOJ:\ClIII-nu r hls u~r"-1tltms ~hO\cJ O\'('r IIIW lhe m~·n·h· .1I1Ih ru r '" noth1I1g .\h:o.ur d .1 notll it. C o rrl'ctl y un J n slOod, ir hnJ .. it\ mu "t .J e\ d .
It,.,c.al r l:Hlc, . Hr lird~ ..ly ~t rt's~~ IhJt AnI' d nJlv~i) Ih.1l ollIJ )~t nlll iWIIl nl'~'d fo rm u1.11 io n in the Crl t i,/III' f1f.f"d~mt" fr. whl'Tl' th e Ide.l\ 01 thC"t)-
eN- Inere " nature 0/ Ihe human o<tnll" ..... t1,;IJ ml~s lilt" u an enJl'llt.11 IJ o tli rt·fic.ll .m J .,1"0 o f pr an";11 Tt.· J,nn . con cl'ivcJ 01 .1 prlll ..·ipics of th c
freedom. and wllh 11 thl' b ying-nUi (If th~ ~rnulld~ for t'tlll":~. 10 lt~ H'r~ r nn' rd lc..:t in· tUd~lT1elll. llla illtJ in .111 t1llbrt·ak Jble. es·cll Iht)Uf.h s~ntt....lh..:,
u pln. It ~ uWln)"; 10 this pfroccup.Utun Ih.lI thC' Kaml.1n rrnpt)~1t10n. ~(1 olHrfl link with .1l'sthelics . with !>cnSll1ilit)" ;l nJ Icmr 0 rJ lity ..~'('n a~ th(' raJI.....d
i1J.kftl'No" .nd III-mlrTf' ~J
__ d• \loa, ulle ro;u.
...,.-r..e Ih,lI o ne ("uuld nnlf Jrru'l' .al .1 r ure sign, of h UIlUIl hllllllJe. ..I..
• t h e ('nd (If t h .l'; a llJ lyslS.
. we ,an M'e mur e ,j"J.rh
"- . lhl' ",J,t'in ",h,s:n
Il/ lhe ethiul l.tw If one 10ulo. C.lIrC thAt jr ~huulJ l'o c u hJ nul l)tll~' III '

II.
Ulnu'J't1Oft

III
'''Il l
IH ( l . .. H .... "O_tNt
· k .amun lQIom n u" an kpnm.1rd~ rut It'dt ION 'aN .. an nn~ crrt'0n oi man ,1'0 O('Jltuu', .... .lI bnng ..,.~ ftnttock ~ f.onown br
'1 ft' .ancmrc to arn..l1Lnr th e' IbrT'C' ,,","I ch.au" .C'n..nc 1rndcncin, of
.iown~o "t'J when mu..ured a~ln'l .. dn-INty . "how ClK.crncc "'....
_ kat h.u bere brnl c-.ll kd tM rrTh l ,.t~ 01 a(")(hcuc..: sclt" .:oulJ be J(' mun ..1r ared.
_~tKIIUlwn l CC'J" ""mt of the right'!. It CtIUIJ J•.l~' d ol im to within t-t cgd "~ .1I:~t hcllCS 1rl C', \A,'uh a douhdc... iy unrqu.akd lI;undall . ro
BoaIt.lu:·" da ":11 IU Jinon: ~ bur nee .111. The iJe.l.s of ft.1;\Ot1 In "'.111 up th l!io ()pc:nin ~ th rou gh thC" pown oi the:~ .
die' throt1 oi tM ~untul .U In [11.1,1 of the s.ur!lfn('. do In the 6'nal
~ rn1Um the' uproon in,: rtU"" of the co mmon ~W'. But ratio.
IUh it'Sdt hb. ..n the same, losr in dogmatic dl.1racter. and thr
.I,
rmt«t of .. ~~ of the' bc'autiful• the source: of the Atl /XJirI..,Ut.
~ ul\ahd.attJ ,t the' S,UTlt mot rhat (he tem pta n on to redu ce bt3tJn
to a impk WftSUlI rn-w:n t.u ion of truth \·J.OI~he-.. In~.lr.lhl(' con~_
~ anthctJo,., C"\"m wbee thou~( of .l .. phlimophlcal di~pIIQt.
IIMnol' oPCt and (or .Ill fcin up d)r rrttcns.;on of ~u b h~h m g mfallaNe
cru ena of p:-od ta te. One can, .11 ~l. interp ret the co mmo n \(l\~ _
;I prn umprion in b \"OC' ot a work's ~C'atn~" -1>Urpo~m~ It not to be

-odrolopaL-
- Smt imc'nt thu'i linch ap in rbe place denied It b~' dogre anc c.b\-
wci~m. ~k tM reference to kJe.a~ pcrmiu the' groundi ng of the rom-
mon ~ tnWbib~' becomes me rocch src ne thanks to w h ich lope
.and acsthcna on ~.lUU u;thout ~ reduction 0; o ne rC.,Jlrn to 'Iv
otJv, bnng /'OSslbk. Bouhours's argument that the Beautiful i~ .u ind'-
bbK 1 , \ It Ii uefcreseeabk recovers its legitimacv-c-rbo ugh. 3 \ crukive
rrqw rn. It 100 roo t be hmited m It S relativistic pencha nt...
- And dut also panlIti U to accord the- demands o f baroque .an -
thno that ri~tiul rIa«. If da~s1Cal good ta...re, in its mct.1rh~al
borroe- 01 n ccu. "dip" the ...'ings of genius," It mus t no lo nger hin.xr
rc to L'x potnl of blocking 1(\ 6i~"Jt . The Bea uti ful i... no lo nger the ~
ubk una~ oi truth., the Imita tion of ","holt I ... essennal, ra tio na l. In na-
tare. It &equlrn in own structure, an autonomy Without whi..-h the
t ~ pin un: could not ('X1'>t, also and perbap ... (',"cn es('t-
cu.Ih dlaC' so an mtgulanl)' and it connngenc}' In rd atio n to th" ~.
Mba. JlabaetJI: In IogiaJ thought. Li1f.c humor, the n:nt 3bh' ~3uritul
.... ~ odlt:tw'tte TI " ...0 t1n'et m1crstcor the narrO'" fra me of an
antbrbc. 011 pct'ieawn "hc-re the "wdl painted " remain'\" will 011.....3,-...
• , thcJU<;~ nuln rrmQ'\nJ from the' trait ot genl u~.
11w . nw:n motnml "' thu, par ('Xcdlcna tM momC11t of th"t
: a hft~ In the ~ of a '\o..llrlliz lftg dl'o'lniry th .lt intennc:Jl-
- . b.,..... ~ -aJkd up in d~mschn' a br('.. ~h JlI\O in Ihe ¢o."'\l-
• . k
JDft of ~It)' 10 JI confuwJ pnccpuon (d the ,"Ielh~b

10 • drionntd 1ft)" of ldt ..llrvth; .a bre.h.. h . fin.all", In th e-,on"

"'
"
 F0 U R
TI1E I1ECE lIA H ""'O~lkl
In d lH'he fn rm... of cone .lnll rhe "" ~ id Th .
llo n. . I ea , U\ .lll c:n tK .... ahor
c_"m.c:-\ the model fo r phl lcKOphieal enticJ,. J
~ .. . . m. II\C 01\ l he: ancbrnc•
\lo rk ,.. rhe ex pr,...,..lo n of prC"on1l:Ulfln I fJ,lrll~ll I .' .
.Yk ' %7e;{~//I .-/t em m /.·
· ' 1 d
<ot1'I,u.11 lo rm ,co or 'l. coun 'I . etc.I, and iu\t
. h d [
a. . .
lfP1g ... anJodcam.a
CfItJcl\m \ ai m .. the
• "Ime. out of I e I C.l.O The- ..ll-:Olt1cd fn u.. IL f
"'.. ~ . . " • ~ ""C:: mam nc ttpu fic.r toO
./k ./6/0et0/e . ~tf~'d . IIIC ..-3n JI "ll n~l ..h w u h ln ~;ach phll" ,,"op hlc.tl \ ~ ,,-_ .
k
....., th< " rauo na 1 emer,
" ·. 1-
1 lU1:"nucal In the fi••1 )
ana I\''',
· arnc'JOng.lt1 ,
•
lJ't"l .... crn the OlIO-

N ~ qr~/d r/ ,(/'/ h." •

lem) ui tho ugh t worth~' of th e n3mt• .lnd Ihe c()Jltln~JI1 fOlnn m "'~
II i.. ~ \r'",rul;1t ed .
The ~'{lun~ H egel co uld th u'l ~he-\'e he ......l \ rciu n ng the ... tpUC1'
oUl!umcnt hr ... r~tl n~ th at nnl~ the form 1\ \-3nabte and h i\lOfK..ally de.
RUTH IS OS E. ~.t'1 I t i.. impo ssible to d i~rutt" the- ;.1":1 Tholl Ihm:
T evi... t ~.1 mulnrude of mu tually ..:() nr r.1 J i "' l<l r~· phlln,ophic.ll ~~ ~tcm\ :
"Upon fhl'> ",u nd!. the' shallo w dcmon st ranon w lnc h .1ftlnns, With .I
lcrm metl. In \0 1.11' a~ ..t depend, on C'3ch hivrorical peTlod \ o....n cu'lture
18/1./1111/(1· Philosopbi cal CflUCl~m\ luk . cnnsim then m bre.alung the
..hclllhJI p revenr-, th e m ncr movemen t ut tho ught fro m ce mm 1 I ....
kn ow ing arr, rhar not hing is ul'lr.lInl"J Iro m rhe hi~lOr) IIi phtlu\ophy; h . I g o rgm.
,-\t whIch pc mt r Crt- I ~. no nnger J n ~' veruable conmdicnoe bnv. ttn
one man prO\'es th e' oth er w w ng: rhc \'cr)"accumulation uf phdfhllphin the dltt rn:nI ph I IO">urhlcal ~Y"lem'io. since Ihel all. in 1hC' 13\ t mwance,
is proof of the nullity 0 1 phi losoph y' .1...r n underrakmg." Con fuund. c'p re.... the came Id ea . Th eir appa ren t d l\ el"ij t~· proceeds onlv from th e
ingl)' bana l though It rna) be. rbe o bject io n rai sed by ...cepnci ..m \ull tact th at the ph ilo sopher I ~ o bhg ared . following the van ou .. ~no&.. JIM
requ ires an ans wer. \lo r~ . the philosopher know- .111100 wel l, h..nlng culturl'''. [0 eXr res\ his ideas in J. relative and con tingent form. VIIhlCh
o nce ta ken U "'Ulo u\ I)', tha t the challenge th rown down hy nonplulose- mUl t be w r J..iJe by placi ng o neself Jt th e. hlghC'S[ phllO\OphK.lI pomt
phy I ~ of the kind rhol1 CAn ta ke )'OU verv ta r .1\00.1) from where )'00 or
01 vie w, that I.. . a t the POint of \'I('W of J. philosop hy idennrr in .hicb
tho ught ) '011 were going-an o b..e rva non all rbe more irm anng In rh.lt the form o f the p resen tan o n , unbu rdened. fi n.lll~-. of the pJrucul.u ai--
the pr ob lem itSoeH TCm .ll n ~ one (Ii ('xtr .lOrJma~ !>I mpl klty: Ii the true peen of such and luch .l d eterm ina te histOric.a1 culture. i.. tJrntl':.l1 to
,hooM be the ymc for c'"l:ryone. ,;h human n~ason dcm.Jnd;. then ",h.lt the IdeJ of phi l o~p h~' it">Clf. iTIlI.. h .lrmon ~· atcontmt .lnJ form Jdlnn
~tu Wtould th" bother'!>urne plurJlit),h,,· ~I\en? 1M ..~ s [('m.Jn..::it)· th at . in 1801. Hr-gd soli thought he ow..... brou~t to
\t"c h,n'c to admO'A-lcd~e It: thc ·· ~h.t1low argumcm" 'AJ\ worr~'tnt:: reality InSchell ing's phi losoph)·.)
Hegel "eU berore hii ..y ~tcm rn-e l\ eJ Ihe J ehmtl\'C' fo rm thai Jlone .11- It m ay pc:rhap.. be objc(fC'd thJt thc gtounJs for phdowphicJ.1enn·
Jo-.'ed him to bong to thc problem a ".1n... i~'mg .Jn~we r t me J m n ~ in hi.. mm\ daims to ohit:'cti\·It)·-or .1 "I,.-nrici..m\ d.alm~ for th.!f m..u.
O""n e,-n.., oi Cool"oC' . \'I;1;cn an hi" ~' ou th he "' c.J[ed In Jcna. to~ethcr ICT- J re not ea ..~· to gr a..p . 8 ~' w h.Jt ri{:ilt Joe.. one .authonu onndJ to
" -lIh hl~ fncnJ xhdlin~ the Cmic.l1 }OJml.l1 ui Phllt,sopll')' (II .1 rrcJ rcd Jccb~ thu thi .. o r that w urk IS .J proptr exrrn~lon oi the true' tJt1.
&n TObmgcn In 1 02 /180 31. the ti~t i..suc\ int roduction W.J~ dc \'ot eJ to while Iha t other o ne l'i nothing hu t ;\0 embroidery oi O p inion..., ",'uhout
dm ddlC3fC qut'\rion.lkaring the title "On th e F...'tf'nce of Phl lowphical lru rh? H l"gd \ a n,we r i... ag a in. lourro wed from S.:hC'lImg.; it Jcrm.bOt1
Crltlcl'm In GcnaJ.1 .lnd It'io Reb tlo n 10 t he Prese n t Suu o i Ph ll o ·.{) p h ~' Ihe argu me nt th.Jt u nc ca n U 'IC thl." Idc.l r r~enl in the ""ork to Jl-<np~
In PJlrtlcu!.tr." Ie imroJt:d 10 \Ct (lUI t he co nJltlun.. under w hich a lll- It fro m th e fo rm . whICh i.. J efcct ive;' loec3 uloC sp«: ;h c .and ncJ to th e
Ctwtl c.ould leg,nimatd)' \oOn. (Iut thc wh e:!t from tht: ehJ if. mc.Jn ln ~ n OI rulture of n .. tim e , There 'A ould lhu ~ he .1 - n<t"d inr r hiJ. rh~:' un).lt-
onl, ph ikN¢)' trum OImphllO'loOphy (lnefl' 0P lnlllO!lo ). but al!>4-l. ,tt tho: ilfied as 111n~ .1, It h.J\ litH ~eo mol dl-J loto .l ,, ~"j,tenurK furm. 11
Ittt hr,,," 01 thin which de<.c-nc.. the n.1m e of phllo."oph", th t· true "P - Upo n thi.. nt.'l'ti th a t c n ucl..m Coin '>C'l fOnt in order In t-exumt It,:
ir"", the (,",Cl"\. ~ ~ution H egel eClll~uk rc,j in t hu'>C d.J ~·" i.. no l In o rde r. that I... nOI tll I:-e (.1011.:.111)' c' tmul to II... nbr«t 6u~~
.. " twJ.1 In(ttnt . In pl rcd by xhelhn~ It CHnmb In the dc.-..crirtion of which, hcc::r.u..c: una ck nuwle,jgcJ. il w(lul.i hc:hn c n ol endv tU"'.&I'i IC
ttw ~ fll phlll1'\tlflh~ b, .lnakJfi:Y with th.:u of .J1'1• .J'io the p r~n l.J ·
I! 1\
· CJS ~· enough to pctl,.'rne thi.. hnt . "'1I UO l ln '.. whm

II .
'"
 FOU R

set .I ~;trn \t th e !i.la nJ a rd s n f tht, d efioinve !i.y\l l'In, Fin t (If .1 11 tH E H EG ELI A N MO MENT
ledcrincism
, cr mcrsm ,d O('S not enrlrely , - wh ,lI He ~cl in II I, t hou nl ~J\'. III It\CU. In It.. own d ement . Art l;t1h Cl-,m m "inl.1i n\ thcrdore a
grouru jcc a VOId ._ 1e nlfl~ ~
non 10 the r " ('no m l·' lO/lIgy. l.rrer devignare .. ,I S d o~m .l th l1l (' . . Ut . hlllllll>ll 1.I'·l1I h:.~l ln h.n 11 had III 180 1, h ~ aim 1\ \fill In \i nlde o ut an
. - , . .r ll lC!' !ll irllclh~I ...I.· ...~\lItinl ·hlnd'",1 \en\u.1I \I~nifitr ; Ihe bc-aulilul cflntinliC"
a.Iw.1~'s ca r ried o ut. In f.1CI, from the vtew por m til .1 'OuP Pl)" ~'d lv If I'
t') I.c. III r h l ~ "Cll..e. all " h ,t"n fu r int c rrret.1l1on . Phllo....:)ph y. o n the other
~no le~lgt', rhus from th at nf th e .1..:hiC'\lC'J. com ple ted ..y\r"" I1I_~' hl~e
I) h~· It nev e r r('.lI ly m;1II .1 j;!C" III t)('O IOI t' a n in tcmnl Cfni cI\tn h h h h h.llId. '~Il<'rlll~ fill\ ~lteln pl~"n betwe-en C(mlCI1l and form. between the
,,1" .1 .mll II ' (''' l' rO:....I(>I\ • .I d ll llll \ ·d ) JI S.l....' )(;iOltes Il'loCH from the wo rld
pot~c\is o f .1 "IlC~ (o r philu!oooph y" being, "II to "p""ak , the dll~ ~r y:
"I .HI. 1 "1\.1II ~ IIll' Lu t e r back tO .l \lIJl<'(\c Jr-d ph a\(' among the o rdered
man set pa p" to virtue). Even more S'~flulldy. rhe ..",·pl i...·.1 1 a~umenr'K
..IJ ~C'\ " I Ihe r rn~rC',\ III the vpmt. It i\ mdf'"f'" J ha rd Ifl \CC \\'h)". rt the
J.ctua ll~· re fu ted In rhc ('untC''' fit a "I"lun HI ti l" hi ... torv. III phIl u\OPllV ...1\
C'''I'lItl.l l I hH1~ ' " th e IJ e.1,' Ihe conten t, Wt ..boul d limit Ollt'oClvn to
w hose mccnvemee ce i.. me rd, shar ul denvmg hrvro n ... u v a .. \lIth. If
):r.I" I' II1~ II rhrll u~h tin' Jl\rllru nF, form fl f \Cf1\l hihtl r;u her than lop--
Ih in k abo ut ir, we ..... ill inJn 'd re.d ill' t1l.1t It I.. preo se!.. the hl..toncal rn'ht'lIIh ll ~ II III and for lI..elf, .1\ il 1\ III It\.C U. The .lcJth of art. '0()
element in eac h p hiinsilphiea l \~'\I C'm th,u ... I h I n~''' '''ntl al u 'mronelll '1\i·" .ILul.Hly d ecreed bv H egel, co uld w ell h.l\·t .Ihour II a .....h lff uf
(th e pa n ned up w u h Ihe h...tori":.lllfiM"ng ). If..It !:>tHlum• .11l the \\'\ . 1'1.1II 1ll l' I11,
terns gi ve e xp rn\inu 10 the s.1 mc ide .. . ..... r- h.JtJI..· \('(' wh.n cuulJ ~ .,," Ihll. to I-c o-rrain <If t hr , II h('hufI\'C'o U\ til I/.I.np the \OlItce oi the
interest ing abou t rbe ulIln ldin/;:. of Ih,' lr drvcr..il ~ 111 the ':1)U r .. t· (If tlmt J I'.rin ..... 1l 1l1 her w ecn .Itt and philo"-Jphy. Rcclt:.ul1Inmg. in Ihe I..Ulurl"S
a nd the criticism Ih.lt .....ould wp arare m il the cuntcnt [Will whar ~ " " IJ,(· JlI5 II)~' of "I"/lJ sophy. the \k l.'ptll:.l.1 3 r~lImelll In...... n from the
mere co nti ngent for m in thorn h.l\ ntl other till.l ln y rh.\n Ih.lI Hf \CII. rlllr;\l lf~ .. f \,·..[el11 ... H t"~cl UIU!1ten II wilh .In 3tl:Ume!1t thr- im-ersc of
jus l ific.uion. Ih.1I J O:\'Cll )p'·J in I HO I : the hi\lor>" of philn....)ph>· 1\ no longl.'f (On-
Her ein l i~ rh(' rc.. 1 .tn a lnE:.~ with Ihc .I ...•.. th ('li...· ) phere. In ISO I, (CpUl.Ilile...l .h the un lol Jin~ of th .... IJ ea " in 11\ ul her" - in an (:!Iltr.
H egd still con..:t'in.·d lit Ihe tt'rnp1.'rJIiI~ o f the u ne .lIlt! ett'r n.. 1 philo- nal fmm -hm ratht' r a .. an 1Ille m ai d e\"e1opmenl• .1\.1. \.C1f.unfo ldmg.
'>Ophica l Id e.1 a s it n p rC'o..ion in .1 itltm m hn th.ln 11..('11 ( 111 the Hi/. Thl\ I.u ta p r('WllTs .1 tcrna r~· ..tr uclu re .....hlt\.C rul p nnciple ..houlJ bt=
dung ). bu r .11....:, .1 \ 'OClnu' l hll1~ o lher than t elllput.1 ll1 ~ il"'CII. w hcrea s in gr.1..pt·J (commonplJ":t'" ahllllt " Ihe th rce 1II0I11t·!1tS of the Ht gchan JI.I.·
th e' detiniti\'c \y\lelll the- ph llu)ophi ..:.t1 IJe.J enio~' s its nwn dl,.'\·c!Clpment. k..:tic" ht'mJ;: !1lo\1 often .....-:rccn\ c a mllu ll a gll1~ a mu..:h mOfe delicate
in o w n inrrlllsic e\'ol ullon d ll rlll~ .... h ieh II unfold s It.. Jiffcrclll mo· mClho,101 th inking th.ln wuul d .Ipre;] r .11 tir..t , i ~I ) .
ment s. col1lo1int'd within n llfl~in .1f i l~ ;..... it' wirhin .J .. t'l'd . H i, ro rieity h.ts T h ~' tit\l m u n ll'1ll in Ih", trinity (If t he ide" .... J e\'dopme!1t i\ the in·

h er e become J ClIl1\ltI u li \'C' de mcnt o f the Id ea 11 "" 11 , bClIlg nu Inng..·r ,tSc'll~ w h i..:h H et:d wi l h n~I ~' .:ump a rc\ In Ari..t11lle\ (Iy" dmls. mean ing "
cilher co n u ng cllI. lit t ied o n ly tit t he I.'X lrrn.ll fu rm . h u r tru ly nece".lry r.ll rhl' Inc! th.1f int n cs is u.. he re) hemg .1.. plIll.'nt lal. merel y "in u31
In rh e' life of Ihe ItI...' a, "'l"I n~ . f o llo wi ng. thc wt'll ·k nuw n im.lgcry (It"d f ha'OeJ o n a comr lex
We shoulJ Unde rslJ n d d early Ih is deci"iH' rup rur e in H q~d "" inld· logi..:.11 .Ir P " IlCnt ":lJnl"t·rn inv. Iht· CHl'I;ory o f " becnming"J, th t in-Irn:1f
lea ua.1 it ineu r>', .1t le....1 In its pr in..:iplc. Ah hnuv.h .l\ b l.., a,," OWl - ill liMy h..· ("( lIllp .Hl·' ! 1O th e .,ecJ ....·o nt.lining <15 po tenti.d 311 the richnn\ of
anthcric!o and philo \ u ph }' could tu .1 ..:ettain eXl('JI[ ht· pur .If th e samc tht· re.l h t ~· 11l1.·O ll ll' . Th(' ..e...-n nJ mOlllent i.. Ih.1I of ut'''' X·thtrt' I l>.lst'i" j.
level, th is CC.1\t,'\ to be- Ihe' C.b t· ht·gllln int:. ..... ith t ht· Phm m" f'lfolfJ/O' lIf ·f he [cr m q UItt' !i.llIIply 1lU' ;\Il <;. in Gc rm.1I1. "whal exi~h." Ihc patti.ru l.n
180 6 (10 ci lt' a ~ig" llI ic bur ..-cr y (:(1I1\"('n l..·11I lanJlI1.1 rk ), O J CnLlr \t'. Ihc fe.11 of exis leIlCt·. rh i...."cu n d st;lg.· in thc he..:omill~ uf Ih... IJ ....1 IS the
olle ..... hl'r l' Ihl' d""llu'nr !>. the dt"I..·flllln.Ulo n.. ":OI1t;llI1eJ \'irtu ally in the
ideA o f th e hc-a uliful-whi...·h is ;Illd ..... 111 r('I1l.l1l1 fu r H q~d tlw iJ ea cof
\l'nl. p ;l\\ mer illltl e xi"tcIKe. Tht· thirJ l110n wnt i!> Ihe (lIT.itsdf· It
Ih e rru th -will .1 lo,() he " hi..to r i, il....·d : ' pl'Ilt'lr ;lIcd rh ruu~h .111l1 I h rou~h
Il1di..:ales th e fl.turn III unil)', till' (('_..:ollt-ctiOll inlll a 5)'511'" ' of th e ..~.
by 311 int(' rna l 1:\'0 1UIII1I1, But Ihc itll lTlcl1\e di ffert' nce bt'lwl'('n ;le\t hCli..."S
(I hI." clt·ll'rmi n.l lioll .. of Ihe Id e;) ' II b r de\·e1nrcd. followlnlt the InlJ~'
a nd philo'>()r hy will nC\'t'rt h d cs!i. cun...sl in the b et Ih;1I ar t ,, ;1" in IHOI. · slInu
. It.lnl"Ou<; I>· the
ny. Ihe fur.it..el( m .l\' be cu m pared 10 Ihe ffllll.
( o nri n u('\ to he: lhllugl u o f .1<; a lien .uiu ll (.1\ " p rc,,"cnt;\tl u n" u r (," J'l)~i·
ultil1lat... re..llit o f Ih ; J ",' vclopment .Ind heMer of ncw sn-d s (t of n... ~
lion J of tIlC Idea o f th e lrue- ill ... form t'."(l er na l TO il (rhe \l·l\siblel . wlllk
.. 1I1- t hcm ..c!ve....).
ph" flWJphy ha:u mn th e up rC'!i.\inn n f Ih e IJ e a J" 11m ug" ' . lim ... ""t' tll.l~
111
116
 , v
F, " .. the derails, " "t" can c.1 ~il}· und Cf\ I.lnd h
" 'C' Ipll.lr"l:'
o~· rh
.... th is IOf:i.:.d stru...t ure tu the problem r;l i"l'd b)· rh t . ,t
,If
• C' ~ "'Crt
~( rnl\i Jc.·!>" solunon l.."Omr 1 n d ,· d lfft"rcnt (ro m that c _,.
• nu tnf: or a rt crmcr . ..m t ht' moJ t " I tor " p hilI o-oph _ .ical cn tic'o n \ I\ I •
' . I S,", In
..in ":-0 ..- k.u ehe irr.ln 'ln.ll dros away trom the Id('.1 . Here.'. nOt I "
1.. ' L. . O n y .\
the- ~ ot 'S~' st('ms no Illn gt'r an 0 1'11.'.."1100 10 m e idea of truth but
r.acN... the 1('.1) ot-,c..- non wo uld .1>c the_ ab ...ence _
.o ( such a mull, pl'IClty,
tlX dtc- rhn'.1Iiry-,1.. rhe I('.lder Will h ave • .lreadv m ruul-J-corrcl POnJ~
tk !<"COOJ moment ot rhe unfolding 01 th e ide a, the mOmeru (If th THE THEOOICY REVISITED
. • -rbere In wh...-h tht" multiple _
de rerrmn at io ns incarnate' inr o Ih, C't-e H~·~d' Jn .ll'"lht:t i, .. developed wit hin .'I mefaphy\ic'\ who<,(" inne' co re
C'BCr" ..'ti peoric phi IoMlph,c.11 s,stcms. 00':(, gathered Into thc " f n"ln.lllll·d prt ~() nl't u l monadic ind l \'ld u .,1li"m _ ~ lumrwork that needed
.. thJ!> mulnr h..., r,· rin.1l1y appears .15 what it IS: 3. !>p tcm--"u r, to ~ to be r.ikcn .lp;u t• .l'> KolU ml:3ffen\ AesthetIcs holJ 31rC'3d)" mtuieed, to
mort' O.J.:t. the werem of phllO'>Orh~· In '" hicb hisro ricuv ha-, been fullv pn-,,('1'H' rhc autonomy of the '\cn"ole And C"\u blish the mrellectual
IDrt.: t r.1U\J,. U'nh Hegel, the: hi!>tory' o f philo'!luphy .1c,."o mpllsh('\ It'\ room fo r 3 IrU I' phrlo..u ph y of a rt . Th i~ i.. true eno ugh for u.. to be 3hle
ud. ai ~tun~ phdowphic;Jl. smce It purely and slmpl~' fu~ wuh tu "1I1 ~l c our. \\ ithour gr eat d ifficult y. the f ... C' ..:on..tltuti\C princip lC"<, ot
:be .J to- unroMln~ of the complete "~, ,,tem of rbe d etc rm in.ln o ns of l elhm z\ .\l ml.lJo /og)· ar work wnhin the !>ySll:"m\ innermost vtru c-
~ u. Tbere .1f'e' mdeed-c-rbe skepn cs Me ri gh t in .1 cCfu in SC'1l"t' __ IUre-t h~' 3tti.rm.1tin n .Ibnut " the death of art" bemg thu-, .. prion in-
\ "MIOUS rhlkt<oophi.:.tI -~~" ..rems" tha r conrradrcr each other : but to th.u ...:rit>eJ into rhc architectonics of a prentJbli..bed humon 'j no do ubt
S( be .JJJal th.1t the true sysrem . the o nly one worthy 01 such .1 pres.. turrh a refined, bur u n this point nOI d l:eiM...d y modrfied, b)· rhe inno-
name, llo no thi ng that IS extern;}1 to the m . On rhe eonrrafr, It duction o f dialccrics an d hi stonciry. A few indrcanons:
iu~ mtn tbn r ft'\."OlI«tlo n. I . T he i.lt'II"' Y prl" cipli'. Und emood in ilsleibni ll3n mean mg. It
Tlac- ronsequC'TlCC' of thi:\.tcmpo r.1!iZ3tio n ot the idea of truth: If phi· '\ecrctly Ollltlllues to d efinC' the ind l\·idu.lhf)· (If wh.Jt Hegel, in.1 bfOdJcr
Iotorhr't. hat~", unllkC' ;}rt"lo, ilo no lo nger th e narr.niw 01 th e scrJ\uAI meJn ing. c.lI ls th e " d ete r min3tio ns" \ Bt'stmmltIJt'iten l of thou ~t­
lDClm,uiOfh ot an ide;}, .t. o n th t' contran, it !> ddfen." m m u men ts ,Jrt' whethe r these be the dltfert"nt co n figur atio n" of the Spintooj ronSt:iou~
the DC\.-n~ry' And lopeal ones of the .luto:u nfold mg o f th is ide;}, then nC'i\. or of th t" lo g ic.J1 ":olte~ories . \'(le coulJ S;l )", to be enti re1 r C'XphOI.
~e lJ no Iont!:er .In~· point in murprn i,zg the works th .lt .,;i~I1.l 1 its th.1t thest' J ~·t crm i nar i o n s w ith in Hcgd \ s)"stt'm arC' the nolQ .1nalogu e
Jc>dopmm" 10 the mona d s in l c ibn iz's theodicy. Each mo men t- If we thi n\.;,. rllr
el a mp k, ,1bout the sta ges of w n sl;"lou ~ ness in the Ph.-non/m o{ogy-
.\hoar an~ thtnJ:, "e CAn .1\k JNul It " 'iC'TlloC' or itlo meA n," ~ : so. wuh ,I rCprell'nt S .1 puint o f \"In\" • .1 p.utl.ll p~' rspt"ct i\' e upon an cm c mb!e
~ oe an.. ,Ibout the mcanm~ of its form (Gt"Jt.lJt ): ..... lth .l l.ln~u .l~w • .IN-lU I whl..:h • ..:umt"'mp l.J.tl'd fro m Go d ·s or thl' p hl l(l'!lop hl." r ·~ viewpoinr. is 'tt"'I."n
cbc- . ..nu TlS CJi fhe " .. rJ ; l,ufh rellgl(ln. 3bout thC' me.llllnl! Ilf Ihe IlnJ~C' lOr of AS illl t"I;r ,lt~'d (in lhe ll1J.the rn.ni cJ.! senSl' of Ihl' wo rd) IOfO a h.1rmon io ui
DIe .,QfVur : " 1m ot hC'r fypn of .l.:ti\ i~. 3t.e:IUt tht"'lr mor al ....,1 lul:". C'r.:. nil'
Im.llit)".
2 . " 111 ~' principlc of .(uflicit'llt rt' <1 SOII. It regulJ ft"l d 11:" ImkJgt" ot- thl:"
.....AdIIl: Of" Wftt< IS oOlhmg d~ th.,1n IhC' C"o'>l:"ntlJ! llr un i\ C'h.l1 ~ llb~tJTll j.ll l"'(ln ·
kflt of ..n obtKt, ..nd thl~ 'ubo.u lltl.d ,omen! ;'\ thl:" con,rclc Thou~hl nf lhr
!Onl1 Jdic d l:"tcr m in3tin ns do wn to thl' sm,l lll'st det.1I1. Th e I' },fflum,·
t.Ib)fU . Herr "r ~Iway, ha\'C' 1""0 3'\pecrs, .,1n oUler .1n J .t n IllOn, 3n ('lIwr Jr ' ,m/(JJO' c;tn ag a in h~' t hl' mu dd Ill'rc: not onl~" dnc.'" each l tJj:t" l-t cht"
pt",mcr thai t\ M'f1\U.lII)' pcruopllblr Jlld Intu itablC'. and a ml:",1I11O~, whi~ h I~ n.1'!\,e cOll\ ..: io u sncs'io '" expt'tien.:e Iite r.llly produ.:e th(· nn! ..u~e. tout
pteutdv, the rbou ldn. But ,,-hrre ou r o bjrQ 1\ no\\- Thnu~ht 1l, e1 i. 1111." 1'(' JrC' 110 ~ I so when. ,1 n~u is hcJ h)' th t" di....:oH"f'j of till' cOl1lrJd i..:t i(lO ~ mlln.u\ en t
-rn.n .ll h.md: Thuuwn n wh,;u i\ fI1<'J runldul fo r il~l l. ( /" ,ln " ,/Un oJ}~r !O it-. wu rld\·kw, cUIl:o.cio UMIt'SS dt'lp l.·ratcly nil'S tv hul~llm 1(' If' \ K""
..,."".,.(~I""JI.lrIJ .,tI," Jt', GrJ,mkr q t, $0 1S t h l t"r n;d " :/("'Iult'l l1(JrJ,,1n,lrn. by ~ y~t cm a t i l.,7'l lI y ex rlnrin~ a ll pu"sll'ol~ f.I II~Jc k pth l t l\m", II I' ,..on-
"'''''*''" ok . (.d""f,,., J.n H"J.-ut,."Jrlu, Jil h " '{hst.l (IhiJ .• p. 'l j ) \IJ ntlr J.\U1d~·d in its opc:r.l litlOfo h~' th~' pnn..:irll' th.u II mu , t IK.lt .... Ith..>ut
I,.
""
 ...... vm .. ~ ..ndon the L.nu\lolnt );t' it J"0~ ~C "o,('" or thi nk s It "",....c"" l Mf MfG£ lt AN ..... O .. INf
. . ~· Mo .('\ .n Ihc c vu!lIu n n u f \<:Ienu: l .....nlc h • uk..!1'1 Ial!<>ClO'dn4~_.
t:nWT' IIy. "'''''~ a n ""y ,h;ll n ,\ th e r"' f l,:e J'U (lIl IIf ,I d lAlec t ic..1 "'_ ft ,U ~
L . L .
• _ ....>nlr,ld
no n tha t fuml'OO sutn csen t re..·.o n fur p......In J: frum one J etC'f1n· l (· m'" '
, _.h' ,\ I(.... IIlldgllle\ the m ) \ hfluld end up"
. '
,L.
.
>nuu urUlJ: a ClJluhty. It·,
Ih
to .Ino chrr. Inalum r n u ~h \u 4h ;I drvnn cnun , and on. ly chu m'·L. 1\0"
It v .
• Q.;It _nl QIIU
Id quall _
n :lv tll' l'tI'oC the \(.' n"t-Ie I II the mtdha.bk 10.._, L I L_ .
J . Th u d)t' crm lmur ty 0 1 the IO(('1o:1.1 l1ul1 H i the J iHt'tcnr mo 1.1 . . ,.,. • He C' .....ncre oCIPflI I a l'lllld
pom t, ot "1"" j, pr eserved, J U \ I .I~ in rhe Atm l.ldu/oK'Y Ih('r...~h
" 111-11<c u f rh c fir\ 1 JIl I:plp nCtlfJmenll'O , _' ...._ - _ ..I I
..1\
ttl' n.. . . . Jf . <>c \C"'1OlL t n. ~
• ' 1\ no ' .. u'·... In" l!1'lIn Ltlufl , ..1IuJ, .;)~3 In • on1, Ih ro u-r;.J'L I, . ! h at . lnor
L ,1uceJft(Mft,
tmrtl ~\ [natu re m.lk~ no leap ..). ..I I in Hegel .. '? '\ tt'm there olI rt' nQ I h ~' ,
rur tUf'('\.and 1M dista nce "C'p.U;lung one dCfC'f1m nJ.uolI from the nt'lll t\
. " n4ll>llu y 'CLu rw oll::alO4t Inc
II f ....
"10'.....1
- ..- •
K, ..- , .._, JU ld ca rry fJU1 •~. u m .
j:Jrt t'lI\ r rUICCI, OlnerWI\C ull re.l lllahlt" w nhin l..nbm z....n mn..ph y1llQ.
Inhnltcl)' ~ II.
t'u w , p ;lfdJ01t1 e.1l1y - :mJ u m lr Jr y fO lhe:- rl:Cl:ln d kin !h..t ~' CJUld
4. Fo r the' same rea son , th e' \ ~, ..tcm ca nnot unn ecc \ sa n l" mu h i~
h.1\e I k~d be the grC;lt lnl ro Ju, c r flf hl \caricity in ph, k....-rphy_1hc
eennes. \t'c " 111 never find tWO pcrfcctl~' iden Ileal !Io fagC'i in the Jl\'i~ 1.11Ic:r\ 4 u IICCpllu n n l temporalit y ..i~ ..I\ a rwolcld retu rn to 1~ l..nb-
process at the au ro-unfoldmg uf the 'de.). Otbcrwue they .....uu!J 0111010 In l tO~ r.lli lln (If nme in the c, .ne e pl:
be- md is.lingul..hable and wo uld he In real u y on e ~l lc and unique I. One of rh ...· conseq ue nce .. of Kali l'" dl\linetihn between cunc.cpl
derermm arion. dud \tOIl\li-ltl n y W3.. t hat ti me a nd space ha d to be thoup,1 01 ,1\ nnpry
S. 1jL: (' the Lerbnma n world. th e: Hegelia n .-,~· ..rem .u l''''l' rr perm I r ,lm c~ , Ihll ll~h rhc·y lU u lJ nev e r be perc eived a-, such. In hl\ W I\I1 to
con fo rms [0 th e p,i nd plt< of th e best. Th e max imum o f J e tc n n inatlOI1 \ rn ',lplU re rhc ["uh l}' o f wha t i\ in Ihe _concep t, Hegel, as f)pp<n<d to
.Ir e in tegra ted w it hin the II10S I economic al. the 1110 \1 d q :OI m 1\,1I\r , COl I1{'" ha ck 10 t he IJ eJ that ti me, 10 LelhOlz\ fJm l)u, formula " 1\
f igu re-c-orcul anr y, ..nly ,,-" lltt'i 4';l h ll' t h rough t he detail of wh.1t cha nges," °fb l\ be. mt"ol"
To th is co mpanson It .....ill perhaps be o bjected that it hi d" ttK ,,-lIlIIe\ \·I..ihlc wi th in t he l'mi re ly of the wstern a t the point at .... hll:h
d lnlCns io n of Hi :'oto ry th.u H e~d obvio usly ,IJ J .. In t he Lei hn il ia n mI). IClllpur aht y 1\ Jdi'ncd :1\ " [he co nce pt be ing the reo" Tem pnral i t~ IS m u,
naJology. Objectio n gra nteJ , But th a t ..hould om o h..,'ure: t he: f.tet th ,u. rcJu\nl l/l th e " in td ligih lc" de \'do p melll of the v3riou \ dctcrmln.l.uon\
from an ant~nc point o f "·je...... H C'gd ·... conce p tio n of lemp o rJ ilt)' wn· of th c IJ cd 'I'
th,lt, .t~ .....lIh I.cihn iz. fro m God ... pomt of v'C....' o r f",r
Wts wlth lcibniz's III ItS c.nmmon rcf u u l to con!oidc r th e \ ('n ..ihl C' ... Un! , for u\ plll lo..u phcr\ who kno..... the trut h , it i\ b UI an 2 ppt:.l. U nL~ . h

v.mnhmg Ol htr th .1n .1 confu~d int el ligi bl e. H e re a ga in I .....111 lim it i\. III C'....e nc e. lu..t Ine cunlu..ed W,l}' III ..... hlCh the linue , uhlC\."l. the re'
mr'C'1f to pointing out a few in dIca tio n.. of th i... continu ity . Ilc4' 1"'e: \ uhleet . ap p re hend \ the de "clopmcnt uf detcrmlll.lOo n th aI In
I tuYe alread y alluded to thC' W 3)' Kant grou n dcd Ih C' a u ro nn m)' oi Ihe m..c!n ·" eXI\t ..inc e a nd for all e tcrnil)·. E.\ubli..hlOg a ~ it Jon tlw
torn~ibihty In the thccl'1' of pu re intuitio n... We need 10 co m e h3ck 10 rhi\ ol..li nct iun hl"l\\een Ih e effeeti,-cly rcal 2nd Ihe continF:cot, thh 1M,,. ft
to bctltr gr a\p hov,. H egelian thinki ng a ho u t time re m a in \ ma n~d y j l ~u found .It a kc }' m omt'nt of thC' IO~ICd l d iJlrClic. sin..-:t It unJcrphk
pre·K.1.n nan. The aim of the " T ra m cc nd e nl a l Ae..lhet ic " '>Cct ion of the the li N fun J .ln1l"lHal ,a le~l) ry u f thC' logi, 01 BcinF:: the c ~t~tn' of
Cn/iqut< ,1{Pure R C.:lSlJff wa\ th at of 'iCJ'a ra ting. cOlllla r)' to th e lcibni · bewmlll~. It i.. bn '.1u \ t' ru re becoming i... n onthlnk~b le (o r Jnthcn.:.
mns ( rrwa nin g contrary In Ihe p rinci p le of inJi<loce rni h le \ ' . the sen..ibk lIonwIlCl"ptu.1l tlnll' . if C1nc p refe r..) th.l l it mu\t I m m C'JlJl cI~' be cunar-
in t UItIOn fro m the conc ept. It i'i w it h thi,> III m ind thai K.tn t d e fined ti m< tua ll/cd a ~ Ihe hec() ll1 m ~ of soml'tl,i,sg. RIgh i from the l'ocginOlnr;. ,rom
Cand ' paul a\ "in fim te given IfI1aliti c..... He, in d l'ed, h a d to Jj..tin~u i ..h It .. "' ~' r y fi r ~t pa ge... H c ~d ',> Scil 'N ( l' of l .ll}: /{ rc h.lb illt';)IC1o thr lnM'II D.ln

c.arrfully ~'ttn antht't1C lim e a nd CU!lcC'p t u a l rim e , Ae 'Ol h eli c ti me' is w lln: plicllI o f ill'\l h t' llc timl' .1\ .1 pu rc .Ihl..i" n uf hni luJc Jc..u ocJ to l't
cha' Utttll cd by th e b Cl th a t, in it. th e tc)t3 h ty precedc~ Ihl' pam (Olle: \ uPt'r \(·d cd in th l" p l'f fc ~ t1 l1n o f the d i\'i nc ptllnt of \ ·1(".... .
ca" ","", g mui",C' eJl a ")I) ment in rim e WLrhOUI im m ed ia tel y thinking of 2. nu r .....c ":,lIl go fu nher , Wt' ( ,111 hnJ the ("llIire nntvh JttllO.aI " rue-
" .11 1 th e ho nuJIl of a n indcfi llltC' I0 l.11uy 'If i",1.1 l1t,» . Ctlnce p tu JI l u r~' o f I.t'ih n iz \ T hcoJiq in Ihl" Hc~d iJ Il phllo"'llrh~ of h l..tury, H
Utne'. on t.... c..,otra ry-~~ning fl)' udmple Ih l" t1m t' of thl" h, ,>tur y of him\clf flewr m ad l' .m y \cerel 0 1 ir: Rt<.b o n !lf If' s/l' ry ....111 J'.' to r '"
_WIll, f'"JW~,huuld be c1m cnvcd flf 3\ .111 ad di t iu ll o f pJrtS (th r 1( 1 deli ll c Ihc .....h ol e 1)1 Ihe \) '\fel1l ,n J .....nrllO .. o ut til' . .
hole .a w aah

no l> '
 'OU I

rc ~
«JnuinnJ In t mhf)'o in Leibme: "Our me di ta tio n will Iht'td o IH( H( G H IAN ....O MfNl
throJ~-. the Ju~ri fk.1t1nn of <:IlJ th.u l:c,h ni z h~J 3ttcmptl:J hl(,laph ..~ l ot to:C n l n,lIltr a l be a uty o ver OIrtlt.IU: ~.uJlY" wllh the fKI Ihal il ~ - tit
callr. after hl\ b~hlon and wuh .1\ )'CI ml'ktcrmlll:uc C,lt t'Jot n r lC:'lI." ~ 10 h ,H ll ln n )" WIth 1111:- pue sfied .Ind "t'rio u\ way "f Ihlnlrina at all hu ma n
1111.. urgr'h.hng of Gt...t \ point 01 view in rd .u ion 10 man' l>t'llIto:' .... hu have 1:lIhlvale d the moral \Cnrim ltnt " (\ 42 1 '\Irtm\ II.hy. to
. _ _ \ rt'\tl lt
in '''''0 consequences rh.n a re ha"I"" In .u d mg us to ~ra..p rht' Inf _ ' rul il k l n.tl~·, a nnqu.ned. f-.VC'fI V,·'U-.c. from t he poin~ ,,f .._ of Iran-
r " cl1J cn l,.1 ph ll.. ,...ph)" 11"t'1l. Ihc u ~u mcn l lol)lr t. to bit m tlrely t::mptncal
, U t U\ cJ ,J(''i.rhetio in HC'J:d·... O('U \'fC: flclt'
I. Hq.'C'I. rJr.JJ()x i~:lll y. J.l("'o nflt ~.I pe trum the monad"l ! . JnJ r,uhd led..le In Ihl " rC'~a,J . The world It. full of quilt:: ~ and
cnnrigur.u ion of modern mJl\,id u.lIl..m, If i\ rhu .. not .n all ')I:(" d;:'~ ..pille u·..pct.-1.1hle p cople who wou ld pl.o: Ut1\U t baury v,-dl above
1I.IIUI .. I !>cauty . Ao) ' nu mber (If tnter pr ete rv have thought to see In thu
~r eml)" rh.t~ ~IS rhl l~ph~.- of hi..tor~· IOC.1rn ."" mCl3ph)'\kal Origin,
r'11lI1 thl," Achille..' hed IIf K.alll \ .le:\ lhC"l i~.
In the 1.cJt-.mzl.ln thn xllq bu r .11'0 th.u . It.. perfect ex p rev..io n. in the
AnJ rhat bq.~;) n .....n h Hegel h lm"t'lf. Th c Kannan P:"'II~)f1 i, coon-
phere of political rheory, 1\ the hbe ral..' famous " U W I\ l b l c hand," 'm ar
rcr....1 /rum the verv fir' t pa~e of the int rod ucllon to the ' Lelur.... Hqd
the liberal sta re mav hJ\ 'C' becu el..cwhe rc cn ncized In' H l' ..d In nn
• , ' _ ,. ' r- "' :lr 'In""C'" rhcre th at the o hle Cl u f ac..the lic\ i.. m .t the real m f.t tnc beau.
~ H-C\..-n the snucrura l ' I mll.J flt~· betwe en t h e c unnlll~ nf rc a \( IIl" :lnu
Illul JI\ ~t'l1 nal b u t IIllly th .l l Ilf 3r ti..tic hea uty. II i\ not even e:t'tUm tha t
the "'"\'1 "101(' hand": aecrhenc corn murn ca u on rhu..once aKa in N-comt\
the tIU"hlic·r "bea ut iful" can p roperly he used uf natural enunes. And
a media ted communicarion. It i.,; in rhc aest hetic id~'a- i t<;e lf rd:llt'd to ct.'1,"1l if w1· ;I !lUW oursclvr -, Ih l.. pllet ic been..e, ..... 1.' ~ha n h al t" to :I\\t' n
rrur h -c-th at the spectato rs can rec o gn ize rh cm \ c1n '!Io a nd each ether. :lnd J I1 ~· w a )"th at "rhc be aut y of art I.. Il1gllf:1 than nature: ' H ~c:I " ju\nfu::I-
it ii> thro ugh th e mediat ion of .1 <;f~ t ~'m (i,t'. , of a prct,..tahl id ,Cd har. 1101 0 fu r !I ll ' r t' \· cr ~ .) 1 o i Kant I' m i.. no t wlthllUt Lntet nt , lf art l\ til," he.lutv
mo n )') th at the)' can co mm u nica te am ong rhcmsch' ~''' , I" rhl' on ly va luJ l1lc one, It 1\ ht:'au\C it i.. " bea uty hom of the \p1rit .nd
2. Senslbiliry\ au to nu my ()\'cr a ga imt th e co nce pt al..u \·ani..he\, if bor n .llla in" ; rh erefore " the hif,hcr th e ..pirit and it!. produ ction, U:lOO
it hn't .altogethc r fuse d with p u re .to d ..imple co nt m gc'ncy . A.. th e " Pre. Jhm-e 110Ittlre and it.. ph enomen a, Ihe h ighe r too i.. the beaut! of .In
limi nal)· Concep t" in H egcl'~ El1cyclupaedi'J \ ta tc <;. inru itifl n i.. a facult) ablln' Ih.lI of nat u re. Ind eed , cu n"IJcred lorm3l1y, (\' cn • u\CI~ .. nonon
in embryo, c3:p.a blc onl,· flf gr.l" r lll~ cnnfu sed l ~' w h a l rca '.o n a lo ne C.tll th.1I ( Iun\ J man'" head i" h igher tha n 3 n~" proJ uCl oi n3t ure. bc<:aU'IC
\"('ntabl y th m L:, An . cord .l[i\' d~', can o nl) ' be a n ('qua il)' inft'rio r me.n" III ,uch a nu tio n ..pi rit u.)lIt )· an d frC'(Jom are .)1..... 3) ·\ prnc: nr.- U no
of gr.1\pmg the (rut h o f th e idea; it i... in a wor d , .1 KJJUSeoJog;.l ",fmor. could J i"putc that th c hu m,tn i!o !oupc rio r 10 the inhuman 3nd tha t. tn
Under thn<: co nd ition.., th e- tend enc)" of H egel i.1n think in g wi ll be: to thJt cUllJm"n. it mu..t h a\·c' been th rou gh a .,;tra nge nai\ c1t Ot throu gh
wlknge: the CTJliqu~ Qf j "dgm enl\ effort to h rea k ..... ith cb\"ic I~, a 'urpmltlg J i !ointert~t for cu h u rc th3 t the Critiq'u' of jlldxmm t chd not:
w hKh In the: end leadi>••1'0 we ..h311 ..oon "C'(', to H cgel '" Affirmation of pt'rcc·I\·Cthe uh \·ju u,> ,>uperio ritl uf 3 rt ova n:l1urd
the u~riority of th e arti..tic m ·c r th e na tu ral Beauty. But th e prob lem uf the relallon l'o ct.....ccn th c two I)·ron of 1'tc:lut~ "
mUl;;h more ctlmp!lcatt·d th.ln It M'em... 11 we juJge too h<unl~· " ·C ri
ml"'lI1f: th e target ,lIlJ not \Cl·IIl);. fur eXJmple, th at he whu trul~ hoM,
THECoPERNICAN COUNTERREVOLUTION : .ITt tn oJnfem p t i.. not the o ne we th ink , a nd th3 t n.)turc', ".IJ\.Inu~~·
ARTISTIC BEAUTY OR NATURAl B EAUTY~ I~ r~..rh ar ", in a paradox ical wa~' th .1t merit~ dwdlin~ ur n n, the bnt .It
Ka nt ha\ often been uken 10 ta\k fur h i.. relative lac k of tntc:rc~l in, "oJ nOI thc' on ly wa y (Jt ..a vi n~ .1ft twm tne IIlC"o'itahle h;lnd ic.1r It , Unl:n In

nen wam of LUte for. a ru ..nc bea u ty. h ed c:rit:k th e Great.... ~'er ..eS, d a'Slci..l1I . If ht'a llty i.. bu t the , en"lhk cxrrc~\i(Jn oi tr ut h. ,1~ II thl\
qUI)fcd III '«ti,," 49 uf th e Critique o f judxmmt 3 ~ 3n Imtalll.:C: of :J.l1i,,·
u prt·\ ..l lIll i.. n..df full v m ,l ..tt·(l·d b..· .1 ..uhle c1 (the .un"t).,1n " lit ~"'I'
nc ,;t:1IlU'. make u, ~milc cve n in their o ri gina l Frcllt:h. T h e P 3~\'l ge ~ Ic·.... bt, "u pe fl t,r to na'rure !x.c,w' ,: mu re adt."'1UJfC tll the: cnJ., thct'C'b~'
J:Jven unr to th e da~"' hc3 tion uf the fine a rh a re: prufnund, b ut ill \·am J~"IJtneJ t il hcautv. Hut in th Jt c" , e we do n't \('(' hl\\l, .In crwlJ ,1'rtwJ
wouJd we JOVk fo r th e tr.1cn u f .1n :luthe nt ic ant hc t ic cu lt u re ,h erei n. h;j\' l11~ a "U tu.. lo~ er rh ;lIl th :u n f ..l:ll,"n..:eJ nJ rhllu ....lJ'h~,. t.urputeJ ~
On Ih l point. no dI)Uht 11 it, H'eKd \ uct"r~~ on ,,~,sth"'''<$ .'Ire qUilt' prf,\'idt." a more dlrcct :lnd murc rc!i.1t-1c .1':(( " to -d\C' tblnlt II:
klprnor fII ,he third C" lIqIU'. fKoo,uiC'\. the wa y Kanr Iin k\ '"Ihe ad\'. n· \l'hcn Il.It ur e i.. a ccorde d pri de- of p l.JcC" l.l\('f .lntht."(' .I (rnJlln r-wnna 01

,,, ,n
 fO Ul

buu ry I • InJ«J . ta ke n .aW.1Y lm m IhC" J" ) W ('f fI ( th e \piril, bUI rh.. t H E Hf G H 'A N M OM f H l
. IIG me "'.) ~- .I~rhet io can hope not If) be red uced to .1 " , ht'u r I 1\ ,.IKt' and tor ;Ill d c:lC"rnlllJe !wIth tht' ~cner ..1 ruin oflhe pt oduc:tMIII of
Ernul' Itnuwl('d~e" no r ,n .a,;imr 1c (()rrn ul.ol mdica tin~ th e- mean-, Yof Ill· }1C',u llY ;In .l lh C'lr .:orret't c ne e na of ap plication .
capahlt
01 comm urucanng to rbe cnmmnn unJ cro-f.Jnd ing trurh... to o ah\t "I h,lt i.. wh .lI rhe bm(Ju\ e X3 mple~ where K"nl de nou ncn ImUUI'"K1
ro1q tl)
M gr.hped by It .011 the level ",hid 'l i\, noncthcles..., the o n ly 11:\'("1hefj ,,1 \ ill;1('\th ctl c ,HC t ryin g"tu illu\tr art', I.i\.t' 1-t'lbl1ll.. K.ant adrmrn the
L. _ _ tt lng !>O UI )' u( flower.. an d uf 1n\C.:t.... In the \}"mmetr l(:: al dni~\ 01 n rc com -
teerm th.al of erc e \fl"".'UI.Hion.
ThC' berrer 10 V .l"'P th is p ,ar.aJux . w (" m us t keep in m ind th C' mo · rlo: i l ~ "ClInc:t1~ e, .Idornin ~ !-ItC"tle cor bUIlt'rtly .....inK."\, in d~ ClIuaordt-
tl'"1:\ n,U t \"dtil't }" lit colore, na tu re ha.. ,J11 the 3ppea n ntc... of an. Of)(''A'ou ld
k,admg lo.:.1n l to the pmitton InJ.! beaut y mu st ••1b o\"e C" "("f')"th i n~ el
.. ;1\' ' 11 OIt'an " In dn u , in purpt,..ive h \h iun . and . pfcci-.c=l\ because tMt
contain .a narur al element. inJ C'pt11de:-nt () f th e human m ind . Th(' L ~,
Il("au, i\ ~ .. t rhc ( .I .. e (n atu re ha-, no tm enuon..l, hUInan t u \On ca n experieeee
nful objecr• .a~ we kn o w, i ~ o ne w hich . th o ugh p u rdy ",en!loih l(' (n 'lIu u l).,
.I .:rrl ,un r lc,l..ure m ..cem~ ..o rne o ( If .. m oct unruliuble dnn.and, con -
bnn~ aboe r in U ~ an mrellectual .1~n'('m ~nt o f , he Iaculn e, :rn.1log \
ou tirnu·J ju..r .I lIu lc bu. II i.. md eed It u l)' ft'mu K.1ble I h~ll f wc had - \C-
to wh ar would he' requi red for the ld ea-, ''ll1 .1 I1~· to be ac t u.1.li7ed . Wh~t
,,;rctl)' ~n nC behi nd " the lover o f rhc beautiful 3nd " planted an lnaal
1T.l\On demands, in lJ~t . is for nature a nd cpirit to be reco n cilcJ as thn- 11l1wrr" (whrch ca n he pr epared \(1 a.. 10 dU'oCly rt">Cmblc rbe natu ral
would be '\C('1l from the pomt of view o f .I completed ...dcn cc o r- wha', o nr \ ) m the earth, or h.lJ pl aced arti fiCIally carved bud... on the bra~
comn down to rhe same th mg-- o f an in finite. omru..cienr undcf\Und " uf tn'C'>• a nd he h ad thereupon di ..cove red the deceu, the Imrnt'di.11C
iog. as rhe dn"ill(' u mk'f\t ~ndi ng IOU.. r be, HUI fllr it IU be u{ any i" rnm mlt' rc..1 he' had p rcvrouv ly tak en in Ihe'>(' thing... wo uld in Jon Inuant
l his C"u onci/lJllOn of nollUU and spi rtl " ms l proaed { rom " <1;mt' Itul;' J'''.Irre,u:' iur o nly " th e no tio n th at n.llu rt' producN Ihl\ beau~­
We ma y u~· oi tht' bc au n ful objC'(". t th at it i... th .lt w hi ch C"\"ok cs in u, tht i\ 42, 1\ c.lp.lllie of ~rnu ndin ~ H ut immedl.Jlc inlCtnl In Inc '"err O J"-
Idu of God, But for th i.. ldca to be " rc,"j,"ed In us," .I" f( ant puts il. it i, tc n.,;c uf Ihe tx'.Ju riiu l Ihin~. Kant In,,iWi upon thl ... \(',"C"t"~1 t111\C'\: - Sur
im poru nt th ar Ih i, accord bc'Iwt'co n atu rc 3n d spim t h;]t rc,,'h on lk- Ihl'" Inlcre ..1 Ih,l( wc ha vc Ln !-IeaUly qUite reqUIre'" thJt II bc= beJutJ at'
nunds not be b briot('d . It ,;hould not be a rt ificiall y p roduced. o ther-
~..i~ It would JO\C JlII that make!> for it !> ch3 rm . na m d~' it ... cont inge ncy.
n.JtUfe; 11 d ls:lp fll'.lr .. c!ltlft"I)' a....oon a... on (' not icc... o ne n.1.. ~ de-
cci,"cJ " h h itl.). Thu ... "wh at muld be f1lo rr \'alut'd of pod\ th.In thc= \
iu naluralncn . the f.let that it is not .1 produ~t ot o u r w ill. Wh.lt r~.1'>On ('nchaull ngly be.3utiful ..onJ: of th(' ni~ti n Ka le. in a lon t'\OnlC bu ..h. on
find, ple a unt abo ul rht' b~.Iu ti fu l n.1\ to do preci..c1y wi th this cOnlin, a qUII:t ..um mcr e...cn lllJ;. hut the ...oft light oi the moon ?" (il:oiJ ,l. Sut Ii
gcncy; II i, b«aU\C C"t.1«ln\ dem.lnJ i.. th.ll na lu re sho u ld . in t he ('nd. we lea rn lh.Jt ~o m e " Kid who kno........ ho ..... 10 imlt,:IIe thi.. o,( )J1 g " of the
aHlfOfm to the I.:aW\ of the un de r"la n J ing th ai it i.....n to ..peak. harry n l~ht ing:lIe h 3.-. be cn J('cei\'in~ u<;. whal ~emed buuti iul to U\ :I tC'W
to "'" u "am obi«n ma nife\ ti ng. indt"p ('nd en tl )" of Wo, IVlt /HIIl I iJt!mg mo ment s bd orl' i.. oow ··not to be \ uppem cJ" (ibid,),
(mud. Wlma:thing 'Ike a " lt acc " (S 42) C)f tn t' heginni ng o j a sa ti..fact iun T he eX3mp ie 01 th e n igh tinga le i.. nn doubt o n(' of the m~t (."('1("0-
oi th i, uncancdah le uipubliun , "Tn C' 0<-3utifu l is " Ke h umor. it c an nC't tl hU led pa.....lge o; in th e tlurd Critiqll t.", a nd per h:rp.. on(' oi the l(',a\t un -
be co m plddy " int endtd." dt"r\ lImd. Hegel com mented upo n It. "m d Ololn,' .lltet hIm ol p-mt III
" Wh~t i.. 301 ..u k(' i.. nut negligiblc . At the p hi lo..ophical levd . ,he WI:In~ in it the ma r k of gre;!1 na n"etc. or o f :r rcgrt't 3hle I.i cl oi l.a..re. a..
diffC'tcocc hnwec:n rr l1('('t ion and d t1e rmina lion ... bcre ,II pl a y. T he rc' If the im po na m Ihi n g he rc were th e' b io gr .Jph ieal a..pt't1 , A\ It lhe ,aIm
ik<:tIV(' ,~gmcnt ~I"" ay\ prC"'>uPJK~"s In3t th e a~rl'('ment h etw t'cn n atu re hert· h.ld bt,t"" 10 d ispla y all the:- cu h ur(' of .m 3rt hi\ll)ri.ll1! The Illlcntl o n
, nod s pl nt" In prln dple Cfm l rngrm ,. Ihe ldorc na tu ra l ..in ce il prc lCC('J S is t"tlIirdy J ifft' rcnI : wh ;n it ai m.. to tt'slifr ((I i\ thl' f.h:t Ih Jt onl~ 'A h,1I
from I~ pam cular to th e genc ra l a nd nu t th e COnl ra r v, O n ly ;1t tholl is exte rn a l to hu m.l n suhl ecm'it r . ;ll1 J ther d nr r 1lol u r.:/. c,an lx· u ld h )
rn« '.In the bcaullful Uh!t'l..l r('ma in for U\ a lw ay\ a ..·u rp ri..c. At Ihe ht· hea ut ifu l, ,11 lea <;t If we rd u..c p u rt'I)' anJ ..inl ply to fu\(" t-<,aut~· "~
.c'\d~uc Ind • In Ik \m \ot Ut ,I 'pc'"InC ' .mtc llcclUal di ...clp ' m
" e, Ii" 'i the IrUlh. a rt w ilh ...d ,·n cc . 11,c r ;I<;...l!tt' i, .a!\C.l. n():.lm eh , i1I~lUt "ut •
,!h ll lll j t~ irreJ uClh d u)' 10 c ll her .til inlltatit)l1 ' _It natur e l",r tt) thC' .arr -
h
llt)' prfl bkrn""lIc of d.aulcl\ m th.11 i\ \C1 .. .. ide ;aIli ng th~ way , ~Int""('
ha~ lJi t .... dum~In 0 f Iht' UC1('tmInInR
.t Dol .J __ " ". I b< C1Un n of a me rc t('~hni que pc m li Uln\l. tnt' rcr1fi:t .I.."'t."Onlrh~m('t'l1 ('II •
IlId~rn(" III, I '1 c rc ca n
-. punK: ~" aft " (fHl prWl rqu t"), nt l \Cienl:C (,f th e hrilU tifu l l h ,l t wfluld PUfpU\(' to he illu '>IratrJ . A UlhC'lUic;IIt nm,.llhu.. t"Ont.lln ,In rlr:mc'nl at

". In
 • .In eftmc-n£ t h At ~pn ~ the control o~ Wbl~hVltv hl f ...(GEl . ... ....0 ....( .. '
ftaNT .1
"
• • tho
_ •• _ , --l l hc: ot.JC"1"'" 11can "'~lgn tr'loClf 111 ~rt. 1f \11, ..: ~
....rn..... ·.. ..... • UII
,... ",...J the' rut, uJ ~ da :J~" 1.1 I\ock.llU, . '!' m u ..r (~nd th", .\ the
~ "'hfa
hnl..fKd p~ .td U' I ; " Th ll\., Iin..IU, irurpllll wmnt. I/o
~ he- .
' ,.
'.IH't .m.~,.
the rruJuch ( Jt I h nc ~ n~ rntt1f not 'lIft'fft 1ftCC'M- ~' &.I..-...L.
L_. _.L ...I£ • • ..... :11--... ••
•
In<<,nlJOfl3I • •• t nc '<;J1(JIII-" orm m\h1 DQl ~ thro.P. du&"'. _
drrrt'rmtioln mlE ut eM sJluWCCI ro ~ nl~un(:.lk) r~l\ c: the- fol~
JtJ . hooA' ".In .ln .II I'" umt' nme W1 lt~1f cu nk-.o U\.n\d, . ~p1 \hO"'" no fI .l CC' th ..l ruin eoO~trd 11\ f' onl d the- .atUW:', n et. ..t
r.l U 'Ii.
d'" .I,m "f rhe
I ""
t-rin J::I'"
f of L
U1IO I t " IfY .... .II certam onn
1(.
("C',)u cy. 'et n d\.IIO~ uro" tlw- P'l'1W t' A ni hIS m ll\d" (S -45). <.ontuf} 'Ib }gc d.e-
i-r('fKh d.a ~..s.:l"l ~ thuu ~I, art h2o' 1'IotJC:hAng IIJI du -.nth dw C'.OIIIU;'C ......
~1ftJ:: III narere so S eoe to No ~uad to 1M rech mc.llly \~bd
.r , - ~ ~ hit.... ot oee or another " t ru t h at rQ _ - . r<ri«tt()f'l ; me J"O'! nt 1\ 00( to pr"n u corr«tl,. 01 p .od idea. 10 ..,...
....:11,1..I II~ f II .. 11f.. t?-""'" . I" '-'QJ1J<I()uJl) c ,.~~ t~ .a ~ unprcctdrntrd pece at work. r ~ --. ret
ThC' Ihl.'t)(} ot the ~IU rnro~" 10 rh ... ' Itange eqU.l t tort. ~ I mmtJ\.I [d ~ gifted ......ith \l gm fic.lncC' rur C'\ ~ ont". '
K.lnt', .annd3,..ic.a1 pcnp«11\"('. An con trom s U \ Wllh rhl\ d,l nnrna : .. It \\ 'e' c..n N:nC'I unJ l'm and urwkr thne ~ why Kane enttD
'" C1IM ,uch an uruuaon at natu re th2f If r-a\~ fo r a mi..u.ln ng of It" up .Jl:.1Jn 11\0 Ilh cert ain .I\ p«t.. 01 ~ atWhctK::l of fttllnlo L'1d f"C1I
.nJ rhen n hu t~ U rTX' C'~ .1\ tM n.J.wr.11 ~.au tJ tha t .....,j,S rm UkQ !;>.awqut art, =' 01 on~ IS the lrue- geniUS uncon'OOUt--wt:.eh II'n'nn
for II): or e1'oC' it ~ an art in lmnofl.1. I1~· auning 1. 1our \J tI .. b ctlon I U'r..hl. tum "' llh .l component of n.trura l nn~ ",nnWt ...·hKh the fmc art\ would
~f.JJlnr:. Immn:h.arC' »mb ...-rion through U HC' Will then Indttd ukt tot ood ll m: rout a pplied 3m -but thc= rub he Imrnu as be ar>Plin tbcta
place, but there . , 0 N noth ing lXhc-r thJ.n ~ mediated intefC"\! In ttl ,arc ,n m~ue'nou s fur him a\ th~ a re lor the \f'C"CU tor . ""'l'htCtU(lX' 01:
original cause, (hat ~ (0 u~ • an art tb,U nu~ be' Of mternt tbroui:h 1!1 .In ~ ,1 rt l ~U..:l product. jor \Olo"hkh ~ mu~t th.Jnk hl\ gm lU'- don noI him-
[:Oal ttut f)C'\"n in U!ioCIi" IS 411. ~ .I n t Intend .. to fret'.1rt from this altC'f' ..c-Il koo\Olo ho w the Ide'" .. ~idll n him found thei r wa~ to Oul pn:Jd.:t..
n.JU\-C tn-introduCIng in it. throuP1 lu s coo(qmon of ~~m .l hr~' .as .I n.lQl- S"6. Tht ··..IC"thctll.: IJe'.a" th.1t guidn g.m ius c.tn be nntbc-r~
ral t.al~t. tht prr:domiJuna of fUture' ()\ t'[ .a mind co n..cIO\J\ of iudl roM "t.ltN d('.}rl~-. - no cxprn..ion on be: found tor rt tM indJcatn .I
.100 of tM rub It l~ \U ~ to .1rrJ,·. U UXI'; gra pe'>. of w hich Pb(o Jcttrmuw:J .:oncepc; u .1l1o~ .. thrn. bcsl~ t~ conc.e-pt. mtadl th.u I:l
(tIls u~ tM,' \...t1"C' so ..dllmit.ated th.u the thrm h ~ tl ~, down to rd UM.lmn t-lc. the' fc-clml; for whl.::h .Jnlrn.ltn rill' l.J.:ulfl 01 k~ kdg:
:lit thnn. hn C' no bC'.a ut!. If ~- h.a\C' .1 n ~-. (""(Cpt 3S co pif'\. tn ,,-tucb .1M to l.J,n ~3 gl' • .1\ rnct'e' Im tn. roin.. ~rtnt" ti ~ 'J , . 1be .a rtr\l at ~
cue' 11" ~'U1 to undcn t.and ,,"hy one might prei« th e on gan.al- unh theft'fore ~ not follow rull"). ~ in\'C'Ou them. ,anJ the mie.tdc: at .In
one uk" ,u t to be ~ ,implC' tm Oical ~rlo fm .l ncC'. But .In is nOIbetter .:on " I ~f\ m the ha pf'C'n ..tan.:l' th.1t th iS un cn nKlOU\., .and thct-dorC' 1t,o'"tJI.
off In tht orhcT situation e1"okcd an Ihe .a.oo \"('·citcd pa...sage. Ii indttd p . . l. 1O"l'RtIOn im ml'd la td>' m.tkn S('I'I"'C to 0I~n, .too tbi ~OK ot

the aim ~ ,n m cbniciwn, " .zooYt'.I11 to pleasc" b~" d cpndy PfC'~tirJI. the' Uf1l(' rnnclpb that made oi IUtur.a1 N-.Iut.. .z i:ymbobc tT"'-""l' oi me
beauuful mora l ida • then. de.trh", .1rt\ finalitv .and u luC' afC onet kk.J\ of ft'.non. The u n ..u .: 8c'.1 uu ful rilU\ rum... ou t to bC'. m aua.. the
.ag.am C1UC'm2' to it ; it t\ "et
.a.gain ~n Inst ru m en t: the' whide. it\elf ~. I;);,1C1 an.1logue' of thl' n.} tllr.) llk.~ ut iiul. Thi ~ i...... h ~ It ' 01 eM no

to maintam. a pm\t d .1SlolCl..rn, th.lI the' rul~ for .art. \ urpoting t:hcTc b
:r
ondal'J in imporuna. of a eotnmunicanon w~ te rm., u e rla~'ed out
nK'Wrhne. one. •...:..n noc hot: ""nttro do \Olon In ~n~" formula th.u .'OUId Wf\ ~ " i"".
~-n plion · · (1 4 7).
Tb u. is then.ence 01 Kan l's poWtlfm o n .art ; " S nu re was b<.1utitul
,,'bm II " muJuncou\l,.looktd Lkc art - and 3 n c.an o nh bC' called be2u· .\ b lc i n ~ all du t' 3110w3n ce ior their OO\iotn JJttcrrncn...In t.mt
liftal wbm .~ arc WOtoOQUto n IS an., v~ n OC'\"enhdcs.., lII,e n.aturt' iooh OUt tu hf' much like humor : It pf octa:h, from .a rutuf..1 - du1 ........
au ... Ii 4S}. He: could h.ardl~" be'dc-u er: \incc bca un rC'\ldn an .a bt' u ught. ~ ct Ii: commuOlcJ,OWl' 10 d Ul It Immnn.l:th rn.a ~ ..~
\Cn"C . " \X'c can lea rn C'\'C'rf p.1rt irul .tt .l rt\ cC'Ch niqut tU">C.a ..~ 011 ir.am
anI,," rtwneiluuo n oi n.nare- and the- mind ~mcC' d'li\ ·recIJnclli,.nion
to tell "iunm· ..to n("o •• hue chi.. ""orknunM..c ""'~
• at bO inct'ttW to hunun rc:.av IfI unln\ it ito '2 ha pfw \urpri~, 2 n un' ....
~ .-d (.QftIJ Iu ftnl'K1y, I hm. whm I( '« JInn to nnurJl gll1njot to rr .an~ionn .In:·OOC' mcn.an ..n l!Oc Of a ~.aa. ~
-r. lU I~ -..c: Uklftnh '" h1 rnemhlin~ thC' mind, .1nd (here-rort' ing a:ul \Io"hat 1\ .. tured In the memor}" MkJ h.n ~ .a~ I) :..d •
• ha dw "ppc:u.aou Ii "n, whnt It f;urnn IfJ ;u li UC N"UI~. ~1' k'fIJ(' nf humor. rhl'fC' ... .. cha)m no .amounl ,. r \'tI t"Cf
bnJ~, ·mC' J,th- .. nr.ljiC.C' HI rhe ,arttrW:,..1O\ tf lbe- n.lnrr..L IIIln Wf\ M
Io. !hu dt~.. rWJII1\J1.(' lhe- " "'Jr. fll noJlU" in tbe'
.,.
- br
 fOUl
rni.. n ""ill 10 rC'~'"Upn'.lte rhe l'leallrih:~ in~o th.t'. o rhi r o.~ th~t: P.o w ers nf the THE HEG ELIAN MOME N T
ri!>ks maki n~ us fn rt:ct rhis ,1t:':olhe fh, tru th. C ntlci l ing ka rl!
tor iri t , ...-rrcd eli :1" J III th e tr ue; \ () th at wt: cou ld ,ay of
.. ",u )ihJ.: p re..cOlat il)lI

~'ould ine\·itol.f'a l)· lead Ikgd i.U1 dl'~ fhcuc. down th e p at h o f a rt'nt'\\i~ I k )"t·Il ,Ill I.. m In J I If, on tin' me-la r ny..i c ~II e-\'t'I. It con, i..t~ In a hie orici-
1.11l" n of L",i hni / '~ .t he-u olIeY. o n the- Jt'..theuc Il'vt'l It reveal s ih d f 10 be
d a .....icism.
.1 ''' S /f> " .'i ~l ·'' d .J$Slcism.
Bur .1 for m u la ca nno t rtpb ce an ex plan anon . 'Ihe mod alrries of this
TOWARDSA NEWCLASSlCISM; hl"wriO:l l .n iun .o f th e- Ik J Ullful in Hegelia n Je-\thC"tln art' nf \uch grea t
ART'S TRIPLEHISTORIO TY AS .kplh In.n b)' 1,,\It......lI1g.them wo: can Huly undC'r\tand the ultimate po-
SENSI8LE PRESENTAn ON O FTHE TRUE ~l flI llI .Ht c.m ., "p ll e 10 w uh m J ml'ldph ysicJI wster n in which it i, des -
1I111'11 ttl hnld .111 inferior ..t.ltU". BJ.llm~;ut e:n\ Ac:sl/,c:,;{'s and Kant\
lei us firs r o f a ll avo id a mi~un~e ....ra ndmg connected to th e ;lrnhigl.l lly
( ;,, ( 1. //11 ' ur '"Jgml'"'It med, in opposition to l .erbniz's red u..""tinn of the-
of t he word · ·dJ~sici ..m." I don t mean b y th e term to dC"'~03te 6tht'T
""n"lhle 111 .1 confu..('J intdlig.lble. in o l' ('l)O;lliun 10 thC' pnmJC)" of God's
a ncien t G reek a rt• •n Hegel hims el f d o es , nor nco Ih e mO'it si~ruti. ""iut III vie w ove r th at III human tinitude:. 10 enno ble: .It:..lnC"tIC\. For
cam wo rk s of the French .;cn 'n( et:lHh cen rurv. hut rather th e: .J~sth('tu th.Il, It \ \.1" nc..-c.....1ry to gua ra ntee it the autoncmj (If li S ob,t:.." t . ',X'ith
docm ne of Cartesian (m~1l tha i ho ld s th.lt art's rnam fu nctlCln i\ to the lIuro.lu":1iu n of h l"lOriclTY tnm truth, Hegel Intend ed to rtt<otJ bh , h
represen t the tr uths o f rea son in th is d em ent. c:x~e~al to the m but ~C. Ihi.. r rim J q (If Ihe drvmc and the IlIlclligihle. Th e: acsth enc ..pbeee, born
ces sible to the co mmo n understanJlI1g , rhar ..e n sihil ity IS. In c1Jssici..m IIUt ••t rhc I q~i t im.Hi ()n of the scncibl e, mu ..1 thereh>' N- reimegr cted Into
th us und erstood the key moment ot the bcaunfu l i.. dearly th e iJe.J. r~ dw w hoh- of rh e ..y..tern . The phi lo wphy (If an must thu .. t" mb r ~ ct' us
~u31 element being bu t the-e-in its esse nc e in a Jeq u J te - nlC'dium nhin-' rhc bet ter 10 kill It-or. to be tairet , the bett er to secu re It in the
wit hin wh ich tru th becomes perceptible in pleasant fas h io n. 'X'e h,n e "uho rJ m.Hc rol e II never sho uld ha ve left.
.alre3d)' seen ho \\ Boileau's Art pot"tlqu r wa s one o f the first great 1I11t'1 · lh.u H ege l's aesrherics t.lkc s up again the- funda mental theme of
la..ua l th em3tiz.n io m of this \'cr>' " c1.J.sloica!" p receden ce of a n '!> ide.11 o:l.t" ~ Ki ..m i) confirmed b y the mode in wh ich It de fines art's supremt:
co ntent O\'er it!> !>e-n..u:l1 form . We- h.J.n: al!oo :ll rl"ady pointed our hm~... J nrin3tion. According In Ihc intr o ductio n to lhe Lt'Clurc:s 0 11 Al!jtl,c:t·
fo r Boile3 u. thl\ reprnc: nt:ltio n at th l' h e-a ur ifu l i.. a ccomp.J.nied by an's
cla im to clemi!)': )ince lru th ca n o n ly he one .J.nd atemporal, since
th e h um.anit)· ir a d d rcs~s ilsdf to hy wa y of th e \·a n o u s 3C'Sthct ic
I {' S. 3n h ol.\ rc.l..he d thi s po int

when II h.l " pl.l':CJ it....·Jj ill [he \J.mc ~rhcft J ~ rrlig,Jun .InJ rhIIO'>Of'h~ • .InJ
...hell III ' ...mrl ~ "11" \\ .1. ) v i hn n~ln~ 10 uur "" nJ , .InJ cll rfn,>i n~ the' Dinrrt .
\
forms r<»scsSC'S an intangibl e. iO\'a ri a bie ~ ..t= nce. a rt ca nnot a n d should Ih.· J ...·r.·~ 1 illfl'rc"", elf m.Inl.:mJ. J nJ Ihe' mO"1 ..omprt hcn_I\·t" lruth.. oIlhc
nOI u nd ergo the '-inJ of h istu rical prugre~5 th 3t a git.J.tes th e scie ntifi, ' plfll • . . An ..hJ.rc,> thi.. \',KJtlun with reltgltJll JnJ phllo'o('rh )·. toul m.l 'reo ~
",,·orld . "'.1) . n .l md ~ hy .l 1 ' r I Jy i n ~ c, en Ih.. h ljl,hc."'!ol ICJlltl o,('ll\ IIIIU..I)', bringin~ \I

The on~in31if)' oj Hegel 's 3esrhe tics lie s in t h e \'e ry in vc rsio n of tht.. tht·fl·h ~· 1Il'.Her I" l h.· ,,·n\cs. [() tl-rlmf;. JnJ III nJtur t"\ muJe' of JPrc.luno:t".'
postulat e. It i.. btcau..e tru lh h a s a h i~wry-or, h e tt er , is in.elf hi~·
Hq~d IIcn 'r CCa\l'J til tl'p t:3t th;n art 's ohicCI i.s tht" pre~('ntJtilll~ oi
to ry- th ai .an , ~~ ~nsu31 pr e\ rllt3t io n of th is truth , mu st a lso enter into
trut h. f .lr from ht'i n~ ;1. p u re illu ..illn. as a C~'rt,un Pl.nom .:: ~rol.Jlnon
me sphere u f hi..wricif)·. There w ill the refore be "sta g es" in a rt's de\'r!' wou ld h.l\·l' ii, Mt\ .J Im i.. idl' ntic;\ t to Ihal oj rcli~;on Jn d phtl.l)()rhy.
Oprnl'11t, as Ihere a re in the un fold ing o f th e con fig u ra t io n s o f co nscious' e\'l'll it th l. tr uth is p rt'seIHt·d dll: rl·ill ;n Ihc for m o f l,hemmlen.J. 01 ~he
nC'\.~ dC\.Cnbed in the Phetl ome'Hllflg)' of SI,;r/t. or in
t he work ing o ut (If "cn" lla l 1I1.1 nift'~t ,\tions th;H works ot .trl .HC . " T h us, fJ.r fw m hc,"~
IheIOWeJl idu o r of th e vario us fo n n \ of sp int (to w h ic h , h t'siJ es. art lIIere p ur e .l r rl".tr 311Ce. a Iu' ~hl'r rl;'.l I'Ity I l' ,.."' I •tlh l trll( r e: ,( llot~
" t .,I,'
.
be~mg\). bu r- a nd thi.. i\ th e th esi \ I wa m to ma ke c xp lic it h ere- the '
II )aSt';" l ls to b l' oI.scn b..-d to t (' P enOl1lO:IlJ (I a rt in .:mn p,tn..on " nh
, h h {
\,U\ lel..rn, thaI Kant's ant hc liu h ad tried to tear d o wn is nOI 31 a~ thu'iC oi ord in.m ' n: .1 lity IW irkli chk l'lt l" ( I :12J9l. Fl~r.:1\ He-~d OOC"
mrllitflcd 'n ItS prine/p it's. tto wcver h isturica lit m av h a\'l' beLO!Oe, IfU( . .' " . h I C"t'ntJ I111n of truth l n t hC'
tnSIMcJ th roug hou t h iS Icc[Ure) . I c St' n""U,1 p r ..
.r.1l 'em.ain\ the n'IChl ia l m' " nen! in th e wo r k o f a'rt, w h ich is still con-
\2 '
 'ou'
nfvJ " ,.".Ie. al oi n muse be m.lJc in ~u...h .l W.1 ~' th.u rhe twu ITlUnl THf HfO f li A N MO".,t N l
J'fC"W'"1 tn n nor be b rou~ht to)."C'tht"r ;lrl'onr,1fl I~' but, un the ,,'o l1tra C1l.t\ II"ke , h.·OI.J. Iot.1l11,,1 A tm ly ,o.:ir nlifi
. ' p'«><CUp t
.
h<
.I IOn ""It nne art " th at one
1M u ron lt"l. htt C't f.l!loh iun . " II hoi" al re.... I), been s.ud that th c c l'Y. 111 ,~n n:,hl "lI1nlJ a honk .., C"oJ"<'clally h rn eh onr' .Iht he .. 1
" . ., O llt~ nt L.·_71_ hut :1 1..n , a.. we mu ..r point uut in 1\ ' Jut auey ( 1: 1'1
at a n I the IJc.l. while Its fo rm I~ rhc n lll ti)tuf;U1Ul1 0/ ..t·ll ~IlOU S " , JlumRdrtC'n .Ind nm In dv
• . t J '
naJ. :"in,,' .art h.1S til h a rmo mz e ehese two SI. ea an b rm)t rhern .
lnatt". Co O'I IIl' (If J'l,/gmt''''.
- ~., h he van UUIl .l J , Hegel 11111"1thrrdufe rnnlutdv .If0.' - dL
teee reco eo led tou l it ~, (I : 1(10 10 ). \"' l~ I ~ 1 c vanery o f m od~ 0/ . . .1n cere we ~a\U fe die
~th.."h .I reco ncihan on Ht'gd loc.l t{"!o the r n nclpl.c o f .1 clnono /ogical hi,
r " lr lit [(I wh.leh he mo ves aw ay' fwrn . Kant and ". ,.m u I h~' d
C'("-1)11 ~ a ..
"" " ch )', nQ( .o n l)" o t , the dl tlC'ren t a pp rehe ns ion s Clf, th e Cfll1Cepl of
, i( 11 .ll·...rh..· t lc ...- nnr ull ly th ar the line an\
, ..' ' ,
.It,.. h. ,
.. on , 1M ~ncnIJ"&
be.1ulV, I;\u t 0 1 the vanous .irrs themselve s. Be fo re lIu k l ng thi S Pnnc I r hl[l,,, ,p hl".11 n lle\.t. .lo ll, hut
.c\ pc( I.lIl,· Igllmg m uc h Iun h l'f) t h at mn
. . (IP e ,Hl" ;111 .IJ '·LJU,H" tu pK fur ..tn (l! r '!>cienlific tr eatm enr 11 : l MISl. Th i\ ~
c 'ltp hcu-w h tch will a llo w us to und er srand ex.KtI ~' how Hl'gel i;lnis
rn .10 mlp n rt :lI\1 n ll .uH."~: It mean s thar an is not an irranon .ll ob;«t lA hich
In ho w C\·C'r grandiose .1 fashion. goc!> hack on so me o f the .1d vanl..~ of
philo\ol'hl~al rd~l'':~ lun co uld chuuse to work on • .I\ if Irom d}('outwde,
Kenn an aestbcncs-c-we should grasp ho w th is sim ple definition of an hUI rh.u If I" l ~ frI n"<;IC.lU~' p.trt o f sClcnce\ de\'d opm ('fIt. molt 1\ to \011'. 01
imrlln .a th reefo ld retu rn to classicis m : the ...r lfi' .... ..d HmlolJlO g In .111 11.. '!>y..tem.ui c ity, .
I. It is, first oi all. the ca se thar ,I ce rt a in "Ca rtesia n" co ncep tion uf It's iru m rhi h pCcr that a rt fully appear .. to be'what it is: .l moment
th (' m ind i'!io reactivat ed here . I do no r o f co u rse mean to sugg csr th ai th ~ of truth , r m...l: lIl g irv o w n (mr ernah dl'\'e!opme'fIt (It.. own hiuoncity);
H q:d ia n concept of Sp iri t is .1 mere con rinuanon of the Af ctaphys'cJI but .11..0 • •m J p reci vely to the extent II IS bu r a mo men t, ih eJCtenul
-"~JllJ"ons ; from Cartesian co nscio usness ro Hegeli a n Spim the diS' h ' ~lUr il·It~' . W ithi n th e co mplete system o f sctence th ere i.. .1 before at
ranee is dtarl~· great a nd is not ab ou t to be negated . Nc vcrrhele..s, as in art ( 111 Ih,\. case •.md fo r rea son .. we wo n'l go 11110 h(,fC'. lhe Sute} .and
Onc.lnn. and un like wha l wa s the ca s{" with Kant \ t he o ry uf genius. .lIl ,41 ." ( r d i ~i ll n .m J p h ilo..o p hy• .l'!> we will perhJp'-i bettrf undcnund
the spirit is.o ncc A~a in gramed u n lim itl'd ma ster y o f it sd f. A lle a ~t in if., III , uh" ·LJ Uelll p,lge..): " But jmt as art h;" ir.. ' befo re' in nature And ~
ulrim.1tt mom('tlt, wh cn il finJlly co n(o rm <; w it h its co nce p t, lh ere can. limle 'rhert's CIt hf{·. "' I [Ou II ha .. In ' aher: i,e., .I r~ glOn .....hich in tum
nex su~ t,t .... i th in it the lea st obscuri ~·. n u t th e sm.l lll's t portio n of Ihe
narur.uoo'!io that Kam did n o t he"it.1tl· to .1tt rib u te to t he .1rti"t ·s crea ti\'('
trJn....:l·n.t.. .Ht '" w a ~" uf .1 p p rehen d in g a nd l('pr~('llt inl! the .\bo.oIute.
FOl .trl h J" ...till a lim it in itw lf a nd therefo re pa s ~ 0'"« 111[0 higher
\
POWt ~, There is. for H egel n o do u b r ab ou r thi s point : true he.lut y IS a I"rllls o f cu Tl!>cim l..ne s.... ( I : 14 111(1).
crurion (Jf th e spirit. a nd if there is so nll' rh ing we C;lI1 1l Dt d eny, if is In thi.. key p J s"Jge, H q~c1 give!. us Ihr pr inciple oi In .t('stheti.::s th.tt
" m at the srim is carable o f co nsidt'r ing it sel f. a n d of po sse<isin g a co n· Will es..em ia lly l,,"UllSi..t of a n ordering into a c h ro nol o~i.::al hierar;:h" Of

w:iotnncn, ,1 lhinkIn g con'!>C1OU<incss. uf it self and of e n- ry t h ing o rigi, thl." <;t,II:C" of au's au toJi"<iul ut io n int o rdigio n. then Into phiIO'-iOrh,-,
rutin~ in ibclf. Thll1kmg is p rec i..d ~' wh at co n <; ti t u t e~ t hc inmost \'C'e now kn o ..... the nat u re of the limn J rt .."Onuin.. wu hin it-.di; 11 tus
fOUmllaJ n.ttu re of spirit . • , No w a rt an d wo rh o f ;Ift . b~· sp ringing
noth i n~ to d o • .1<; the .It·...thet i.:.. o f feeling wou ld n JI\·d~· hne u\ !-clane

frum a nd be mg created br th (' spi rit, :Ire th em ..d ves o f a spir icu;,1 kind , (seeing III it, \ ectJnd Il .\ i\·ct ~, .1 SUr r lhl:d \ u pcn uri t)' of hc-.1U ~· O' er
IImh ). in thl' f.Kt that 3rt .ll1egedly .·ont.lins J Il lrl. ni o n.ll d(' mcnt , l"l
ncn if their pr nemarion .lv,umes an a p pca r:ll1ce of ..ensullusne s,> .lnd
would it..d f bdnng to so me ot h.:r realm tha n thJt o f 1t"d'M ' n, The lunlt
pavadn tht- \CTISUOU\ .....ith the ..pint ." ( I : 2 7/ 12,)
Hq;c1e\'Oke<; is ubviou<;h· th J t ()f th e \>C'n ..ib ll i~ in" hl.:h truth e"rrn~
2, \'('c un undcnund . In thi S C3!o(', w h y H egd ia n ph ilo!>Oph)·
ilw ll _ J sc m ibilit\, th.ll .fro m the ph ll' h op h ie.ll. tw m thC' J IHIW f"UUI~
.bouJd ~ dlnnctnc.all)· u p poo.cd to th t ae..th eucs o f se nt ime n t ; it·s .ls a
of vito...... has II I) flu; r\, ulltologi':,l l \"aliJl t~' with in the sn''''''' th.ln Ie J..'!C'"
O'Jnn("""'CUr of th i'iuadni'm thJt H c~c1 can d ist .lncc h im <;clf fro m th of,C
withi n thl' L.el h n il i.lJl t1u·uJin'.
.authun --oot.ably " h rnro" flnn--Y.' hu , a~in~t Ca rl c..ian d :l\ sk ism.
T hl' t.1..),; th en h el..·nmt'" U;lC' ul u n.lt'fSlan dLnIt h" lA thC' UltmJu.."tIl'III
drlmJcd 1M Irrat~Kl.llny uf the " heArt : ' o f t ht oOjc_ne ,s a is-'1UIli"
Cli hlsln ri.:u )' inl o J rt • •1" Ihe \en..uuu" rr~ntal h>n of .t truth dur I
for ~n .and (lubot. eun\t1tuled. 3 ' wc h.we '\C.~n. " Ihe 'ollUlof
It'>Clf h i"to ri.:.d . i\ nul the ,,-ontr.I~' o r d .., ,,i..:hm but the ' u tr>t mrtho...J
, ... He mJ«d '\lI;I~ tu put a n 1("00 In " th t·..c s, ru r le.., a n d o thers

UI
uo
 ......
• . . JD com.. . .......... _ .. "~ CTmlormi n. " ) It, (Qn
t - . -.. M 1U . rd\ It1i. hn TH I H[G!L IAN MOMfN
crpc-co . haI .. ~. UlK and ruu In u 'rum Ilk- \rry ~nnlng of . Inl:"rn.uC'd rherdure (If mdwJd_I,ud i - • __ L
..., ',"*Jh ~ .. ~
~ .Ip~ the b.ltoquc ~nJ tfw Wflltr1W'nul. The- Ir lpl c: hi..to nc Itt. roern. Ir Jlrr«J.1chn rhe- .deJl1- \1(,'(' can ~ mat the dmuGCI
.. buonful N t ~uuerura ",II 01Itt(' 'Lelur,. j u hlC"'n its full \I Ity .1ft " " Ih ,u rhe llira a nd In «Jn6~UbfJh • n pra.ed -
.. a U)ft(r nc reality -.
C'Ma' • nod..al ront of tht- ~Il.an a nthC1k; . l.e1 u\ aUt",!.ldi. fTl.JJ c (u mpl('ld y a&:qUJlIC' 10 fJhl:' .a1'KMhr:r- I ' · , · · I n) _
· . .,..- - ... II', ~
.. to
rC'lcrnntt bolL!.. tn IhI" demand Ih<l.1 '*C' v..a!1 ....
~ ~ ~
_ . ...,
totnlU lar II' ada~ur('t¥.
' .Jno:c~" .Ilun~ the: hi,r " ,.,. of OII nrhnK.'l. ~ to ~ me ""ad-
I T&r h nt H~""': _ Bur II ):C~ wnhour " uym~ rhol~ thu, f~ 'I _ ~ L _
.., ..... ..~ (~ pn napk of
.s ....
CJ"sJku.... R. Orou"tl<U"l h,cr.1n: h I1.Jllu n re main.. q Ul~e In\ u ffiCICflt (-ol N IKt-). for thc: '10 011* cA
Let lit Iool ", .am .n tht "-.f~ HC'gd Jdinn the .Jr ri cu lJ lUJI1 bet.....ttn tilt .& rt - .md he re agarn H e'gd \ d aul(i..m cornn rhlou gh-de-pmd.. 301"0
' ''H" ..h.all ~c rhar n 1\. en Iact, all (me thm ", u_ f Lo h od
two am lirunH' moments of rht'. concept of arn snc beauty. \t't! find. •• _ " r ~" lK nc l'Ie\'. t he
J epth l,thc L Cln'~.ctcne .... , of the rdea, And th" latt er in CUm rdcn h~1l
rst, .a .:um rnt. an aim, , nK~nmg;; and \('con~I )' the r)(rr~!>ion. a~
10 A hU I,,"" I )': FOl. before rC.Jcheng r~ true Cona-pt 01 iu aht.olau
O' •

rrauna. anJ rn1u..luon oi chi.. con tent, But. thi rd ly, bot h aspecn .art
6<oCn'c, th e "pltlt ha~ to gf) thm u sh a COur\C'01 )I.gn. a toma groundC'd
10 pmrtnted by eee ..nothc'r m.:n 1M e xte rnal, the pa" icul.ar. aprean In t h l ~ <..-o nccpr n self and to this L'Ou r~ uf the comenr which the' \ptIl(
n:dusn ~ .H .. r ttvnt.arion of tht mner ' 11 : 1321951. Tho ugh an i\
it'''~ (0 It\oC'H the re co rrnpond.. a COO n.('. Itnnw:dlauly COIJRC'UCd that-
IU'UCtI.UT'd II" .. b.ngwgt. ,n th• .1\ we would !>3)' nuwad a)·,. a IgtJ lfin ,nth, oi conngu rano n.. of art. in t ~ form of ~'h ich rh.e \PInl, U ~
aad .a tipHfitd. It rmuin. noncthd n , very drfferen r from ord ln.ary· UA- I!J'C' u'oClt .. conscrou..ne\.. uf it\CIf" (1 : IOJI72.J.
~ in rlut tbt ifier. rM ~\UOU\ form, sho uld 10 pnnaplr cak .\.. tnc re..de r .... ill h....,C' anuo p3ted, it\ at Ihis point dut I-k&d \UC.
tIOlbq to .arbitr.arinru: ''In me ~. o rk of an o o(hin~ i\ t ~~ CUtpt ..:crJ'I> In rulJ~' rel:nn .:lim g cla\\lCum and hi~oricny. the latta coniC"lTllJt;
wtur: hat .In nscnn.aJrcbtion to mt co nta u and I.. a n expre<osloo of rt" Ih m .. ,orn um prncnq on thc tormN. Fa r from• .as . lIh Dubol. rhc hh--
It.:f.,. Thcrt .rt orbcr 'N.)"S at ..rating iI t ru th thiln the ae..th cnc mo..k; ro~ u f .Itt L"CJO\utu u n g dn .1 rgumcnt aJ:3In'ot Iht' ~tion d l.1t deimch
.-hat cb.araamzn II .among all othen i.. that. [ h ou ~ \cmible. the form JI ( ,1\ J ~n ..uuu .. ma nt fe ..t a tl clO of tht' tru th, it. on th e rontnry. map'
01 the C'1 pfeWoo knn \trictly nothing to cont ingmq'. (1; 10 1 I.) tc nall~" confi rm.. thi!> po\ltio n ; it i.. beC3 U\oe the " truc- truth l\ n'C'l.i
Thr pnnciplC' for tht hiera rch i1.2 tio n of a rt'" grea t form.. i.. dtduc- hl'l>ronc.al la nJ not " ctern oll," at Ie'a \t not in the f\J1\ 'C mU lling the-
ibk trom thn \lmpk tanarlc: to th e C'xt C'nt that "an ha.. the t,uk at <,c...entecnlh ·u:nlu ~' d a~ " ll:i \ [ \ " " ill" g.nc thC' tt rrn } th.n the« ~ n('('t"l.-

pracatin~ tht Idea to arnzntdl3tt pC'rcrpri on in a \C'n..uou.. shapC' .and unly .11"", a h"tor)" of the ~n\uou .. m3JI if~uriom of mi\ truth. Then
IIOC UI rht: form 01d unklng.and pu rC' ..pi ritu2lny as such , ,tnd, ..ina m it 1\ thu\ noth rng the'rc to urge the abJ,ndo nmcnt of the: Protea ci u mt'-

pramuDl hal Ib "a!w 2nd dignity in the corrnpondence and un iry ci fonning an int u a n o blC'Ct io r Klcner; al ~ nodung to 3.tpX m inot of
barb wdn, I.e... the Idea and itS outward !Jlapc:, it follow.. th a i tM lofu.. an " rn'\u rm n u nr a b lliry" of a rt. On the contrary- md the t'A"(I thnnn
JoIC ..[ wn w )' bounJ up to eac h ot~r-ba:au\C It is. u'itkrr ILv,ubrt 01
... ~ nuIkncc oi an In a.rtalDin~ a rea hty adequ.;ue to Its Conccpl'
cIrpmd 011 dw dtp-C'C' (,( Inwardnc", and uni n ' in which Idea and sn w b,/'t)·. J hl'\.tunca l m a n ifnrario n of .1 tru th ludt hKtOfl('JlI that II:
W ill beco me nc cco.......!)· (0 \u rm ount ur \ uPCrscJ e'.art tor C'Xp~ t-ct-
Wpc IppC2t fuwd INO one" (I: 101172,. The hiC';arch y principle thU\
..toIdt iudi 11:10 twf): ter "u Ucd to th e \ p iri tu aht» of a controt [h. t. In the' La..t in~.anct, t'rf"l"
d iatC'\ ..en \ UOm nl""\r.... n co thou~ It c.an ukc rle.hUrT in It ior .a . hdt .
- Aft an form', ' upmon ry will lim of all be me.n ur ed by In u -
)i nce a rt 1\ not a IJn guJge \i milar to other IJngu .lgcs. drt' coaIItC·
paary 10 ackquauiy. though u ,u u(msly, ex p re" \ th e tr uth of the idea:
lio n .....i[hin it lx.tween form dnd ~ontcnr, wpll hC'r .anJ Mp1lhnt un_II
an te'ft, . iut: Hq;rJ. foU(rAing Kanr , call.. Ihe " ide a l: ' meanin g indl·
nuthing (u det w it h a rhl tr a n ne..~ the' hl..toIKIt~" ui tM rontmt D al
ddincd "'s the- , ) ndlr\I' Di the un ivena l co nuinC"d In the ide' th~1 f,i [he furm \. We ca n. en o(hC'l' ....-ord,. rompkt t the Fn no.lf"k' ...
~_nl &br pama.lat tnhc-rnJl' In the W'T"UO U\ fo rm H t.al es, " fot the:
-"-.h ' the:' hle't .IrChll.1lK1n uf the art~ b\" lou ..ifllt thc f.I~"1 t h..at ~ ~
ft Iftdu.d tht ~c truth uK lf but 1M tr uth o nly I' It' f • ~
... ,.. ""ow6ed • the he~ulJ ful. SC'f\1oUaIh, fJtm I.... In the .lntheu c 'rM~' r.aJw:all Jcrtnc.knl 011 ~,..
•• MfWC'rultry." whllt . a, Mka of
IU
112
 'Ou'
rtwo content : " the dcf c."cti\'C'O C'l'') of J work of a rr i.. hut alW3 TH E l1EG EUAN MOMEN t
.• h '.• yr. 10 h
- -"ninJ;I - Jut' ';IS' m on' ~. SU rr()~C'U · to I 0: an .", ".Iack of ,kill. t mm.Jtt'" o r dC:le rm ined ufl st rolu ly • and , I' ;) f,, r 'h l\ r(awm the conn If)-
' . ","" .. , . f lef ,Ollthc-
rontrary . t!(,(l"ctin:'m."'§ of term resufes r um, l" Cl:f1 vcnt'!-\ of \"onll; .. J ell'.:e of mea m ng a nd ..hare i\ alway, defect d . P<
" 11 I '" ,, I\'e an mint n'lo('U Tc:nt:Iin
HC'..d illu'iofr;ut"'S hi'io assertion in cult ur..1term..: If " t he C hinese, ln_' nt.
• f G ·~ h " L_ U1oln..
r ll T~ h. .lb"trad
h -J •
: 0 '::' ,, 7 1. Two IIUIt.lt'u m
• l.C'quencn rC"\uh &nm thl\
..od Egypnans" rroJu.:l"d im.J ~{"<o ~) _ oc r ,)~ . n(' \"('.~ ~~t '>c'YCmd folm: SIllCC t e IUC.l I" "''' )'CI 100 Ind rl t"lminalc I ' If
J •
. .
0 It \(' [ flnc te tm 'ndtCMC
In r.nn s or a bad and un true J d mlfcn Ci !> or te r m, It s l'IccaU\(' h rtll:' form It ..hou IU receive, ~ y mhoh c an a ~ ' , ".
. _ _ ' I , na~ \ ugge..l\., OfiCTl lim-
I a t
~. ~ _
. ,I '
" myrhu logie.tl ideas" a re thcmsch'C'S mcerernuna re :lnd .to..tra,·t (I. Ir\ It",dl fH u..m g /1 31UUI ob jcct.. .1\ "lmr1c rep". I I
e7I a IV('S '" me Cfln tmt
105174). It I!> thu s on l,- th.mb to the develo p mcnr ul the Idea tha, • . to be exp rv....c:d; o nc. can. fo_r t:lIamr ,
l, • ' , mh<J 1·" ,e f IIrce ~lt , ~ image
. h 1no;
f . I 011 .
(.t .1 hon. We th en think <1S I{ th e Idea were pre'>Cnl in the form lholl! the-
nstic be.lUfy acqui res oJ rou liry (l ~Jrllcu.1T stagev a nd (o r"\\" ; the
three grear mo ment s ;ym1mJ,(".cI.sssical, .1 0 tl , mmJnti c. therefo re " art 1I.1I ur ;1 1 ob ject ha .. beco me, h.ut . qui re ub\'lou\l"! . ,hc: r d atum ,_.
cerween
.1TI 'i I WIl moment.. hl"rt' rcm nm.. complctely external . The Idea 1\ not in
no thi ng but the Jiffcrcnl rd.ltlOm ot meamng an d !oha Jl'" rciOltioll ~
iJl'r fu un d 10 the na tur al oh lect and the relation betw een the two re-
w h ich proceed from the IJ e. irselt a nd the re fore provide the I nu: b3~il
m.un..- UIlC: cou ld ha rd ly put II hener-merely \)'mhrllic.
fo r the divisio n of th1" ~phere " ( I : 10 7,7 5").
T hl.'" rdca cannot he "J ri..fied wit h such an external rc:lariclR to in
Thi s tripl e partmon of th e grea t genre fo rm s, th a t ma nifC\t ~ ltwl(
l(>fm. and It I'> wnh rhl" dr....a u ..factmn, that i.. for Hegel rhe moment of
as the first rela tion of art to hi,rurici t)" i.. ( rel a t h'c1 ~') well knov,n.
rhe sub brnc. that wmbolic art bcgm.. 10 bring melf 10 ruin. th<1t it" ~If.
\l~ith i n the perspective of J histo ry IIf aes th et ics defined .1 S hi \tol)' of un iol d l n~ becom es ..elf-..upe r..c.... ron . What connection can be n ub-
sub jectivity it offr:-n the im me nse m rer cst o f hea rin g witness, thou gh h..hed hl"twe en the ..ymho lic and the !oublime? Subhme, in German...
"t'gJ rn '~/)" to th e int im ate con nectio n bind ing aesth eti c.. to what could akJhm " tha t which ri'->Cs oIJ,vlIe. In Ihe dl....atl\l1ed qU N for .li n 3de-
~ c31led the phi/asap11iedl st'CIIIJ r ism in herent. In Ka nt . [() the with. qUJ re tnrm th e ide a e x pe fl e ncc~ irs own ..uhllm lt ~·. the fact nl ln bcrng
d ra wal o f the d ivine. Ikcau ~ Hegel tru ly ca rr ies out leibni/.\ Prolect .JIJI)[·(· a ll th t"sen..uom form .. dum~lly !;lemg alta ched tn it. The h!ea thu\
of:a pcrleet s~·stema o city. became, a long th e W,lY. he is led to making of hecom e'> t ~"f Jn n1 cJI rO.....Jr d the natu ral phenumena, Ilteu lly tonunng
phiJowphy man\ att empt to ~o be ~' o n J the point of \'iew 'I f hu man them .1nJ fin:a lly re jecti ng them in the \ c r~' mempt to appropri ate them.
finitu de (of r~lectit 'f! slIb/ectlt/ily ) toward.. thl" point o f \'iew o f God (of S)'mbolic :art will therefore expre.... lt~1f both in g1JnI \ .md 0010..'01. d -
the absolule sllbiecl o r knowledge ). that hi.. o rde ring o f a rt form s into.3 forrfuJly t r~..IO~ . throu¢l their monumenl:al. gran dlo '>C character. to con -
hier ar chy not o nly tak es the fo rm of a ch ro nu lo g)·. o f a logi c of tempo- \ e~' thi.... uperiority of an a, yet inde te rminate and ab..tr act i..ka. and III
ralit}·, but th.lI it also tu m §, into the ki lling off o f art . The o rder ing can Indian ..tatucS w il h a h u nJ rt·d arm .. and chn t... ..... hO\oC tonurnJ dl \·cr\.i~­
In fact be read two ..... a~· ..: 01 !> the: <I uw-unfoldi ng of a rt t hr o ugh th e d1f- .md Jrtiti ci.l1 richne.... co rrc..po nd to d'll" §,a me unfulfi lled a"pIfJ tlOn.
(cnm H3gn th at the gr adual co mp lic.J.uo n of the id e:a im po!<!> on tht U aS$lc oI/ ;I rt i.. th e cro wning achin ement of th i.. still ..- ain effort _ Ii

dl\"eoity of iorm\ : but aly) a\ an\ oluto-d i..inte:gration, sin\:e, 3§' tht the IdCAI is to be defined :h the perfect adequJ0 be.1'.... ccn form .InJ
proecu g~ on. it m u\t inn'il3blv realize at t he " eO" mo ment it aualn\ w nte nt...e n!'> uu u'i presen tJ tion a nd ide,). then onl~' with c1.usiul .ln 00
perfection in li t. gen re, th.n it i'lO n;H the:m;)!lot ad(:qua~ e m ea ns of exr (C\- .....e reol ch II. th us penetrating Into the ..phcn: of perfect t>eAUry. It i.. 1m-
\ aon of the idu. that it i\ in feri o r UJ the repre..ent3tio n of the di\·ine 10 p(jff.JIl[. fro m n ur pl"r..pec ri\'e. tn full~' und cr,>und the pJ.raJox con\ti-
lUf!\'(' of thl ') '> l'cond ..t .l ~(, . It w ill ~c m . Within the Htgd iJ n s~·.,.tC1D.,. to
~lJQon aDd. In the end. in ph ilowphical tho ught ir..di. We m ust grasp
~ I nl" h i~hest pt'rtectloll of J limiled o rder. 10 be ptrtt..., 3 rt: but. ,aft "
rbi, p.tradox i<:a l m U(1ure of a rt be fo re go ing into th e o ther t W O fonn'
all. \ tl1l J ll an. therdore inadeq uate to th e idea. 'lolllct' the Itka. be1~
oi hruonciry th2t .....i11 31St) Cl Jme to affe (,t an d co m plet e thi !S ..t ruct ure of
\u t h. ca n ncwr he fulh' samlled at N-in~ in':J rn.Jte In .I ~'1I"It;.le hmn•
• "'tD-unfo ld mg a nd of upct'\C'J,\ io n of ind f.
C\'en If th e latt e r we re: unlike .....h.3t i.. the ca '>C with ~~ mboll.: .an. d~
An bq,n,. tilt-n, by bang 1)'m l)(l lic. Th l\ nnt mom en t pr(".>Cnr-. nil
m' h,l adeq ua te pos\lble, th e mo..t IInrin ..ic,1I1~· delcnnincJ by It~ ron-
partlO.l1.ar difficu lty, \0 e~'!Oy i\ n. fflllowing the p ri m:lp le o f hierar~tll'
tent . Wha t. ind et'd, hJppem In th e pJ..s.;l~t: from l ht- ,,~·mbolic to tht
Uhon. so ~t It\ dou hlr dcfc:<t : " The symbo lic s ha pe i.. imrcrtr<t
c1a\..id Fo llowin~ the hierarc hy p rim:l plc.lhe uJu nlUst ~,mulu~
~ {i} In it the ~a 1\ pr t'\('rucd to u Jn\Ci" u..oc ..s onl)' a!o indctcr'
IJ . ."
 'OU'
........... 1tV1f. be..rome rich er .JnJ mu tr concrete. but .JI\() b tHI Hf CE LIA N NIO M("'1
__ • • f J ' • Y dOlO • t ;1.1 rhc , ;\Il1e tIIl1C', Ihe ' otu Ihal .h
t ......... ece, to to 'pc.3a . IU o wn (11m. e te rrmne not nn l)· it g l 'U - . 1\ rt'f'rev:nl
. If. CI U~I·C.1.1
I " can no' COnten e r(".Jlm IIf rh... ;u-"lhclli:, of "t'f1"l<un" aUfm rematn\ wMh",
Itut tht on l~' rxprt".,rOfl full )' tit fur Ion I , h .... .J1l I... w.h , l lo a "IIn -llallfln Ihal In ret ~\·\I
" ~l(n.,
. ~ n~ -~'f In thor
tulliU It\C'l( be borrowme fro ru ,x'""JI natu re form ... "ymlx. I' _ Ct'r hu" , ' . urn ltloc'vlt.lb! at{
• , co , Illng tht n oi \ pirllll;tln y It\(' U, " In erd " rc h L _ )' «1, lhe ~
e.ita ..nd ri ri fU .J h ~ . •"oJ ~-n It muvr remam an a rr, and, a.. \u,h tU) crc Inc \Plnl "al f dft
J rl l...' IJ.n ,lOJ h uman , nm J \ pu"ly . , mu: n'mlned
VlKU.aJ• and thCTcforC', in .a w.. y. .1 n,uuf,l1 rr~nt.lri~n of thlt' tru;n~ :l~ r
, rrn J ('!>PllC I t.. pt'rf eu iun, C.111 Ihll\ "",
.1""'1 ute ;ulod et
CTlU •
1" (,1
~
-~UC'ndy. to 'SUit su...i t .1 co nten t we must '11" to find ou r wh , . () , , n, ' um ll n It"t ll Clthct " "1hc:
~1c.l1 (" rIO (If arl ha .. alta mcJ Ihe pinnad e: ei h ' ". cia...
ruNIC bdonp to the JplntU:t l in .1nJ for ir..df" ( I : 11O/7Hl. .11 In · d f h .. _ w al IlIu\t f.1tIQl'l "- "
ould ac hreve, an I t" ere " ...IInClhmg do' ... t'UI"t' In II. the dcf
-,
"" •
Tbe o nl,. naru ral form th"U ans wer.. to ,hI .. cq uatinn is Ih(' h 'J rf it,df Jml the re..tr u.:teJne.... of the ' rherc f '"
• " , _ , U!lUn ecr 1\ IlN
torm• .1 nJ. (or Hegel, c1.l,~,c3.1 .art IS C'.... cnn all v lnC.1rnalcd in Gr~k .r
. [ I- " -
l ' hc o r tuu .H UHl , ~ not wlIhuut ., ",
II an 11 : 111,7'11 ""j U\ t -
f .
, c:rc..t : It , on rIO, If confirma-
scul prure, wh ich rrn('nt~ rhe visible unit)"o f t he huma n .lOd the dh 'in •1 ""
Il(lll Il.1J been IlCl:JeJ , the degree to which tl, h f .
The hum.ln body, and pa rri..-ubrJ y the .f~c~: rhu... appea rs a~ the: "on~ .
«ulun ;1 mt·laph y"lc" of reason , Ihe hi..rcrv of I'
t' l.. tOry 0 aeo.tht1'1G I\"
.
. ' . •I \ O\l,n \Upcr","-s.un o r
sen ..UOU1 appearance appropna rc to vpm t. BUI of cnur"c. In Ihi, new If 'm~((' ndenll". rht, t rn n cmon. from da \" ci..m to ' 0 manne r..m . L
. l~an Yo'it-
U(:r 01 ~rhe~c life. unlike what took place in th e !>~'m~ulic. the hod). nC'~~ to th" evert mor e cxp ho tly,
" count In d.1 ...al In no lon ger a.. a merely ..ensuou.. e XI..tcnt. hut onlt InJ et' J , .....ith Ihe rn ma m ic pe nud we emer iOln wh.11 could be: ulled
.Ii the C'xi!>rC"ll~"r.and nJroul sh.tpe o( the "pm t. ;)nd 11 mu ..t the refore br -'t he an th,ll lead , ou t uf 3 rt'" (l' llTt de loJ vm ie ,It' l',m l: rOm.l ntlCl~ u
ncmpt from .111 the de6cienq o t the pu rdy ..e o..uou s Jnd from tht" con- 10 ia( t JdineJ .1" " Ihe ..ch- tr.ln\ ceodence of an ~ut within IU ov.n
tingmt finitude of tht" phcnomen31 wo rld " ( I : J 10 178). Th"u i~ wh.1t \phcr....m J in t he form IIi 3rt ItfoClf " (I : 113/f1,O,. Thc pauoox merlt\
Grttk an. mo rt man J nl other. rnanJ.gC'\ to ex pre..s in thl:' ( 31m and wntt'nlr l,llll) n, It bec o me !> c!eJ rer if we uke 10 10 account the do uble-
~ry of irs. bodiC' and faces . It th us arriH'" at th e loca l \mce, on the , trudure (, u otem/for m) of Iht" hicra n:hizatiun pn nclple_
one: hand, the idea is \ufficie n tl~· d l:'\'e1o peJ to perce ive itsel f as \ ubjec- The \.'l)lltt'lH Ilf roma ntl ci...t a rl is, o n Ihe one hand . one degree:
nyC', and, o n thcmher , this subjecti \'it), nnds in man an ex p n:....ion thaI highe r IhJ.n thJ t of c1a ,~i ' al ,l r1 , Th e lan er had a rmeJ at Ihe true I~a
ha, no thi ng .arbin 3ry ahout it, But it',; e xa c tly a t t hi .. point that m \ IhJI the , pi r it i ~ .1 \ }" lH h l'~ i .. of Ihe nnlte and the Infinite, thc hum,ln .:tnd
pu.adox bums into da}'light. the Jl\"Ille. 3 union th a i Creek ~cu l r ture pr c\ cnlcJ id(oJlIy \l,'llnin ..mSI-
Thl\ is becau~ the \ ub jectl\"it)" th a t e xprc..se.. it..elf in th e mou per- lnht)". But , a mung Ihe G rcck~ , fhl\ u n i~' of nnite Jnd inn nltc remain"
fro art B sn U onl}· .1 6nm', human \ub jectiv ity, for thi!> vc ry rC'.tWD an in-m d f, a n im m ed ia le um ty, undeveloped and ind('tcmllnJ f('_ h 's
a 'gnrd to a IUt ura ), therefor e aestheltc f ~ n sl b l el hodv. An , in a 'CIl \(, prccl\ d y for thi.. rea \<lO, J " a functio n of its IimitJ.lIon. thJt thl' ~ri­
a nnoc help It: JoKM. cou ld it b re..k (rtt from 311 refere~ce to ..emibillf! ma l cnment c:ln ..till nnd J pcf fectl ~· adeq uJ le ( xrrC'\5lon In \('1l\UO\W
aad. thnrb" to finitu de . Since it'> very es~nce is to pre..cnt the idea in no-so In rom3ntici"t .trt, b)' (umra' t, this in-it!>c1f beeomn for-lt~U: tlk
temUOU'\ for m? In anothe r 'om<,(', It is p rcci ..e1~" th at w hich con d('mn~ il ,p irit hccomcs consc ious that ir is Unil)" of d i...mc: .and human, ," M ite'
~ tht ny moment 01 ac hiC'o'ing pcrfC'("tion_ Beforehand th i.. limit could J nd nnite _ Frum th e Greek ~od .....e go ()\'C'r to the ChmllJn God. ho"
,nU hayt bttn a\Cn bcd to 3n accidental . tcm pora r~·, imperfecti o n; Ihit ,p trit, t1u:rdore i1lrer;orir)', inu '.Jrdn~ss" for.irself.
• DQ Io~ p<K\l ble when Wt fina ll)· h;H'C th e id eal hefore u\ . Thi~ I"
Thi s mudificJt ion of the co nte nt mu !>t inn'iubl~ ..lltn."1 Ihe funn_In
thC"ie new clln d lti uos "the ,rut' c1em('nt fo r the re.llll Jtlun oi mi~ \.'UCt-
rhf rutOn why Ht gd t\'tJ~n in Yt-ry r~rvco te rm .. what we mU\t re·
&lIP ouneiYn 10 c.tllang the a l1lhmpom.)r p h i..m o f th c mO\ t perfct·t In: tent 1\. no Iongt·r t he ~e' n~uuu \ .Il n m l', II,ne eXI~ Ien ...:c ul. the. "rln nl.J1In the-
hodl ly (or m IIf llIiln ,",UI in..leJ J the inw.n d ne ut wtf-<OII:j,(~NS.
" 0 1 UJUrw pc-rlon l6c.auoo a nd .tnth rtJpomo rph i..1II hJyt· uftC'n heen ma-
N ( I ' " '. I b f 'nu n..lliun .u sprnt. tk'C .I '
IIcncd a. a dq,ndariQn rlf the ~irnual. h ut in V) h r 3 .. .nt's ta..!.: is 10 l o w . 1fl H I .:tnt t )" bri ng.. Guu t ure ou r I 'to"
. J . .J .. L b I It In .'r,nr -Ind antNtn_
.. hw

all III 1\'1 11 ,11 , r ,lui\."Ular "pl rtl, ['u t a ~ J. ~l U

"" tfw iprrtu al bC'fo rC' uur C')'t"\ In ;I u- n\un u'i manner, it mU\f jtet · . of Im.tj;llt,lnon mto ' r-tt-
I h 1\ fC,Hun It rel rc a t.. (ru m the s\-n, UOII\ rte'" mtJa nJ dw
. . \II m. ~nfhrf»ponwrrph i\m " (I : 1 IOn~ ). Th e- tru e- ide-a i~ jD '
tUJI inll,'M d llC"'>s ,:mo ma"rs 1hl... "nd nol the "'-JJ~. th um ~
me UftH r.C human . 00 dn'int th .tr th~ Gre-tlc \13tue- rc-pr('\Cf\U:
13'
~.
 n.iunC"t' rD.u t'i" J. of tru th's content" ( I_: I l l 180)' unlik~· wh;1( w ar. h
.h C' ,,"11 h
C'" the- d.h~I(':I1 G reek repre scnranon ul I n C' Ji,,·inc. Wc can ~ t e
andcnu nJ the- p.Jr3dnx ic.11 !tiru.llIon u l ru m.ln lic ", art : h.lvin f ttl t
. r';,,·nJ .1It .01 ",-"Orr('1,;1. sr lrl tual rcp rc st'nt.ltio n of the d IVIllC. il r('~li naU,
u n no IongC'( present It . In
. 3 sensuous ma rcr ta . I Th.11 would nan,· Iz~. '1
,. ~ anl
u an J thereby deform it th ro ugh mJi\·idu .n iu n. " Th e new n m t . e
. _ . cnl,lhll!
" 'On, IS on this .I.conant no t tied ttl H'Ilr.UU llS prc!>('1 lt3tion. 3 .. if h '
1
coerecponded to u , bur is. frl,.'t·J from this immt'J ial C'.<," iSICI1":" -h. .I.
, "" Ich
mu. st ••be scr down as negan vc, overcome, and_ .reflec ted mto tlU.' lIon1f "
, - llll a l
u n~f)' ( I: Il.-V HO). Th(" content (If rn nl;lllt l ~I !>[ .;H I n c.'l.'ol11c !> (ro lll thai
pomr un the internal world . whose pr e..en t.mours tilt' new ta vk .11 hand
And t herein 11('!> (hI." par adox . Howe ver romannc isr it 111,1 ~' be, a ~
J on not stop bein g a n and, as such, inh erently t ieJ to the \ ell\ UtlUS
and thcrc or in so me wa~' o r ano ther 10 exte rna lity. The pr oble m• .I., far 1, ., /I•• S.".,,,,,.l l lu tfl r/o t)";
~ s fo.rn~ is conec,me d. I!> tha t of knowing how ,1 l.:o!lfenl rha t 1\ pure:
uu e n o n ry (co nscio usness, [o r-u self} CJ Il N- adequately pTl,"\ eht ed In sen-
:\~, lnt r cnov, "\ £1.1" "" ,,, , ""'''''''Il. M rlll(. ,m J ",w'"
suou s exterio riry. In ro manticism . "inwa rdness cclehr;ItC'"" it'i triumph The ex.unin.w o n u l rhc 1.J. " e: h~· individ ua l an,,' chrollul" Xlc.Jf_ in the
0\'('1' the ex ternal and mamfesrs irs victo ry In a nd o n Ih t• cxtc rna l lh eU" ..rrun~ ven..e•.I S 111 rhe " h t h l'>to Tl ci l~ - h i (rJn;h ~' I"" nch 'loilh In ..u O'\..
(ibid. I. Romantic an will consequently be an an of the mrem al sen-e Tu un.kr..i.uu l n .. p rofoll nJ C'o t meanmg, we have III W'J\ P how Ihl\ new
of feeling, 3nJ. if one co ns id er" th e forms uf sen..ibili ry, o f rim e rJ.the; JI\'I'oIOIi 0 1 ac..rb cncs i\ dl\ tm ' l Irum the tir"l I hl)u ~h refem ng b JCk to
than space. O ne o bserves here the degree to wh ich aes rbcnc ... III Hegel, II .lirn ,rly. T he t rinity of .:U T\ great form... -,>ymho!i\m 1d .l..\ icl\m:'ro_
rt"CC'I\'C'S the odd mission of sup("r..eding se us ibihry, th e e xtent to wh ich manttct..m- i\ th e muvr genera l. the nn e th .tt CXrt l\C\ the monn-m , oi
romantic an is. in this ..en se, truly th e an that lead s out of a n and the the iJt',1 01 rhc ne ;mtit"ulltwli. Now. when lak ing into ,1CCOUni IhC' vpe-
eeeryway to religion. T he idea it has raised itself [0 i.. that uf ..pir it, 110 cine arts. Ihe ~o J. 1 i-, to all.1lYl e: the concrete W;ly these great ."t.1~e\ 01
lon ger externalized in beautiful Greek mdividuahrv h ut selt-con..ciou.. the concep t of n l',l l1t)' mcamare them..d \'e,> in "e xternal bemg-theee
and although ration ally superi or 10 classical a rt it ~u!>t in sume way 0; ILJ..lSem 1" in t he form o f lopeclhc worb. Th en~ will lherdnre N: ,Jn 10 '
another beco me aeu heticall,· in fcrio r to it . It!> ra..k ca n no I nn g,~'r hc one u m at~· CflllIll'Ctlo n k~· t wec n rhe Jittefe'nt .u li..tic ~e nre." ,lnJ tilt iJc:.l ot

of find lh~ aga in a perfcct ;a,Jequ3q wit h a ..C'n\ uou..n ~.. thai is from the oc;mufu l ." in..t ' Ih..· for mcr a rc. in thC' tin.ll J.n.l1y si.... lhe \o('11\lIn ll1o
rJO\o\o' on com-idcred the cnem\·.
at I1l.1hz.IIUlll uf [he: I.llte:r ( I : 114 /Hl). After wholt hJ\ hct:n \>;uJ on 1M
Such IS the rcaw n why ' ro ma mic 3" must r~()l n' iN.·1i to abJ,n· ~uh j e(t ut mnuntic 3rt. th e ..cco nJ h icr J n:hy\ rnnclrle ...holllJ bt e.1~~
to Itra, p: III IlHw i n~ th..· p;UJJo x inhcrelll In J.rt J.~ " loCm lhlt prt';Cl1t.1-
donin~ d:nsical perfection an d u"k m~ up a g.lin the bu th cf\(unc '> epara'
tlon of fo"" and l:onrenr ch aractc r i..u c u j rh e: !io \'mholic. T h e moment ttnn" IIf an lhrd li~ihlc If\n h. l"kj;c11u~ic.llI)' pu"il'" IhJ.t thc hll,~hl."l , ,"
I.... 4 111h' '> Im ply. tlu l whi,h nl.lna~e'" to nl.lxim.\Uy IJber.lt(' Iht h hum
" \oOme..... hat an a log ou .. to rh at of the ..ub lime ~ince t he 1..11.";1 i.. o nce
the ,t·I1\L1OU." 'pht'rt\ t her d u re. in l.:~· rtJ 1I1 ......l ~ \ . frllln 1~ 'hJI ( u n$t.lI4tn
.again abo ve rht: ~n!outlu ... but. III thi.. ca..e. for a ra d ica l!...' inven t" n:J '
.ITt ,I S SII (/'" Ik l·ip ruea ll\'. Ih e 1I101e .m ;Ht relll.lln\ \ tlKk in Ihe (',tt,,·
wm: if must ' JIlCC Jf::.!in di..t,l nce i{..d f fro m fo rm hccal;..c it h,I" bc- tM
".l Ilt )' 01 hodi l>' maner. ' th t' lllu re II Will J t'Scrvc tn hc rl J.ccJ on
(Om(' tuu rich a nd ttlO ('um"rete {fIT il• .111..1 no r hn ,.,u !ooe it 11l i~h t srill he
lnck1rrmlnatc. inir rio r ronJ.:!> ol lh ..• bJJt·r.
'Tne o b)t.et Ih c ll i\ ru hI.' e lll.l ncir.lTcJ .I1,:\(l\'C .III Iw m SP.J~ullh 3\
heing till' luun pa r n :« .lIen..·... of 'o(·!lSUOll."nC"o'o (ol l"'tern.llit~<). 1h ", ht\ h
l hrr .-..,. Ih,r teflarOl ru m ,.4 ldco.ll .lind \h .llp<'. rh('u mJ I!fcfl'ncC' .!nll 1lI,l.k"
~ co.d. Qfhc-r, UmIC' to rhe- I",co .lI~ m . ,n 111 .. ,"mb" l".: U T. hUI .....llh Ihl~
c, \(' we ca n n 1mp rchcn J wh )'• J
.I ..·...... ' r lll~ t tl
"lC'l:!Cl• tit< Ill '" ,art l •
'I

' It
".
 ' O UI
lHf Hf GEl IAN MOMfHl
amrt. pntt oC count from bonom tu t op. _i.. ;ilf Ch ltc-.."TUr t'; nOt () nIy .' \ t o:J_ L L l l l : I! I (li71. ." s J. com prn uuon I "-
.. dnpi n-t'd 1ft thC' rt,alm of rbe rb ree .d lme-OMo ns vi spa ce, b ur, ~i~'I., Itn,. I l or h~ 10\\ ui the-
,.... no.... I,f ('xl ('rn.1 vo u m(' , ,h,,, new ~ rf , <om-
dw nutnu.J, it UW'lo to rt'pfn C'fU eM 1~.l--cH' ~rh .l r) W\" o ugh t 10 r" 'c . _ " '1> KKo:Tlfe ....e h..
" .l1lC'" Ihell J. hn t C:'I. prC'Mlon nI '\ubICQ1' . f i ve (tlftW 10
&0 hou w It.. Slnet" iu Iavo rite ('l(("r...i1>C' I) IhC' bu ilJang of tC'mple<,_~;; ~ ,! n
n{('n<lllt ' ·: .. \X"'h .uever
' can • find room In Cth ~hlOP. .II hnt .a-"".adl n' _
cnrirC'ty borrowed (ro m lno~ m ... natu re. II ,s hlnh~ t .a w .a). from ItO( ,. , h ' - C um.an bru'\f u jeri-
IJO. J.IlJ r urro~c. W J.te\er II h c.IIn.lb\c _O. L.
nnulltl . ..-hich I ~ \lo h ~' if IS ca.lW upon. t-~. essen ce. 10 cor r~pond to In ~. "I t· ( I( Wlapin« InlQ .act. all
L. mul[lpl.", m.Hell .J e m const itute rbe var· J
srmboIio: art .
1,,1'" J 1e:~I(' ronlo:Tlt of p,3lnr-
In.:l" !llol .J. _
It ti pCTci~~' in rhe prc iect 01-f'C'nJ m ng the o;("moiNc m.HC'riJlI rnok" . \I u" '" rem:-tr .He.. tunhcr into thi5 lntrllOnn.
.aJcqu.arr to rhe k1C'a. In., C'xlC'm.d 10 It. th .1I we go trom .m ,:h u C'(tUfC' to . " \ Ince it 1\ the tiN
-.J th(' o th er aecth ert c genres
,I,,' "
to complctd,· lid ", ". _,
• I 'I< Ul \r.llri.lhty. ~ I t\
toeuJrrurt. The larrer IS snll, of. coa rse. sltu.lIed with in tnJlmcnslI:m.lli ry. "1
,Jtcru l. rh"uj:h ","11 sensoo u.. . rfocC1:d ~ to ...nll eke
.. ., ' _, _
b .
per su IC'c tlylt' .lInd
btu it h.u toprcd io«Ing ~..uou s marenal ree relv mc.:h .Jnlc.1l1}' and rJfll.::uLHll .1110n , I : I _ I S' : Soun d . indeed , tr:m~mJ, "the: lrnhffCT_
mt"S to gi\t' it an orpnic .lnJ. th(Tcb~', an indi\-jJ ual form . :ulprurc ent "d i-<" tern.Jluy 01 space tlbld.) and 3110\'0"\ pt-nclUtion Into me
turns out ro hi: qcite .a&kqU.ltC' to the d,;w,;!C.lI,dc.J1. .. ~~ .I rchlt~'tuft'. re-,Jlm or t("m pot.1h~· o r. to 'opeal. like Kant, into the realm of mJ~_d
~ inorpnK ('xtenul .. -ond h.1) been purified , Sc:1 In o rder !ormmcrn. K"tI-.( . ~1u~I'::.J 1 notes ca n N-con'o ldete-d like: {'(mIlS : IU~I J~ In £l:Mn\t rtorn
ally. .aoJ nude: akin to \r,rit. anJ tbe god 's temple. the ho u!< of h l~ .lr,hlle..""'IUfe 10 ",-""Ulr t,u re to r.Jlntmg We' had p,u!lo('J from '-oluTT\(' to
conunnnicy.stmill. there r~..d ~' . Then mro th i~ tem ple. M'amdl~ . the ~nd , urf.a",-c. we r ,J"~ here from line to point, And. .lJ"':l~'o iollu","ln~ the \.a1ltC"
mt~ him\("t{ .15 m e h ~ mJn~- t1.hh of IndI\I JU.1h~· "trl llO~ and per. tuJ e-t,ri. .....h.llt l !i lost m extenonrv 1'0 ~.1 ined m inren o n rv, ~ l u \lc u tht
nxaMg me- inatll\.li (I : I l ll 84 ) by [:inng the intiniu "'rint the iorm
R hf' t .1ft tnll ~ .Jr r ru r ri.ne to the- exp roslon 01 the: hum J~ '>Oul', inhmt('
01 the- o rg.Jnizcd hunun bod~·. l'JncT~i oi tcd m&" .tnJ r3 5..10n'o.
Ona.art Iw. u krn It upon Ibl'U to lJuild the di \ inc tnnple. once' it Th i ~ mrcrn.t li zm~ mo'·emCnI. ch.H.l;;tc risti.: ot rom.lnn,,; .1m. (fI.:k
~5 m\"itt'd in God himioC'lt .Ii Indl\'ldu.lli~' InGJm.lte in thl' sculptuul .. llh i"J('t r~ . '>u und . in mus ic_IS m il [led to 'o("n5ibilin. C\(fIlt thc Litt er
Ofg.a.flrurlon ol m3fta. the oommun lt) of the i.lirbtul rem.l lnS to N no Ionl!cr t.tl.c 1> [h e form of cxterior iry but h . f,Jthc~. emOOJlcd In the
de.aJt ",·ith. We could wy th.lt. an this thi rd sta~e. God hu manizC"'" him- uo\ (' of ' o n·...:io u..nes .... To put it \' ("f~" simrl~·. m U'olc ,J1 \OnorltIn lIC M -
td t; M b«omn \PI nt tc'A« ted in the multiplicity of thOS(' who rn.Jke tTl1UI(.JlIy {"dmg-/)m md ( sntt lm t"'l"tJ /t'sj . In puctl)'. on the oth('r h.mJ.
up Its inriWbk church. ~Th e co m pact unit~ in n ~1f w hich the' god h.l5 \OuneJ JI !>t .Jnc~ itsd f from this form of SPlntuJhled \Cn"\KlUsnMo!>: It
in KUlp(u rc dis.~ Into the pl ufJ. h~· of the lOne r Iin·~ of indl\'lJuals t-c, omt"i .JrI}/ t'.Jf~·. m the scnsc u<.ed in I tngu l s ti..:: ~ toJ.J,- of the "u N-
",-hos,r unl~' is ROI: snuuous bu t pu rd y idea l." In .1 mo\"nn('Tl [ at inter · [fJflnesS of the "'Ign:' "Sound in th is W.Jy ~"{1 mo 3 u'Old .b ,I \"0,,,'('
ruliurion an.llogou s to th<lt b~' w a ~- of wh ich we p.J'iosed fro m d 3 ~~ l c I . . m Inherm ll} .Jrti...-uI.Jtl·d. thc me.mint:. oi ..... hKh is 10 indl..-Jt(' IdC''!;' .l.nd
to ronunocBm. sculpture g!'"('i w a~ to th ree arn th .Jt lead o u t of 3rt . [0 ,houpm" I I : I .!! 8M ). h thus becomes.l " POInt of the ~rl rit ." ior " th,s
the three w.agn dunng ...·hich the pr o jl'ct of putti ng. .In en d to s r3 ti3hr~' kmuou s e1C'nwnt . wh i.::h in musi.:: W,l, mli l mml'di.J l eI~" one 'o\lth in-
Will tru ly .acwmph h it~lf. wJ rd nl"-~. IShere ~ut frl:e fro m Ihc ,"on(enr oi ...-o n s';" lo u s n e'~. while ~F m l
It bq;m, wnh p:llntlng.. l'ot only don thl... a n mallag,e to do with· drtC'rmino th IS .;"o nten t o n it s own .Jcco unt anJ In It« lf .mJ m.Jk(') It
OUt inot~ nie: muta tor ~.l rJ y, m.Jteriality. stri ctly . . peaking. i... mostly Into ide.J\. To exprl'').. theo,l: it u ~s ....lUnd indeed. but only ,l ~ J SIp' In
noc at dw n\Cf1(C in the pia nri..1 re,lIm), it .1I!oO spirit ualize'> the 3...""'1 of 1t\('1f with o ut ,'alII,· or co ntent" ( t : 111-13, g'J/.

mal~ ",foible- by break ing frcc ot I ~ ' onmaint s o f the third d imt"n' I'net !"'. i.. th e .tr t tha i le.l\·cs .Ht ~hllld (I) wh i.-h the hi..tOf~· ot ,JC' -
lIOn. In Head', harPY fo rmulOl: "Tht ,·isl ~ih t ,· an d tht' m.:1k ing ,·i... lbk thrtiCIo h3"d .Jspirl-d since its heginnin ~..; il is the m 'o\ lthm ~ htl,.-h-,Jt
wb.dl hdool;. tu r Olintlng . . • (ree' .art irom th~ cu mp/t'tt" 5t'115UnU5 5/,3- b"l in Hegel\ "i,iu n- s,ensil>i!in· h,J~ euSt'd it"t'h 10 the ('<Hnt th.u It
....\ - . _ . , _.J - L. " ", , ., :on....' .IU.. n""s.. II '0\ ('
rwHty ui nultnal thin"" by bring rntru:tw to the dim" nsion ' of 3 to' I:S W.:1y to "r im u.JiLn' n; p re..,·nt cu In SUl' ]« I\. ·
~ crbcC''' 'Vl"m d~ SINfllKb·,';'u ml ,chrn Vu/o I,Jlfd igluit : in the Ger· k . . . J " h ." tht' Ji nt'l('
~ III mind th ,n (he ide" th ai IS to No t'XhlhllCU I.. t .11 " . •
fDMI m t, thr k;'rJTl\ Ir" 't'O\&W1U on. OInd filr \ pati ahty a rc in..er.l rJh"· .....e: WIll under stand th.u t bl: e nJ o f Jrt ,an ,' nly ntC'.lR tM tr.aR~t1tm to a
"0 ,,'
 ' OU IL
scpenor ..p bere tlf t he spirit ; 'on ' .,Iull .1[SO ~ r.l"p th.ll rhi.. spht're t'an
onlr oomlst in , t'iigim' -.llw ars defined hy H e~d a.. the :l r r reh cn..ion
of I ~ d ivine in the mod e ol '('1"'('$(',,'.I1io.'" Bur with [h i" oh ..crvJ lion
We' enter a rh ird for m o f hi..hlrio:ity. The rust twn- le;IJ lIl); from ~Y ITI .
bohsm to roman ticism , rhen iwm a rchitec ture HI pt)('u Y-wt're ,,,It.,.,,,,/
to aesrheeics itsd f. As we lea ve lh lfnnu lO. we: can ..m l.lle "c"lhet it ..
wnhm the' temror.1li t~· th.1t elll'o rnr as"c" ir; ..iruatc· H . rherefnre. in re_
lmoo to whdt precedes it an d w hat ltlllows it within the- vvvtcm .1.\ .I
wh o le.

3. lht' I1mJ /-Iu t.""o ly:

A,t's Du sofut l•." ml/l R'·[,.I('''''

Here . HC'~d \ (.Imo u.-. .Iffirnutiull th .ll .Irl hd u n~ -, It om no w nn.

to a bygone et.l in human hlsltlr~ ,1:.1111\ ib full mcamng. " 'h en HCJ:d
calml v .1...serts th.u "a rt. cnn..iJ,,·u.·J m il'" hl~hcsl n ...'ano n, l \ .1nJ tr-
main s for u.. a rhing of th e P.l~t km \'I ·'g.m,l.'~·" I·$J:· rhat "II h.ls 10 "1 illr
us genume tru th .md hte" (I : 1.\ ' 1 11, the .I·... ever anon ..hould be unJC'r _
stood at two suc Ct'SsIH'le\ 'c!s 01dt·rth.
It is. of t'OUr..C'. clea r, rh.n the " lor u..·· i.. m rended fir..r tIt .111 in .I
historical sense and 1I1C'.1IIS " (o r U". modern ..: ' we who have k it human-
irv's childhood beh md . The time !:olle bv is her e mea sured tr orn Gr n-k
A~ tiquity: "The bc.lUlifu l d.I~ " n l Grc ek".111 , like the golden .lge o f the
la ter ~IiJd 'c Ages• •1fC' go ne" (I : 24 110)• .m d II t h e~' a re, If\ becau..e we
live in a cultu re (If "rdlcl."uon" o r even of rea- on. w hic h allows u s to ~o
bevond the [ramewurk oj ..en ..uou ..nc.... whc-n we ceek ro th in k th e truth.
-6m ~qucntlr the con dnions uf o u r p res ent nrne are no r favora ble 10 Fo r u, .In H1U l1I , 00 l on ~n .1 , the hi ~h"" 1 mud c In whICh UUlh f.J,h", m an
Art" (ib id .), Wh ere.]s Gfl't.'k culture h;IJ ..Ibmt' .111 b een ,111 acst hc nc cul- ('\ 1'len(t' lor ll ~d l. 10 ~l' nerJ t It was C'J r1 ~' in hhlll t) thJl lh"u l:hl rJ ' 'l''J JuJ/;,
mem " ~JIIl" .Irt .1'> 01 muJ.. nt I l l u ' Ir.l ll n ~ the ide" ol lh", U'l'ine; Ihl' h.lrrmtJ
ture, a religion (If l-e.1u[y. Chnsriau mo dernity h..l'" <,0 well cpm ruabzcd
wuh rh... Jt·" , .IIlJ ~ l uha mnIJ JJn, . 1m I:XJmrh:. Jild mJt"t'J e 1...n ....uh th...
th e religious that ou r cultural envrronmcnr h.IS been at-It- 10 d...ranee
(. r cch . t"r I'Lun 0r pn'>l.·,l the ~"J .. of HUll1l'r .1 11.1 H.....,UJ ' I.l. rld ~ enllu¢'. ~'llh
it!>Ctf from .trt. To bC' l,,'o ll\"in":t:d o f thl.. II I Uth , (·.. [f) ,ullsidt' r thc J iff"r'
,I,... J d lJn, t' HI ( I,"ili, .uinn .1 l im t' ~t'l1 ...r.IIl," ( " lIlt' " III l h t' "' J't' ul ..., ...'} r.. .n pt...
en..'1;' K'J'.1 ra ring the: "ncit'Of d i,'inm', ,l S it i.-. iJ e.llh" ITl.1 n i(e<,tt·J in d .1.... I·
II.hm ,l rt p"nlh hq'nn d it, d l, ( I: 14 1-4.! ' I n ~ l
c:1I Art . from Chri..tiJn ..p iritu ,ll lly; " T he G rcek guJ is n o l ,lh!>traet but
ind i\'idu ,d . do'>('l)' rd .llt,J to the n,1Iur.ll h u ma ll tnrm . Th e Ch ril t;Jn H q~d holJ.. th ,lt th ,lI t inw ca lnt' in Europ c wh en. \Ioith {he Rdor-
(".oJ too is indeed ;) concrele pe rsona lit y, bu t i.. pure ..pirilu'lhty and II nUtlOll, C hrisu a n it \". w h il."h Iud i t ~ t'l f IllJdt' u.-.c IIf Jrt . finall y h.1J In
to be known .1\ $piru ,tnd in "I'irit . H IS c!t'l1lt' nt o f C'Xi!\tCIK<: [f) ,u l'i,d ;s ~l\'~' il up, C oJ ', n:prcse nr,uioll hJ \'In~ .Il:hic\,cd tllO high .I J ('grC't' ui
thc.-rdmc c~'>Cnti" II)' inner kllowl l"tl~e ;]nd lIot th e- cxten \;ll n;lt llr.ll forfl\ ' 11ifll u,lllty I() be J ny l on~er th u.. Jd\asett " w ht'll tilt' ur~t' iOT knowl·
thfIJ ugh \'~..h;ch he ca n he.- rcpr c'lo enf cJ nnl)' imp cr fc..:tly ,l nd not in Ihe t lf!:c .1nd rl·w ,ln: h. a nJ tht· llt't,J for inn er Iplritu,lIity, IIlstif:.ueJ lhl"
",h o le pr lJfunJ l1l uf hi.. n.lturc" (1 : I U3f72 ). k d u n nat lOn. relLgiu u!\ iJ t·;]s Wt'rc J r:lI....n J WJy frolll ,heir \Io~r.lrrrng In
Tht " fo r U~ .. hccnm e.. 1II0rc p,,:ci..e. II nn..... mcans fu r us. rhil osd' Ihe deOlt'n l o f "'..·m e ,ln d l'JrtlU~t l'J.lC/" to the inw.1rdnC'los tlf hc.." .1nJ
phtn of Chmtian cuhur( , .....ho h.l\'C: conI c In und er .-.t:IIIJ that the d" thlllk i n~, Thu .. th l' ',l h er' o i J rt co ns i,ts in the f,Kt th.lI ,here Jw d ls 1II
,., 1<'
 FOUl

rbr ~m the need to !o.Iti..ty il\Cl t ....,I d,· in II.. own innet "coif a.. tHE HEGU IA N ~OMIHl
fonn (Of truth 10 u.lct' '' ( J : 142/I Ol ). the t~ OF ART AS "HISTO RICAl """'OiuY
.011t could ~ardlr he- pl.Jin t'r, andth,.. P.\\ Y gt' th rough tht' ltd
t rt' 1\ un e rhC"\I" Ka n t thmk \ If impo rta nt 11') hr-I•
nullo" Mlmm.1nly (')(prt'1o!on .III th.u rdlwnn Add.. to art by ..do . Of. It I h . , JKI cn eo, II 1\ the- one
I ln .ll nt ,lI n ~ there eXI..tv a Il.'lJ ,1d of be-Oluty r.;)(
k.nn of 'rp,runtallon . '\l'u h IhC' larrer, "the Ah \Olu tt' hJl~ ~Ing t~ "h 1 -
, .- _ • __
• I on~"' ~~utyhnl
t ~1I~e eM,:er l In re ano n to I ~ . ( 0$"11)100 I ·'
from th t' o hj«ri\ 'iry U( .3"
in to tht inwa rd nes.. of tnt \u h j«t" rnc:r.~ 111,1k _
tole. 11 mU~1 .1~,l1n be "TrC''loCd. ot ~rantmg II a ecr Um "ob
..
_"I<a 1UC'.lI-a.... 1\C a p-

Hqed can Jof'l't'ak of an " ad" .l1rct" trom arr to rdl~lon'~ u . )42 ':4 ~1 ~~~1
- .. h
.J •• b hn'd )CetlVlt'l, t ar
Hi th e " co m m o n \Cn 'loC - ut, I t'\. th t .arri \11C beau nfu J it~li a).
Th... adu~r. a.. ,\ ~'C'II k nown• •co mev rc m fu lh llrnmt in "hi~
ph ,., wh teh ca n :lI1~ t hi n k In wa rd nC") In a w a, iull~' ;aJl:qu..te to tht h l u..h J. r rll<,lu,"r '" rhe hu m.ln "pIn t. prncn-n ~n , <rv.-o ._,
I ' .. .
_I'
' ,-~ ~ . 1,11 na tur~r1C'M
IA Ithm lt IA hrch It co uld 1101 prete~d to by right bdon g to the \phttC' oi
nature oi absolcr e "pint. H owever muc h It m.l~ h ave ml l:m alllt'd hll ..
n .Jt"ltM:tll:~. :h ..... C' have ceen. tb ,n ) th C' Tncallmg .anJ 'Oi11;rllnc.anu DC the
rebgson don no t thurh,· l."C.1\C' rt"prO<"f1t1ng God .1 \ .In ob,n l (')lt~1 t h('O~· fli rhc ll.C'nlU".
to con§CIOU\no.\-lrum 10 tcll . th" j\ m beren r in t he very ..Iru""ture ol
It '''. In Ih.ll exten t. n o t lnC'u cr .to Ihlllk tha i Hcy!'\ c halkn~ to
'qtr~/.ztlo" as su~b. Thelaner I" In bct J1l w.1' \ retlecn ve. illh« dOft
fh l' Ih('C lr~ . l\\" " .Ir of t he avscrncn of th e ..upcnonry of thc an "tKO'\.cr
r~aln s al wa ys ...·irh in fin itC' ccncciou..~ ... to r \\ hKh C'\C'r'} l)hl«1 tf'- rhr n..uu t J I bea u tif ul, 1\ J d CCI\I \ 'C blow In ~n \ ...."Otldllfi('\) Imol'ldJ-
malOS. one' wa y o r anothc:-r. In d cert am C'xtC'non t~... Only \PC<Ul.atnt 'fil u'!. The ac pec r 01 n.lru ul n C"o" In the H(~d ldn gnJlU\ i... \0 to 'f"COIk,
p hilosophy, " 'hu:h comn 10 understand th .1t t h e retl ecno n o f tin ite cce- ,n tlK- pr<)(C"" of exnn cnon. It lend .. in bcr toward .. rK.IO·bemg, ~nd .In
'Clousnn .. IS bur a moment In rbe unfoldinJ: ot .1h"olu tt "u h lC'ct l\·It)·, ~nd .h .I who le i.. rh u.. grven OHf to the powc n of ,>ublccU\-irv OInJ of h....
that It ir. in (hj~ sense rh3 t a urhe nnc "pint ca nn ot C''Il r r(''\.. lI\df in .lny IO~ - m et.l f' h y",lC\ rt:commC'nct'1o II" tnumrhal much. y~. \ttn from
fo nn CKhct tha n r UlC th o ugh t, 1\ a h l~ to rcc onclle a n\ o h l« 11\"11\ and .annlhC'r ~ t Je. He(!:d . ..mce he 1\ a ..da....lo ..t .. -that i... 01 ution~ ltu, .a..
rd tgio n'\ ~ubJC'Cth·iry. . Ilo .a.. here J ctint:J -,a nno t b ut cOnl i n u ~ to co n ~ ~ er thC' unl\'t'nC' oi rhc
Tht' mod.1lu iC"!> of thl.. \I u ngt rt cu ncihu inn .1 r~ n u t ou r COf1«'m Dcautl ful .1" .I world . n en If il h3\ bc=coffi(' \incc Kant Iho ro ughly 1de-.1l
hnr (bnidn, W~ wo u ld hne 10 mohdllt' :Ill o i the rn or~ ~C'nC'ral lhnn .and hl\lOncal. Hegel th u.. explains how . In the th ird p.an of the AN-
of the:- Hegch.!n !>ptern to ju\ ti fr th~ J"O""lblllt)· o f .1 r~co ncil I 3 ticm _ t l; l'tIC$. dC'.1ling w it h p ar ti cu l.u an... - w( ha \'t' to dtal with IhI: bc-~uty
....suming. of CO Uf\oC. W~ n 'tn m~n.1gc=d to ~et Iher~ l . Tht' impo m ,m 01 an a'"it un iol d .. 11S<'1i. In th~ oJn .. and thcir produ ct io n... mto ~ wo rld
thIMg to gr,up, on tht' other noJnd. I" tha t w ith It thc K.ln ll:ln idt'a thoat !""(Jrd undcrlint'd by H egd him<,C'If-L. F.] of .lctU,lIized be.aut}·- (I :
beaut}'. artl \1jc or n.1turoJl. IS nut rt J uciblt' to tht' po wt r.. o f Ih ~ spinr;" I li /IB ,. And thi .. i.. the de....-ription H t'gel gn-n of It In a r~xr that nlC'nu
011\0 ··\u~cd. " Kant w.lnttd to cri tiq ue rh~ meraph,·..lC!> of suhj C'C· bn n~ qUllleJ at lengt h ;
m iry, and hi" cnuquc·.. cu lmin,u ing po int wo3". no d ouht. in 3nrhrriC\.
W'hrthrr or nor rhe Htyli~n " supt' rSC\\ io n" tlf thi \ dtt~m pt i\ ph ilo-- r hoe ,,'0 nl enl oj Ihl \ wo rld h tht hc.lUlllul. Jn J Ihe IrU( tocdut liul .~) . 'C ........

sophic.alJy kprim.atc I" annrhcr qut"\tio n. onc of dl'1t'fmjnin~ the ~xtcn c 1\ ' plnl uJ III) £I\ cn ..h,lpt". ,he IJ ~·J I . ,m J, ITlUf( rr( CN'll'• .abwlutc ..,.Htll, the
I I) ""him Kant can ;11'100 be 3 p'i"\I· Hcgd lan . I h.1vc c!\Cwhcrc tri~d 10 lruth 11'\("11. Thl\ rC'ltl0 n (,i dmnC' lr ulh. Jm\tiullr rcrrl">t'tltnl 'u' COfllcmpl .. •
aM.'CT it. \X'l'l3f can. in a ny U '>C, be hut li llie doub ted. i", Ih at 3~t h~I"" tlO>II ~ nJ {CC'IInR, form~ ,hl' ( cnt C'r uf the- .... hole world of .an. It I' the Indepen-
MJ~qu~m prugcny . 'iII-for q uite a long tlmt'. C"\"en to our own dJy\ dent. rff"(". ,1nd dl\"llle \ h,lpt' whi,h h ,l ~ co mpletely nl....IC'ftJ the euenulll! of
pt'f'hapt--nof \IOP hc-\lIa u ng betw'een thC\(' two model ... N ,,:t7..chC'·1 j'Jfm Jlld ffiJt en,11 .lilt.! wC';ar.. 11 (,"h· ,n .a Ol.lnlf('\Uflun nl rt'«'lI. Slill, ..ina the'
trwn anthrtK\ can, In Iheir IC'a ...'\C'nlllO of Iht aUlonom v o f the ~n\lblc. bC'J ulIlul dl'\'t'lo p\ ihd i in lhl\ f~1tm .I" 0 /11CClfl't ft'a hry l "'".l:1I.:~.t'II1 ~
t l) a cc n .am ex lcnt be cu m id ered 3 .. ;I klOd o f " rl"tu r~ to Kan l. " But Ihcrtf" rC' dl\lln~ ul ..hC'.. w ith III 1I...eli 11'0 '>In!lJc upcCb ,m J iJ(for... ltunll~ dlCC
wtu1 Will racLu n y di ffcrtnt ia rt tht:m frum K.anu3 n JI.'\th C'l k-". ~~ (Il)m IIIJc.pcndtlll " .lrricu lJ l n v II il, lIm\'> lh,ll Ihi.. ((n ltr nullo' .JtU~' \1'0 nUC'ft\IC"l,
'. .' . . .. h<><
U~lamlofO. " dicir .IUlul dC"tC'Tm inat ion to pu t an end 10 rh t' idC':I thOlt ro:~hud In Ihelr .1prrornate JCIU.al lry• .1" CCllllr.a\IN .... llh Ib elt. One' I
.an " . UN/ rid. t'.w.l rt'ffin Ihl'rdo fC fOfm~.l nil! sp" jtku nb/Ctln1l1, 1M R1Crr)y n.uuu l rn..1tOIt'

... \ .s
 _o ut
• l~ f-fu C' the ('ll 1('m~ 1 .l~ ~ u(:h l.l k C'~ ,hJpe .1S ~" m C'l h i nK h - THE HEG El iAN MOME N T
....... . " .. ol\'lnJ!, II nl1 ih il .1 1 ~ . f \ieryhml y w da y fhil1 k'\ It', perfect! c .
If"'1tu.l',,"-, ,1 "J ~'Onrrnt nt H tn u self t. UI 111 anot her. _ \ III J . hi h' _ }' ClflVIC'U' Ih;af H '
m W l '\ !I u' fir'\l I' I u..u p I( al uk'"«' I' , ""
T'M('t(hc'r C'. ,rrn lC' II>lh .. O n 'lIlt .n IIlW;lrJ, a, \Um('th lll~ kno w n. :I' rh Ii .l nl~ _. _ _ _ .. I " · a C(;II UI1I " f th e ptfJbktn
t ' Jt
.-cnIr p.IOIt.'1II.u iuJ \u b jt"CtIYC' e vwtence I [) ,1'>("III ! 0 1 The D(' j~. ( I: 115 _ 16
f
i,; . , - w ru.ll\·, rh.u 1r.1Il,\(:l'nd l'III.11 ph llfJ'o(....hv ..
" I 11"
11111('. .
_ .
" ' r l', ,'o(·,II}' neglec te d . It \ 'o(,melhlnu 01 ;) _
...
-.I
I
..- . ' "lrUl"1IIUI\I" ht-f." C'
la
( ornmun ,,,:u;e , nf" 10 10.1
t- In 111l\ ,\.lIce If .. Ilill III he duu hled t h .al in e v y
.". tint pfKtf'"atlO n : It'"
('.h~- UlKC' ag .n n to find in.t his de..cr ip liuh ti J • • , . J ' .
, I 'm n ne hn .. ..uCCC.....H · •.. tal(M,'· wbe rher Ih c ,
/ c
"y P.lrt 0 InC' H~d i ;1n
1M world of t.c.lut , ", u r 01 bt' .Jut,· .1\ ~ flrl~ ".th e prmclp le be hllld the: "!" < _ _
Ill.' 1' 1":'Koll Ili ".l . uf u ruver val hl\ lor )' m th e
C1"~ c" CC , n~tlxnnn\
•
mR"C' hicra rchi~ , the th ree form . 1/ .. proper \C'n'oC f.r " . 'C'
. " t ha t WI,.' have ~_....
, s of hlsro rrl' lf\',
. ,
,n ~ h II' I '\("CII . H t a e .. th eti cv, But. \ec n ;ancJth.., . •
. -ork inside ,H on t he im r ncdr aee outsi de (If an. ,\ .. with th
wd l 2S .•, . . _. _ ~ "' 'If, .... e mu' t nflt be
" tn ,I '\ '\(' n Ih.J1 Ihl\ p ro p" ...tl.. n rv a n crro r " c ,
,..1 c
IJ ncoUCKJtt tn:lll dw
.u 1·s intim.HC' eoe nce (the ideal) is at the cen ter, preceded h y ' h, m"" ;l ,. . -
fl f t " h.I'\ ,IllY rnt"a l1ln~ 10 ph .lu'oClph~. 'l h e Hegelian proIC(! i\ nflt .11 .111
terlll
na rural an d followed b,· rhe mo re ..p iritu al. Wt> ..hould then o h\('fl't'
" nc IIf cop.:m nJ.: phtln..ophy UfO III hi..to q ·, hid OJf "hs(}rI"" R hmt>ri€ity
Ihn . as 10 Kan t, it i.. tbe ide-a of th e d ivine rhar structu res wo rld l.n('\... hut mt" ,h.' ( W I U'P t , ..... hrch u vk, UII!.I p flJOf In Ihe CClntr3f)', i\ nUl 1M
m.1t mali.~ up its infrastruc tu re or framewo rk . ..u [0 speak. Wlt huut It
...nne thlll~_ Th l" pn ucct , .l d lrt'cl dc<occnd :llnt of l .C'lbnll \ (whc>\C Influ-
there could be no system atic u nity. a nd with o u t that, th er e could ~ n~ t'T1,'e Iln Hegel I" , dC~l d,-d l y, 10 0 hnle .1ckncIWledl(t"J i ll Ht'1,rlu n \rud-
world eiehee, so obvious is it. for Ka nt .1.. (o r Hegel, that \\ h.lt i\ nne it"':' i'\ to denum..trnt c t hat tcmreJr.lhty, .I I thc h pPC"'lIe end IA . hat
o,,~ worl d is not a World. But the imme n..e J ittl"rcm."c" '>t.-pa r.Jrin~ the:w '- J nl hdd. U ""' '-'/fiX r J/f ( 5, J t flf ,ht ( 'm (f'/, t; Ih :tl It 1'\, III the I'M '
two visions of a rt as intrinsica lly ned to wo rld ltne.... is ea ..y to Ji<ocrrn. " "mf'Hn lt, .l('y\ Iamo u.. fo rmula, bUI the ~Concc pt III e!ll.\ tenl:c" ldt"r ,iu.
though its implicmom ru n deep. It i.. stili the c.1'\04,' wi th I\ ant thai lhe- f'ln, /f' Ht Kr,/fI,
Ki~.t of ""orld is o nl)' cmked by .Ift (.l\ t> y Pc3Ut)' in gcncul l ht-cau~ at And u 1\ In Ih,n w:ty th olt H e~d , wc mlRt!1.,;ay, \1111 1(' \ 1' 1'0 !,,\ I('fl ~c .
th~ former', cu n ri n ~cn"1' .1nJ nolturJ,!nt·..... th olt IS. h«a u~ of tholt In II he' (.1n hu ld U Il IIt Ihe id e.1 of a uni que . th"'4X" h'Hr,r;' J/. wo rld, 11 1\
which it is not inrrg.rall)· domina ted h~' ..uhjcl.· um,'. A n J it i.. J,1'o() til dut nOl i'l ~' nl.1k lnJ.: hf hl,tur)·. ;h Ka nr d id, a ruht" u lem.ll to lhe cuncept
n.tm t th at it C3n clAim a u n i H~rlo,) l . th ,)t 1\ , In .1 ce rtain '>en'>c a n .1tcm- .md ot the "r1d a n Id ea (If reaM ,". bUI, nn the (( ," Iruy, th ruu~h-
pural 2nd alusror,cJI ,·,)Iid it" . If the little night lngale\ .,ong. on(:(' imi· mo re u r k "ucl:e..\fll ll)- - i n te~ rau n ~ hi..roncity into the "Y"lem \(1 il
tated h" ma n , no lo n~ c\'()k ~ the Idl"3flf the wo rld . if it i..n' l bc.luriful. WIll nC11 C,lU'\o4,' .lIlY mure d "'urde r. It i.. Ihe rci ore thi.. n ry Lcihnill J n
no r t'\'en r ouch i n~ in so me W3 )', it IS hecause we OtI W kll ClW it to N \~\I(·m;\llC lly. , hI" uOlhc.l!l o n o j finile p()i n l ~ Clf "1("\\' 1IIU1 :lI \upcnor
dominated b,- sub jecuviry .lnd, iro m th,)t pUln t n n. n(J[h i n~ in it nn hJrm u ny nm , C.l r r~·Jng the na me "ah..o!Ule ..uh!e(t," th .1t :" 1ct'l\Cht' ....,11
nruke th e cO<,mo , hJ \'(' til d,·..rru~' a s.l fir)t \ tep. in order rn Ilhcrare Ihe hl)lo rICl..t roten·
Though. fo r Hr-gd . ,)rt rem ains .1 wo rl,!, th i.. " or ld hJ ...111 the u me 11.111111,',\ W nl.111H·J in H e ~e li a n i ,m , Th en and n nly Inen ""ill ihe C'U (It
ct'.a~ fa he uterna l to "UbjC(..li\'iry (mr uil'eJ Q( .IS ah solu te Sill,;,,· lhr ncm\.\lIrid b u r..r fo rth. the pc:rlll<! of Ih e pure J l..pt'f'oinn (If the \'011'
,ivJry. It is \0 well integrated thAt it find .. md f to be h i..roricized th ro ugh llfmal .uom .., whu..c e xpr c'\\iun cu uld unl )' N:.1 lIe w ,H I clln ti~u r,mnn.
an d th rou w. , wncc th iS alwllult' su b jectl\ it\" uo,eH c;ln u n I)' unl(~d
"',nhm tcm rmality. At wh ich POint we m3\" h t' trul v .l llo wt'd If) .l~"
~hcthC'r Hegdian l'm doc.. ntll, cJ(')r itt' il..elf: o pen up 't he wa)' fu r what
.. png to h.l p prn in r-:ie:tl~ht'\, 3l"!>t hct u.,. n.lmely the wo rl d .... exrlll'
Ullfl In . an infinity of h,slfmca l po int.. n f vic w. o f " per"re't ive~" for
.. him, In Ihe f.amou \ I" iC'fz\ChC'.I n for mulat IOn, " th en ' arc: nu fact.., onl)'
In lCTp",".atJfln \ , ..

The .In,,,,C't' to mi\ q u("\t1c)Il i.. aClu.llly mo re co mplica tcd th.ln II

..caW k't'm. Uelfel ', hi~()ricism i\ of ;j very st range.' k in d, no t tu '>.If ,
qw~ "Imply . thai II i, tt'pc:Ut'd h)' tht' hi \lOr iclty It t.'mh r.lcC'" thC' btuef

'" ,,'
 THE N1HZ SCHEAN MOM EHI
F' VE
of JI1 contt.lJkrioll: J . mere mom en! nf In O\;lio n tow ard, t~ *nIlfY
o j the tin:tl n'co nCll,a l1u n .
Thi.. "'\Jt bet we en the god..·• in which IhC' tr agiC and the tht'C)r~k31
cllniru nl eacb other u ndcrhc s the two cnnqces 1"1t"t1.\chc never b _l, to
.% ./I;~/.::';(',{N//I .. It/·" NY,/'- m,lke 01 fk):ch.l1l d ialect ic... The fi r ~ [ ma y seem trivial: It .lim'.JI1 " the
ph, luo,c)pher '" ..ubmisvion to ru lity," ,h at "dialectical iauli,m" J un -
!fZ .9/{;/ ///,/W/. '/;;1~'//1//1//k' rh ,-it III th l' iIIll "\'(" rde nnfic annn of the rationa l wuh the ru t Hegel i\
\U'r"·(ur J h l"r(' (If h.1\ i n ~ "planted m she J:.cnctJlllln.. he leavened that
(J;I.)I'/ I'/ Y::(W//"/YN·/ ·,//Y · //,;4·/,,;.,.; Jdm ir.u io n before the 'pewe e uf l1i"IOf)" thar , in prJ.c' lCc. tu n"io rms.
i" l.H ,It c\"l'ry m o ment into ;1 bare adrmranon ot \U"':("..\ and IC3,j\ to

the Idul.my Cli the fd.:tlIJ.I:'· \X'c ..hould nut N:- mi..lw: ~1(1n(hc Jon
nlll here uke up on hiv 0 " n ,u:cu un! rhe flhrectlCln", .1lrc,ld~' formulated
1>\ rhe Ill·U-I( .1n!IJIl... Sor dOl'" he echo ~ I.H"\ Tht' jcS 0 " ft'Ut'Th.J,h.
H I' mrennon i.. c>b \"1"u \l ~ not th .lI 01 rehJI>lhutlllj:: .1ny kind ui "moral
\ h lOn (,f the wnrlJ " ll \'Cr .1 ~.ll n \l the dl3lc."(!j c \ f:HJh'm. In th l.. coofu-
W ill (>1 the real a nd th e rano nal. what 1o:~·nt"Jlogic.ll .1Il ,t1 ~\i, ,u ms :II 1\
nu l .11 ,III [() elmunate th e nonon oi an ideal, but, quit e Ihc cnnU .1ni, the
fact Ih;lf HC'~d . in ste ad lit I:i\'ing hlm'Clf ev er to rhe idea th oll whJr it
,huuld "e. ')t111 web to drmon,tr.lIc lh.ll wh,if \houl d be, ''''. ,\'" the
llu t'tandlO~ exam ple oj rhe rheo rcncal man , he '-J,W In hl,Itl '1" rhe pr o-
gresvrv e incamanon nf rhc dl n ne. "here.1'- 10 the I:cnc.1lop\l\ mort'
pra cnccd eye. it I:0e, w1thou l ".1~'lIlg Ih,u " God h.lS o nly been ,,~ cJle~
bv hi..mr v" (ih IJ .). Ii "the Hegd u n wnr..h,p o f Ihc real .1\ rhe r.lIlOnJI
co mes d~wn to J " d U'111I1JIU11l o i ..IKIX"s" (Ihid.• p. In 'l ). Ill' rhu v nut
J ue Itl "t nuuor.rh..m;" .1'- the K.mtl,m~ \ (1 du lly dunk . hut. lin the (on-
d ue ro an exec.... of mo r.rhem , til the !J'::T that Hegel su,um , ,II JI1
Il .H \ ',
c....;.. the idea th .u rh c ·· 1..•• a nd the "(lu ~hl " mu,1 (,C rc.:olll:l1cJ• .l I1,J
Ih,lI Ih i.. n-c onc ihariou ,·:11\11(11, Ii i cuu rvc, be etfe(!cJ from Jny b:n l\
OIhe r Ih.1ll rhe "ouuh r" ( Ih~' idea l: rhat I,. rc';l\Hn ). , I·
,_ " , • he ~\ 'le.,Utl':: for m HeJl.C' Ia n·
~1 ~.tI'lh l' ~ ~~·" ntl d cnnovm ,l ~.IIlI" I , _ _ .. _,
. h- tbv came rcr'r~'.:tl\C' : p' ~ '
l\1Il ' ,I "c."l IIlU '" 1;.(' under..lOo J f r om .... 11 111 I .
. _.. ,h. " h,., , IIPPU\('J .1 t o tJ ." , .1
c h " I <I~ h: :I 1 ntluhvm also ' c1' 111 .... I n one II
ever y (' ~cnl J nJ ,lO lI)Il~ ;l
S\'st t"III,lti ;:.ltlfJtl, e\t"tl ,Ill o rJ.:J",.;:J llml HI , , J J '0
, f ' ' 1l,·dll l1 ~ to J, mire .In
('\e n t.., " I Ih ,ll tI\I.' ' 0 11 1 th.11 111 1\1' or () , I ·' III1' _
• III 01 J ~ Ill'r('m e ll fln h. •
h" lIn r Il' \'eh III Ih.C' ;l ll-l"IK ll m r ;" ... n ~ now h" , ·;11 ( On-
I fa ' ll~ ll· illl ;1 ..0 111(' 01:'
ItT\' an J ,iumi n'lt lun (.f \I I.. f ht· .. ou II _. ' . _' I h n " ilh
. . h i , tti(e W n ' ,I'I1 .. 1 C' \I
, ...Ie n.·r .mJ ;I dIJ IC'(I I(.. "I f l" re,\ . U I t .. - n " ,m J
e1ll'n'Thlll ~). ( )IlC Ima~IlIl"S ;t kinJ o f IInil \', .1n~' urm to n'H )l1I" . ,. h
. h - j I" dcC'p 1.Ij;cthcrnt"'>\ " 11
to llUWlO1: Ihi .. l>chcf, Ihc hmll,lIl elll}:. ec '

".
 fiVE

.InJ d epend ence fro m ;t wh ole thOi I Intinn rl y ~ u r p.t "_ hun line: ~ L_
Jjvillll )"~ ",1l.J~$ . '" • I 1,,'It'
Th e wrll ro syuem I' "ut Ihe' Uhlnloill." o1"rea .IJ n rrt'l1 h" lhe-
. . hom ed . ron ...
I'"h y"lo In cnrec Iro m (·1.1tnn i,rn. h . p.n.t,t" xK o1l1v . '
rt"\tur'l"'\ Itwo ,"I ...,h I ll"
d u.d lty between a pJ'C'.".1f1"C' .t1k1 IfUlh ~ 1n ...C'. in " , o.kl h I m.llnl '''n Ih
IlIu..ion Ilf monicm, II mu,,1 be cun" r.mrl, tkmun"tr.uC'.1 fh.ll rh.,.. lrr:
t(' lntq~r.It(" .. UIllI)', Ih;lt Ih,· p.trt ll:u l.H mtrn Int" , ~ IInl\l'r....I _ I ~
..ph llu"u p hk Ol I IOl ..." rn ·..· "or k rh.1t Je hn lllu :h .I""lUr" 1"(' ' kI n" ' If
IhC' I hC"OrC' l i,"~ J on, the Ir.t ~l "' . Th rn ll):h l ht- J uln th . H ~· r t"l 1 ~ " I"ho
"h isfUry in Ihl." pl .1~ C' o f IhC' u lllt'l "I'l rlll1 .1 1 J"'."'r",. Irt .In...' rc-!I. ,, 'fl. h
so le sove rei gn . i n~ }f.l r ..." II I" th e ' ' C' 11 rc-.Ill1lnt: """'rf"I . Ihr \ 1I.l I","th
(If rht' ' pint col n..u n n...• .InJ Ihe' ·UIll' CI....J luJ."I<"I : ·· · h ,,,, th", ~' '''l'on
ttl the' wurl lllh.11 I" .;ad.. III thr .,J H1rm.lfl" " of ~ Ihc. -h·,uh •., -In ": II mil'"
he- ove rcome if .IothM H,... " hll.llh III he- rut III II" r rHJ"CI rl.l . .~

JGAl NSTDiAlECTICS
THE REVALORIZATION Of A,(!ITH[ n(S

If ;h ( .f t'C'L: . nr . f,u lla . ··" ...rll","·· ..n~ln... .Ife r ' .,Jmmc J . J ,..k"'h.' .Ir
('('.If!1tu be nUl u" I,· ..mUI ..;:I.<.... ul - .I n'u"' Ihnnc ~lth :":1(" U...... hC'_
in.lc",hcri.·: " \l'II" \ ' .... "'IC' " ' tTl "' te ~ h .m p... IH", ..r.h J I.~k..t1u :
wh Oit c ~ ..cll )· h.." t.Il r n I, I ·C') It 1\. ,1 ",,, t' .. II J I\IIn ~u",hr J t.h lt' IhJI
n, Y,Inq u",hl."\l : ,," h ,1,..IC'l ll... , 11 ,~ Ihl." r<'pub c th.lt "" In... lhe- urrrl
hand , Ik lu lr ~ ""· I .ll l"'o . J I.I!rd l....I1 m .tnllrl\ were .n n adnJ In "'.... ....I ....... 1·
t"t } -, Th l.")· Wl'rt' n ' II\IJC'I('tI t>...1 m .mners,"
A\ i\ often Ihr .....1 \ (' " " " Z"lr ll....he. Ihr Irr w IIIJ ~l ncn t . ""u·..I... A
fo rm _>i ;II f,:,un'('1lt..lltln; th e 1,,11" mu .., l"'t' fC'Lnn"t'tutt'J 1.. t:1.1'r r ....... th ·
d ialectic • anr l,1c"lhr u..- C"""C"IKe••m .! h ' u n,J,;",I ..Ik! ho." th r fC''''C'I'lo.II ..1
!'I.1fu n i"lII f\:'l'I, .......hr ,h l' ll"" II" ..huu lJ ..-ulml'l..te rn ,I nn uh .. f}('1'u , fro
h.lh ihl aliu n III both Ihc "'r ", uu"... realm ..nJ lOt ..l It . In -n"'" turt ber I..
be: Jdi~eJ, I " t' .·· N lt't, ....-he..n moment" III rhlll "'''lm~ mamtam ... .. rell
n o n wuh the JI .•lcct ,..- .11. l'I.llll lll..., .· l lr,:cll.ln nr~ ..non " t .. rt .lI1.lJ" ,:' IM '
(w h it.:h J oc, nlll lllr .ln 1lIcllth:.11) II> tIlJ t " h , ~ h Ihr · · ~ .U lll .11 1 lIluntt'lIl ~
ha 'i with ellS,i . . ." U lIIlIlJlt"llI. 1-: ' "1 Il lh (' r .l1h.. th .ll .Hr l" l1" ",n l .u r
quil t' J iffl'fcn t ht'lC' .1111.1 th r ll·. th c .lI m In hllh ......I"C"... I... I..... , uh l" t'l H'
r« onquer \C'n" ll-o l llt~· ·s "uh.nnm ~· -tn l 10\ .1111. OH'I "~,,m"t ,hr " . l .n
« r t : ' lur N it'lh...·hC'• .l ~..'ml l h(' .t...tI('. .·u...·.t1 " " ,II h i l rul h" _ " lhf thu ...
tn 'FJ't'1I u r l ht' ~rOl ~'l' 1l l'l.C'''''.It~ 1\1 thr 'rn r \l.;IC'n. (' IIi .lC"oth('1I.·... .
\\11.1(, 6 t\ 1 ul .111. JI~ J u l ·I,.....• "r:'t'u l .tru~ .. ..nd . r ht'll~Y. It" In-
t'k,(,incc. f;lIn..i~1 01 (N lct l "-Chr ml r.JI C'~ thl."" d l.lk...-u n.ln !t. ~. lnlt"' ·ll('
1>.
 'IV E .. . IHE NIETlS CHEAN MOMEN
ind" l'll hu r th e Will 10 app eara n 1
ruin ut Ing ic• and first of a ll the f.1ll1tlll~ pr inc iplC' Il f id'·l1fU\'. Trtt~· J . ArtIS . .
,c J ) ;lIld ,, 111( 1' t h i... appcaranc,
l e ln the a\ f
peer 0 the sen-
on rhe CO ot r.lry' , .arc sta bl e : t bq ' a re "",h;1f rcm.uns und er. the l;UI n cll.h.• It" ( W i , • . ' a, we h:r.ve iu
n ,Ito .. ,n' WI" h.wc to ...a y with Niel '., h h I ~t \ern, 1\ nOt
gmcy u( changes that never ,'C ;)SC tu .lffco:l t1h' "I·n"t-I I· world 'I I 11\' I ' . '" C t at " Ih I
hich " . .... IIf ~tcJ . 11lU';lllll . to d cc epnnn , 10 bl'cu mlng d be WI 110 2ppc:r.r _
W" h w ell kn o .....n • and N icrzcche , d" "pl tl' ;1 received "pin in n 10, Ihl;' [1l"C" tn , \' b hc wi an c anj1,ln. ' ,
J • ' l l r l'o~· " K., m.rn I c WI ll 10 truth II ) \' 1\ ceeper,
conn-a ry, d oc s 1I0t nu-rely im 'cr..(' till" tetlll " HI th e urr' ' 'Itl O tl t-t'I""'e'l;'n ,te' nJl ' . . ' rea lIy, lo~ · .. I ' ,
"" h HI Iw 1'''l'llO:I" ;11l1l-l't" ln n ic " h ,) Ing. t 1\ In
rhe tClnpor31 an d th ,· eternal, the "(·n"lh r,· .111.1 the inrdll ~l l'otl·. Rdllte' Ihl' I al . • . " ... ~reat t'r value lhan ..
Ihl' I1U,.. 1 tr ,tn"p.1rl·nt c xp re\ \ IOIl of lif f b truth,
an)·th ing else, it i.. ..... ith t he eyt:" III the J:rne'II"~I' r rh .1I 11t: I.." k.. up.. u Ih.lr It I ' . . t', O t al Will i
..... " I he lIlu ..1 1111110,111" c ....cnce o f 1>_ ' " . 0 pooA er
th e negation of aesthencs rha r Pl.uont vm I .. .1.. ptu tlol\ pe " ' .111 thru n " hal fot,.. , n("mg. '" Thr> H· h
"lht'!ioC' sen ses , u -hich are, />('$1.1("$. so tmmur.,I- thc..r- ",'I1"e.. .IC'o:elye uv
I , Ir h ,ul ;llre.ldy 1.1("1>1111.'.)11)' pur It : " O nly r o....ibl If '" '4
1'.1):" · WI' mrn ;1\ v... \'f ."
1) fru m I c -c-a nd we \('nS(' b
e le:ln an .Olh_
b h
3NJur th e l rut' world ," T'hi) i... in the ..1\ It: III ~i'·I1 "t' ht" H1 irony. th... C'f"' l..... . ' .. e-re t ') l lc~u l _
core o f th e sdentific<I"(;hn nlow cal JI..eUUf'04.·. Ih e " l'o e..IJ l''',·· nl n 'ur"t. I J . ,n, trUd lUlI " f I 1.1Io111c truth J oC\ not dll aw ,)~' WIIuh eVell notion
,;I "' . Og>

has nothing gra tuito us al'l<)ul it : If i!o. III muh. 101Ir ul k.lr " I st'II s"<lI" ,: , ,oth th.lt there I " r n h a r " a tru th J eepe r than th" " 'd '
1,,1.' ,. , IJf l ea' . mort
(a lw ays ·· im mn r.l l" ) th at s(,lIsll.,lIt), (;d ....;I ~ S "C'rrinJ.:"} (UI11 I'" til ~. de - " rc,\ ... II we 11\;1\' !o.I} ..n. rh.m Ih.lt al1lman n. rhl'I)"...~rb IC or \Cl'C'Ottnc <

preci ared . In the: eye.. of th,· " J:C' I1I'a l(}~I" I " (.J... later on , III th....C' ot the , J[M,n.lli..m, t ru th tha I pc rhap v o nly art could do [u..tio: to • I"uvI ,h .':1(
psych o ana l ~·sr) . p h ilu ..n p h io:..llhe..e-..He nOl h m ~ hUI " rat,o n.llt" u lIIn..,'· till" level, on l)' rhc wn..c.. cc a ~c Iymg to u.. " m J~ fat a.~ Ihe-y ~how U\
·· !Io ~· m p to m ., · · 3" N i('t7..eh(' a lre.1Jy pur II (lb IJ .• S 1\. the le ll, h l1ru n · b.-':(Jnlln~ • •li..;lp peM31H:e , chang,... .. There ate thu\ 201 1('4\t tvo'O IfUlh\
p r~si(Jn o( .,1 ccrUlll p alho... pl·rh.lp" en 'n 0 1 .1 r.lt h "IIl~~ . JnJ twu !tn. (Ill\.' kind he ndi O:l.I 1 and qui tt rc:al. Iht' olhcr re-actl\"e Jnd
1f. 3 S ·i('tzs..-he !oUI.:) in .1 LI111Il U' ,tr hnri,m. " 1I1 ~ r hll.,..tl rh~ I" .Ill lInrea1. ;lnd th l" du ;ality n13t ch ~ that lx-twc('n Ihc:ory tfal\C trulh and
;'Wt,.s~ PLJtrm ;s",: ' wha l i.. the rl"..ull nf t hi~ im ('tSlI>n .1-. ia r .1" Ihe rJJ lid ..nJ a rl (gu nd truth .InJ ~ood lie).
estahlish m ent (or re· ~ul:>h..hl1\(,lUi u r .)1·..t hl'tK" I' \.·(,ncc rm·J ? llli' ,I n·
swc r is I:i\,('n u.. in a "1·11 1.m ClI "'l'IlIgirt of tilt" Idols titlt'J : " Hm.. thl'
NIETZSCHE AS ANTI-HEGElIAN?THREETHESES ON NIETZSCHE
'T ro(' World' fin .Jl1 ~· lk (".JI1\I' .1 f .lble,' · H l'iJ q ;..c,a h;h m .J,Jt" .)n 11I1 p<'C'
etblc: cummellta~' o n it, tit " ,hl\.·h J ..h .11l rec,lll o n ly ,h l' main enn · The whlllc: r ro h l~m. o( co ur ..e. o:on..i~h tim of all in J t'tt'tmining the-
d U'iion. lht" kt")· th em t" o f N l,·u ..cht·... lext i.. e r~· ..t.ll deJ r, It s«k.. t Xlent 10 .....h io:h this ·· in \"t." r,> jo n of 1)lol lClm\m " tem am\. or nOI. de'pcn-
to dernonsU .Jtc- hn w the " tr ue "orIJ ." .h o rrthcJ rn the " ,lp ra re-OI de'AI on wh al it "1'Cke; to U\'Cnurn- ol ph enom enon tholl .....o ulJ nOI bf:
world"-thc- w.ay Ih(' ;ntdh~lbl C' wo rlJ i.. u r ru, \.-J lCI Ih ,· ..elN l'o lc conrraJ icll·d by Ihl' o the r g rl'3 t " mwturn in!t" of Iht nineleenl h c( mu ry.
world-itsd f turm OUI 10 t-.e. at th,' l'n J (If .1 l on ~ hi..tur r tha t he).:,"' UC'~d '" h\· M,lt " . Cn n tra n l to DdcllZe' a nd 10 Foucault (o n Ihis pte(\\c:
with Plal o and fini..he ., wit h 7_".1Ih u"t r.l. t h"l lI u ~ lu n p,lt '·l(cclll·no:c. l\ul r UUIl . "'~ tIll';1ll; H l"iJ " gg,:r\ in fluence. o n Foucault Jt It'. m, ht'mr; J e:<
w h at is rno ..t im porunt to not e i.. Ih .1I .n Ihl" end of Ihl" r r. KC'.... thl' ~j~i\'l' III o lhe r re;llrns ), H eiJe ~cr ha s hru ugh l to light .1 certai n conti-
poi nt is not 011 311 1h3t a rpc.lr.lllcc (Ihe "1'O'oU OU" ) .. ho uld h e \'al"ri /('d a.. n Uil )' hetwee ll N ICtl'>chl' .l nd the metJph p .ics with which the Ialter
~uc h, b ut l ather Ihat .....e mu-.r drmina lc t he id ea th ..t th ere i.. ..nnll'l hlll ~ r rt:ll'n,ll'd ttl h ,IVl' d cl in it in ." h ' hroken. I will. without going into tht
like a ppcar.an((' : " Th e lrue wm ld-w" h.I\'e a hub ..h ed _ '-" h;1I wo rld h ,I" Jt:t.ld ~ Ilf Ihis Int l'rpret .1tiun t1;J t m akc" o j Nit-nso:hethe Ihinker tlf lech-
rnnain ed ? Tht" apparent um' pcrhJ r" ? Hut nu ! W ilh Iht' tfll e wu rld we nql<llo:~'. hrit'll)' r,·tr.1CI' it s p rim'ipk hdor c runing forwarJ Ihree thc:st \
h.ave al.,;o3b ol i..hed thl"ol p pa n 'nt o ne ." un Nl l'll "l·hl'a ni..m .\.. rh e foun dal ion no l \ 0 much o f nut It',hnolo~uJ
Only at thi.. pricc will Iht· cu nd ilio n.. of ru\ si bJlit y he H e.Heli Ih;lt ' Irom ....,h'I ' ·h H ('"iJl"N-
lI'brlJ . .I .. II I ;1 COlUl" mp o r;lry .H~ s t b encs "'~'r hims<·h
Will pe r mit an to take pr eced l·n..:e (we r phi lo so ph y. for th e libe r;uiOll til 1\ r l'rhap .. not as d lSt,lll t as he hil11 sd f Ihoul-\hl. .
th e Kn\ UOUS a nd of ap pe:a ra nct· th at the J:!,1"l\('a ]og y o f th e !rUI' " CHltl IIcillq~g" r I1 l'Vt'r \.·ched TO ur~e thin king (If IcchnClIII~~' hc~ll1ntn~
brinKi .ahou t i ~ jU\t Oil mw.:h .. l i ~r at;<l t1 (If .ltl . , incl' th\.· I;UtI'r •. Jrnrnl \ ""'ilh 11.. C:"~('lIce. w h il'h . in h iS ev es, is to he fou nJ in the O:lllllr letlllO ~~
pr C'C b,d y Ih.u w h ich tht" a pp lil.:;lIlu n of Ihc "upp"sl"d l)' tru e wo rld tlin J , · - . , b' ' '' ,'' ThC" lli1ln wl cu
.. ern mltaph Y\IC!o ;h a "melilpn YSlcs ot su IC'C O\ l t~ .
Jm)n. ... O~' l' rc . 1" l ti J II1"'to 0>('( ()UI
IIll1JlIl: ~'lctap ny \ i \.-s:· w riUt'n hetween 7_ ,m •
IS' 15'
 "VI
TH E H1 ElU( I1UN M O .. t .... ,
10 10huvr dUll. un.kn cooJ from th e ..l.lnJrUlnl u l iflo c-'s('n~'C- rh Ji~pe11 ..3l>1t'. medl3tinn, lh .11 nf tbe N,n71,t.hc.1n Itw.-", ," the . -dI to
" rrch nu&r - " I • (' tc-rm
"t:~ ." <'qUI"'" ('Ill to " com pleted mcU rh pK"." a nd Ih.1! th(' .....ct J ~ rht' ....cl"onJ to the 1.1\1 ~U"t' of the .111'" dnodr.pmnl'l,"
"-un hn..I~,. finJs ddcqu.1 lt' t'1t:pl'C"<o\l unm Nietzsche 's Ih e'llr y of tht' " ""111 ~i('t1-"":hC'" WIll r"o pown a new figur c- of dw: _III coma fbrWud n pl.c.
ro J"*n. ('oO,"~ f1~t 10 Ihe' C"'>S('n tl.tl: It ~'u uIJ IS(' m ainta ined th: itll". om' which m appea rance \1111 wanr.. -.omnh,nr, ocher chan II1df
1I
~rKt ~.a "t">, m (' t.1 r hr~ i("'!'o h as been • .I~-,"urJ inJ: 10 H cide~e r. an an: ( ·,wer). b UI w hu:h - fn llu wmg an intnrretal Km co nlolructcd, fronll
Ihropt,IUIt\". A " ".1y of thin ki ng ab ou r m.tn .I S .1 lam l e/'lt/OII or Kro" "d I~Jf, on . J lI" "~ H cid cggcr's l"l)ur~\ fln SlC-l/~_ln IXI w,lI, mort'
fol&.:."l n~ the IWI) fr.ld iti n n.l l .I)(e'1' o f phrlosophicol Ilm·",t iuning, th e ewer (mo rc domi nation ) on ly the better Iu n~ riconec ifw lf indc6nnd ,
d1C'\lrt'tlc.l1 and th e' r r.l ":11('3 I, Mod em mctaphy..ics, :I" .1 th l·oreli..:a l all. r;1\ WIll ruling th e real; in a word. "The hcomg of she ¥t"IU CfJ rw-'ft" ...... -
u~
chropolu~,". l'Om ists in a conception o t the re a l a s n bcdu- nr to the prin - onh' be o nde r..rood III term.. o f rhl' will ru will... • In In"" ol UlI' Del'
orin ccnentunve of the human sp ir it. rra n..(crri ll~. to r ex.ll n p le lin co~d iti(l n cd Will th rough wh ich the Ca ne..ran prn!C'H of m.J\kry and
l.clbmz l. the rrindrlt' oi ..utricient reaso n (.a lo!'ti":..11 or ··Sub jel..1"lV(''' rm\Cs..io n o f natu re comes to com pletion . Wt' on th('l"t'by bener unJer,
pnnciplc) 10 me ((".1lnsdf .md, o neo logixiog It. positln~ that mh,t rSI ~t.1 nJ how Heidegger coul d have [ho u g.ht tha r......,th t~ .1dn 1\t of dw
si " t' rJIUJ"~ l noth i n ~ i.. w ithout reason ]. But such a rbcor cncal .1nt hro. rcum oi rc..:hn ul u h"!'". it is " th e develo pmen t of the uncondano~1 duml'
poIoro.'. whi..:h re.1ches iu summit .....irh H egel's atfirrn.nion uf the iden. na~..:e of mer.lrhpi..:..·• th ,u trul ~" begin s, whe n it finally fimh .l histon-
Ill Y between the real a nd the ra tional. d oc!' not (,r ;h d( alone , u nd "' r~ ird (".11 r eriod ndc q ua te to irsclf (ihid .• p . "JOI. Alo ng the road leadmg from
tec hnolo gy 's domin at ion .1~ " co m pleted m cra ph vsics." ()(' ~.:.lft t' .. ttl Nic rzscbc. reason's becomin g and m fat co-and here- He!-
In o rd er to apprehe nd the pr es..-nce Ilf "col11 p ll'tt"J ll1 et"ph Y' k~ " 111 dt'~I' r \ ,1II.llyS1 S is ra the r clo se 10 M a x Webcr 's- w llI have cons i..red 111
tht' rfi-hno lo gi lt"d rel ation to thl' worl J. w e haw to l<1k ..' Into ;1":LlIUnt no IOIl!!er 1,.. t.\ (' li\ h i n~ o (,ie:n in'.. itsclf . in rram fur m ing If'!tCH from tht
CM p ractical ,u ~cr of th.., me laphysics of su (,ie:..:tiv it }. As .I rra<o: u cal t,hlt'CtlW (l' ,ISUI\ it attt'mpted 10 hc into purcl}" imtrumt'ntal tu son .
,anth ropol~·. It represents lx-ings to ilse lf nor on l ~' .h C')( i ~ [l· nts \ Uhll'l:l Thc wllI l~ . in pM .IUd fas h io n. it)d f no lon gcr .1\5ig.nnJ to ,1ny end.
10 r.1:cion .1ItI)··.. subjccri'"t' principle!'. h UI a s " Oh\t''':h tor Ihl' will ." Thc m.hte(\' t1\·cr the wurlJ no l on ~e:r .llms . 3 1< It dId wnh ~nt'\ or
Thro ughoUf Ih t' modem II1ten )i!ic3t1un of th ..• t"ssen..:t- of suhlt'ctwit} .1\ JUli n!: the :1f,'" u l En llghlcnm ent. at t'rnancip3tinf, hum,ln t>nn~ Of ,lI
,,·dl. Ih t' r.-'(i..ltnt. tht' tmollit y of bt'ing!' I re t.mtl , h,)s tt' nJ..'J mmc .tnd ob l 3i ni ll ~ ,heft happinc\l>; It bt.·co mcs the q ut'St for ma st('~· for thc- u "C
mort co h.I,"C no re Jo l i ~" exct' pt a.. o hjl."..:t. 1ll.1 nipulatJ (,le hy th .." suh lt'( t of m.lst rry or. put .anothe r way. fo r brurt' fo rct' for tht' ukt' at t.l'\lte'
u n dt r the- .1 ~reet of 3ccomplis hing h is cnds. u n ifo rm ly ;It th ... & .. po s.11of lo[..:c. And y..·t rhi .. rupturl' w it h Ca rt e:s ianism is, ~nll ,lccordlng to H n '
1M ......11 "ht'th t'r 3S ins tru mc nt o r.1S be in ~s . fr om Ih is \"i"'wpoi m, K.\1H\ dt'l~g(' r. more app,Hem tha n rea l. sincr in liberating Ihe ",ill irom ,lny
rnnlerprc:tarton of Ihe I think as a n I ((',m t, .tn J l's pc ..:iallr his do ctrinr subo rdi n ;1tlUl1 ro ends N lt:us..:he doel> noth in~ murt' rh Jn fulfill tht Mo'
01 CM .lUlUno rny u f th e w ill. we rc dcci..1VC ..tep s lo w.ud.. th e tl'Chll l": \e n.:e uf w illin g. raisin g it up ttl th e Ic'"c\ o f lIS con cept . t h~) t-nnpn
in lttp rn.ltitm of Ihe ....·o rld lhal N it'llSchC"s phi lo soph}" m3kcs a Ihc mc to complellon the co n ..:epuo n o f Ihc ~ubiet.·t Ih"lt " .loS. III rh(' hn.,11 ,l~y.
of. Up u ntil tken. th e w ill ha d hecn ..uhordin3tt'd [ 0 "oll1crh ing ocher 'I .. , stili only cmhf}'on ic in Cartcsiani)m, It i.. thus J~ .I, mef;lrh~"'lI..un

du n motif, to tht en d \ It " .1\ .. up po"C'd to pu r ~ue. n ut wi lh K.m t. u n the th3[ Nie:tz..,he follu w m v. a ,,:cnlrJI theme III hi~ .It'Sthcn,,;,.. .."f.ll'I.:qo:U.1I·
IJlhcr h.lnd. pr.1etl cal re3VIII will .. nothing ulh"'r th 3n itSCo·U. it will s ItK lf i1C\ .1ft murt' ;n ter m.. {If lh a: olrtist. th ai i\ . of rhe , rt'.Jt lJt lui hi'!> • •
.1" frttdtun. In " I\.;ant \ ( u nctpt of p r.l..:tical reason .1\ p u rc w ill." w ha ' Ih.ln in t('rms (If tht' work clf .lrl It~e1f; II is HIli in J lm"l ronllnwn
"u1...n g pl~ ,.. the- ' "et) cu m plt.-n o n Ilf the: idea of w ill, " rhe com p ll'lio ll with IhIS " U f .. u h l e:":Il\It~" hc \ \.1\
" 1ll"'laph'"!>Ics " \ urnolSl"d
I '"
to hA\l' t",(1" '
fill lhe bt-mg fA Will. " wh lt."h hl·co me:.. .....ill IIncu n Ji ti n llcJ b y al1y r h i n ~ tUrJWu, tl 1 ro ugh hl \" v.e ll e.l lof,I ~·3 1 crlllqU( . .·· H~dl.1n
" " " 0 t Ih ( r lat tIn! . Jul«·
..
Other rh.lfI Ihdf, "\ Ih\c Jlu lt· Will" nt, .. m ct' it w ills Ilothing o tht' r th ;," rl( that his phi lo su p h, ' (.f a rt ta ke'S Ih e ior m III a "rh~');K)II~' . or ~
Jtktt. "" III tlJ .....ill : · rhl'on' o f rhl' " Vit.l l fn ~..: ......" .It th ... I:>I'gltlllln): l.f ...rC.1t!\ (' ,1..1"I\lC\ . l U I
• WfIIl.1llmk In Ihl' rwu n IIf th t· tnhnuloj:;i/,uiHIl o t lh e fl·.1I. lh t' \\'h ~" N" II-t1'..:he.
" " h"
,1":t.·u rdll1~ tu I I ~ IOfe'fJ"et.l 1\ll ,
, " 1 " rhlll\.\ ltuuut:h • ...t
()hi""" ul ( ~ " I II " m Kant \ "C'n'o(" w" u ld nUl, lr ufh Inl el l, Ih: s"'p;t- Ihrnuf,h in lIw moJ('rn WA'" tJ md'.Jlu " t'II: ..,tl••" Jt"I ti C'

f' f,,(om ltw .. hJ rnatt' ,,~.lu r l7" lIu n o f Ih e' Will ".ut' fll r nn..·...1111 in- hll-:-h ""'lHl\;llln n ul th(' N rl}" GH"t'\.. r rt'- ['tall\C1l\ rhlll" tnJ; "
IS.
 f iV E
THE N' ETZSC HEAN MOME NT
The toter o f H d deF,gcf's rC';lding Col" h.:JrJ J}' be d enied , eve n th ou in Nicrzs,ht·. a radically ch aotic m ultiplicity. Olle co uld har dly pur it
n 1('",J~ to th e st range pa r adox th at, in it. gt'lwalugy i!o Ic~s d i"ran r ffO~ "'etta, But we have yet to dctermme the mean ing to be given 10 an
dUb.. .tl~'"$ tha n see ms at firsr to be the case. AnJ yet It a l..o See m, in J I \'Id u.l l1 "'lll- n ~, If on e prefer !;, a m~,".ld<)' ()gy_," wh ich lhe: rK,t1on
me dlttieu h to J('n~' that ;'\ iC't1.schc·s tho ught is alreadv fa r do ° to til the indn'IJ u ;11 I'> sh att ered (the sub ject ,.. no lonv.er c1o.-.ed in on the
"..1_ _ • 'i t t III
H el.... gg er's than the Iarrer ca res 10 adm it. After all. th is su h,'cn, lJ(n[l I ~' 01 h i~ con-ciou..n~~~ av it wa ... for \t'venteelllh 'cenru ry thm ker..)
th H -J ' , V lty
.11 ('I ~~r IS please d to d iscove r in the co ncepf of W ill 10 po w sr .t l Ihl' !>.1I1ll· nmc th;lt the Idea of ~ rcco ncl ling h armony ha .. vani..hed_
~ lo nger quit e possesses, to sa,. th e Iea vt, th e h.lbitu.J1 d l.1rACft'n <,tiQ, whether tluv l.nn-r he called, as In polilical philosophy, rhe "lIlvi ~ible
of the me ta ph ysica l sobi ccr. C o no;t:io ll.lo ncs,>, rat iu n :I IiIY. identit y• •1Ulo _ han.!: ' or . ;l~ in - pccul.niv e phil n~lJp hy. " theoJ icy;' " the cunning of
tr anspar eney, et c., arc so abs ent here th at we h.1fJ f ~· sec hm\ we cuu lJ rc-,t\UII," ....ys tcrn,.. e tc
snll spe ak about "subjccnviry." And rhiv will to I'il wcr whi ch. i'\ icfl scht' Th t' o;et"lJnd t11l'~i s ca n o nly be plll in th e form of a for C'\had0'4'ing
maintains, idcntitir'$ 1tSC'1i with Life in orde r to concriru re Ihe 1110 ' 1 inu _ u( wh .lt WIll hcre.rtrer foll ow . since It spec ific,> the co ntent olth!!, n(OW
marc esse nce o j Bemg i.. cha racr enzcd I.-~' such d i \'("r~ i t~, rhar 11 "t'CU Ill('~ ti ~ll rc oi I1IJ ivid ll,lli... m. A read ing of the texts Nierz.. che consecrated to
difficuh to p ut it in relatio n .....irh th e dura"l ln )' of <lll r kmd of su....ldn ct'. Iht' CIlII(l' pt of Im h vIJ u ;11. w hen co m pared 10 those, much mo re numer -
'X'e could, fu rthermore, w irh good reason ..rare abour li te Ih at it is mul. tl U~ .w d bette r know n , Cllncerm ng aeMhetic\ p rop erly spe aking. ma ke'>
npliciry and difference , so rh.rt between Heidcggcr's Being a nd th e ~ m ;1 ' t"ntra l J lI .l l lty becom e d ea rly appa rent :
of ra d ical splintering -up f' iC[1loChe rn e-, 10 cIJnet'r tu ,lI i1l", the J i ~l ;lnf,;l: _On th e one ha nd , the aba ndo nme nt of any and all "dralccucal"
migh t be, here again , smalle r tha n Hcid cggcr w i..hc-s to , u ~c ..t ••-h ~o pro lt'd . .umcd ar mrcgmnng life's rad ical mulnplicity {wh at i.. t ragIC in
often w it h the latt er thin ker , hi.. inrcrprct.mon of Modern Tim es as be- e J( i ~ t t' l1 ce} un o ..om c so rt o f ..ystem, m ak es o f N ietz\ol.: hea n indiVidua lism
ing unifo rml)' dc:o'> tln eJ to wor km g (lut th c J ifft'r efl[ ..[a~t·" uf mt'tarh }'~ ­ th e pr oWt~'rl' o f thc co ntem pf)ra ry era , in th at it ta ke.. Ihe fo rm of a
ics ' acth'it}, In the wu rld IC:O dd s hIm tel nC'glec l the t.l .. k of retr;)..:ing Ihe hl..ton,i o;lll ;lIl d of :1 rcl ati\'islIl suc h a.. had never befor e bC'cn ...een in the
histof'}', not of the m et;)phrsical ..u b[C'ct, bu t of Ih t· \a r io u s modern con . enur t' h i..[o ry of p hi lo ..ophy, Th e fJ.mo u... a....e rt ion tha t " !here are no
ciCptions of s u bkct i \' i r ~'. H t'i dt'~t' r ·.. tou",k on :\jet7.\ch t' i.. 3dmi rab lc, at bet ... onlr intt'rp retalions:' ca n a nd ..ho uld be undemood not on ly. 3"
t1md e\ 'en gr andios e, but I' m not su rt' il g ;) IIlS anyrhlOg fru m sq Ut'1:ZlIlg Deleun' JIlJ Fo u ca u lt di d , :1... a genealo gica l criti que of metaph)'..ic.11 u r
Ihc Sietzschedn co nc ep tio n uf the w h jec i into th at of Dc..cartes. ~ciem i s tic r;ui ona li..m , hu t al so an d re rh3 p" 3bm'c 3\1 as th e in.1ugura·
An d th u.. the 11m thes l... I would like w pu t forw ard, b efore devel· tton of wh at co u ld b e ca lled a n " u lt r:1 -ind ivid uali..m," wilh e\"el)' on C'
o pi ng the argument.. [0 s up po rt it in t he fo llo wing P,l RI."\ : t'le!z\, he\ fru m no\\' on posscs" ing the " righ t" (the qu ot3 tiun marh be co ming
anml:t io - .....hich i ~ 10 sa y, tin .l lly, his r h ilos ophy (since a n i~ life 's nel;('s...l t\' hl're. ...in c<: the term no lo nger h3!; 3 11 )' me3ning) to ex p r~s
m o s.t adequate cx preo;.o;i u n )-are nor 'ol) mu..:h a re ~ ult of th c ··m eta phf...· wh.lt i ~, ' 't ricll )' .1Ild p rope rly <; pc,lk in g, hi.. " po int of view: ' Nothing
ia of s u b lC\.'t1vitf' ao; a ne..... I)· o p ened dOHf o nto d fl eu '. rJ dr c<1J1y orrg j· an) lon gl'r l"tlll .. lr ;lin.-. th e va riuus pe rspect ive.. to unw illing.ly .A ~lgn
tfal fo rm of ind /l'id uol/lsm. H eiJ egg er hlm!io('U ha s q ui te CX.KtI}' pll m lt'J them..c1n·s wnh ~(l me ..o rt of or Jt' r, There is th us nothtn g surpn "'lOg,
lO 'olio,h al is p«hap... the sp<dric tra it o f s u..:h an ind i\'id u.l lis rn. Co m- ~hen ~et'n fro m t h i.. a<;pt'ct. at th e fact tha i N ietlsch e ..ho lllJ h;lv~ ~­
menting on o ne of The U'ill to Pow!', . . a pho ris m ........ h ich sta te'" th.lt co ml" lhe th inke r-in-fa sh io n ftlr an Int ellect u al gt'nera tion that ftl l u!oC'lf
- pcn pc ctivi..m" I'; .t propert}' Hf Be in~ itself, H t'i ltt'~e r m ,lke~ th l.. III be- d o w to th e \';)rl o O\ hbcrt ari an llibcration i..t mo\ 'cmenrs Ih.n

deciw\'C' o b,.et\';1tion : ":\'0 dr awn ·ou t proof i.. need ed ttl ..how t1lJt lll.lt k e d th e imd lcctual an d politica l life o f the sixties a nd sr\'c:'ntit"S.
°
un th c ot he r ha n J . not h IO g ....°11UId be mo re 3bsurJ thJon 11.)
O

rhi, co ncep tion of the n i..te nt is the \c rv o ne Leibn iz hdd. e xt·ep r - )ct.
rhal NinzKf\(- ex cl udn ih thC'ulo~ica l met~ ph}·sic\. th ;n is. Pla to nis m " 'ott in l\:ieusl.:hc a th ink er o f the " libe r:uioll o f m o re..... \'('el1·knll',~.n a re'
hmd .• p. 245). In othe r w urd, : • ' lC't1.'>che = l.c lbnil" It">s ha rmoll y. I~~
" 10 an ythi ng th. '11 dosch'. or
his ta..te fo r c1.l'o..ica l rigor a nd h .i.. .w cr slUn
(;od, undc:or\ tood. th at ii, ,I) the mllndJ of m u n .ld .. t hat hr ings infO ac- J l\o tJnrl)' re'c mhles 3 .. u r ~ i ng up (I f rhe pao;slom,' •l nd ht<,t (It all. •
oi
. ,' thmlt sa}'ln~ th .n ~ IW '
cord rhe dl fierrnr individUAl mOI1J.\1\· m ult ipl e pcr"pauvn ... 0 th ;)f they Co u rse. to rn m a nt id sm . Huwe \'er , It g,ocs \'10 1

..
rna,. form a world, a un inf\C:O, mcaOlng 3 co hert'nt tn ta 1lno' .m J not , .1\ sehe i... not a d.l....ic i...t in the "Cartesian" St"n'>C' 01 tht" e"(r~I(}n. In
1$7
 THI N IEll SCH EAN MOMEN t
. h........ a\ i\ !orilllhc C3 '>(' wit h HeJ:d. the' ~,).l l llf .HI I~ 10 RivC' co nIC.II(' with l"Jl h other unl )" lIIeloli.u lf!y. whn hrr thr uu Kh tM mlC'nncd,• •
WlM"l t o
r('~~" .
A d · J ("spite
- . -.J\ Ul X!'rt'\.
n ) ('1" everything, It fa": l :l C.1\c tl( the' [illil III .1 1..·lIlIlI n o " p"Yl..holf)~ll.:;l1 "tru el.lre' lliume'l fir lit .I ' y\t tm of
JJ,"~ cl......,\.·H.m : art cnn tmu cs for N lc tz" ch t' t t l rlUlllta l11 .1 Jirel:r link III h;l rl1ll ,n y (1.1·lb Tll/ , l l q~t·I } . I ..huuld here lIke' 10 inJI C.lIe' hlJw ·lnl."tw
truth. The tru e has na . rurallv. cC3"C'd to I;w ddi nl-J .... iJl' nt irl·• I, ..I"pat·
. .11 du: , .tI1ll' 11111(' I;lk ,, ~ up .11t·lUl and (.... e.-rturn" ",·hou h.,d lruly trnrrs=rd
cncy• a nd h armon y In orde r to become th e." r u n ' .I'{ft'rC'''u thar i.. h \\ ilh !.l·ihl lit : tllll u.lot: lcally".the lII", all.ll iun uf lhl,l."ldu.lhty .., dw pfln .
multIplicity of vira l forces. Bu t what th e Nicrz..clu-an " p h Y'\ in logv'" n~ ,'rk u l l he rc .rl (,,'lII h Ih C' ;lthrm.llll lh Ih oiTth e'Tnll\ ,ln It , rm"'t Inllnuu
a rt (C'ac~ uv IS rh .n he.JUty i.. nu rhinA other Ih;1I1 ti lt' w iwly hic'r.1t. (Ilr.... .1 t t.... ue 1>1 Illtlll.1J..J• .lllti. allllll,,!otlt:.Iny. the pr" mut lllli ot lhe ".III.
cbued (In Ih.C' "grand ..t,.,I~") expression of ,h i.. m u ltiplicity. Til nl';\ tC .l il l'S 01 II1,kprll dt'n":t' .Illd pt·r ..nn .il crean... il y.

~)'m m t' try wnh ulna-mdividuahsm, we could "pC.lkIII a hyp"'reld,,s!c''>n, 1 ~ l l t th i.. h YPlllh t',i "-41f N let l \l..hc l"omplet lllit I'hllO'Ulphl..:oal lndi o
\rhc U~ of rhi:o;. rerm " 'i11 he [uvtitied III rhc next cha r te r) " il l\:t, it i.. mUte- "lllu,ll,..lII- l.. o lwi u u..ly J";If.Hlo x,,";,I1. NIII 111111' Jon it run "~In ~t dw
man 1:\"1:1' a n'.. ta sk to tTdns l.w : truth inro sen suou ..ne....-lhuu~h it mil\! Ilk ;1 th. u N le""c11.....,,, I.. w ilid y kno w n , wav a lorcru nnn 01 hnMI ',
be made clear that t h is new classicism is, so 10 speak•.1 cla-,..ici..m III ~' r ill\lIll· ul r llll n ..nrlllt·.. u l cu n..c iou ..nr", .IIIJ the refo re, II ""n uld \C't'm.
- dl f{t'rmce" an d no lon ger o ne of harmonious idcnm v, nt phl ltl..( l p h i ~· ;1 1 in dl viJ u.llisll1 (Nictz..chc !le\"I'r "wppr tl d«., du ng t~
. And it is under Ihi .. a..pccr-c-rhird Ih esi... wh ich ~\'i11 he d C'\'clllpcd Id";l,,1 rlllltl.HI or .nom . and It-. rclevance to the th eonUIlO)n of the IJc ..
10 th e next cha p ter- that Nietzsche can be con-rdcrcd rhe tr ue rhln kec ul ..ub lt·ct ); il .Il..u e xpn ..e.. it-.e:lI 10 a u: rl.1l1lll11ll1Ocr 01..b . . tu JI.. prob-
of n anr~ga rJi5m . 1':ot Ih.lI he him ..elf wrotc J houl Ih e "ll h jC'(f tlr ~ . IC01' tlUI ":.IIlIIo l t", unl,lt·fl·\timatn.l . 'It) put il III d nu t\MlI. ""hen the
longed to an ~' kind o f m m 'ement th .lt ,'ould han' h n 'n con ..i,lt·ceJ 10 t>e' fe'I" N il·""d1l' ,ll·tli,.ll t·J tu Ihe: l1oti u !I\ of IlIdw id u.Jli..m or the md,·
"avant-garde:' Z"or d id he' e, id l;"IKt' ..Iny sr "'cia l k lOd 01 J .lrl llg in hi\ "1101".11 .l rt· ..lIr ve yt·d . rh ey ap pe a r IU hl' "hOi Ihrou"" t> y .II cnmt.lnr 1m·
0"'"" a n i\ t ic u stcs . But . !los.. an n :d u t.lll r. N lcuscht' an I10UII ":~'\ rh l' du - ..illil Ih .1I ..t·,·Ill" to turhld .1 p riu fl ;lll Y pro ir(l [h.u wu ulJ t l) for .1

3Iit)· th at is th e h,lSi.. foc all of the .l\·a n t ·~a rJl· mO\'\' mt'l1t\ rh al have' ..tllllt·w h.l[ 1.. 11I1..:tlrtl.l nt re;ld iny,.
kft th("ir imp rint on Ih e Iwcnll C'th I..- t·n t u r~· \ acs the:lic.. up ro Ih e end Q UI ll' u tH' illu ..I ~'o N lell-.c he nukc\ lit the iIlJ i\'I,lu.l1 .lin ..h..n lute
of rhe :loi:uics : uhra ·jnJi\'iduali \m un u ne sidt.. w h ich . while pu rsulllg \ alllC'• .Illl l tir"l 01 .111 .\11 ulllulll~i..:al prind plc. For cumplco ~ cu tl
the fC'\'ol ut ion.uy "alm'" of t hc indl\' id u al em;lOclr ;u in n fru m trad iu u n. III " he' \\"JI t il /J"'l'(" Iha l Ih ~'r c ;1ft· no l>pt'(l C'\, " ()n l ~' dltte.-rcnl loJ,·

conSCCU ICS in no\'atiu n a s the "u p rC' m(' criterio n (If rht' .1l" th t' IIC i ud~ ­ \'IJII .II,," - ;I ..un of rl..'furmu l.u lo ll IIf lht' prrllt:lplr oi mJt"lo.'c cmhlC'\ h~
II1ml. a nd rh us causcs th e I.mer tn f.l l1 into tht· ..ph cr t· d h i,toric it )'; the n;(~' n' lI l.. t. 10 whIC h N it·ll ..cht· prnt·nt-., ill \·.triou " " ,t·lI·kn ,," n te.-1lt\.
ocher sitU- being a h~'perd3 \sica l CtII1Ct' m rh.lI art s ho u ld he a ""I ~I\l'd I..'nnl..l'p t-. .111, 1 wllrd .. (rca ..on .1nd l.ln jtll.llo:c) .1'> PW4:C"'<Suf the hum~t'"
a trulh·funeti on. o r C\'t n th .u it s hould be a l i ~ n t'd upon <;cil'nc ('\ prn~' ni/ali un III diUercl1( t·\. Clf "hllter.ltl u n Hf IIIdlndu.JllIl .mJ. tn th,~
rn.. \0 tha t it m.3~· tr 3n..la l(' a rCAlit\· w hi ch . unM.t' w h :u wal> th t ,'.1'< ">("l1\e. a.. hAUft·\ uf the In of the rC,11 uml" f..ltluJ J \ the IllIt'frl,1~ 01
in the:: otl~lna l da" S1C1 ~m (t he ..e\'c~ lt·cn lh-Cl·nr ury one'). i.. 110 lu nAr r " pUtl' .Iiffnenr i;lt io n....• J Cor d UlJ: 10 Ihl" lo n nu l.lliun u'o('J In .tnlocher
rJltio na l. h arme)llio u.., f:Il c1IJr.m. hut illo g ical. cha o t i..... ..h.lp clc ..... anJ Ir,llo:l'.lt·111. _ ' he
non· Euclidean. l'o l1ow ill).: l he III~K CIt Ihi.. ollwluj:lCal IIIJmJ u.lll..m • S Ie.-U"l
put-. lorw;lnl .11t a Xllllu~ic;,1 mJivIJu.lh..m th .u rr ;a( hC'\ II" hl~ rut
nc
.... ilh rh e.- Jden ce nl Ih" \·al ue.. .....ue J o ut u I ur ...
1... n.l),I\- "".IIMt
_ r" .
... h.1t tw-
THE INDtVIDllAl:AN AM8IGUOUS CONCEPT . .. h . II ..u lulIlm 01 Ihc J ltte.-ren ·
~f l m l· t l lll l..· " 1;;111 .. " \' Ul)t.lrl l)'. II nw;m lll ~ 1 ( I, ..
• 'K'u Khe', Ihtory of an a.. th e o nl y hont·\{ p er..pe l·livl' 0 11 lift' w.l.. .1
. I · .
lI.llt·1 1l1\b\"ldual d l..· 1Tl ~· nt w it IIlI 1 C .1
I h 11 n Cll('t,!-u llt ,1\'C't.1I:("of lhrlt.lln
pauk.1l.larl)' Im p,," a nt cumrihUlion tu th e inr crna ll o Aic o f rh il" .."ph, ' IlIclllllr ;lol c 1II11111 t' 1l1S ill th e NICtl"l..h~·.1I1 J I,cllllr "C .lfl' 1'.1" I " In -
al lndl"wluali:lom a'll it d C'\'elcJred. In rhe hi \ u H) ' of ;u·..the:ti c... thro ut:h 11'. llIe lIf ..' u lJ.t.l rll v 111(1l11clll " I fe(.l II (Ill" 1 Itl aiJ Ihe' mtmnn .. ""I.
confl~1 bet wccn KTUI ~nf.1 h m an d ratllma ll\m-twfI .J\pcCh of - I ~ne ).\clI(,.ll . ' n~v n l t he.- ,..1IUC"Io \Ie nllmn"r" flun, ~",,1U , ~ ~_
....",du.lI.. rn .1hmll whl dl wco h,)\"(" a lreaJy J I ~U\"l'J ho..... (";u'h In 11\ If um t hc l.. ivilll.1llHIl
. . 01 I he IIcrJ • " ·hn ..c: ~u'H·'C"J mll ..Ui~ :".; . 1
ftw. :a,u .. ,k tht" fn rm ul .J m ondd' J/tJK)', w here inJi, 'iJ u;ll , ( n m m Ll'
.
rrtlJlI"III\lIt·\ hy loll 11..... III~.l
I h •
111(" I .It
Iru lI1 }IlJ" I" m 111 -.,:I.Nu.Ift .
J;'''''''
".
 "., 'HI NltTl\CI1I A'" " OM I ", '
~~~ oi SocT~n. Ch~nJl nrty. Rou,,~..u, tilt- Fft' n,:h Rc\'Ulution JertOp. s ll~r tl O: l a l . lhr t , wt" (t he non_~I.'Wbcdl Jlnd thot prUl10und the: ftIJ60
~~. dnd
·o .tll nU I .. t nuly te\uJe In the:- Jlffirmauon c.I the ihdn·tdual at tIIdL
..uper h .
- Tlw erirical J1ndl~ i" of the 01 C'(I"5aOllS"~U .and of 1.l
(tC'fK'<oU Thl" .' (lnc. hr 'o l line (If .ln a ly_~ i s in ....hllh NIt'tl..Khe', dXJUdu ulr.n Oft
t'IIII • .J~" ,uc:nhc-J to ,J non.un evol unon of life. It i.. fhl." V " . tOne"<.lrnib r to th o <oc o! certam an.archl\t lc ! '1Ung ~lMft.lu cond.-
~':.t W'CtJOn 3j4 01 TIv C~· Sllntu. t1t1nJ " On the "geruu..
I('«aa. t M htn !in-nor" In .1 r.urirul.trl~· "'nlliAnt wav ,h e io.k3 rh.11
of;;; sivA.. . quitc 1()~lc.lIl }"• .I crm que 01 ~odclTnty 3\ a oYibuunn en_tuQ..
th(' ...JILIn. 01 l,;on"':IOU\n~S h.Jnng Impo..cd rhnmd..a dvoup ~
rht btrth oi ~~~~ in th i.. hvmg N-Jn~ rhar IS man {It .. nTIc!"K('f\ce. r hilo...'rh~ .m d II<> <M:lenu fic ap('C'tldlcn, the indl ndUJII K d~ 1ft
then It\ ulon l.lluon, did not ha ppe n l'!~' U H'If, It ......1S nu t (.tted to he the ~l· nl,' r .tI . J d ined a-, grcgar tousne..... Modernity a\ the th umrh 01 the
but wu r.1thC'f' connected [ 0 I~ req uirem ent s u hemselve-, nm f.;u ('d rc . ' ~e n i u" (11the spec ie..•· o ve r the IOdn'ld u31, ever tnt ~t'at indlvWalwa
he) posed by com muniotion d od by lan guage . :\ cert .nn rvpe of h um.tn in.:.unJted h~·. lo r e xa mple . the Grttls lthe onn bdOft' Socratn.. at
bnng cou ld not. S ittnchc ('x rl.1in~. ta.::c up to Iife\ nece....irie.. witho ut ..-our""''- md, in r arJlld fashio n. dem ocra cy, Sl.lrrcmt vatU(' of tht' mod-
Pft'dlnp: ceber human belnp. ... thou r. Ih:1I 1\. su bs m uring the \"alu('\ em .... Mld. ~ ,cntl fic and therefore ··of the commonus.- In t~ It allm
peeper to I ~m.:(' \\; th those co rrespo nding to mut ua l hd p .:md Jt .l tru th th.lt 1\ ··\-aIIJ for all," democracy as the equa hzat Kon of mtn.
M)hd.:mry. TIt"' need lor the other at th e' sam e time brou ght tu th e vur- Jn J thl.:rein re .h the ob htc rarion of th e difference, consm un ve at Jndt-
f~ the need to expreso;, a nd to co mmumcate rhl\ need. lor. rh.n 1\. \ , J u J h t ~· : th" "'. without 3 doubt, one fin t ap proa ch of S K11\Chc'\
" mUfU.a1 undcnunJJng.·· a nd Ersr of .111 for the n CC~' l tr of .lr ri,ing ~ ( lht,"~t. th .n e()here.. a ro und the er ecncn of tht' mJntdl.l31 .J\ tnx re-
the- comciou iU l nS of thi\ need. Suc h 1\, acco rding to Nien-cbe. the rea. aill\' Jn d _l h~()lu l e \ alu c-what i!> well resumed b~' th i\ fu~t trom
W>n ",,-by con..aou\ n t"> \ i\ rom at th e same tim e a~ l an ~u a gC' : "Con. the ' po\t h Ul1lllu ," \Hlting.. of the \t 'ill 10 Pot4'l"t period, ~ n~l~ K so
iciou nrn h.a\ d~'eloped on l~· under th ~' r re,>..ure 01 Ihe neeJ lor nrpo.J..cd (() the,e herd m..ll nct ~ 3 .. the Sl.l\'l:rel~n ty of thl: IOdl\"lJu.111d.Js
communication. - The' rC"!>uh is that man on ly i'l~·cam e cu n ~io ll !o of .....h.n r",zt'/IIt'III: ' "
was comm untcabk . sh .u e2blC' wit h .tnothe:-r. a nd therdore CtJ1nmQn. 1 he d ltti(uhy• .1.. alw ay\ .....ith I'\:icu sche. IS th at o thtr tu t... ju,t a!>
and. from this point oj ,·iew. what jZ.nn\ ac cC'S.. 10 co nsc iou '>nr>s a nd to numclIlU" .t nd .1.. Im poru nt. ( ontraJlCt the hr!>t on~ .nd r ut forw:uJ a
bngu.agt i, nC"" ('f' th e indi,·id ual but all that i, g rc.-ga rio us a nd ,'ulgar: r.lJ. , al CtUlci' m of the not io n of ind i"idual and . oorrcbn\~'. oi ~
\.iJ uJIi, m . Slctl.!><.:he ;nsim upon it many lim~. In re.Jh~. Iht' f'ICIt~ at
My Kk.li I~ ;hyou ton:, Ihal con'\Cl ou. n~",s J oc. nOi re.l ll ~' t-elnn ~ to moln', mdmJuJ ll\ nn mllt l· v.llid Ihan th .lt (If sreciC'> o r. as J lragmn ll from
In<h' tJtuI ni\~ but r.uhc r to hiS~1.1J o r hl"ld n.atufe: th.u. •h follows frum the left· be hind writ ing~ of the ISKOs rut!> it: " The .."Onl:cpt s 'inJn;J,~
dolt., rc h.n ~eloptd \U"tktr only msofu ;IS thn I ' n:q ulft·J by ,c)(I.a1or htrd ual" 1111111(';'/111"" 1 and ·spe....ie\· J.re C'quJ.lIy iJtS(' .Ind mercl~' arr alTRt
uul .ry. C,..onwqomrl:-. gJ'cn me bnt "'III in the "'orld 10 unJel"lunJ l)u r~ h'" .1\ tibIJ .• ~ 521 )-.1 statcment that. no...... ~ms to 1"!oUt' ou t of an oaro-
"""""lduaDy '" Jl'O'"'bk. - to knc.rw our!o('lv~ :' u,h of LIS Will al w.a~. w , cccd In IO~K31 J nt i. ind l\·id ua!l!>m IthC' indl\ idu.l1 as mt"IC arrca~.1n ..-c: .mJ no
buQfftI"lcnntcio~n only of what 1\ not mdividual hut · ·a \·e r.l ~e . · · ' l lonl:et as rhl.' h.,..is of whac .IS) [0 w h·1('h ..o- r m, ·...._mds an .lXto~l.:'al.J
. _' nn-
ind l\'id u;d ism: "ThC' ·welf.He of the Indl\:iJ u.d· i.. lu..t .1. un.l~~
F.arltn. S lC'tzKh c ar gu n tha t .. th c t hinki ng th:u ri..e!t to co nsc;o ll s· ' . .. --'-'J ' ~ P l Thw.. tbe' tno.!I\I -
as t hc 'wel farc 0 f t hC srecl~ \l 1'1 . • :J ' - - , •
vu " only the smallnt pa n of aJlthinking- the mcN 'iUr crficial and . I . . 1
". neu her 3 gond o nto!o gJ('a rnnar t' nor 'I:'"
a 1_lunutt' .1"'K1k~
,
mn-
wont pan--me2n""K th e pa n th at co rrC'..()(md!t tu ind iVid ua lity. Evcn . . 1. '
.J.. .J.. _
_ -1('\.. :ontUdKt1Oll ....' m UK p.&.'
•

thoudJ "fundamcnuny, all ou r .Iet lo m are:- altogether inco m pa rably Clp 1e- .111 of whICh ~m!t tu Ile an .... " ..

pttIfm.aI, uni\llJe , and infinitely ind ivid ual ," c() n '>C i (J m n e'i~ :tnd 13n· ~.,~('~ we h .n e JUSt luok cd .11. . h J iJ .II a... .all
In fact . .... hen Nil.llschc dl"'(fibe~ the:- nol lllll ot t e_l~ I~ _ u
J1~ .. nn frnm th i\ " lUe.at • •• bl..if1ca tio n·· cOll'oi..tin ~ o f ;1 "gl·ner:d · . . .. . __ I TL r .i/iJt'" of IN IJI.,.). lW,.. ",un
u .. r wlA " ,and. M uch• • " ted lKlIo n to \ upcrficia litie..•• of whal ii . err or (thc (""r re~~ lon. u">C'U an r:'~ t4 •
, ' I ,.J
Iu
hn On l .. f't....nc. -
,L._II''''~
.11 a q Uilt' prrcl<o\' p.\nK\ll.u lt~' ot anuI\I U.I , .

..,
t-krT . C' (.ITI pc'rcrivr ho w.a lhtme .a\ Imponanr til Nieln.che:- a" the
cnUIfUC' (lJ «'"'CiouWln\ anJ bngu.1f4t fit\ readil y IOIU t hr fra mrwu rl.: arc 10 al:l'et'Rlent : _ '-nJ" ...ha.at.: J,
_ Tt4 ',liJ:h, of tl,l' 1./uls.,· " Th e "lR}:k 11 ft(' . lit<- I
.tI • •,... .."" him ,Jl lnd lvid ua llty. If gcne ra lll.1uo n I .. fal..ifica tin n, ren·
•• 0
 FIVE
TH E NlflZSCH EAN MOME N T
c-nu u nd e r..wud lJr the people a nd the phl lll,ltrhl."r~ :Ilikt' i ~ a " 1~.1I Iht·rc i, nil . " w i ll " (ha~ could he th e Ulltmalt :lnd \e ll-iden tical
n II h - h' , . . . I." rrllr
,I cr.l : C' IS nut mg h}' h ilTl ~lt. 110 atom, no ' 11111.; 111 rhe cha in ' n I , ••ure(' of wh.lI IT. it se lf ~n ..It v, etc. Th e .,autclOOnlllatlOn of the: indl .
onf: mf'rCI). mente
· h d f rom for ma nm ' e.... he i.. the w hult' \Ingle ' r CII \.
\llllI .11 rn .1(on",lIt· fonn 10 IrUlh rdc r\ l-adr. IU Ihe sta bilized imaKC'\
hunu ni lY up to h im,d C ' \O • , ' n C' llr
II I th e' wo rld I h.1I tt'h):,lo n. me'l aph y..ic... and 'l.Citncc: have Cl>n\ltUcted
The value of the indi vidua l vane... th erefor e••h·~"()rtl ll1': In wht'th ,,",uh .ll1t·uu , ly hy lIl\·el~ "ng. 1O"'tc.1d o f lhe' Ch.altlICpl.. Y' of " pure d iffer.
hc.- ..teptest'nts t he r,,,nf:
.. IIIlI." o f 11ft' " o r "the uC"..:C'ndlll): dC'td"rm e t
(' I' (C · " .m ,1 I'urt' ,un:~·'>'oton, o j "U le... ,1 "true' worl d" of hn1fgs. €QU~I.
d I h ' . , C I1I .
« I,nc, c rnm e dC'~C'nC' ta("~. ,1II1C"'lo ~ .' · The mdu IJu.l1 can th u, nnl hr Iml / U'S, e-n. ( Ill p h r' 1C' . for t X.11Ople. ' · 3 firm \ Y"IC"mdtil..1lion of norm.
considered b)' bim sl'lf. ucit her onlnl.. ~i..:.ll1r nor .l\ i()I(l~I".I I1~·. Nt'll hn in 1l ('i.·( · ..... Ir )" mono n, t h ~· s a me fo r JII tJeing'··1 (S 6361.
d ocs he ex ist in isola tion no r j, l n.. worrh inJe pcntlC'1lI n l IhC' r fl lC C"",....... Ik lu rt· HCld q ?):.t·r, the refo re, hut hcadlllg in th e ' Jme' drrecnon , It
rhar come 10 achievemenr wulun him . Th C' "ummenr" rh.u llldn ld u.llu \ i.. rhr- ,, ,,It' l;I ph ~· ~ u, ,,l·· individual rhal l"ictz !oChC" crniciu'i. meaning rhe
is will N valued h ighl y if it i", a ",n nw nt (II lI\h'n,i fi(~ t Jt) n .1lI t1 l1u rC'.I~ tnJ I\-i,hI.11 centered un lite val ut"\ IIf unity (alO/me o r mnnolJl cl and au.
o f the will ( 0 power - .111d tlC'V .1IUNl i il n l/ N ' h III a mOI1l('nl ui u . lPnum~ . wher e in rt'aln y It·ilt"' within C"vtry man .1 pl u t3.1I ~· of forec-
renu anon or exba u..liu n. t ("nler , •.11 t· \'t·f~- in..ram cn ml-m in,,;and fighting each uthrr tthe unin- of
- Tbe \\:'il/ to 1'011'1" conr.nnv a J"'f.1l1 d Ie'l l IS -s' i: rhc ClI llCtl 'l rhc " l" !x'IIl ):. h UI .1 fit:liun l. and what we cal! Ih(' will i\ the u hi~J.t('
" ind i,·id u.1.r· mu- t be refuted, 1'\lcI/-,o(:he e vplam.., III o rder Itl ~rt:"\'u r C\ pu ·. , ion n i an un cont rollable cu nfl lct bet ween for ce-centers u ther
that in b et " t H 'r)' ,i n~e creature con cnt ure-, t hc enure prut'~' III II'> Ih.m "Irce' Will. in the 'oCn'>C" of 3 Will po:)..i tl n ~ ih own I:lw\ (;nn ono mr
ennre cou rse (n u l m('rd~ .h ' inheru ed, ' l-UI Ihe p rne c-.' ih d O. ·· Ih.u he' t, .rn lllu..lfl ll ) _
is in faet " all o f life' up tn nnw III 011 (" 11Ilt' .lI1d nl~t lI\ fe, u l( ' IS l 7'1). In ;l m.m ner p .1t.lllci 10 I h~ leXI\ . wh ich .....ork Ollt 3 crniqu.:- 04
To N l·oftC't:tly inrerprct t·J . th t"'> t· .1 " l·rtlo n... w hICh md\- ..C'em Illt·l.iphy,ic.l l m dlv iJ u J.lity IhJt i\ in man~' Wd}''';1 fnr.:-fUnllcr oi Ht'idcg·
~tf3ng(' when co mpa red ItJ Ih(' :" lcl1....·hc.1n , 'a lo n 1.m o n o j InJ;nJu.ll- ~e rl.l n tll·....m l'ltu....Iion . t'1('tHch e ~ k(' tchc: .. out J.1l int('r('\nn~ ential
i~m th at we' h.1\lC' d'C'\lohC'rC' u t-'l.Cf' eJ . h,H e to ht- 'o ct ..IJ e t-,. "Idc w ilh ~ h.lllt·oJ;:e In mdi\"iduali..m . Th..~ pd "~3~e .. In h...work J re qUill." " \1 00-
the CTiti q ut", o( th e n(ltllln .. 01 .)l o m .lnd (Ii mon.ld ..u..·h .1 ~ :"Ictl ..chc I,hmlt o n fir"l r~' <I ~h n g when PUI n('xt to hi\ high v.1lorilJtion of Ihe'
undel"ita nd~ IhC'm . In Ih e imrurt.l nl fr.l):m cnt trom the "" 111 t" 1'0 11'•., mJ i.. iJu3 1 .1~.I i""t Ih e herd . ,i ncC' he her e ex pliCitly de nn unt."n inJ"'iJu-
eiteJ .abo...l' ( ~ 7X5 l. :"iCll ....· hc e\'o kn the ..n n..ltul:TlOn of Ih c nuri n n .111' 11\ a, bt'm g o m· ul Ihe eh.lt.l("fcmlle eo m pon('nrs of .I ei,ihLu ion of
of 'iubj«t lJ~- d",i~n.ltin,,; it .;I " .l ··f.t l"t' ..u tJ,I .ln ti:l!t,a tiu n o f th (' t1~n" ~rcI,:3 r in u, n(·,,~ . \,\:'c , a n tor eXJ.m ple quol e lrom (wo of Tlu \t'fU to
Ihrou~h wh ich If ha .. Ix-cn ;Jn lht·l.1 l1y " p rit·J n u t ot he,,-(Jm lll~:' ptNleJ ""It't'r'" it a gllle nt..:
" 3 .. 'oOmcthing thai i.. .l bt'1n~" (the mUftlr n f thl \. fcu..hll ;1tinn h'ing ",he _ ·· ' nJ i,·iJ uJ Ii" n " .1 mtlJ ('~1 ;lnJ ~ u lI t11ll:()n ,~"iou", form of the 'will
f3ith in in J ,,·idu.l 1 i m murlJ.ht~ " l. Su..:hd ..ub'lalltl.lh7.H1nn o ( Ih t· q:u I' In power ' " tS 7X4 ): .1 ..Ir.m ge stJ lemcnt. If .....t· rC~'<I11 how l" i.ctbl.-hc
alw <kuTlIlcd h)" K'iet1'Lh(' ;h d ·'tlt·dar,n inn th 31 il l·xi,t.. m 3n u io r d'c w hl're nl.lh-.. of Ih t' mJi,'iJ lIal-.. ..o\lt' r C i ~ll l)' th e v;llue th aI I" mo~ 1
it..e1f." that il hd.. t.een cnn 'ii Jt't~'J ··In .m ;lttlmi ,ti~ 'cn,e.' · (Ipro't'd 10 th " ..!..'" (.f rht' h er.l . . . .
\to'h3 1 Ih u\ tu rn.. our [0 he etlo nt'll U'!> in Ihe no rin n nf inJi t'id u,ll"" _ " ~ I y p hlluso ph y .1 illl~:lt;m u rJ t'nnl,: o f rJnk : not J I.1n IIld.\,ldu ·
j \ OQI th e co ncep t o f ind"-luud lln ge n.:r;ll but .1 J'l3t1i,"u1.lr C0 I1Ct"P ll O;1 .11" ti..: IIlOral. ...·.. (§ lN7 ): hUI we nu ght hat (' Ihuu ghllh<ll Ih(' J.ffirm.l~
of th~ m d ll'ltl u.:rI. thai o f Ihc mdi,·iJII .ll m ad !..'" <lllto ,,{mIOlI~ til rel ar io n tiu n of lilt' intii."id u oll 's ..tJ,' crei ~nr,' i.., in poinl uf {.lCI. tilt' pnnClp lc or
to the wo rld .and 10 bet·um ing• .Inti pO'>lI~·d .1'0 3WOl or "nHln;IJ ," " - .t ll .1lu hl'lIIll intl i\·iJ u.lli..ri.. . lIlor ai lty Jlta in..t th~' moraluy of t~e ~crd.
a ... Ih3 t i... an ul ti mate, ~t"hle. dur.lh le. n -c11 illJ ('..rr uctihlc (illlnl o rt.1Ij A IOll/-t th e loa m c h nc... Wt· l11 i~ I\1 h (' tr Ollhl ~·J :It
.
..('cin" C hri , U.lm ll-
"' . -
uni'!. th<- on8,"al ..n uret o i it.. l)wn aCh and It.. ow n rep ft'.,t'm at illm . " . h • I I ·h ·, 'ri, tk ('xrr('!'.>..ton~ of herJ
In .' I..· n .., (' " t' t't's o n ... n t 1C 1Il0 ,t t: U Jt. t
AplIl \1 \u,h d vi...un of indn ·idU.llit)', a pa ....<Ig(' from "fIJI' \VI/I t fl /'(HI'('r \ .lIu.....- t"rcd ilc.i wilh tilt' va lo riz.ltlUll of the inJi \-iuua l. :' In f.l.."1. It \\ 3\
(S 7 15) :u.~", th 31 " the-re .3 rt· no d ura hlt' u hi ma te un ih . nn ;ltOlm. no ( . h n" lla nit\" thlt h t ..1 in vi led Iht· in J u 't.J Ll.\ I to Pt n. In(' JUJ ~c (II h ' --en"
.
' . ' ' I L ·,1me J d ul..-: o ne .1\ ttl
fTKJIUd, " ; th ar '''u nih ' a t(· nuwhelt' ptC'>('1U in thc n ,n Uf(' ut h('':lln u ng'' ; IIlll1g a nti e\'t: r)'u ne; m t'g.lIOm;II113 .. mv ..1 PCl -

' 67 ,n
 THf N IETZSCHEAN MOME N T

~"I' "';"011ol:ln\ .a~.l in't everything tem pora l .1011 co nJ lt iOnl'J I" I . ~ 1 (lJ l· fll lIl J~\' id uah~m , valurng ('q u31,ty morc Ihan dltferfnCt::
S h$ . :,\ l(' fl Sol.: hco describe.. how Ch n"'t i.ln ity rh u.. L(llltfib uf('d In th JI1J II i.. th rnu.~h Ihl'" qU31r~ y rh;u It marchl:" hand in hand wnh ( :hfi\-
~Ii of mJ lu Ju.lh!Om ~~' maki ng u.. accu stomed III the ' upt"'tlttn (' liJoil)' \c'I" ollllY hefo re ( ,ud) and dl:mocracy tcqU.l;!ity bcfor(' rbe
, "of 1he ' M"'UI'
"vonf . rhe "immortal
. u,
soul," ..oul -mon.td.. Ih.lt f (' ,llt ), are !Jw}; md 11 I' ;,1..(> ·· ~ he "'(,st mf}drs' ..!,IKe of the will to POWCf." the
a t bome=- some where d\('" dod who..e !'I<in~ i.. th('rcl nft' "Ill .11 .III w n. 1IIJ I\lIJ U.II on ly a....c rnng h'm'oClf wirhtn It "'yhulding him\(1f to be equal

dmont:J b~' ('a"hl~' th inp IihiJ .I. There ilo nf co ur..t" a return , In rh., In nl..... r.. lII~ le;1l1 uf Pfl~I1In.~ ...\ \ lh ffc:rl:ncr With .1utho rlty, without com.
~.."ptJ<M1 of rhc ChristiAn conmbunon. ot the monad ic vcrcm n Hi In . r Jt l""l' lIr M!!:IIIIlCnt.., ;1" 1\ d e,ul y po ;ntrd ou t by ,h " fragmenl 0( "I hl!
J..ridu.lli~· whose l':ln7schc;l n ...ri tiq ue we h.I\'l' ,II' ('.IJ ,- -een, hm 'A t' .:art' 1;( ',11 to " oW,.r:
mu ~"h.u 'iurp ri..ed th aI in .a vcnce th.u ... ~ ('I to I~ p rC'l -l ..... lv J d inl"J ,,,.IWI./lfJ/I, m I" .1 lIlt...I....1 JnJ \ull IIn("II\<I"U.. lurm of lhe- ~ "" i11 m
mJrviJwlism !ohou lJ N- put o n ,h (" ...1mc ..hell .'h the C h rl ..t'.I m t ~· \I, hu"C' r"Yo e-r" ; hc re- II ceem.. \ufh(ienl ln Iht II1JI ~ I.lll al l" g("l Iree lrnm an {"""J'O"' -
rkbc'Un. .Inri·,lri"toa.lu c t'V.aIU.!tlon.. mu,' he overc ome. to" ':' J "'lIInJU"" too}' ... It,;lely (.... htther 11'1 .11 "I the \UI.. " ' ,,1 ,1'1 e chur(h l. Ho:
This puzzkment o l'lliJ:3th u.. 10 J d O« f t"'.1mln.U!un .. j th .u Whh.:h I n" nnr .. r!"' ..... ,he-n1 J I " pt:rsu" h UI only 3\ all inJI ~IJu.a' : he rq>ro:-.mK :t11
~Inuc:he in ttOO.. to gene alog ize wlll'n he cnncve.. nc !=olU\ l" mJn lJuJ I_ IT1JI\ "IU.11" J!: ,lIll"l rh.. l()tJI11 ~·. Thai m eans: he- 11l\ll ncll~o:I r J'O"oIf\ hllnwlt .1\
rsm. The L~' tnt an th l" con te xt nu¢u wellbe dn-, tr.l ~m l"nt fro m T /.,. i'4" .Jll" .a1l ",h..r mJI \ltJu.:II\; Whdl he g.llll~ III In" ..tN uIe h.. jl:JlT1\ for h'<1Iwlf
\rdJ to Pou.,": ""The mod ern Eur0 J'C'J:n I ~ cha racte roe..1 hy t " U olrp,u- ""t J \ J f't'h flll nUl .:1\ a repre-esuanve n l llld l\",J uJ I\ JItJIIl\llh.. hMahl' " !S 71141
nnry. O~ IC' miu : mJn"idU.lh..m .lnJ t he dema nd IUT l·..,u.:I1 rt~hh:
thn I have at LJ"'I.:nmc [0 unJcl'u nd " IS -s \,_ Por th 3t T(',l\>fIR, NU~I7.'>c ht' .hsimIIAtC'l modern In J I\'ldu~li\m to .II
U"h.lt h..u SIC:1"Z~(' ..:o me fO un JeT~l.1 nd ? Th .l t, In re.llm.·, ",(}J~Nl torrn .. f ··lmh \'ld u 3I cgu i..m ·' (ibid_I, If) the ri\ib lc wi\h 10 \CC unN:1f 01\
mdi,1dlUli...m i 1n"'CpJ: uhle fru m t hl" ",C.JIIl.Jn .m lSm th rou~h "' hlch It In i'oOI.Ullm from "'(Kiet~· ,1nd fro m hu m':In'l y in it\ touhly. No accidml.
nprnsa .InJ iu lri ll~ n w:li" Th l" hond (q uite p olr.JJo .\:I.::" I. ..lfKe mdl · th..n , If thl" tigu re oi in d l\'idua hsm IS. o n Ihe met.tph}'slcalle·..d • .11\\0-
V\Juah~m "hou ld be- Ihe .1thrmJTlon or J,fl,.,,.,/("(' " nd of orl<t'nJ(,$s. :md ..i olted \\'ith Ihc illu ..ion of th e " I," of Ihe mo n3dic ..uhject tr.1n~ pa fmt
not: the vatoriUtlon oi ida1 tl ~ o r o f cq u .l ln~; 1 And I h onglR a Tc n - to ihelf or 3t le3 \ t ulnm3tt' o riWn of it\ o wn 3(:1ion\ ~ n d idc.1\. For thc
plaiDed by S lctt\Chl" Ihu ..: modem md u,idu.l11f1o· I '" WC.lL: .and ie,l rl ul truth of thl '> indi\' idu3 1 3s " i\Dlate d m.1n"-of thl\ " crr nr," in b Cl-
" 'Cor ~ inJiviJu.1I I\ a n e ~t rcmd~' \ u lncu hle piece 0 1 \'3R10 " ;: In ur· rrull' i\ Indi \·id u,l1i\m as thc cgo\ will [0 CJ.:oi'>tieall~· \Cp:ar,lfe it\C'If, 10
du ncx to utter tr om d IHeren.::t<>, t~ mod ern md l\-ldu .l1 WIll "C.'t (lut til pm;r itl>d i ··ol ga in"t the total it~·." Th e ~0.11 hcfe i.. no t Ihe auth..ntiC cui-
dmy thnn: the onJ~ Vo ,l ~' fo r him to deh: nJ rhe wonh n i h i.. o w n (':'m - llvatio n (If o ne's o w n ufiginalit).. th e '::fC.1ti \,c affirm.Ju on 01 \CU,hut. in
tenet il- for - rhi,. unin ' ito) J emolnJ rha t e\ er \" o th n ..h311 ..:ou n t 3\ It... Ihl" "1111 cmb n ·un ic. o r rathcr "de~faded:' " d« .1dent " \,ef..ion of the'
equal. m at It mould be· onh l '1r,.r p.Jr t's·· : Ihe fe'lon: "'th e pn n":lplc o f t~ will fO pUWCf, ~n ly rht· po ..itin~ C1f 5tH.1.. 3 ··on c" ;agams1Iht' "';all: ' Zero
mdlndu.II1 n }CCt' \ CI., gJt'J I hum.ln hcin~ .. an d d em .lRJ ... am u n ~ men J q ; ret. of Iift-. th eft'fore. \ inct' this ('m.lncip.lliu n trom the wh olc 13.kn
J:ppro ltutUtcir cqU.IIJ. the ,ubd~t ('~' t' ,1Rd th e \ r«d l("<,t rC\:0j.:mll un n f ,1 pl.1.::e und er the 3e~i", (If th e cqu~III.3tion ot all, By rmltin~ my-\Clt .n
lalme- lIbid,). ~ 3pp t«l.1tlun nl md ln dua lit\ , 3n d of it<, ·· Im le dlffef - identical ttl a ll th e m hct\. followtng Ihl: Kan tiJ n/hbt'ral com:epuo n ~
cncn".. mu.·tli u llc pbc~ ag.liln \1 the b3ckgfo~ nd hi a for cg()mg equ.1l- Iht I.l\\". by pO\itil1~ all th e lither.. a.. bt'in ~ my equ,l\ S. I in\ t.111 :l \01,.,.
..
rty- t hc dt' nUlCf.1UC \OClcly- 1II w " , y .... ,
h ·h h "3 V IIf th(' Ihcmc 01 _tht',
aanon.and homot:cni zatio n; ,1gJln\ l lh e b.1d.: ground. in th " co nt e ... I, of
.I «n.lln drptrronJllUtltm . n g<1Jn\t Ihe mJI\'ldu.1li..m of Ihe moJerm ind l\'iJ u,ll\ fl ght l> (o f the u ni\ 'crs.ll \uflra~(' Nlell~hc al;lhors) th.u ~1Rl-
.. . d · h· h' ·h tI1C Will to po .....er hnd~
• "JC:tndw oppc~ ~'hat he call.. thc " rcflOna!t\ m o i the Ancl(;R[\," '· mum 01 Ind ependence IS .1 ..~u rc Wit 10 W If.;
lot wbtAn Indl.-.du.alif) wa.. " pp recl3tcd 3 ~ \uch, in it s d ll>I.1n<:e .md In il\ le.hI ..oph i..tic 3ted c )(pr c: ~ ..ion . . , 11
drttC'l'~nc.c. Nif:t1...che \ ,lna ly~i'\ o f modcrn indi \,iJ u.lli... m 3 \ ~mg IntrlnSIC.l Y
• h d ' . f\C can'l heIr bnn~1Rll: to
Thr oppowOon be1wem .anCIent and modern, or, if one p rde n. be· tll:lJ III I t' 3p pea fa ncl' o f the em OCfaUC' UI1l\C nJ
f1IUn rradtUQn and dnnocr.a~ , brin~ ou r the follo't\o;n~ uru.::lurc :
·r . . . h ' t C!o'oC'nu31
min d nc quc\'lllc- S 3na l}""I". eXcCflI t 3t. III I .
,lrpunnl h , a

•• '"
 ',VE
THE N1Uzs.CHEAH MOMENT
Llnptrr ""h.fe.~ Tucque1o·iIIian no ..ralgi-u. lts si~ns .Ife im·erred. Mud t'(_ THE TRUE NlmSCHEAN RREAI(; FROM MOOERN INDMClOAI.J!.M
nIT}' bere t'"hlf,lt~ no " p ro gre-ss," it IS (0 he- read , o f co ur se, ra tht'r .1S a
TO CONTEMPORARY OR POSTMODERN INOlVlOUAUSM
In:,,dcnl.7e. a s d rc=-p;fnS toward s a wirheeed torm n f life : "One dt'Sifl"
fr~dotn [mea nmg dl fferen u.u io n fro m rbe .111 ,hrnll~h identification lh~· ,lll1f> ll:u itie.' l< in th e nmi nn of .ind ividllah\m, a~ l"tnz$ChC' U\C\ It are
with JllIl)o long as ant' does nOI ro~~ e!oS pow C'r. On ce one d oe.·"llo"!oe ~ .. (It Iwofo ld inten;.'st fnr rhc ana lySIS and the undenrandmgf.f hI' phil~
If. one de!oirn. to overpower." rh ~ .IS ,\ I'hllo\ o r ll y Ilf a ~ t, It IS fir.., of all clear thal the Cl>n«pt of
\l't' wo uld ho .....ever be mi-aa kcn if we were 100 h.htily to liken InJ1\'IJu.1hq · c.iu he rak en 10 man y ways and , nuubly, quire un1i\.:t' wlu,:
t': it'IZ!oChe 's critiqu e o f hberal indrvid ua lism (dcfined a -, the "q~oi '!o m" 01 h.lr pl·ns fu r e " amp le in To cq uevlllc's 3 n3Iy~ i s . il can be underMond 01\
the: " Isola ted man "] to the: .\ t u xi.Jn cn uq oc. Ue\ f'lIt· th l' ..im ila rity of Jl"'l~n .l ti n~ .1Il a n<:ll'n1 reality. a pr emud ern state of the Will to power
the' fo rmulas u sed -c-and a lt hough deno un cing mdl \·idu"li"m W.l \ .11. IhJ t \". 1.1Ie.. in th e d,l Y. we a kened by the birth o f ega hrariamsrn. 8m what
re ad y quire well looked upon in the nineteenth cl;lItu r)·- N ieI7\ chr r l( .I( t1~ i~ .11 ..ta l..t· fn r N ietzschean thouKhl in th i'!o opposition of the
subtly associates Ilherali..m .1IlJ soc i.rhsm in th e.' same rejec tio n. U..inl\ .1lI.:ir nl .1Ild Ihe.' modern h a.. 10 be clearl y understood. As usual amo ng
terms ncar to Those emplo yed hr Tocq ucv illc when the.' la tte r S,l W in thl" rbc (Ollu' mpor uie\ (a nd this goes ju.., a'!o well fo r H eidegger or for Leo
b irth of a "tutelary" stare one o f mod er n im lind u,ll i'l n\ pus\i llle ho ri. Slr.llIs..), the revalorrzatinn (If the an ctenr over the.' mod em i'!o n01 an end
eo ns, he expla ins tha r, in f.1.:t. ..u( i,lJi"m is " Ill e.· rcl ~ .1 me.lIb of a ~i ta t i o n in it"d f, b ut ;\ lo l ra l l· ~i c dr..po siti o n senseless ou tside the perspecnve of a
employed h)· indi vidualism," insn f,lr ;h "the insnnct o f SO.:i,l lists·' i.. not I'l1strnOlle rnny. If Nret z..cbe 's ..o bservatio n..·• art' so "unmode rn" it 1\
.n a ll to mak e "a social order .1S the goal of the mdrvidua!" l'out of us in~ N-c.1u..e the.·y ..h o ck egalnarian " democr atic" mod ern ity. but also be-
society "as a mea ns for mak ing possible m ,1Il~ inJIHdu.l!s··- rh e so- ( ,I USI.' they .He rhe rebv mo re: modem than mod emirv itself, b«3U~ th~'

cia list stare be ing co ncei ved .1<0 rill' n ne rh,n m u..r p ro vide mdivid uals r n'f'.He.· .1 fut u re rha t see .. itself 3 S unp recedented. In the CJ \t' .It han d.
with ~" UJI access to the grear esr pth j;lh k· h.ippin cvs, fultilh ng a d em and ..tncc we <He: c.Ie:llll1g mos t of all WIth philosoph y. they prepa rt' lor the
that tu rn .. out 10 he rhe \' (' r~' o ne mad e: h y "mdivid u a l q : oi ..m " (illid. ), tr ;l n ~ ftl r l1l;1ti (J n of the philosopher 's status. which -c-followmg a the me
2 . Ap in'!ot the rnod e.·rn ind ivid u..llism (d emo .:t a tk . Ch n!olian, and con,t ,mt in N ictz sc he\ th 1ll k i l1!t-~hou l d go from {har o f wo rker toth ,1I
soci.l!ist J. N ietzsche r.ll ~ hiPJ I} rhe atTi rud e Thai (." o!l si\l !o In .1s!oerti ng o ( ,l n lSI .
oflC"!oo('lf. nu l a.. an ind i\·id u ,l! a~.1i n M the .1 11. llut .JS ;l per!oon in on e's \,('n hin thi .. pe rs pec tive a n.:ient in d;,·id ualism shou ld be of u.~. if
",compa",1b[~ d ifferen ce lbc:c .1u"e to compJrC' i\ 3 1re.l d~· to pre\up po <.t' not a'!o model. rhen a t 1c:.1'O t 35 a gUIde in th e se.lrch for 3 nt'\\· ngutJrion
te'nns of cu m p3 rison. and co n\equt'ntly i,ft'nwies). lb i'!o is t h ~ ·· pet..o n- of inJ I\·iJ u.1lism; if th C' l.1ttc:r sho u ld find u s most c:omplt'tt' expression
al ism uf the Ancient .... th ar co rrC'..po nd s nor to th e.' ..piri t o f delllocrac)" 10 .m . taken in its mo st !tene ral senSl' as th e mo st 3dequ,1tc m3 n;fcst.l~

bu t to tha t of a nsfOcracy; w h ,H i!o rhe:n high l ~· va lued is no lo nlowr rlLln o f the will to power , it is bel·,lUSf.'. in a un i\'er..e [h.lt is no w.......holly
rqua lit y. b ut di..ta nce an d h ierar ch y, Ihe mod el hClll ~ (n un d b )· N iet"z- Pf P.Pl·cti vJ I. in a world on( C' J!tain becom e infin ite in Ihat It o tters the
",he- in wh 3t ht calll< tht' " I:f1eat indi,·id ua litlc!o·· he J i!ow \'er.; 3mo n~ the.' f'"" " hilil\' (I ( an infi n in · (If int erpre.·t.1rion s. o nly .1rt p rcM'nts n..elf .1U·
p re-Socnuc Gr«h and dunng the R en a i " u n ("e. ' ~ T h e supre me \·3Iut' themica ll\ .1.. wh a l it is; .111 e\·a lu3110n that makes no pretnlcc of truth.
1, no lu ngt't the a Ulonom~ of IIldl\·lduall< frum t he.' ~holc . b u t .J ~II· l h t' .1s"l'r~ ion th,lT N, c:u schc'j; philosophy u l e.. tht' iotm of~3 ~~Jc.lI­
~»Crtlon th3 t is wholly independe n t fro m cons id er.Jtlon o f the other... ll g \ ' with ne it her suf, je(f nOf s~· ..tt·m i.. here o nct' a~.tin \'~nhC'd. ~C'\~er

P.;antcu b .rly imponJ llt In th i.. r~ p« t are the frag ml·Il's w h e:te l': ietz' mu nad.. lind i\ id u.l l!o in the mod ern me.1ning l. no r ullIque \ ,tC....f'lll n[
"he nukn h i\ motality\ principle. ' · th t' a nr isnd,l l " ind ivid u;\I10n" iro m w hKh. J \ in l c ib ni l or Hegel. [he \'arl0u" pers p«tiH"'s \"OUld \'('
. h h -· h 11\. he thc.lulthl of .1S
th at " d C'niC\ uni \'cr ul cq U.1licy .InJ l;qui \'a lc n.:e Jmoll ~ mell ." I~ ( V ll' "Ylllhel1l.cd f(l ll ow i ll~ ;l harmon y (t .tt t I " ,m no .
cra ry rn what t.d:r~ pbu in modern in d iVid u a lism . th e p u im is " to '!o,lr di..llet:lica l u r not in Ihe en d m.ltter j; lin le): '!ouch l"\l\l ld No the (Oml\ll.l
'me' oftc:nc:r .;and km dcr than rhe majorin·... tu do m inatc the O1h('n. " b ~· lo r N il.tzs.:hC:J Il. pn "lmnd em indl \,jd u,llism. thwu~h ", h leh .1rt b«omn
lIN"ma than \ ub mit o r u.cnncing 'he:n :· it o ne'" illdt'~ndt'nct' can

"6
1 t!II' b rought ahout .It that pri ce (Illld .• \ 11J1l).
Ihe wIll III po we r's modt' o f beln g fu r n M"If.
1"1..· I.· . -
il lS KlIld of ind in Ju.1 hsm I,o ..n m( -...
. _
II " m.ldo ll...k:.I1 tho.lult.h m •
'"
.,
 fIVE THE NIETZSCHE",.. MOMENt
III th;lI w h H:h i~ Ill"g.ttive:: in i'1.au~ ItL - _
radtC"A1I1~" new Kn"C'. since our o f she lei"ni/i.:m: He~d i.l n tht'U..Jl~l' it " ~ h /lu .
"J",("!i, h nJ1l1 C of :I hidden world, o nly ~("(n\ibl"
I ~ c;rmqU( of aPf'tu-
h' _ L
1.-t't'J1) o nl}· the jcJe,) ,If .l multlr1knr o f points o f n ew. w hich I t Jti \'I:~ u . in t e . . , (, P "'N......IU!
,n"c~ h ·~ (.m'" P(l' IU\'~ w he-n It Cil lO" to the ( C'...... • A '
tr)'in~ to integra re int o th~ un ity 01 d har moruou....yo tht:\ is. To helll:~ Ion) ( , _ ' , ." an\ ~ re-n 1 'file
rtt!e''1 h rh ca.....' With a rd atl vlzaw m f l f thc real w Id '-
oedme th ili indi" idu alism we need to conside r rwo rrpe.. flf du~, th hn!! In (} . <.or lnlllll: n3lTlc::
Je", iJ Jeo " 'urld ~ ..
6~l lo7on""r'min~ that "'hi..; , ." ietn chl· hold .. In be "rco:itic.1 I1~' G~nn3n Inr
'" J h II ' ·' '' pr "'ar.1ncc has ch anged ['0\11100 W) mu, h r,
phjl(XQrh~· fro m Leibniz rc Hc~d. the -econd t hr- nature (If h l\ pef'oPtl:. ,\ .:1\1" ~ . . In t nc in n-
' I'la lu to rhe G erm ans that It 1\ no looae r . L " 11
riv!!I.m a s a n unp receden ted fo rm of rd .llivi..m or I n..to rn i ..m. ' I r On 1 • e- UlC _me I \l.\-IOn
et'~ J eno un o:d in rbe nne and the: Other case . 'I-"hcrra\ In 1'1.110 and
rclnlt , ' . l t n l .. " hor ro r of touching " ) It Iii tht' '>m"blc: "-iorld ,'-,
THE fRACTURE OF THE SU8JECT Ch n,.tl.1nlt.. .
J fro m the ) t.l n d r u in t u l a beyond who~ mudd 1'1pruv\dc:d by
ua t\
CI1 C

The ' "erl interesting section Hi o f TI·t: G.I.l' ~ctt", ..e. IIlIl."ll ··0 11 th c olJ h lhcu..... u f thl· h!cas, in l.cibniz, Kant
,'T!tl
. . and Hegt"l ill\.onthe:coo
, tran.''
problem : ' Ul u t IS Gcrm.Jn? ·." b conwcr .eed ro the .m ,l l~""I ~ of th rrT of r (' . tr
P1JtOmc . u rh rha t ta ke v th e place uf a ppear ance , Tht cnnquc of Plair;
Genn.lnitr 'S ~'ric.1I1~· rerr~C'n l.Jtl\ c rhinkcrs: Lcibniz. Kant •.and Hegel. , II tor ;-"; ict1",chc .1" la ter for H~ldl"gget. fi. nd. il\ natur al nttn\tOfl
nl~m " l, rrucnon of 10 0 dem sci
e m science...... rc Imm It\('If to dt\'eJoping
hhl
W ith X ieresche, cnncism of the'> c author s to r l'oc-tng within th e H.ldltlon J J ~·I."l,n,> _ ' .

of Platonic ranc nah ..m i.. u "u.JlI~ de ng ucur. But wh at mak ..... Ihi\ t(" 11 InJ iulrilling what I'" already embryonic In mrnphyslo.. The nnou,

st.in d our is t he ve.... f.let rh ar In n he rake-. fo r u n.;e, an eX fnll m ~ at - m ·h"' d 1"

to.,cntl' , ".pl me~ indeed tirelessly PUt)U~ .
the goal of drnouncmg na-
titudt."; and that thr~up, hi" homage to rbe Ge t ma n rhllo..o phen. Iht' - e srnS ilOlf s •
op in io n.. in the
.
name o f a hidden truth, . onlvaccec
'
c ble. to
kuurn of .In anthroc indll'ldu.lhsm ..u\t.lined by .1 new the(lt~' o f ..ub. ne, hi ', and the,.scie ntis t's reason.
~~O .1 r . . '
Onl ... the mvem cn of pt~ton . "m
jccri,;~, ~ re sketched out ..tep t.-~. step . h n n d Uio ns of p o ssibi lity for gent"3Iogy. The I~"e, .",0 no
~Jn Clo t e ' e ' ' .. "
longet .1tfCI n r til " " p a r~ the ph~nom~na . to un,-ell ,mr Immutable
,
un~t =' ietz <oehe ludges tu he md ced ·positi\"('· In the philO">Ophial he::
" orLo of tht" Gt"rm.1m is It!> Jt'pth. undnstood he re in n~ srnct mC'amng d.l n[\'o r "Jl e J ~ under the eon fU'"in g chao.. . of \oC:O'>uou \ I m.1gn. . On t
a~ 1M cap3Clf)- tor bringi ng " hidden worlds" to Ji~h l. Th i.. oeu \'t~ but\ " . ,ru,' J, p th con..i ",ts in r(\"cah ng. und~t tht' ..upafic131 ~Pf't'dt -
(Onlr.1l"l . d d Id the
wimcs.. to the' ber. a.. ="1('uschC' put'. it wh~n d i'-'~<J ....in g leibmz, thai - of the light of th e intelligible, th at obscu rt" an nu wor
"OUt in ner wo rld 1\ much richt'r. mo re comprehensIH·. more co ncealed· '
'""
.~ oung " "
.... Ie ~ " h e had ca lled ··d,'oni",iac:
. ' In th"
i S. '> u.: h an ..arc hrol~" '[0'-
man ha d bttn thuutthr un 111 th en . II is he tt' th a t th e gcnC'aloglst'" la..k cal" 3eth 'ir.· is tvpicalh· germanic. h
begin~ to become ,,·i..lble'. at the '!jame ti me t ha i th~ modern. mC'tarh~'­ Beginni ng \~'ith l.~i bn iz : what a re profoundl~· challeng~. ~~ :n:
SH;a;1 \;\100 01 th~ \ u bi('ct begin.. to d eco n st ru ct it ..c.'lf-a Ibtl y Indl- wppO\~d ··"el t-ev. ld- e n . ::e..•. 0 f C 3 n eS13
. n philo",ophY . and .. r.-p«la
•. I " ho ~. Id
vlduali \ t \'isio n Ihat grants an t'nt irely unlu.-.t ified pn ma C)' 10 sur/Ju. . h
prima..::, o f con"'Clo us ne..s. In t I.' nam e 0
f wh, ich_ ".inlCtlor
" f lit" s u
h rint to
to conSClorcsness. " fied with
be iJe nti . cleM an J d I)Un~t. ' · - . rf LelbOlz .I'> In aet [C'
I e. , h _ L h.
To fai thfullY u nd l'r!tla n d wh at :--; ictZ!>ch~· her t' cr edu\ u :ib ni7.• Kant . mttod.uee the co n..::e r t of the u nco m ClOU" In f h
. to ph ll osorh~' t rou&"
. ' "pit' oi cunti-
..
a nd Hegc'1 with: wc ha\ 'e ttl comprc-hc:nd th e sign i lic.1 nc~ Ih at th~ proieci notonous "~ m a ll pe rceptI"ons .. t h;I t , b "C.1use
, 0 I e r n nu . ncs.s.
of going be}'ond a p~ata nccs. oj rt"nd ertng the hidden .....o rlds "'I"lblt', .
nUl !". OlU\ t n t:ce.....a nlv r rec ed e tht' app ca
[a ncC' of ~It';l t ronSl.' UUS
_ to J Jcvee' x.
ha~ fo r him-all 0 ppo'oCd to ..... h~1 tak ~ place in nery phiIO'>oph ~' of h " ' J
t Jf 1\ , they mu ... t ("(m nce t ,1 zero egree
of CoOSC\ousne\\
. _ h h,\s bet"n "' I~
PJa wllIc m..piration. Suc h a will to p aru usia may ~em p ar ad o xica l. \'fe H h . rable lll\ litht t .11
C f u.. ca ll1l' up wi th ··t he IOcu mp.l L_>J ' ", h<) hJJ r tll_•
havt" in fact \Cell how nile:: of the p rinci p a l re p ro a ch e) add rc.......d to Pb · . I ' a"" insl ,('\'C[\'I'''
Ute d not o n h-' a~:ll n<.t D{·,,~·a nl"" lU D ' •
) ,UnJ"flS ,11
1 '.to
t..,n i~m • .1\ wdl .i\ to Ch ti ..ti.1nit)·, Ihe formc r') popular H:r.don. h,ld to I(j"'Jphi7,cd before
' . h im- Ihal enO\el()mn " eS\ I" metC'
. 'h' . thJt. U\ (>1M
do w ith in cfio n W den y the ..cn.-.i hle wo rld in th e nam e oj an jntcl1i~inlr .. onal ann I ule.
expc:nl"nce and uot ItS neCt"....;tr)' an J CS . C lIle sl.ltt' at" our
world- rht" fi t" be ing dC'..i~nd led a .. the .1p pe .1t .l nce in rd a tiu n to w hich d what .... e ca ll Ctlll\ C'l Ou<,nos CUll'> tuutC\
\PoOr .... 1 on"• I ltat(') ..nJ ",1I:
h,
f~ II'Clmd r 1d>\ th t" rule of the de'"t'~tifyin~ " wo rld-behind" o r hidden

...
wo rld lIf W I' follQW Ihe' (arn o u \ myt h o f th e c.1\'e ). 'X'h}-, In .. uch Cl r ': UIl1'
~Jlltltua l and p w(hllo7 .... m ld (pe r h~ ps ~ P.Jthn _ (l~I~
an) Iliean .. th e .... holt" o f It " ( I hI' (,Jy .'\(1('11, t'. S.
\Ii J,,."

10 '
 " V! TH E N IETZS CHE AN MOMfNl
The p.art"fl thni, j,. uf .collr~.
:"lrt:tKhc\ own ad d lllll n_ It .... . 'n ..r hv'.i'\..... i\ ..u ll o b viuu .. in "U lhfr'e c....n · in K,mt L _
II
Mh ;u sn W'J'h.2 r.. r~h
Lesb 'T' ·'d - · •• f r' h fO
'hnh . "~JO"C'rl rum a rr ue gC'f1c.iI'J~}" Fhr IT
O

""e L I ' I ' .

L .
,VC'U ~ hlolt' pn_
nJ.lCY ;1((OrtICU p ractl ca r('.I..o n ..till fC'fC'n b..ck 111 M,uonn.m :lind to ,he
c

~JTU dc.1r r ae, r (lUP; ;l\llh g nCO" Cf cd the unt:on 'OCiflU\ .. I h f311 0n .i1I'" lrJJltllm : In l C'lbnn: aM Hegel, bcc.1U!lC' the .d lM;.Q\'C'f1n ot
. rermv 0/ m oJern mdn IlJu.ali'm.
, n il th in ks III ' • -CI ""
The uh'tXt i.. Jdinrd
t he
uncon"Um l\ and " of hl..tory are ..ull r ut to the servie• . , a S)'\t ema·
.... ........ IJII
.a m o n.1d-'suhsr.ancC' and (."On~lnu"n~!>. Ihuu~h p.1rria!l\' ch 'l llt'n ted <l' nt Jt!lln uf rhc cX I .. ren t \ 0 th.3I, 10 the O~ .3.. in Ihc (Ithn aloe. the
m.Jins the- phiJuloOphC'r\ idc.ll.lI•
the \A~ rime: th.1I rhe ;l1Id h<>,LI" • ", •
.... 1""' C' f r a rn ··.h!t(.,"':t1e-," are ~,n ca ncel\cd _the unconloCiou\ is recaptured by
n:m .JlR\• the tru th o f :J 'Wo'n\lb lC' no mo _
re a u rnllnmuu\ th.HI 11 ••. .. ;l'f~
I ..on.....:IOU\ II('''...m J h l..tor y hl Rea\(m. ralher than the rn c:r\ot".
f'Uro. :o.; C'nn~dt'i\ . there 3fC. accord ing to Nlet z~h('. Tro1..un , t tl thin ll " ut it fern .1In \ hlcl11y ",g.ntflcant that lhe judgment carried OUt b
" that .~f) L.Ul n co uld c3.\ I1)· have rho u¢lr nl Ih l\ ( (' \"t'f u l 01 oa r Pl:.ar. . ' _"...:" e u n the value (,f wha t i, Germ an IOdi(at«, .._~" • ge,Ohetn '
. ,, 1..
ancn., and th.u germamc depeh hav hefe opened ur ' hc p.nh ruw.ard, " hlt.:h inJ ln d u.Jlt,.m .ad apt.. 1l\C'1f to the: di..appcuan(:e of W1h)ect and
an a uthcnh C g fflf.'.z/OC)' of the j ,,11! t'u. The 1IlC'I.lph} , .,'31 b.h.:lq:,roUIlJ ot (~t>lc..·1 .InJ Ihcn repl acernenr by a pu re pt f'>pt'C.tivi\m . by an absolutt
modem Indn'i d u,1 li~ m h ,u been subverted . J I..prrul 0 1 fhl." \'.n inu \ po in t'> o f vic..... in .I rad ical h i..roricem.
A.. br a s Kam i ~ concerned. it i.. sci en n fic J " wel l .1\ rh11n\Urhh;.;a1 \·"'h.1I I" at "take: in Lc.·lbn il \ unve rhog (If the unomo,cious i" in b et
reaann, no IC'io\...... h rn.e secula r "up remJ cl 1\ contes ted : We I1lUlof here Ihe enlce h leOlcOT hf th e \ uh ,el:t - an en feeblement tha t finally ....,OI'k, it.
recall the "tremendo us qu C';un n ma rl th.lt he pla..:..-J a iter the co n,:cpt \I:lt o lt l In rhe ad vent o f ;I "bur ..t" ind ividual , no longer ,l\pn'lII g to \C1f.
of 'C3usa llry'-wnhOl u , lik e H o rne, Jou"un/;; If.. le"Ul m3("~' .Ilto~cther . TIIJ'ten ' n r to autono my. 1111\ i.. the rtawm wh y the 'An n! ",u bl('Ct ~
Rather, Ka n e began c3 utl(JU..I" to J('/I mu Ihe re;llm wuhln w hl~h th i.. doc.. nut. In the fina l a l1;1 I~' ''I ''. refer tn .l n yt hi n ~ morC' th 3n to " the lenn
concept m a lees k n'tC' (a nd ru Ih l'i d.w we- .Ire n u t dun e .....lt h Ih i.. fi~ln~ fur uu r ~ l l d in ;l II nll)' u odcrllin~ a ll the dIHC'rC'nl impul\C"i of IhC' high.
of lim it s)"' (ih id .). ("\t 1c:c111l1: of rC'allty: Wl' u ndet'>tJnd Ihi.. belLef 3S the effect of onc
..\ nICe example uf z..:ictz ..~hl:'" \t~'le . \X'e w uu ld h,ne cxpn,e..t him (J u ",: : ' ~" a nd to tc/ugh thi.. h ypo <;u tlzatio n of idenm}' we com e to be·
to p refer Hum e 10 Ka nl . to ap r ren.Jte the d o uht t h.n \cep tlct"m h.ln".. hCH' th .l t the r:gu i.. a n ult ima te ..ub'itrdtum of our rcprC''oC1Itation'.i. Th C'
O\'cr the 'Vcr)· o uq:o ry o f cauu!lt)· l (1\: er the !eglll m.lq uf II" U\C a\ much L.ln c..i.1II l:()~i lO lu rn.. (Jut 10 be onl y an dieet o f .....h.al :,\ictz\(he C2111,
3S O\'('r ils c.apJciry rn ~l) hc1'(lOd the \t .1ge o ( "~ hd " a nd rC.lch tha t of the tr 3p o f word .. or " o ur ~t3mmAtic.a1 cu..to m·· (ib id.• S4841. A,,"tu;1I1y,
truth ). And YC't h e lu dg o the K.'In u.ln ,Ti t14uC to he profuu nder tholn thC' .. 'Ihe ..ubjc(( 1'1 th c h 't1 on that man y \ imilar \ tatC'J> in U\ are the effect
em p ir ici"t one: fur if )(.1m, unlike H u me . oldml1\ 3 certJIn \' .I 111j l1~ for oj ' , 'If! \ U h ~ t r.H u m : h UI It I ~ IU w ho fir..1Ctt'dteJ the '''lmlb,rity' of thne
th e p rin cipl('i of rC.l\t JU. it i.. ()nl~' to im mC1.lt .1tcl~' rc!a ll.,'l1.e It Ih ruu gh \t;lle'.i" (Ih ld .• S 4 11 5 ).
hi, fa mou\ po\tulate tha t thC' la w' H{ ( ;'HI..al tty .Ipr1iec. unl~' 10 pM ' Thl\ fi.:tin n 1\ well .1 nd tr u ly ..h.1k('o by Ihe hH,<nhesis of an un -
nomcna , the sp hl"rC' of p raet icl" hc:i ng re rh.1pS o UNdt: " .. d(.Jm.1 in. Tn u.., con..cio u.. siner, 01'1 !':lc17'iche goc .. u n to ex pl.Jin, we 1I0W ha\e to
" A.. G er man ~, we do ub l With K.ant rhl.' ult im.t tt: ... .1 lld lt y of the 1l. nn wl· fC'\<lh 'e "ur..e1vc\ lH i:u n"id er cOIhcio u\ m:"s ;, 1\ a men ep iphcno me-
edge at tained h ~' the n:ttu ra l "" ie nce.. and a ltu gt"lher t n "rl th ing Ih .11 Cd" nU ll (,I Ilfc. ,1IlJ III no W.1" .1\ liie it\Clf: ··co n!>ciousnC'..~ of mC': ' "$Cli·

be: kl\lJ wn Cd Us.JJtl"; w h.HC'wr I" knlJWd"J,. Im mr:J la tcl y ~ce ms IU u\ w m ...IUU\ IlC....." in Hn Ihe n' u n lonk'l olll~'like " the Ia..t Ir.ll t adde d ttl the
k ss vahuble on Ih:n acwunt " (ih id . ). fll r.-1 1ll\11I wh ell It .llrea J ,' {unCI10 m 10 pc.-rfcetion: il is a lmo~t ' Upl"rtlu'
Finall y, it 1\ " th e .l.. tool\ h ang \Irnkr: ot H cgd " t h.lI mu..t he "edltt"d IIU....- \O Ih al if th e 6clio/1 of th e ullit~, of the tgo co ntAim \omC' Win

to Gaman depth. It.. menl j " twufold : it con..i" ... fir\1 " f .Ill. in pultln~ III lru lh. it i\ nllt . in ;1Il\' CA\«:, .1 t the le\-d o f (oll'oCiousnt....s.., "'5. ,111 01
an ~nd tQ the pnm.tq of idrntny, o f an:epl1nJ,: thr: iJr:a u f cu lluadi ct in n l'I.JIllnl( . C ol tl t,,\i.J.J1 p hi lu'\oph'V ha.. ni l\'d y believed: " It IhC're- 1\ Jny
, " ' ~lu~me ·· \Rohl..:h
,",'il hm die \'er~ hean (If lu wc : \CCund a nJ .l bm c :III. it wn ..l \ a HI the unily wll h ln mr , il , u rd~' J oc.. no t co nSI \t III my (On I . •

fact (Jt inuodlKin g hi u oricity InIU th e Cdteguric\ Hf rea ..o u and thu.. " nlltl\l n~ murt' than;) " ler Olllla l phe-no me llon" w ho"," ",o1.UK"i .Ire en·
nLl/klng a break aW3} from thc II)a w OI\ t thenrY o{ ctcm.ll. \tdh lc ide .l\ . titdy u nkn uwn tn mC'. b ut 1fI w·hal l': ietl'oChc &<;i~n;ltc!o J .. "I ht orpn·
Thew bre.1kth ruu gtt\ tuw:u d\ true ~ ... ru:aj(Jgy qUItl' o bvi Hu'.iI!' r~ h!ll'~ wi..dum : ·l l Tht're i.. th us, in the ~ t.ltJli\t \t'Il\(' of the wnrJ . '"
main fkn lOKo and modern inrl i\"idu;t li\Jn ', dependencC' on rr ad it iu n.tl fct i..h i..m o f th c ..ubJe ct, that gt'lIeJlng~' IItC'rall y di\\,uh-n b}' Wo\Rom~
171
17 0
 'IV f
THE NIETl S CHEAN MOM EN '
.h.at the- ' 'I'' " hut ;I ., - I . o.
ul J 6 . U~d l n t'ntlt)', " 11 '> ,mplifi.:.1tion with tht" h" Jlw:I)'s h um ;I pcr!>pl'clivc" (S IS'l ). In \hcut : " tk rt: 1\ no 'thln~-In,
n,J, C'. nm l: th e forc e which r u sin. in n ' ll t ... thinh. .1\ Jl~ti nn fr U jC'Cf
It~dl'" ,IS ~ S7l because, unhk e what h.lppen.. in l..t'ibni1. Of" Hcgn. the
I "uJu~1 rn,,"in~. m\ 'cntinJl., thmking .h ...u..-:h," u\'(.'(' thus lhi~~ all
lllul rirIIClI.~ of '" I O:-~ PO' nt.."provc!o to he Trreduclhl(" in the po-.t"ITIockrn
C".. hl~1I .1 rC'.1l lacuh)· in thC' ..ego .. h ' h h' fl ' 14'(-
or 1TIt)~ , . . • IU. In trtrr • I ,.. acu t)' I, nnth ill InJl,·iJU.lh..m Ihat IS her e In.1ul:uratcd, .10d that fOT the 'cry good rCA-
' ('xAct l) . II I~ o nl)· rhc concrenon. the reificanon of an a ct g, loOn Ih.lt rhere IS no lo nger a suhl«1cap.1blcof e..tabli\hm g in It~ f an,
I h ... a lw.1)' unl)' ('XiSh.l\;) pa n i,,-ul.lr acnvnv. ' Vlry
kind IIi <;y..h·II1.1fic Tecllllc:ctiun. . -
The'. t'u.di....anon of the su bject, throu~h' which :":I('1711o,,'h e !Inks u Th.ll I~\I\ ext reme form of mdlVlduali.,.m wa.. explicnly adopted by
~~.. ~~ w ith rht' ·' f'\"rsc.m.llls m of rhc AOl;il'llh," i.. ;Kcnmr.lllll: d h)· Ih~ Nlcrn ( he 1\ not t tl he doub ted ,f we look agam at thc way il nl~nd,
mevna ble dl s..tp pt".lr .tn .:C' of rhc o bjec t, ;I S .1 l cy r .1......' I:,· in the \1",',11 t i l the cr ililJlIl' III ,c il:nce h.: perceives. or thinh he pt:rccivC'\. in Kant. It i\
PQIf't"r !Iougg('st!. (o HIIWlll t; 3 sub tle Iillc of .lf J!. llll1C'1lI (Ih ld .). It is fir,! o f nl1lonly the ' r hl'Tl' of ~C1en_tl tic truth that i ~ deprived of all flh\« tiviry,
.JI~ clear th .u the ehrninarion 0111,,,, SU O'l"C1!o;uh, tal!l e (nl c'ITt(·, j,ln Con_ !'out .11..0 rhc 'r ller.: of significnno n or meaning. Th ere where Kant tri~.
\CJnuli ~ t"ss ) lead s ttl Ininki n,: of In(' world ;1, oj .1 tisvuc nf interpreu . c' f'l.'ci.llly in rhe ncstheri.. . dom am, to maintain the po~\ l bi hty of a "com-
~Ium" ,.r rc.-dUl.,b1c
. .1O an}' kind of IImt" (t n(' y I.Kk .1l1Y!'t.tbll· sut.' tr .n um); Illo n <;(·Il'l·... of .\ con rmgent agreement between suhiectT\"lrie1o or !on\\i.
an ..11 ngor, th erefo re, " O ne ma~" nOI .I( k: 'who then Inh: rpn·t<;.? · for Ihe' t>ihm'" outside rhc conceptual rule.. of objectivrry, l' iel1.\ch~ postulates
mre rpeetanon ir<o("l{ is .I fo rm of the will ro po wer, C:\.i'h (OUI nut as a a rJJ IC.11 hl'lerogene lly: " O ur values a re interpreted into Ihlng<;.ls there
' be ing' bu r .U JI p roces... .1 bccon un g j .H a n att cct." And If int t"rpret.3liun thl"n Jn~" fI/t' , ,,, ,,,}: in the in-lhelf? I.. meaning not n «~<o.J rily relative
.3lonl"ccnsnnnes the core of what is. then 11 is no r onl ~ t n(' suh ject that mOIl IllJ: .md per spe ct ive ?" (S 590 ).
is an illusion. an eftec of fen-his r n, hu t .1lsn the idea th.n ther e is an But rhc con' natur e of Nienschea n individualism also determmes
"in jlM'lf" of -(.I.., s: ' inJcrendt·nt nl inl('rp rC'I ;H1on: "A ' Ihing-in-itself If~ li u ,in~ Hl.'~el ,) !o .1 refefence. In the H e~e h :m \ upe-r'oC'....ion of lC'Ibml
jusl ;IS pct'H'f'S(' as 3 ·~ n ..e· m·l f..df." a ·mt".Ining-m· it<;. d f: The re Me no JnJ Jo.: .mt- slill toO Plato ni..t- rd.1ti'"ism re\'eJls its lrue meaning to
'facts-in·thc:msel\'e<;..... 111: Ih.1l oi J r., dica] historicism• .1" this ff3gmcnt suggt"!>ts: " '1);11011 ~r J '
From this po int on , just 3S it is \'.l ln In lonk- in th l" mClaphyslC.l1 rate.. us from Kant. :IS fro m PlatO and l eihni7,. ,s thar we helle\"(' only III
'tC'n..c-for ,1 ....ulljr..' .. of inte rpreution, a nd just as (loe mUl'l give up- nl:.:omi ng . , . We a re hisl o r; lll1s th roul;h and thrnuith" and here Nien -
"g..m, in Ih e ml'laph)'sk al mean ing-the qUt's tion "w ho intr rpr ets? " '> che evokl'<; Ih e l1<\m.:\ (If u l113rck and of Hegel, of whom O:lfwin i'>
one ..Iso must r("io h t on l"<;l"lt to .I11.lnJon J sJ,d ng t hl" question "what is but;) later .1v;)tar.
fh.u ?"- for it uself is l'out '' I n impo sition of meaning trom som e othl."r W'e han' .:al reJ dy r OlOlcd nu t Nietzsche's dlst.1ncc from Ihe ~y \tem ­
\'iewpoint , . • At the bottom of it the rl" a)wap lies ' w hat is Ih;lt fo r me?" .lIic. r.:cunciling "plril of the Hegelian dialcctic. Deleuze i.. no doubt
(fo r u\, for 311 Ih,u h,C"S. Clc. )" - th(' paren( hcsi ~ .1lm e d at making il fight III imiHing upon it. Yet his im("rprC:"lJlIon. unlike HelJ~er'\,
unc:knlood th n Ihe " mc " i~. hl"ce. no l on~~r lak en in thc ..('nS<." of 3 undere\ UmJ IC\ the klm,hip hetween thc~ IWO thinken (","en thou ~ II
mcurh )"~I('.a1 \ub,IXr uJent ic.a1 .....ith il~e Jj in t he rramrar enq' of ils con· W;), acknll wledg l'd. by N iC:ll.-Sche himself, for whom the reference 10 hiS'

\Ciou 'loOn~ but .l\ a fUlo."tured sul'o jelo' Ilfn 51"t' t b,-;sel , 3.. 3n inrcrpref.J· rory rcrmll s dealin g a ta ul hlow to Platonic idealism. As leo IU U.....
h',.~ fOf("e ..mo ng oth~rs. as a pu re po int oi \"iew : " In shu rt: the cssence quite curreell}' t l'marks. un nl Hegel. ".111 ideJ ls pretended to h.l\'e .In
oi 3 thin~ i ~ o nl} .. n opinion about the 'thin~: Or r3ther: ' it is con siJ· ob j('c m e hasl<;: natu re. God . ur reJ~on. Thl" histori' al ..m!>C' JC!>no~"s
«ai' i\ the' real 'I( i\ : the ..o le ' Ihi, i!o.' ·· Ihi\ pr.:t(·mi un ;)nd . With ii, all know n ideJ ls." : ' It is thiS f'O!en lul
'irtuchr n('\'cr stors insisrin~ u n Ihis: if " there arc no b cts " but lh;lt Nlelz, \:he ~l'c:h In HcgcliJ ni..m hcforc JrJwin~ out all its (Un
(..u~ intC'rp rnat ion\ , It i~ because. as Ihe Tlcilighl o{ thl! Idols puts II, qUl." llCes, whl,h c\"idellt h' implies Ihat hi..tori..-il)· he unhu rJt'nc-J at ils
..~ C'T'Y IlJdfUl1C'nl i.. a \ )'m ptOln:' or, as. it is rhra..ed ina flJ~l11l"nl fro m \y' ll'matic hJ TIless. Acct;rd inj:: to Stra us.., thl" vanous iJO:-JI, ..nJ .."Uhu~
TN- W,IJ 10 I'au!n' , all r\'.alualion j<; w:-n'>C"lcs'o uur sidl" of "a defi nite per' ''''Ill ''
•• arc no Jung er a rfJ n ~cJ . .III N•le l lsC he, 'mlo .1 ' . . • ~.1u"" . It h.a..
1p«t''"C: dUI 0/ fhe' rr~n3 rion of Ihc IOdl\·idu ,d . a ("Omm unit)-. a ra ~'T.
t
ot'Come . . ,
Impll"!oIhle fO uperale ".a \'ern" a blr s~' n t h nol' ..-( r· "b , FoUo", ~
A'" ..
Qurch. a f.ailh. a cu ltu re'." We s.imri)· " (o rget th at ' ";llunion ~ in Heidc:gger's wale. Straus.. imilo u.. ro ~ in S ielt_'Io4:hu n m'r«'
I I
."
 t HE N U TZSCHtA N MO ....ENt
("'VII nklre'.1 rrulun~uj il n 01 H e ~d l.l ll i:-m rhan ih rd u ta tio n, i., Ih IhJt (lilt" ca n Illd~r h lC'.. ...... here in b el a ll Hur ludKrnent\ lIptn1 hfe a re m
l l', '" n • ~rn.·lhlll'"
" f ..
hnJ.lh-
"
M "om("!o _hi""ln.:.. I. and (2)
_
the h,l\
_
is fe" . "
n ef)' JII tJ .. ... i(lu ~'w .... l'Xrrl'~""o,~s of Me'. \ 0 th.JT"'lud f¥Tlrnt\ fJ j value, «tnaTn--
Id u J (to the u teo l th.u IhC' te rm sti li mol/.; ev •10y 'i('mc) ... sUhiC'ctlViry i n~ hfe, lu r 11 o r ;I I! .l lll\T It • ca n, III th(' end, nt""" be t r ue," Sma: " dw
undro loo..i .." Will 10 pc' " cr : "The tro1nH',llu.1tI1J11 of <I II value, 1'1: 1('11. ll' 1.1 Ide ( .lIln o t he e!<ltllnatcd. NO( hy Ihc I",,·," I L
\",1I, , • , . ... u rtncyuC'an
lot.: ht' tri~ 10 (".I fry' OUI is im tiric.-d III th e ('nd b ~ rh ... Ia cr t ha r its f C)oI11 i\ IIllueslcJ r.uty. eve n .1 h.,"~ of C()~ll:ntlfln, and not judsn _ f'if 1l by the
the- J:f'C'.J.tc'" ".11 to r't lWl"r- .l " ill hi r,nH" ~n:.Hcr than th.n whil::h R-I \' J c ·, J " lo r ;\ diff e rent re a..0. 1l. Ih("rc ,.. In ,h(" Pbum....'- pretenti .__..1
.. . CRlto n 10 11KI;1;1:
tolnh to allrbe previou-, valu e..." UI. 10 rake up H CllJcAAl'f"S tcrminlllo~~ life her e 1111 ea rth ,1 vcrtta hle he rmeneulic CIrcle" TtJ uOOcnland d'll~
.a rrJutn{'h of 1M m('Urh ~· S I "~ of suj, rn-tl \"l [Y ruth er rhan lh c)\' c r CCI ITl_ ( If ,:! C I" In ,,11.. tl u nde r..ra nd ~ hat nfJ phrlu..nph ical uneu nce ca n escape
m~ : o r. usin ~ m(' fo rmu lntso n aJ opfcJ III rh,... "ork: .1 t n ump h of PCl\t_ hl\101} (,: .ul esca pe hi e oIS hhTflru.:n yl, that there i~ 110 ~ mcu4n guagC'''
modern m.fnid u.J!ism. ..m..y wirh :'\ien ..chc We' w UIIt·.... " the- ('oJ IIf In C' I
n h .n e\"(:r ..en..c u( t he te r m : "tudgmenr-, eo of \'"._.. . " . cuncermng .
OOmlfunon oi Ch30,(': ' man for rbc first nm c beco m ing " !naMer IIi h" lIte". . " ha ve value only a\ ..j mptom v, they arc wonh y of con\ideu tion
~nnn(' in an arolOE:~ ni .m l ~ti..: at"atl\' ir~ rhar no lo ngl'r ackno w led~C\ (mh" .1" \ ymr IUIIl<.. ..
~uh\ u nti311,mi r.1UOO'i,. , But rh e e\<,("ntla.1 po snt would go by U \ if we d id not pC'TCct\C' m al
th , ~ hi\l o rKl\t vnali..m i'> a di rect ccn -equen ce of the "fr acture of the
\ul'lle"" I/" i." , r(" J" slI/etl - w hich thu .. dl~tln~ui ..he-, It from older
THE "'PHYSK)lOGYOF .&JW; A NEW ASPECTO F HISTORICISM
torrn- oj rcl.1 fi" I..m. One of th e consequences of thl\ " fractu re' 1\ . r'C'-
To u J 'CJ;liu HC}:d i.1R hictortctvm one h"u to. ,)\ h.I\ been Ind icated. o.:,o,cly. Ih.n our eval ua rion v, our J'Oll1ts of view, o ur imerprC'UtlOn\
remove h iu o'1 Irom the dralecn cal framework it <.t ,1I belon g-, 10 fur til the world ca n neve r be ~roundcd o n .Jny kll1d oi rd C'rm CC' to an
H~d" Onl~' rh l~ ""'a ~ can o nt"put int o place .1pe r fect rd .)ri ,"i~ m • .J rd a. .Ill sol" tl" k now lcJg,l' in it.. \trier mC.lning (Ih.}t i... un rC'l.1red to hfe'" hi\"
h,"ism th at i\ rna u cte nleJ In =' Icm .\:hc·s \\'ork t> ~' two p.Jrtieu lar ly de" lon (u~' l " T h" I" how we ..hnuld undc r..rand ~t1 on 174 of The G.l)'
cisi\C: tra irs: X /("', (I:. wilh Ih,' t itle " O u r ncw ·mfin itc.· .. whi(h ,U\(' rlS that ~ thC'
I. 8~" thc fa...,. tinl o j .lil. th.lt th l're ean hl' no ex tcrioriry. no lun- wo rlJ IhJ\ 1he(o mc "infin n C" for us all ovC'r .lg"un. in,l\much 3\ IA.C can-
scm dcnct' to the pr rpt"tual bl:,ml1 m~ Ih.}t life IS (w h i...-h i.. whr \'itJl i..m nUl rele,t Ihc: p()..<; ihilit~· th.Jt it mol)' ill d ll Je infim tt:' l11lt'rprer.mons,,"
is a h iuork, ~ m l. fk,omJn~ \ull had .1R end - ~o.1 1 for H egel• .lod re3- Under ..uch cirl:lJm...13nces. t here C3n b.= no oh lenivit)"clthct : thcrr on
\On cncompa"!ol-d hl~tor~· mo re tha n IT w.] .. prodm-ed by u. ElscwherC'. I be. to burr tl \\' the \"Ol:ahula ry from .Inorhe t do main, no more signified.
tu"C' .llre.ld y had thc opro rt u n l[ ~· to .]nal ~' "t" this (u nd .ln1elltal .h r<"ct oi nnly ..i~m fic r. o r. a ... Fou cault qUite luciJ ly ru t it Il1 3 co mmC'nu ry on
SItt2)(hun thou~ I : ' and to ind Icate ho w th is derinit in n ui Being; ,1\ lS:ierl s(hl": "'if int a p rcu tio n c.Jn nC"'l"r com e 10 an end. il l.. quitC' "Impl ~
MC' o r .a\ .... i ll to power " imp lil~ .I n in('\ 'it.lblc relectllln (If rig hts .Jnd bt"c.1 u"e th en' i.. nn tlu IIg 10 interpfet . . " lo r. in tht" C'nd. enT),thing
u w, -ind«d. of any qUl'..lio n of thl" Q uid j/lrist t~:pe_ h i\ th is \'C'ry Jlrl:ady i.. m rl·rprl' ta (lo II.·· : 1
positron o f pnnclplC' th.u :"o:ictn ,he dl"sIg,n 3tcs w ilh tht: ter m "phy\ j· 2. At thi .. puint . the p h lloso phC'r ends up 100'rgml: with Ihe' ~C'ncaJo.
o~·. " a\ .... c can !oCe p.lTflcub rl)' well in Ihe q uite e xp licit sec:riun 2 til gi, ' in the mo..t radlC.)1 sensc. with. Iha l i... him .... ho \CCS th.l1 beh ind
I~ ~ f'rohlC'rn oi SOI.T,n C\·· cha p tcTill TWilIght of Ihe' Id flls. Nietz· Ihc c\'a lu;lIlo n!<l Iher e is 110 t:rou nJ . b UI .In 3hy..s. IhJt b~hll1J the h,JJen
tcbc- dw:n .a r~C'~ that the " CfJll"l·n..u~ of Ihe ..agc:.... a m und Phu(}ni~m l\orlJ,. thc:ms dvcs then' ;He hUI Olhl."r hldJen ..... llTl d ~, to re\"cr unp'''''r--
PTf)\'" not hing abfmt (heir tl.1 vi n~ been ri~h t ; it in di catt:~ ;It bl,.,1 Ih;lI 301t· Ol' C.1U.. C havin g no CX ISICIKl' in Ihl'1I1SI:I\"e<; eX\"I.·rt .I~ h)'ro:'T.I"C'>, of
" thnc \l i l 'lat men agree d in ..orn e Ilh )'s;"lfJl(i cdl resp('ct. a nd hencc ,1n lnll'rp ret ;lIioll itsel f ioreHor un~ra\p.\bl l·" FOUC;lult ......1$ tl~ht 1IIInw..t "

.adortt'd the ta~ ncg.;ltl\'t· .lt1itud e to life- /MJ III ad o p t it. " f u rther' IIlg on Ih l.. a<; ..... ell: "'gl'l1e.l ]o gy du l'\ lI ot ..r.\ lId III o ppmituln 10 hl\hln

fIVI1"C'. nm nn ly 1\ the 1»lalu n ic du ali sm flf a \Cl1S iblc anJ an ;n lcl liFoi f,'c a.. Il l! "'l'fl' the lo ft\' a nd pr o fu un d ... iew of tht' rh I1o....,phet .I~.IlR\t thc
...reid unfriend ly toward\ IItC' (It 1\ a fnr crunllC'f o( t he lau er .... dl·p reca· l1lo1l'\ rl'r~rr:l'tl\'l' .;r the ...:hu l.lr" O n thc t:()nt r.\T~': il 1\ (OrJ"l~ to tlw
non by Ch r:'>tl;lnit y I~ the n~l11e fJf tht" bqnnd l. b Ul, c!<lpt'ciall)·, It I~ Illcta hi"lurie.tI Jl\p lJr of ilkll \i~11lti":;ltlUIl$" .Il1ll "'tlt~'H·r. " 11 ~
hl\tllry tf) Jriw ;lW.1V Ihe chil1l.JCT.I III. o tlllln"' (h,I I-'J .l . The .... nu~o.l,
bMnt on. \ tuptd l1Y fhaf I' . a l;u. con.,u b..t.,:l llli.ll wi th it. rh,' belle! l"' "

. '7 5
'"
 FIVE

rhm , ~rn'ic.11 cha r;t(1('r o f pnsrmoJcrn inJjvidLlali~m i~ .. " I THE NtETZSCHE" N MOMENT
"h . ..n~' , , .. Onl" r" 1-1(' l·on d u.;ion .. th at " rh y ~i ol {lgy " olrr i~u a t h'\ ~t' I b d .~ ~
ermu. Pl.""lng m a rgIndl tn rhe herd, th e .1l1gu ishin~ task of I . Or st
1 .
1 " f h' , 0 C' un (, ''-'('U\I
m t o th e .Jby ~ s falls to him : I}o k
'ng \~- irhlll rill' pcrspccnve ~ t l!> appar~rrt " uh ir,Clwl..m (In the \Cn(,C of a
rri~til111 of Ih C' ~'er~ nonon o f an llhlectl\'~ crlt~ri( ," of r.n lt'l. And espe-
.:i.lll)' till" "nl' rh.u h~!d,> th at th(' beau nfu l ';Iofld the ugly do nor ;ir all
C, I,t " Ill rhcm ..elves, hut u nly 3\ "·!Ioymprom.\ ·· of cert.io " 3l"1othl"tic
, p I....•• mO(C' o r !l'''!>, lI~t'~ Ul l 11 lhc deVelo pment and intt' n, ilicalion of \ill":
"-n u l whi ch 1" 1l1..rinctivcly f(·plfgn .m r ro us, J~th e·tlcall y, IS proved by
1fI,IIIkuul \ lt111~r ..r c -c pcru-nce to he h.tr mful, d an gelOU\, wc n hv of sus.
r ldl ,n : thc ,,"_~~tlt:lll~' vocal .tcl,thet ic in!>tlnct Ie.g.• in di1>gu~tl ~ont3m\
.1 ,1It/,.;"" ·"'· In rhi-, C'~tl'nt the beaunful ven d, within th e genC'1al
(JIC~mr 0 1 rh c I-lInIU~IC3: 1 v.alues of Wh3:1 is u\C'ful. beneficent. hfe-
Tbe hermit's C;J\'C is no lo n~er PI.lIn.....
rnh.lnli l1~.' '' : · A, for Hu rne, If wo uld seem, the beautiful .... relative to a
Hisron cism and rd .ui \'is m hold .1IW.1~·\ taken tht" ..h.1~. in mu J ('fJI nl.lw n JI slru...- tu rc. in th iS ca..(' TO a n insnn ctu al structure whoS('pouncy
p h ilosophy, 01 .a subtectn-i sm (e ven i t fh t· SUOln, IS con'>f.Jn tlr r('du (cd ir inwl..ifi(''i.
to the isolated atom co nsi..nng (I{ the individual 0 1 the t' Olrl ri o \ l \ as Thi .. rd .\t1V I,>IK "m.trcrj ahsm" al.....ays l,hO\n two avpectc-c-a bio-
well as that o{ the dogmanc r.1tiu n"lI ists). If rd .u i\'i..m there wa s-in, I~KJ I on e (refe rence to the body) and a psychol ogical o ne (reference
fo r i~t~nce. th e aesthetics of feehng. or in The \'.1[IOUS Lind .. o f scepncal til unc,m "(l om drives). a du ality wh ich quite n3:turally find .. irs unity in
cm p tnCl'SI11 _ lt W .:IS prcd sd r becau..t'' th e Ind ls'ld u.:l!"" \ Uhl('cti\'il\ ' WJ.s rhe w n.;epl t lf lite, about wh ich H eid egger wa.. right to str C">s th:H it is,
so stro ngly ,u o,c.-rted rhat it rendered .) n~· ho pe of fin ding ac('cp l.1bie en. In :\ll·t 7".;h l.'. a meta phys ica l (o nt ological) co ncert and nOI at all a sci-
reria {OT the o bjecti vuy ot tas te (o r o f tru t h. o r o f mor.tlt~· ) im possible. ('ntitic nm iu n: l a
1'0 su ch th ing in N ietl<o..:hc·s I huu~t where, .1\ we have seen. histon- - Nicrzs ch e follo w s the first asp ect of the d uality when he wn tcs in
ci..m assu mes rhe fo rm o f .1 pers pec nvism wirh n either subject nor lI,,' \'flfl to POW l' r that "' .111 an exe rcise s the po w('r o f l,ugg(',>tio n O\'eT
object, o f .1 pcr!>reai\'ism at w ho st" extrem e-c-a n extreme WI.' h .1\'C to the muscles a nd sen ses" IS 80 9) since "e very inner movement (f('d ing.
Tl"'m a ln 3:t--<xists on I) im er prer"tt io n J.s su ch . in d C'p("ndently (If 3:lIy can. rhooght , a ffec t ) i.. accom pa n ied by vascu la r c ha n ~t"S and ron'ot"q uem ly
cepnon of a ~ubic..." Ih J.t im C'rprC'u "h of .:III o b ject th .ll i\ InrC'rp retcd. bt- ch.t n ~e s III co lo r. temperature. and secr etion." ph('nom('n.t he gOC\
The l"il"'tzschea n theo!)' o i .1 tl .1\ hcing the w ill to po wt""§ onl~' un to p ur In W re la tion wit h O"tht' sugg C"oti\-e powe r of mmk . itl, SUAA t's·
adt"quJtt" C1lpTt1osio n is th e !Ioile I'M excellence wh er e th e nev.' (om:eprion l ioll ",m l lll,,'" <S Ni l ). It Is in the sam e spi rit that w(' .1fe invltt'd to rhis
of rcl:ui\·i~'. w here the nt'U' mdir',duJJism wIth neil h",r subjt'el 110r 01,· \l r.lnge refutJ.lion o f th t' Aristot elean co nceptio n of tT3gedy: ""O n re-
ju t find !lo il\ rno \t aUlhentic rr Jnsla tion . The p rohl em with f\:ier7_\{h e"s peated Ill.·(;I \ in n s I h J.\'c la iJ m y ri n~t'r on Ari§rotl e'~ grcJ I m i!>undt:r-
tC'xn i.. thar. th roulth thei r rel ativ isr a pp ca ra nn :o, th t·), ho rrow {ro m the \f;lnd lllg in od in ing th e tr agic a tf('ct§ to he tWO dt'pu s$1I't' ol fft'c n.
fo rm a nd \'ocabular~' o f the s(epli""al 'mbit"'Cfivism in he rc:n t to rnvd crn terro Ta nd pity . .. Ont' ( .1 n ref ute Ih ls rheoT}" in the m~)st co~d-bl()odC'd
indi\·iduali\m. w hcr ea \ . at bon om. th e)' o n rhe co m ra r)' imply a ra di cal WJy: n Mn d ..... h v m casuring the CHl'Cts o f :l tragic emo tion "' lIh .1 dyn.1-
cntiq ue of a ll th c forms nf lo u bk ctivily h ith eno k now n -w h ich i\ wh )' mOll1eter. And • .O llt' wo u ld J Isctl\"er
. 3.. a resu 1r Yo·hat uhim.lrdv .,
o nl\' the
11 !IoCems to me Ih al a di \tincli on m Ulot h,' m old ,,, hetwt"en th is co lllCmrO- ab..nlu tc lllt'nd"Kiu usn ess of a sy!>tem atl1l:r ' co uIJ m i sunde m~lOJ- ' th3t
r ary' jndi\·i du ali ~m an d th,· '''lI1ctJ.p h )'!>i..:s of su bj cc t i\·it ),... tT;lgnh' i!> a Ionic'" (S N5 1). In sho rt. cver~,t hm~ hcr e st't'ms ro b< p~reJIY
}a a fiC\t ap p ro ac h, Wt· m ust of co u r'>(' e ire th e fam ous d ict ulIl in m,lt en .a l, 10 such an l.'Jl: u ·n l that, J et'o rJ 109 to Nlel ls- eh('. ' ''3" re nlln 1 s
Nil'tuel,~ a m t' d Wagtl t'r th ar " ac'irhetk !lo i.. n o th in g but .t Lind of .Ir · us II r.. ta t,osof a n ima l ,'ignr; it i.. o n t hI.' o nc h.Ill J .t n e x ,c!> ~ •J .n J O\ e rt t)\\'
h
IIr hlnmm ng p h\'\icabty mra th e wnr
pl ied ph Y'lfll' 'KY '' I''Whcr c-1 O ffc-r O h icct iom' ''): in th c d e\'dup menl ui · . . ' 'e s Jn d JC'Slres: lln t J('
IJ 0 f Im.1g
thi a rgu mc m S ic-11_sehe h.1\ rt COU T\C 10 p S)'chology a n d b io loEt)' so .of. .
fi t hn . an cxc ir,ninn of t he alllma
. I runen-o n.. throuWt, Ihe 1 ll\.1 ~("> .In 0 • _

rrn nuth c-.It II"1C' ~m, lilr.c an eig h tee nt h -cem u!)' Fr en ch rn3tcTl.1I-
. . of il1t ell ~i fi ed lifr:-an cn ha n.;eme nr 0 f t h(' f('c hl1 ~ (J hI('. " ..nm u
dr\Ul""
17 6 \ 77
 ' tvl
2•. .a - [u Dquslun .- .& ~h.alXr to in

. - .' don tbr ~~~ oi .artntK Jri~ --CT .any kn-J of

InC 10
.-d .~.
~ ('. .. ,..._.."J .
Of tome: ton of ~"'\'c enreoce ci he- L_ - ~
t l'Q~nlful
• ITWtnl ~
hnr oo..-c: .ap m. u .:h u l: u q Uite m
Iea6l to nu .artn~_ anaon tft4: c: tt~'"! 0( n a-. ' --C \om~lm . ~
oi TIw U"JI to 1'oc.l.,.~ tr~ thJx npl.alm th..u - .am " \.. Ii tbn
~ ~ ~ rh",~' n, ..dI s~ t.JU oi wrphn nxTgv. ~:~
~; ..mow .a ttrUln O U 'rMM ln£ oi the- tot'llUJI ! '"
.I Ilartud is '.I!;l1e- 'S' . Ont '~-.I: ~N vn..
a. Oftt:----ci FrnaJun ~ nnt'rgrt bere, hoIdmg: arnsn c
.a ;;;;;
( ( C.l non II)
be ~ to wxv ....:tJ 'U tT: - ~h lum!: . h anocha ,,'.a,' of tna .
Ing mOo ,o.J. J. ~ ;, dK socrce of:k t.'Ymt Uut t\ OnclorN ~
an.¢J III tilt .a,...non Jcodsurt'd to clx ph ~~ of art, th.at thnc:•
.a ~ at zertHUDI ~ 11\ 6t rd.lDOn between rbe r-. o npn of en -
JIbOCI .aDd .l1"t:aDC' • die am~ h.JTU1I: ..u .- .:+u"tc Ii ~ "'~
10 ~ aI 01. - ~ c.ner~. - ch.h Ory mad " the ramorrn
oi a .lrtJtoZ- aod 1Il;.an~ "em..
c\n1.nh .am n frultt uJnC'1o\ ,C'.a~ wbee
pouucy <eo.... ibod_ S 00 .
In H csee, on«' .a~ - 'fly bc.luofoJl " Ins tuvt 2' Imk as don
rW p:o:f. cw :N tree" LbId_ S " Tbere .\ no bea urv " m 1t!lot"li." no
-obicctrw- bcau~. WKC' ~~1iung IS ~:K lbk to C"\'.altunons. l hnn-
tdYn dc:pcudcm DO the- anJtndu.JJ ot , to 'rc.a .H :"Ittl ~ don. flO
tW -cypc eli nun- .. bo Jon t1w n '.ah,u.ung; -thu~ the 1vFd rn.l" . ,111
cx;J'CnmU' tftr ,.Hat i~ (Ii the bcolutifulm the P~II: of d,tll:rmt
dun dw '%UP1~/ or ever-man," £"r " It 1\ no t ~\lblll: to
r~i a oC:,rcti 11:. or to ~ dk' rmerpr eeive, addm ee, IDtC1'rOb fl~
pcKtWni ro-er d'C lIna 1\ the tf)! nlE ot the cham of 3tt1nnauon" (If
t-an • fd>od. • .
The ambtpu . of powmodcm Uldmduah~ becomes here lumr-
~ \ ft.tbk: twNl')OOwn. on thl: (.lIM' h.loo. seerm :0 blend in to a loon
vi ~y wna oee (,Ii IU pn nclpal cha racters..u u 1\ th,u oi re rect -
. . the "flb,n.tIYlt,." of thr beaunfuJ. of humg it drrend u d lC.llJy uro n
dw: · fTPt fA .en"n" _ M n"JU.lfn. - ",hldl \ult,gnt" th.lt tht bc.lUflful
l'~ m pt'anAt'f of a «I'UIII form oi ··~bJ«uvi t}'. " '1'(1 . ol ie hau' '0«11
hut- the u~ vi ".,*m IDdi,ktu.lli\m. thoudl It m.akn room
60f ~ t . pc 1.1,ndru Ju.aI."m. tM whIch S~tz..chco anributC' 10 tn.:
'It . k wd UD a t e)Ut lOn. IJD " licrlubk " dC'C(~'truetlun" l lD 1M
....od<......., 1" IC'nW of tk urtalan, mc:uphy"iaL co nce ptio n of tou~
, . If dx c.nlc1U fo' beauty u n mrrciOfc nQt: he "obj«tnll:," thl

""
 THE N IETZSCHE AN MOM EN T
f.amou~ o ld 'ego' is. to put it mildl) , o nlv n supptl\lti ull an ~, inJ i\"ldu,Jli..m, o n .111 m~i vidu"ah ..m wilh llC'ilht'r 'ubiC'ct no r ' y' tt"mJric-
olIk.I J . • .. ,e rrio n
.li~ urt'uly nor .10 ' immt'Jioue certain rv'" (S 17), N it' 1 1Sdl "' ~ •
, III J lTl(l n;1dullJ ~Y with neither mo nad .. nor pr« \I ablillh, ' h,,'-.
I . . . . ~ ..n ~l.'nr;. h " "
.1. ~ l~k" the fo rm • .IS, IS It~ habr r, III ,1 ·\lckll~h I ZJ l i()lI .. of till.' h _ If\o ' " "
on l~ e:, ",J IU.ltll"ln.. as ..IIC -
u
pOilU.. of VIC'W" o r " pcr"pcet i\,C'\" --am-
... .,ny.

Sl~t1utl(ln
_.
t hat th e Illusio n li t rbe ego consists in. "One infers h . Yro
h . t~ ~ ~lLrull~. in thl·lr dl-o..o lutc p ar tll: ulJrne..... forever fU Riti\"~ mOTnmI\ of
c~~umg to, t C' g ramm.mcal hahn: 'Thinking i, a n .1Cli,·iry; (" 't' r,. - .k. In.h\"lJu;lllI)', ill th,u each nme th ey ha ppe n Iht'}, represent JPt'CltK .and
nvrry requites .1n Jgcnt ; l"Ollse(jum r/r-" (l hIJ .). The J I1.lIy~js i~ w{'II ft',nl'0 Mry' l·),rre:..."CUIS of Ihe. will to pow er, o r hle.
known . bu r ~('rC' Nit'l Zl>cht' t.1kt'1o it rn Irs conclusion . no r o nly do OAr Wt· Oil rher et o re p UI 3\ lde the que stion of tht" internal cohncfK('
need to get r jd o f the fensh ism u f the su bject (o ! till" 1oup lll'm ,h,u ..... 1'1 Ihl' pt,..tnmda n i~di v iJu ;l 1ism _ a qu e..rion who~ very rd cuncc
K~nt had al eea dy sensed, L",ln s is t,- in r.l king wh.u i.. .1 rncre " phllolu!'tY" Wllll id o "',"iuu..ly he rejected b y ;lon or thodox Nieu\Chc:amsm_ Jnd 01 ..11
to be an o nro loP,o"). we .11,,0 ha ve to pu r all end In t ilt' ll!t' ,l th .lt Ih n e h "lillIe ~I Ul" SII11 I1 S about its t r,lns lali cm inlO aestheti c'!>. H ~idtgger. in the
"something" that think s, 11us ••..tlmcthil1~: · even if II had .l!lorhl · r fotm tir..' rMt o f hi.. N ll't:.sche. formlll.1tc\ in the~ term.. the probl em J u di.
than rha t o f the Ca rtesian wJ:,ito 3~ remeved h y Hegel 's l'hnlO" /(" " II rrl.u i\i sl1l. concerning the q uesnon of the bea unfu l, seem.. to meet
nolog)', to whi ch NI~tl!;ehc .1I I u de: ~ her e. would sti li hl' IlIu ~f1ry III pur . wilh : " O n the om' hand, art is 10 he th e cnumermm ('me:m to nihihun,
nng forth the idea o f.l ~ ut-.strJt um idmtl,·.J/lo It~li : "After .111.one hOI, Ih.lt i, . rhc csl.th li"h men t of th e new su preme " alu«;; It io; 10 prepare .1IId
even go ne too fa r wirh thi , 'I I rhllll. '·-('H "n the ' it ' contain.. an mtn. 'mun'! su nd.u d s an d laws for hiuoncal, in tellecrual e xi ~teIlCt" , O n th e
p,,.t.Jt,o,, of the pr oce ss. an d dut"~ nor belong to the process Ihdf , . . m hcr ha nd, ar t 1\ at the sa me time to be pro perl y gu..red by' way of
perhaps some da v we ..hall .lCCUSUlm o ur..elve... mcludmg IhC' IUJtIl:I.1n,. rh pll1t o~y" Jil l! with its mean...'· 11 But it is clea r that " if art is just .a
to get a long w it ho ut rhe hnle ' 11' (w h ICh is allthar I.. I('h o f Ihc hon~1 m.nt er of ph Y" lulo~)'. th en th e evsence and reaht)" of art .1,..'>Oh "e mto
linle: o ld ego )" (ih id .). ncr\lltls ,Utes, into proce..<,('s in Ihe ner vc- cell... Whe'~ in '!ouch blmd
The Nietz~ht".ln de:con..tru e[lo n Illmct.lphvsi.:a l !ouhjceti \"in' nn. trJn ...l cti nn...1fl· we 10 nnd so me thing th at co uld uf itsdf d(1cnnine
i
not in fact be form ulate d. One: might N- le:m ptt·.. to rerb ce Ih e f~rm ulJ meJ lllng. r()'iiltvalue... .md erec t sta nd3 rd..?'· (ih ld .).
-I thinL; " lA ith "11 thi nh in mc"-hm one would risk cea seless!'" con. He i d q~~l'r's q ues tion can he m adc mor e: explicit: an is §.lid tn he
fu sing ~ "n" w irh th t" "su h..tratum " Nierzsch t" asks us tn ge t ~id of. ant inihi li..t1c bl·cause. u nli ke sc i e:n o:~. phi lowph)".o r rd i~lon. II prC\l:nt>.
Bcs.id t"s, it is do uh tf ul thJt suo:h a J l'ccmst ruo:t iun ot ..uh ll·cti \"it\" w uld ihclf .,rr;ligh lfurw a rd ly as .In '''fcrpretJflfJ''. or, in Nietz~che's" C'Y't"t, .as
bt' fu lly ca rried O UI .....ltho Ul fa llin g into per formJt i\'e o:ontr,I dicti;ms too :In ·'ho ne:s l" e \:p rl·....i on of th c will (() pow er. It thll ", III pnnclplc. dl~'
banal for u.. to prm"id e th~ incnu bll' illu..tratio n.. hcr t". (W ha t i.. Ihe t,1I1(C\ ih e:1f frum Ihe iet ishize:d nl"~;lt il1ns of life thJI .Ir~ the PlalOnll:
sub)t"et tha t d t"d art"s therc i.. no ..uhjc Cl? 'W'h.lt duc.. Ihe " we" m ~ an . reiC'clion of Iht" se:n suo u .; (w h ich Ih(rdore wlIhholds alllcgitimJll ' from
th rough whi ch N ietl!tChe: de:sign;l[e:... .I S H egd a lso d id. Ihe phllo\.)- ;lit) .Ind the n:701\ '(' hdid in sell p rCl pt"r til had iml,\'iJ uallsm-with i~
pher's pm,itio n. Ih .1t is 10 ".1)' h is /lI nl po..ition ? \Vh .ll m eani n~ ..houlJ r n Ke....i on o f ··J~·mllo:ra tic .. ,"al lies. for~m(l ..t amo ng the:m th is "'n u th"
be allsigncd to the " in fal't "s and " tr Ulh III ..a\"··~. CI<: •• in thl' nam t· o( Jn ~llnl" o:an la v d ,lim to and w hich , !.lims to hc v31hi for n:~~"lln~: Th.t"
wh kh Ihc Idea" o f factu alit )" And tlf trm h ;lo re Jl·nounl'l·d as " interp re- " r h}" s ;lI l o~i l'ai " m o de in w hi(h Nie:tl~chl" en\'i s'lo~l·S al"slhcl ll: ( f('JtlOn IS
u tlon ~ " ? •. •J'" Wh al m art er.. hac is to under<;t::mJ th ,n SIKh a ph ilu - " " "" I " list! ' ner..n~·etl\"IM
,lTl (" \: P fl'~\ l ll n o f Ih l"> oppU..IIlOli lCtWCen ar " l . I" ". _ "Will. J nJ
\C:lphlcal " JXl'\uion" l\ uPPIh ing it C,III I-oc "held" , in Ihe end l:OIl1C\ d own rhl' Will . to rt llth , h,lf .1Iw:l p "hllllt s. a S I~. Ic· I IIC S.nh~f~ of JistIJl:su . Rut. . 'III
to ~ying th at nC!fhcr o ne o f Ihl'S(' IWlJ tl'fIll S. nhje:divil\' ;'lI1d "u hjec, IlI l'; \ .11IHTf\ion of !' I,HOrtle . r h·1 I I n'l Nictl~(h
I (lso r lY· ,tlC" "
~'\ rOSlllon
" f' II -
ti vlty, e-Xi\h, th at t1wrc ar c o nly inl e:r pr l·latio n.. w ithuut i,;U rIJfI' fa" S (If \l·II n ..k lo slllg . a lllcgltl " "m 'l O: y. n 'uUCl'
"I \ I ,I~
" " 11" 'IS"O
" I .1 Inutt"
. rcl:lIl\'1Sm? m.
",t~rp,t'to"dum, a nd th'll this is what iu slific r. Ihl' lurcl1lo ,>t pu .,itiu n Jr l as H cid l: ~r:r aJJ~. from tht· ph ysiol ogiO:,11 r 01ll1 of \"It ' W ,
,JHJuld have a l Ihe fina lly .1dt'q u ;ue cxp rt....sio n of the:e:..Sl·IIl:C o f wh ,lt is,
tt4 Id e " ' tn t' w illlU plJwt'r. h
I l"r C' i, no l:,t.1 h l l \ h m ~' nT
i I rJ 1:\'C'r\" lnloll i~ tht ..
o f rank ur r"~lII n ~ (l )I.ln ~ ,I~, . rtI .", .
,>
Wt' lIhould Dt-ue r be: al'o lc to Ulldt", sl a nd II UW Ihc !>I:n..e in whi ch it 'I " " I 011,1) 111 lht IJ .-I ,hJl ll' >' .mJ
1 I" , .!fl. r (llI .lIn .. \\"h .1I i l I '. h .l\, tn~ H\ flJ.: 11 Sl
,.... be l u rct:J that N ie-tzlIChe-'!I hi\lorici"m i.. oa" l"J u n a nl'W furm of ul,,)\~ knu\\", no ar..-Il.l in .... h,,:h .unl( lhlfljl; (\ .uIJ toe' \C"I ur h., Jt".,'MX1
11 0 "'
 THI Nl nZ SC HIAN MOME N T
- r ltlm'l..m ert· e val ua t um s. A!Io Deleuze writ
~,"," . I . n. commenting hJl ( of
'.. .tl~hc"'l,l
:"' 1( " .
moll"
,
u rmu latlon\:
'
" an i". lhc hiIgh~'l.1 powcr fll fa l~hood.
""
, 11"l1Ihe\ l hc world av erro r, Itunenfi C"\ lh, ) h .,
II I ' .. . ' I t ; 1 t WI 1 10 ~CC'ptlon
l u rll~J tOllI ,1 ~ u pc rl (lr Id{".,1 ... Th en truth
I~ _ . _" rerh,II" 13k" on a nc:w
0...... fnllh I ~ .lrp",,l r;! n ( ~ . lrUlh mean.. hnn~1O of . - .
~ h I nk II JIO"A er IOtt} d ft U
_ ..
rJ1'111 ~ II ' I c- lI "" ,C'-" rO.... c r , In (..;1t"tlx- h c , ' Wc the artl\l' _ '",~ m;
H eideAA('f is right. Atter the mo ment of cnnci..m a nd J ,\\ul"", » lll I I,; r f" ;!lIl'r k ll o w lrd ~e o r IrUlh' "'" 'we Ihc- mv .•
M . ~ . .. ' . ~n ll)r\ (If new po'>\ lbl1i-
arom sm. new sta nda rds h.1\"c to be C'S IJhh~ h('J in the enJ-nth ' lit I ll e.
ll('~
rdOl~\ist indi,,·idu.l1ism f.d h. Into ll.n con rrad u..-rion , Ii there arc n\~;::: II ,;"u IJ hard l ~' he better 'I.1.Hc-d Ih.1t Ihe cla....lcal ide,,1of an.llrt th.u
nothing hut mt nprc't.l tions, if Ih~ in rerpre rarton v ,rre rh CnhCh"C\ h """u IJ N the r-cprc....-.ll l l1 uf truth h .l~ 001 U OI\hC'd in l"'lC'u \oChc-, On
the nna n.1.tions of .1 " rh~ <;inl(l~~:' then . . - h~ even J •...,;U..lo rl.ltum)~I; .:I.~ r 100,pcdll lll , morC'I~ \'c r. the Jefinltlon flf truth ha\ not d1anJ:,cd
\ln ~' ~~t s l m p~' acknowledge Th oll " ,hinl:" a re a , Ih("~ .H,,:' th.lt 11.110 \ ,1l1 lhJ l rnu ..·h. •!OJ Iht·_N lt'll ~che,)n "revcluuon" IIf l1atom <otn k.ld \ u\
and :" ICfl schc-\ viewpomr-, are ·· C'''l UU .lIM lI : ' .11 1('.1..1 III th c "t"n"C' ttul r,lrtl~ b.I<:I- to It .... urtln~ pUlnl : for if.1" 1\ true. I\n't it, J n pile "cry-
~R ob"'iousl~' is no ('xl(' no m ~·. no o utside III rh~"loln~~ . trom . . - luch thln~ .1nJ wha teve r wur d\ m a ~ be u..ed, becau'oC' II i.. aJe-qUJtc to teal.
It would be possib le 10 choose berween I h('m ~ uv. o r even muc h mo re adequate than rbe lie th..t, n cr \ IOCC' Pb to .lot
ICoI\I. h.ls h.1hltll.lll~' been ~ \en the name of n uth? Od cll« i\. in th"
c.. nl('" x t, qune right III awe rn ng Ihat the .1",.. t n lur Sle(Z\I;nc- .I \('C"krr
FROM UlJ"RAINDMDltAJ.1SM TO HYPERClASSlClSM mer truth; he 1\ In fact par cx, dl("TKC th e example of him .. ho i\ afttr
THE "GRANO sms - tnt "n-uc trurh," ,nc onlv n ne wh o J~ n(lf lie tiu\t .20\ Ihc 'oCn"C"'o dun't
he ("lIhcf J- and ehal l\ w h~. 10 the final .1n .1 I ~'\I \. the "tru e" phllO'lOpMr
The' problem oj seandard... rhar IS to ".1~' In i h most general "C'O'>t' . tht'
problem of trut h. ret urn.. in .m J through aesthc n c... The p3tJJox con- J w uld a lco become an a rnst .
- S ot nn l~ docs Art thu s "h,l\"c gro und\ Inr' pf('\o('nnn&It'oC'lf n-
t.J.i~ in suc h .a ..tat e mem i\ Ul-"IOU\: :"1r't/'l...-hc never cea sed to a rrirm
m3t " a rt i~ I('()f'tlt mor(' th.1n truth: ' i n '!'. \ s53 • th .u '-'\l' pt l"~'1.~ .u t
rhcilh' ;" :l lOer(" intcfptet .1ti n n. J S .1 pure eV.ilu.ltlUn, but . 10 p1.l ~'ln~
upon .1ppt'3fJ. nce". in prodUl,:in~ illu..ion. it turn" OUI 10 l'C' truer than
le.t 'A 'C' pnrsh of th(' trut" " 1\ 822 1• etc Hn" could he, fo llu wlng the
.in~ IIIher .1..:t;\ i~'. ~glOntn~ wuh IOtellcc.'1u.11 ,1cli\l ty. ThAt i\ the ulti·
d.as~iriu~. in tum on.::e .1!tJ.1O m.1l..e oi t-eauty a "t'muou s prC"'tCnl.1t1un
m ,lft" mt";lntn~ ui thl' tam ou!o fr.1~m('l\1 ",ht..:h .lI"'oC'rh th.11 " t n t" 1II"i11 10
oi the trud
.lppcar.lll'::C. t n IlIu' Ulll. W de,;crlio n. to t-ccumlO~ .1nJ etl.lon~e ;1O ob-
As I h:l\-e s u ~tcd. l h i !i i\ Il n l ~ ro"'I.Ihlc thruu~.1 re\ OIUtlfln In the
lC\:Utl f J JCH'p11un ) hl're ..:ount'l 3' morC' profuun J, pnme\J, l. ' meu -
norion 01 truth . It obviou'l.ly no lunger J('<.l~n.itn t h ~ ..ta~l(' idcnt il) ot
the- lOu.. in w~ n.ame thc phllo-.opher.. d.um to "~\l' phennmt:n3.,"
rh~",c;l l ' than thc w ill 10 tr ut h. til tC,lht~ . tn mC're .IPPCJf.1n..e" 1\1:',11 10
1',IU·o. S k S:; 1 l-C'C;l Uo,( it I~ .\1 ~l)ttnm mUfe ,J,le,/ll,J lt III the mulnplicu y
to C'Xhibtl thar true utlOnJ.hl)· th.il I" '::.lmoulb ~cJ fu r the near ·"I~,nJ
\ 11 hie lh.11 gU('" lw , hc na me 01 " will 10 po .....e r: · ~IO'"C, a.. !"Il: n",hc
w:'n~. In the ter m.. HeideI:J:c r ehoSoC' Sl ' well: tr ut h i'l. nn !nn,:cr the
PU h II. ·· arr(,.Ir,lll~e .l' 1 unJer\unJ It 1\ the ru l .ind u niquc fC'.1liry ~
" r ectJtuck of the rerrncnl:ltlon:' BUI II tu,> not tor .111 th;11 cc']''>t''d to he
in .1 «n.un lmd 01 -;agrecmcnl," Ih;11 nl th~ "c \".ilu;1lio n" wnh thc
IhlO~\." Ihe nn e rh,lI rt"'o i..h .m d .1lwJ, ~-" \\ 111 t{"'1i"l "a ll mctJmt l rphO'>I\
IfIlt l .In ml.l~IIl.1ry 't rue wo rIJ: " we C.lO uoJer ..l.1 nJ nnt only. th.t~ ::
~.a1. 11 To nu lr:C' the paudull qu ite e" rhot. one \I.'o uld hJ.\e 10 ..J \ Ih,11
..huu ld t't: Irue r rh.:a ll trul h. hUI 3ho huw phllnwphy' ..huulJ 1t'oC'1t -
11 '" hcO U'OC" an I~ bl~ th1t it h true• •mJ thi.. in Jl lc.1\1 J n.....I(oIJ q"n ~ :
C0 1o \' .In J. (,.. t hl.ti c\. All (If :o.:u: tl'oC:hl"\ inta p reret.. hJ\'e fCllu rL. nJ upon
- hr~ of all bcuus.c, a .lin mt cr p rc1.1Un n t h. u dot"\. not dJl m to 1'<'
IhC' ntJIl.lonc,,'doul ph,lu'ioOphical , hdr.JCtcr of Jp ho n..u( wn tl O&; mJ,n~
naorc: Ih.an " h.lt It i\-ehcretore. be:C.lU...e II ~IV~ up .1n~ c1Jim to .an
h.l\c 'o("t'n in iI, I" ilowi ng \\ hal \CCm.. It) be nlO't vi'l.l~h c\lJelll . ' " w lt-
.. U' n uth-art h.lppc:n to be in hJrmon~ Wilh the pcro~ ..1 iul
\et\llJII" of Ihe Ide.1 "t truth. 3. !tOrt ot rC't-d liun J.&Jin 'll the .. \~ ..telluue·
w u eta nf e:llut('fl(C'. with 1hc= "trueh" du t all our luJ~mC"nt"> ,1rC" but

,., ,,3
' IV( • _ .' THE NIElZSC.tt EAN MOMEN T
Ify".hac is inscnbed In even th e gramma r and vvnrax fit (radii tulltchn~~ he ;lruU"~ but by tht' " grand \ lvlC'," tha . .
. • . . IOnal t1 .. becorn, ' nl.l~rc:r of the ch al'" one i . . t I\, 10 the c.ap.lc·
wnnng, Rul o ne can, I think. mo re srro nglv .nF;UC" tha t It 1\ . f;ll ht- r n' 10 " \ . to cc.rnpcl ' . 1..
, forl11 ; 10 h,',,:ol11c IOKtCal. sunpte u b 1)1\f:' en al", to
'Try cJJ $$I<dl concession 10 rhe idea of tr uth. •• rtC"rnc ' nam Iguo u r,_
__ Ih.)( i\ the Kr.m d a mbi tio n her e" IS ft 42). Onlv \" mahlCm2tic.al.
Of course. .It tint sight " an aphoriwn lorm.1J1~' rc~a rdt"d PIneo
t.JU t-~urJ hut Ircquctll -nusukC' o f ~n " N ' thl)\(' who m..ke
Inc:lf a s a (ro1gmmt; it is the torm of plu r:l h~t thm ktnJot" llbid .• p, 31;" Ihe- J h " K 10 • ICTl\Chnni\m
~1r1(lf
an.lrch L..m, or even a t t"ory antlclp', h
.. mJl; 1 e hberr . v"",,
n OI In the deroocraoc and " hbeeal" sen -e fli " plu r.lh"t'· b ut in Ih.u ft. :
f
meneed writing is \U prm("(U~·. rh ro uah it.. ··n rc-nm ......: · Ilpr<X<d 111 I~e
o u r I..('nlur,.\ .,e\-'em h decadC' can 1... ana n movt ·
m(flr ~ O • '>'I; \urp ri\Cd by h"
. ,h,·n, ":Iluld be mu r.t· m l.,lc2d m,'
=,., " . Ih e ' ('N' . J OK.,
of ~ m 3thc-m r ISa·text,..
" clos u re' of th e " system:' {.Iken to be tM- hnal J e\d')r menf n4 ehe Ma.
'> 1I Jiso h.l.. d pl.t ce 10 the ddinu lOn l)f thC' muir , f . ,,1
ton ic theory of t ruth. The aphoncm ,,, rh u\ an e vcetlem uJ mple l,f rt l'" • 11- ". IVt' or,t'S m..1ting
rhilo<iOph~" 's artistic / 0,.,.". As Dele u ee \J~"". " O nly the o1ph nn ...m 1\ Ca. up the wtll to ..r n"w er. ne reaso n IS _\ Imple 10 ... . OUI ; If Ol\f: adrmtl
(',Imt
hJI " re.l( t!\ e to rcev arc th o ..e ..... h lCh cannot exert I.. - I .
pable of s..1 ~"n g rhe ml."an tn~ ; Ihe arhll,."m IS nu erpretan on and the art , f h - tn-c:m\C ' no "'lh·
~" I Jenun ~ other o rceo;. t en It mu"t be- 'ot\CC'dC'd th h
of mrerpreein g" {il'o iJ, l, ~Il dou b t. Bur the ..uh \(, f' lI'n I " I.n Iro m hrin~ ~... " at t c cnncce of
.1\ deep ..... m igh t be im.1 ~ncJ ,m J the Jrh,)fI "t1~· to rrn I ~, In man v "' an "n1JlIJOl..m,
. hnwcn'r tu..nfi ed . ca nnot Ie . ad to 3. pu re and "-Imp'C'dImlO3.- ·
U'l n III ratllm3ht~" . Such an eradscat jon would indeed be- reacti...C' by
also the sign of an .1~ton"hm~ n.1i\t'1~" In the \\ 111 to No J .it'</rU/ f' 10 ~
" fr acture " and the mu lrtr".:U"~" u f Rc," ~ .1\ ht e rhr o ue h the tr.la ur N nns Jerintrion. .
a nd mulri rliolJ of wnne g, II h . In the end. the o lJ conccp t of tru th Thcrcf"re. II nne w";lm,> t~l achieve the grC'3.tnn.. th3.t1\ thc Signof a
~1KCC"~ ful C';\.prc\..ron o f th e \--ual f(IrcC\, one mu..t r.anlc thot.c loren into
as .aJequ.a....,- to thC' rcalth,u I' rcn e\loC'J .m J n{".lrl ~ ron l1 rfTl('d , 'oU th.u
~ iC'tt~'" thought , ..nJ th.1t o f hi ' Cl'lI:n nC". ~m ' to ..un er lro m .. .. hlera f(h~- 0.0 thol1 th C'y Cea <oe tec i rrocall ~ mUllbting tht'm\CI\c\-3.nd
crud b.:k of <ocli·rdl « tllm . To U"C' J iormul.l Fi..ilte . ar r hnJ to ~pi n ol.l ; In \uch .. h ll: rJ t( h ~ . rca \ un ..10;.0 will h an a rbct'. ."'nd 3. thcmc that if.
con"t.1 n1 In :"ICIl~c he. m oreOH~"r. i\ that thC' " !ogl(al \ Implicny- dut-
ht th inlu wdl, "l'out hC' dOC'S no t th ink h l\I)',.. n t h mk m ~ "
It rem.a jn.. for u" to u nJe nund, In ~u ch ("o nJltlo n\. the motl \('<; th Jt 3&.:ten"li, o f th e dJ"'iics and d a.,..IOw) is the bnl ar pro"ll irTUuon to thi\
lC'.aJ ~ietz schC' to "idC' so \- i gHr ou~l ~ with d3~\i Cl ..m ,m J a f':.11mt romJn· " iUandlo\c " hit'rJrch ica l rankmg, a\ th i\ orhC'f frapnC'Tl1from ~ U'dl
ooun. There I\-" .a\ I ha\e lu..t \ugge..tt"d, In thC' I1n..1 a nol1~- "I \ .I r rnfoun J to P'Ju'e' sugges ts (,"Ilpli.:id>"; ''' bc ef) m ln ~ mor C' bc.luufur is 3. COlUC-
.1.n2logy bcN.-een d .. ~\ ici ..m .m d ~iC'u ~hC'\ J.e-.thC't i,,,,. 'Hn.:e lIT hath qumcC' of enh.JI1ud streng th. Bccom in ~ mor C' b.=2utiful 3.\ the ('xrrn'
C3w='j a rt I~ .lS~lgnn:l thC' u ..k H' ("' r r('\ ..mg truth In .1 lin n E, ..cn \uoo\ \;on oi a \ jctoriou \ will. of increa <oed coo tJi nation . of .. h.a lmlm lZ in~
~·a)·. But 2 fu nd am ental J ltteren eC' rem a in.. d e"pue th e depth o f d l(, ana l. or ~ll lhC' mong dl......m..'"'i. of ..1n infa ll ibl~' pcrpcnd lollJ r \It('\\. Logic.2/
ogy. In Cartntan uuh C'tlc" ld C'tincJ \ ("0 "roolJI~", to co m p rC'hcn d HC'· J "J Rwmetrle.tI simp/ified,i,-m '5 .1 conseqllt'1fu of e"h,J,,(tm~1 of
~li2nl"m ~. the- lruth to lloC prC"'oC'nTc-J hold bttn ddincd .1\ r.3 t1on3 1 11·~". In Jfre>lg rh" ( \ SOU. lub c\ ..1dded ). C1e3. rl~". WC' Jr C' hC'r e far from the: irTU ~

S ietz k -M . 11 i.. " UI -.n! tl) 3 h l~er r u wer " In th at .u t p r~ts 1t~1f ..\ of .. :\ let7\~h e a ro l o~io; t fo r a "lihetoltiu n of mor n ."

2n C'xhlhnion o f thC' tro t . Th e gr>JI i ~ no Inn f::cr th At o f C',(Pf("\~lng \OrnC' Orro\ itc th e ~r3nd <;ty le ..tan d all for m... o f ....:ti\'lty. 3C\lht'tic or not,
\Or! of Pl3ton ico· urt ~ an tru th, but the " t ru e tru lh " rhat diff ercnct' l ~ V. hl••:h, lllC..1 p.lh lt. o f ach ic\·in g ' hC' "elf. ma"' C'f}" demandcoJ by the hK'T'
and ~" h .ch pernnt\ u \ to COn\l J er h i.. 30thetiC'> ttl be a " hy pc rd ol.."ICI\ m ar, hl':21or dt rln g of rhe in..tinCh, gJ" C' fcC'e tC'in to thC' \utginft, up ..nd
of di{fcren«," How . an th.u Cd \C". to Int erp ret the b et t h.ll ~1C'1l ~C' (n'crf!u WInI/: o f th C' p,)\~i()n \ ; the\', that 1\ . mJIcr: r('actio n posslt>IC'. l-or-
k"n lIT du\ki..m. and \ pccdil.':.ally in thC' Fr~n(h """'cmcC'oth (C'ntur~. thC'
,.u\C Ihl.. ln wt10w i.. a lw,1p. \y~on~"mous with thC' tC'cir rOl:3.1 mU.~I1J­
mr»:c IoUctt....fu) In..:arn..t1on nf thc 3.nmic \Ummlr he c,),I1\ th C' " gfJ nd tl(/I1 lIf lo ret.... Thi" mu,ilJ tion J enn e\ ugh nC''i\ . which IS al......."" W
~k"? ok'" JI'P1((' (J f .J t )'IJt', (omrad ILtion Jnd IJ,k of coordinatIon .Ullon g t~C'
Inn('f .J . " . d ,. . , "l in" 'i11('ngth. 1M
On rh" polO' at ka t.c h n, Ihmk m g IS pcrft"Ctly lu ..:id • .Ind hi" dttifll' • t.IC " lfC''i- lu ~l lnes''l !>lgnlhe.. J CC lOC' to olg m to
fJbnof "gr;tndrur" i" In all Ih~ ","'urk u t hi" m.atur~ )"C.lt... 112\\"\C"o..ly .' 111: .... A\ 10; wc ll kn o ......n j ( i.. Pla ton ism th.1( prt"'"ldn thC' rmr()(~"1"'C'
fJi ru -, - ". ' , h R hJ ,C'nl tU IO un·
"1Un:lbipauu~. A\ .\ qUlle ""cll ~xpl;l:mcJ In on~ 01 T"~ \'(',/110 pou 't'r \ l IO n II,-uh m the <, ph ert' u f phl.' os op >'. UI" C' \ . _J~"
,,,
.1.
"CT'i I.;a J " . "__I he .....3.nJ "'1''''
trap ncon . "The 1P'T2(nn. of an 3. m ..1C;lnnm be ml.".I ..uf cd by the 'N:-2t1- n exac tl y ho w It t'i :s)"mmctnc.aU," 0Pp'l!>CU fO I to·

II .
 ' IWI
THf N lfTZ S C Hf AN MOM!NI
"'" ~ 1., rl'lC'·t o f tlv ,.fIl'S C'lII p!;lim .II lenfotlh. il Snna lC'.. invt't'lI \ h 111 1I11' br ul;,1 pr cten ..i,,"\ (II I:"\or.. '<llInd, d fo r m .. 11l imptl1oC
.
,111\ \ • •
" Inat .o.rIJ. " ir I~ • .11 hi~ rrufllll lll!C':loI. III order III rU l a n t"lld lei :he
. . . ' . • ;I n
I .w 0 1 . 1 rt·hnl·d an d clear IIltd l('clua lll, III rho. ,h f \'-
I hC' ' . ' C'y II KJW. It~
ooan.. I, h r t'" rhe In~linCl"" th.u .' r pt"01 1\ when 1111(' h,t t It'ft rrad ililJlI': rtu ill tlll luo!..tq ' \ III the n·.1! ( .r('(·k.. " 'I l h, tr
o
h < h ( •
ump fl. t C' .rttll:
l
. l.

I ii ' ' . ' .

.I"~tnl:r.lUC u m H~he beh ind, anJ Ih;1I '!11I: ..!inrllllf:,. i Jlt(,Tlo~.lt i(l n. and I n "ll l h Ill·OI:b.... I CI \h Ihu". clln\ i\l \ 10 ' , t
..: I,I!o" i..·.. .11111 . . . , I I( lO')lI"IY fi-'
IIi,u 11ne
doubt hnc- u hn IhC' place 01 a ut hn riry, wnun .IIlJ ••mJ uf the Wlll lh",
J ~ '" ,
1..1 w h.u Nict z.... .
.hv I~d
_.
l)' o:,)l1 ~ "th ...'\('n, "lIa\ "" hhlC',· 'lOa d m lr«l ··" h Y
~t'f, sl ll~ wlthoUI discussion . So<,·I.UI·" I.. .I " J ul:ln r p hilu'<lphn " , " 1l1. ,J a ll" (ro m.lllll":) p am tc rs an d mU"IUJn \ . Tht:' problC'm i~ ;ll ~
but h i" "cure" rono;hh in "c.u lr ,UJ.m :· in lin' ~llppf(·~ ..inn uf .tll ' h; h lll1\I·1t 1'''1111'' ClIII III .1IlClthl." ~ fragml·Ol (\ H4fl l . th.u IhC"o(' tnm\ arc
tn ~ fl nct .. (lit the sen nble wori J I lit rhe na me lit th e alleged "t ruth " (of JI1ll>lJo:Il0U", .w l! c.10 be taken In var tou .. sense.., Fur C':o:ample. - lhC' dn.art'
me- tntd li ~ htC' worIJ ). But tor l" i('u..che th e ..olu n on would h.1\'(' been lor .I1·..tn l( UUll. chnuge, hccnm i n~" can he " 1> .lln~\I ", n." ;lClI\'C ;lnd
nut rhl" munla rion of ' il.ll fo rces in the n.IITlC of o ther for ce, (Ihe \l:n, JI1I1 .I'lolltl lll..t ; It c.m .11,," II1dl,;-.u t:' thC' r"SH'l1tr"'..m Ihal IC.ld" the ","C'.ak
e ble in the narne of the in tdligil-Icl. hUI Ihc-ir r.m k i ll~ into .1 hiC't:ltch ~' : tll \\ l..h Itl ch-..lru}' all t \""a ~n cr .1nd X hllpC'nha uer hri n~ c-ed a n '
In IhC'end. Su a .n n\ ..an W.lS 1.1..:1. oj Ill.l~ (l· r y. Jl1Il'k " hlord ,
ln art it ts, fo r .lOalo~ou:lo reasons, rom .m nci vm which .1J'lp••· .1t...to be \~.;'e ":.111 sec Ih.1I tl H' prob lem CO OlC"'o do wn to learning how I Q ar-
thr ~ k of reaction . Th e pa ....ion .. a re rhere , <I un checked th ey ,,'a nnOl tl ..l.llJ le the IIlt rJI,·"rs /'l·d ir "~ r or "ltr"mJII'i,/llJ,(ist critique of P1alOni..m
bu t h1l1UC'r o ne anothe r. Th e a r..· hC' t ~ r.l l ro man tic ch a rac tc r IS IInh Jrr y. « uh rhr h ~'pl· rd.'H /{ 'S '" t11.lt lead .. Ntctz vcbe, a h t'r ca reful wC'i ghmg. to
tu m. p .1IC'. ill.." .. one o i TI,.· n ',U rn r OWI'r\ ira~nwllt !'> !'>i ~n i fica ll rl) tinJ Ihr d ......i..:.. to Pl· qu ill" ..u penor to the rn mantKt;,. and In J. !>C'TI\C'.
W ~t\., - Uncthcr bC'h llld the .1 n t ll hl:S i~ d.lssic .1I1J ru m.lIl1il· Ihert' thCIl'lnr .·. In tinJ ,t~.l i n. in ;l certai n conception of lru th . a r nY ll c~e thC'
don nM hC' h. dde n thl' .m rn he\ I" J l'11H' .anJ reJ..:tl\'e·· (S ~ 4 / ) _ \\'hl"rrln' " or1. " I .Irt pu ....n ..e.. u n ·r th e anl\t .
the Sch opnlh olum .an .and \\'d~nC'fiJ n ~·llIl,;-t·rr iun.; lli .lft .1'i cu n..nl.U iCl~
would .arpc3r .1" th C' .I("ot nctic l'q un alent o i Suera tK rea..-t in n n n thC'
NIETZSCHE'SCOHERENCE; NEARNESS TOHEIDEGGER
ph ilosophic.aJ In'd . If. th.1t is. d .h\il:ism IS Ihl.· inca rn .1tio n uf Ihe J:nnd
~·I('. \l ne(' · ·l tl N d.l.." cal. o ne IOU'" r o ..se~ " JII th" "Iro ng. st"C m i n~l ~ II I" Jitlilll h '" .1l'lIiJ a ('('nain kdin~ ui \tr.1 n ~C'nC'....,)tter nnC' hn rC'.Id
cuntU dK"10~' grft.. and JC'Si rl"~-"1l 1 in <,u..:h a wa y that t hey gu lOgcl hcr or rcrl.·.IJ .tll (If till" J,., ~ \a g.e.; in Nil' IZ!'o chC'\ wo rk he consccrate d 10 an .
hnK-,nh o n(' yokl"" IS 848l. \() IhJt " .I q u.Ul1\1 m of coMo........ lucid ll)·. Perl' n J m ~ u n whl'lher 0 0\.· co nsider s thC' lex!'> IhJt c\'o\..e thC' prolect of
ha rd ~s i!o pan of J.1I ·c1a ....ical· last e : l u~i (' 3M VC' all. happlncs"" in .1 " p h \" l o l u~ y (If a n " or thu..t· that define Ihl"" grand ~f1o' l l·." one eould

'P!ntu.d ltl . ·th rc-.: uni u C'.... · (S ~4':1 J . Tht' .10:.. thl.·tl ('.; oj sen ti me nt th ,1I r l.ltou r.1tI· two l·nHrd y lhfi e rl' l1l o r l'\'CO 0PPO"UI· inrt"rprt'lJ lioo.. oi hi..
a ntici p.ltnJ ro m.lIIth,i..m mu "t 1tC' l-rn\..t·n wit h. " \'( '1.' .ue ell,,'m ies 01 s("n- .1t'""hl.·tK theo n ':
timenul e:mlltion.... l\ 8 50 }-;m J N II.·tz..ch e dlll·.. ..o in a wa y th.u 1l';l vc.. - When h~ is l'x p rc....ing.h imself a .. a ·'phy~iol(Jgj "I:· I'll."tn che l,f-
no doubt ahtlUt thC'..ide: hC' ta kl''; III the ":lln llict be twt·cll d .t....ici..m Jn d 1m SCI' IllS til tlin with .1 O1;ul·nalic.t rd .u i\'islll that rhrl".u l'n.. to co m·

v nt imml:l!l,m: he inn lC'lenr)' a rt l"l wo rth y o f t he n .:llll C tn CUIU\'Jte;l pln d y rl'du~·l' thl' /l 'ud,: o f a n tn t he p..ydlOlo~ical or t>iuln~ic.11 r('.111f1o
Mh.llrC'd lo r f«llng. hC'an . l·sl"it. hJtr\·d fo r Iht" ma nL lold. unn·ruin. oi t h l' J rtlSt , An d cn.ll it Wl" follow Heidq:'~l'r'~ inrC'rr rC'tJlinn l ,)~ in m~'
ram blin K., fur Int lmJ IlUIl\" (§ H4':1 l, 1Il.1 ", lIrd, for l'wr y-th ing Ih ;\! nuu · npl1l1UlI Wl· ..hu ulJ . U ll this ruint ) .h'l·orJmg lo wh i..:h S ltOlh.:ne\ " l>,ul·
hoUR'1 and f) uhth·, an- thl"lil':' "el .1 1 h l~h valu l.'. Ogl\ I1l" IS not J. fu rm o f s..:il·nti..m bu t .m OIlW !O.l..')' (.1 d l'n nlfll\lI 01 tM
AI VilT on \ott, N IC'tl'o\:he \ rch;lh llilallo n n f Ih ... se m ih ie splw rc .tIl J II('iug ot I'{·in ):." a.. eql1;IJ 10 lik J. 1t .. 11·11 Tl· n 1.\1I1" ' rue.., h .II hiS' .1l'.;theu..-s
' l.l'lll 10 rl·lll.lIn I'T1.Sll1H'r of th e 1Il . 11I \ 'l.l IU'III·..lIl. ,.r.'"'CWd rk " Th{"\' •.'- ,m o

uI.anIMUU I" no t " ... u na mh i~u uu" .1.......1.' m iglll h.l\'( bd k \'l'J , '«It' (;111 ,
I ·"U h III .., Ir II Ie....t. ,h C' .ut l ..t
r-nlllf~ n r th<1l. comlll~ frmn N icll ..<. lw \ pl'll, ,> ul:h ;\n inv il ,ttioll f(l h ,II~' lllllle III I:OIKI'1'1I1o11i1l' Ihe work using. 111 .1 . '
. J IIi.. .. .1I"~ t Iw t 'll;.. stall'S as ..t;lrtlll
. f, 1',1111 , ..1.. Illr 11I"".1n.'1" WIth lhe
lhe " V11w nu :' lhC' " mu lll plC'," ca n "1"C0l ~ It J n v.C', Ag.lin..1 Vicwr H ugo. ..II
M rdu hthul" Co rncill(', ;1' bt-inK uu t"III t hn~ l' " p oe ts iru m ;Ill 'I r i~lO · " Dio lly, i;,. intuX ll.,lli Oll" wil ho ut wh idl thl'rt' I" ~UI'I'I"I" t t<> I'oc no JU'
CUlt( ",llllauffn •.• ""hll mdd(' it a poml flf ho no r to S11 1't1lI11 th l' ir tllt'l1lll"( H'.ll io n.

..
p:rtu rt "m "" Uf "IKOrou~ W"n\(~ tu ;I n mo:p' INI C'II .., he \ it.lli..·..!. - \\'111'11. lIll ,h I'
,"
 "V,
THE NIETZSCHE AN MOMEN T
"d,h~C1)f" .Iniru~k. when hC' in vrte liS tn Ihml.: " t the ):r,ln ,1 ~h' l(' .
nc,H til ~h ;lti n~. i... not :llft·.,d y J (, ;l d _ .l cla....ici\ fT1 Clf diffcrm("c• .ltnd tJ
01 .. hln.ar~·hi..:-al o ro.knn,: o j the mulnpk- rh.u imrlll') sd t. m.]stC'r~', t~S he- worl.: .111 t·'Il !' ft·..."lu n uf th e (ru th flf Kemle.
"'r', ...i11.lo':h nl··· ten . .!C'n9 · t.IJ~ .m .]~, .1t wh ich pomt th C' "u~iC'ct tend: l .0\ l' lfn lUl.Hltln o h m rep ea ted m " Th e: On~in of th... Work oj An"
to k C"I;hr'l<'J l-r rbe truth (>t thl• work .
h .1S II dl.lt "An 1\ th t· ~",tti ll~. mlo~wc lrk III truth" ldas l" s.U'C'rlt•.~lun
~ two momenrs-c-whieh I h.HC' here JC''''lgn.uc .l with th c Cll, prt's. .k, \\ 'J h rhc'lt l: nt o rc rr(,':I\l·I~·. n IS "the ct eat...·C' prf'\Crvinlt o f tru th In
S KH1~ " u lrr;unJi.·iJu.I!lsm·· .lnJ ·' h ~- f'C'rd.h ..i..:i..m·' - .Jrf'. tr ur h 10 ~.lV
th... W <>II.: • • • Arr 1r-IS trut h UfI):Ill.1IC'. Art. fnun d llll:, Pte"l<:f\"ln~ i\ ~
InJISSl,."ubl~· intercon nected ill .] modrho which ",'.111 Ix- rath er \impi\:
~rr1fl~ rhat I",'" l':- ttl th~' truth of wh.ll. is. III thC' wor k," I' Two precau-
mJJ c:ItN .lS we .unl·C 3t rhe t'I1J ut th Is .1I1.l1~"I". It IS in.ln·.1 t"l1o ulo:h I~ , i<ln~ . III tlrd r-, nllt ((' d l"to " the mcaOlnle:
f'("fCci, -r mt' t' urnt to which rhc~' both "'10:01 Ir,'l1I the ....l mc ~OU t",·t'. thC' _ \\'t' wou ld ,,~, co mp le td ~' m lst.1kclI if .... C' drd nOI ru ll1C: that tru th
extent to wh ich rhf'r .Ut' borh rhe ertect. hl rhc ...IOICdegree, III the' ~.I mC'
c.luq-: ehe ~uloin"t 's ··fT.1l'tUrt"" ,1J ..brisurr" J" sIllerl. Ea r frum 0 r pol.
he-re. 1~ nt' 11l11~t·r und",·rstnod .l~ .IdC'qUdC~· to an oh!t'"ct. tO.lt bang \'i':
l!'ok III t<· p rc,>c nt .lt w n. As o ne o f o ur ht....t r hl1mopht- n of .1ntht'UC\
in~.~· c--onle~ and complete C.1...-" oeh c r.
~ul le l·.lrtl·1.:th - point... Out. lo r HC'idegger• "a rr i.. bv ~\('n (t'" ~ ...en ever
Th is is 6rsl of .III d c.]r .1\ t.Jr .IS ultr.JmJ l\·IJ u.t1i..m II concerned,
til truth . Bu' JUt:s rh.n Olean th at an is supp o"C'd to N: thC' 'true' repro-
It IS inJccd h.1l\f1~ doubtful th.u :"'let7..chc .... r.IJ ic,d rd,Ul\ lSm. hi~ JUCtl' lIl 01 the re.rl ~ Th ur wo uld mea n to recreate the tradUio n..1 CDn-
pers pecn vism, is..ue dir e...-rI} trom the ~('"ne.tI()~K .t1 pm,.:t"s.. thr o ugh
cepnon ul trut h .1S .l dt'q u .J "'~· to a n o bject . 10\ le,)J. IhC' .In.llrSIS at the
which rhe coguo is decon..tru cred. II lhcr(' is n,l I,>n~er .10\- ··wu rld."
wurJ.. .... III le.rd u... ro .1 more origin.d ddinl1ion of tr uth 3s unconceale d-
nor "b..-r::s m thC'm"C'h·('l.: · nu r '''lb]t",: n\'lf\-: ' II is ccrt.lln l~ hc.:au "C', thC'
n,'" '' " - .t t~'rm Ih.Jt tra n..l.1rt"S Ihc Ge rm.]n Um 'edJOrgrnhnl ,llld thC'
~ubir.."t h.n ln~ l>«n ""'C'1t' lJpt' ne'J (lu r lin t<) thC' lnti ntt ~' (It ··it.... un("nn. ( . reck JI.'tl'c·IJ.
!>\.."iou s. it il from now o n imr"I~"It>le h,r It ro d .lim to lx· "Iatm ~ .tn...
fhi ~ I'" nur th e r l.J..:C' to rt'C.lll thC' signtfic.Jn.:C' oj Ihi.. thC'O~' of truth.
lind oi absolutC' tru th. ..h WC' hoi,,' 'o("('n, It rou..r, on Ihe .:n nt r.lry. r;"ol \~ I,utri...·,· It hI ....Iy rh.u, In H ~·i deggC'r·s ph t'll()mc nol o~~·. the C'Ssenn.l 1il to
IfYoclf to C'..:m..idC'r .IIIlIS judpnenh ttl bC' ..~ mptllm.., n .lIuatinn ... o r intC'r.
No hllllld litH in rt'p ,esr" tJ tim l Imt in rhe (oming IItto p,~un u o f th,
prC'Utlons stnctl~' ' l"Utny to II.. ~pt'dti",· lirU.1fion. And the mri nit~· of
bt·","t<. (If I/.(' eXlste"t. •1S l u.:h. in un("onl·C'alC'Jness. \1:'hat rhC' wor k a t
poum thu .. n l.1t>Ii,hC'J ,whAt ~ie'tzs.:hl' (",.1.11 .. " the ne w lntin it~·" ) i" nor
fI\c1f ('\'t'r mJuclhlC' to the Unit}· 01 .I fOl.1ht~·. 10 .I fIIt H 'erse-which
.I." ·· ~h uw \· · 1\. if we In .1\" S,l\" so. in...isilole; what it manifC"ots is th;,tr rhC'rC'
IS " thC' \ isllole:' t here i~ repr ('\cn tation• .:mJ rhat this ..implC' !.let h.1s
nukn for .I mo ..t rrutound d ltferC'"n.:C' NotWt'..·n rc-.. . pC'ct i,·ism .md thC'
moru.~~ ,,·.
nor hllll: ~.]n.11 at>ou t it• .IS thC' uni \'er St" Ilt t·\·e~·J.J y ness .... o uld ha\'C' us
"dln c. AIIJ Wt . In .tllo lhe t w.t.... the ide-J. o i .1dC'q u.1q hJ.s not l<hot all
But if otlC' thmh .JlxJU t it. nnC' rc.ll il~ th at i':ieT1..chc\. cl.Jssiclsm.
Iq:lllm.ltio ll..\ h ho ug h Irul h i<o 1I~, longcr the .Igrl"t."mellt ot thC' judgmC'nr
in.a..much as il is .ad.l..SICI...m of Jlf{nnfct· (a n m n rallon to th in k Clf .tn
\\lth the thlll g, Iho ugh it h a~ t>eromc ulll:on.:C'.l ]C'dnC'\s. lt is nc\·..." hcll"Ss
,i s the ('ltrrnsion o f d "r(,.Il lt~'." no lon~('r o i Iking. hu t (Ii Becom ingl.
IhC' ': .1..1' th.lI the notio n ot aJ eq u.J<"Y find s 3. IIC'..... 1lI l'.Jnm ~ 3.1 3 hi~C'r
al-.o filld.. iu Ofl~n in the fu cturl' o f thC' ..ut>in:l. It is lst'(".1 u"'I' Ihl' 1,1t1C'r
IC'I('] of ru tl·n.:,·. A uth~·l1tic .In i\ , Ih...n. thai whi ch pbt·I·S us "m th('
is ckft th.at thC' world h;}\ cC'.IloC'd 10 ht·o th at ot>]C'ctivil\' has van ished .
rr~·"'~·n"'-e u j" this il1 \'l\lh ll ' ;lCl th"lt i.. the comillg into pr{'!>C'n.:C' (li k>c1l1~":
that " thC' rt'al " is • pnKC'.... o f Ch311gC'; It 1\ thC'rdllre ., I~o lu r rhe' saml'
it i\ !lUI wh ich . to borro\1 .1 to rlllub L}'Ol.l rd him\ch ~)ftOWS ff('O m
t'C'.l~n th.n trut h can no Ifll1J.1:l·r be' dt'h nC'd ;15 ide ntlt v, as nOIl...o. m r.ld K.
1\.1nl. "presel1t\ Ih.u t h~'re i\ Ihc nll nr rc..enl.1lsll'," .an,l wh ich IherC'loy
ttfm. UI1l\C'f\al va.lldlty. t't("•• h ut has t>""1:IlIlll' (...1 ft-. wh i.:h is tn ...11' m.lni.
foIdnC'M, d lffC'tenct. and remp or aln y. . ,h o .....\ itwl t to ht· t rUt'r. n r. if ~'tlU prd C'r. mo rC' :1Jt·<lll.lrr . it n.ll _to the'
" lhlnl-: it\c1I." t hc lI ;It I('ast to thl' " 1ll.m C' r III Ih lll kin~" : tho.u~ n.m~I'
Inrcrp rC'led thl\ wa~·. IhC' two mOll1ents o f Ni~,tzsche.tn 3cst hcrics
nut h",· ,I \'I\lhl ",' IX'in g, .m o~ in:t pr est'nt III ft·rft'l t"lI r.Ul(lll. IJt"nn hJ Oe
con\C'r gt an d • .III thin~\ co n\ iderC'd. fu rcsh.lJu..... H~'idqtgl'r'.; l h inkin~
~nJ \1.11>IC'. hur.1 Jloth tng ncs!oo, .In .10 \l'll\:e. a "iff~rntu. it is nt'MthC'ln....
.about ;,tn r.lthc-r mo re tholn they ("l1l1 nlC'r it ill .1dl·:lllce. f or .-it'ide~t'r.
th" nutter Ih.lt th e wo rk o t .In i<o abc,Iut .m J whole ~illneIlM'lI1\ II mu, t
.IWl. che dc-c,m\lruoi'J11 uf \ Uhlel"tivity lead ... lu m;l ~ing o f [h(' a rt yd 10

.,.
COfftC'-t., (hC' n tml ,h,u .a". I-C)lIowin~ rhr H egd l.Jn p ru p hf.'("y hc \et'llI~
hlnl .It• .Jnd it is in th i:- s~'nSl' rh.It .:I ft kt't·p\ it\ d.] \1'i..: f,J .. l lli ("rtt""'lrttC
the Irlllh .
...
 fiVE
THE NIETZSCH EAN MOMENT
- .In rh~t' ci rcu ms tances, ~lIbjecti~' it)' \ r urtlo n - o r. if prC'ferr("(! ",f r:nJ III su~ rhc uonprr centable Iw hal c..capev rt'prc"l('nutinn , nun.
th e- a rns t 's role-s- rends to be red uced in f;l\'1lr IIf the work 's, \'(Theil H .' rt-c lll~ I "-n ul..1.cv('r struc.. tur e 'th em ..c1,'('\• intu a 'u.' rid ''••~ did h ./
I t t'-I ......('
~('r ma kes o f an a "s errutg-into-wo rk o f truth," It i.. to Imnwu tdtC'7 '
nl ,l~ r . ' . . . .. . . .. ) Y 31me d on
UI it tht s wav-e- d .H''-'1C3Ih· d ,u \l eal" w o rks ,h ' l ", nl •• .
ad d : " In thi s propo sition 01 11 essent ia l .lmbi):ult~, 1\ brdd cn , III \\"h,c~ fhe I."'rrt·~ .. tl)l\ III so meth mg like OJ VISIon 01 tht' .....or ld.. ? I ca n concei\"t
rru th is at once the suh!C'ct an d the ub jt-..:t ot the ..crung j H c l..te~er , u I..t the' -decon ..mrcnon" uf the Illcta phY'\lcal trad itio n occupying 3 cer-
cit.I. Eve n though the [crm~ "s ubi ecr" .and "UOjl'C1 " .Ire tm ..uit:al1lc ~In~~ 1,1111, nil .11111"1 Icrnpc.r;lt)', pla ce in the- h i\l o ry Il f philow ph y ..ince 'Ouch
rhey refer b ack 10 a nlc.o urhp;i c.lI co nception o f tr uth .h tht" lud /-tm('nt\ .1 J.... on ..tr IlI. Uo n rcm am v. III..I:' It.ll r no r, in the conce ptual vpbere. Th 31
a dequacy to a rcpresenr ed state oi thln~.., t hc~' do c"rrt"..~ .... h;1t thc\' J Il ,l1I.I/"'~"" III rhc dccon ..rr uc nve d ,..co urse coulJ in"lall it'it'lf in art
wi sh to ex p res:..: rh.n rhe work i.. .1 " ftl u I1J Ifl ~ 1"l'jl ·H"'~Il.·' In IIthl:'r ..« III" II' lilt". IInprllh,Il1I(', nnle .... rhl'S kmd 1)1 .1rt cllpt.cn ly aJop1\ ih
words, every rhin g in it i ~ no t in vemcd: Ih m il h doe .. 11. 11 lie I:'ntircl\· In \ " . 11 de.uh .1'\ Ih rhe rnc an J p ur po se, .... it ..o "ftcn ha.. th rou~houl tht'
the a rris t : it is nor . o r ae ICOJ ..t nor c\"Cnu.. II~. she n :rrc....ro n nl hh p"v. IW"IlIlt'l h ..T l1rurr , Rur III rha t C.I..c 11 e3n ll01 m.1kc the pretence of con-
cho logic al st,un. or of h i.. '·mt u llK.ltin n " Of n f h i.. ' · rh ~ " l olnl: ~' :· " t ("f. ..lIIU llll ~ ·11
11.... 1111<1 ;1 wur ld.
ra in of Ni ('fz......:he ·~ fu m lUl.u nlll-:lu lc.1d one to th1ll1.: , tolll w e h..ve III..r 1',lf ,IJI 1' : Ih l." new d.l ....IC I..m Ihat 1ll3k"" of thl:' tr uth ",uonu~lltd
seen how t ho ..c forrnulanon- .lfe lc.... ....uto, -(l \ I..r" th.ln t hc~ ..C'nt1). to.. ih..· wllrlo. of .1f1 .1 Jlffctell('C' . 110 Inn R!'r an IJrntity, w ill hnl! ih voca-
Thcnl.~ the .....o rk\: Amt>l,::ulf~'. work \thl,h I" ,;('n .:J1n' ~ at'.JII• .", oind non In the " ,l\ .lI1q~.I rJe .." .....hich.truro Ci1.1nnt' to ~ 1a1C'\'ilch and frum
t ~rt fort' .a fou nd m ~. l1ut .l nUll\lItoll"\.1 lH' tn unJtn):. ..tn,;e It.. ""''«''nU.J1 \ 1.IIIJ rllu: III Ren e Ch.lf. b ",i nat (' Oll1fempnrJr!, ph ilu..n phy. Nietnchc
.Isp«t is t hC' prNc 't1 'm~ o f .I trulh th.11 .1. >('.. nu r i '(' /ung to tht' .1",'t. Iu d J lln'lu!l..:('d If prophetl callr: ·· Rc3 .-.on. iflu f'f(-I,J~.1n sp<Ut'. i\ hur
who is ntithe, u!!o rn.l..tl·f nur Ih o\t flC' r. .111 iJl (1~ ~' n ..: r .l " ~ .' · \'('h ,ll:' thll1ker.. ..... cre d econ"llu..: r i n ~ tht' furm er. the
If o nt a.:,,·C'pt\ thC' idC'oi rh.Jt thl" nn Uu n n t ..uhll"l.1 h.1'\ .1lr C'.Id!, hem pJLntcr.. III lhc.· J\·.In t -~.trdt' .....ere nm ;a bo ut tn ..hy .lway frum o\'cnurn ·
di o;a ....o..iatw fwm th at o f Ihl' .Iuthu r. " m.l..tC'r .1nJ P'''''C'> ''ur of hi.. in~ the 1.1!tt·r.
wo rks ." 111 Z'1I:u ..... he\ thlnl...n ~, ,m d II nll C .11"0.1.lm lt.. rtU t the ..... 111 to
po wC'r th.u den""" the curl" ul all lh .H 1".01 th l" Rcm!=of ~C'IIl J:", 1\ to bt'
th ought of motC' a.. rurt" Jltft'tC'n ..'e ,mJ Il"mp<lrOJIIt\ Ih.1I1.1) thC' remnoint
of OJ oy kind of cnn..:rrtulfl 01 ..t1t>I("etl\' lt~ . Ol1t' .... 111 re rh.lr" .1fV"CC wit h
th e o bst'n·,onil.ln th ,lt N'ictl'\.·hc \ ."tlfl..:C'ptlun ul .I rt I" m Il ,II I that 1.1f from
HCld~t"r"',
~·"h at t',·t' r rhC' c.J ~ m.l ~' l1c- .mJ Ihl\ 'lUt' ''UOI1 1" • .l iter all . nnh' .t
"phllolopcal" o ne- i! rcm.lI l1~ tru C' th .lt th., 11('" doi """: I..m nl J llfer'
tnet' that erntrJ:C!!o wuh l'ictl h 'h e .In.1 tin.l .. nl.lt ur C' c ' p re....lu n In H n ·
d ef:ger h"ls brqueathC'd u.. .l d lftl"'u!r\ " h i..:h , .1'\ " e '\h.lll 'C't". run\
thro u gh thc mJjor CUrfC1l1" ni wh.lt I; \I .. U.II1" c.llled " ,;n llt C'mJ"'f'lra ry"
art. I wi ll state it hrut.lll~·. Ihe nU.tn ( ('\ "ill iullo..... in th l' rt"'iol o f th ,.
cnqulf),: u n.... e imaf;ine thai oin.1ft th.l t ''<lU ld gi \'c lI..elf..•\ m.lln t.1..L,
th,l[ of " u)'ing t he dlffc.'rclh,·C':· of " p rc..elHtng thc IJ .;t th .1l th L'U"" IhC'
non p r~t'm.l h l e: ' co u ld hrin~ inl o ...... jn~ \tork .. (If thl." '-'.1I11C nrdC't .I"
t~ wh ich h.1\'e r uncru,ut"J tht' hl\>tllf\' ni the Je..t1 h'lh':" knu wn ur
u n til tod ay ? To pUI it matt' dt"arl~' J"l·rh .. ~ ..- sin..-c • .1ftef .til, n nt' ,,- auIJ
\'ery wdl no t care .ahuut eMt' o ld " l1l eta ph ~ ..ie,II·' con..:cp tto n (Ii th t' wor k
of an: If a n .alwa~\ wa, thC' up rc-.\iun (If .I u'(lrlJ. .1\ HciJ t"):)!cr jom
Hegel In thlnkmg. hn .... then can we ('o n('el\·t thJot .....nrh of .1tt th.11
190 191
 SIX
THE DECLINE Of THE AVANT .CA RDES

li"~~' r re'r a reJ th e' way forp()\tmudem «:1t"Ctlci"m . Thruugh the pre-
(lJ , ho.: k lO ~ o r , ub \(~ " ln,," .....urlu of art h", L _ , _
lcfl' l" " _ occumc m 'XM'st
'. <.)Ium. 11" at the Pal.1l\ Ro .vOil in I'arl\ du ~. .. ~ LI ~_ .
Bure''' ~ . . . ' ''II. (" ena..JI;' m U'. UfC'1I'

.~ !2i;,t'. 0H'3 ~/;:,r; . /Z N N / /- :~;;'n/',;.: JrnlJ..c'. "'rm~lO~ Innh f("('hn~\ n f IrritatIOnHr " pp rt)"al in rc" htv \0
,nil h
I r,
,. .... .rdcr Ull md IHcre nt;t . .
fkd.
.9h.;ij/M~'?/rN& lhlll~' werc ellurdy tll.lte rent fnr thc fir\ t avant·g.ardn. ~t111 d nwen
to.· Jml-our"Il " .le"lhell..: ptnIC(t\ , thc~· did nUl aim at the dcath of art \0
mll(h J ' at 11' r.ld. '::,11 renewal. Yet. ·,n mcrim C\ d«aJn ;aha thei r cre-
JIl,m. therr .Irc wML. .. that a re snl l dead Inter.. lor the pu blie \.:lId to be-
.ul rurcJ - llu t tn mennon the ~ 1.1fgcr pu blic," who mC",1 often ICflUIIl
In , u.nr lt-tc l lo:nlt ran (.(~ n i rh e conternporarv culture tha t i\ lTlO\1 t1o.
~ £ li .O" \ A"II " ' f ), n ll ' An u'-r;mt'J h~ cn hc htclleJ amateu rv, In thi\ respect, \Orne recent \ Iudla
Th.II I\ 1M uriC' II I a n .lInn<lun":n1.,onlc"t't'fl,,r J I .1 "- ,,I"cor", IInnn _ , hm' up th e tm p rcvove econonuc .lnJ .... ..aolugiul m.l~i nalit y oi"rnod-
wf} at Ihr btoJ.h ""h~'r(' I 'rmJ ,101.. ",,, mh .., '\ lIl:u " . II I _nno. tht- ern mu", : ' ( \ r r ;l n ~d ~· cn(l u ~h. t h i , ter m (Jnl~' een·en so-celled" learned "
prof"",,", ""ho" !l:lOlnl: ,.. ...mlrrnlO' f u.-t. J Iu",l.l mute' tum ,,, mu' U': • .I' II the other mu ..ica] for m.. h al l , roc k, pu~, et c.) were not al ~
CIJrn(' "'"'ou r m...JO: rrl polin'" ' from u p . k..... . He ,",uulJ J,:.kk lut l, onlt 'mpota l y. An effect (If the fir\t 3 \".I nr ·~ ldC\· d lll\ m.)
himK II .f 1lC'u r~. ur r .nh......~ hJ\ .....mC'tl'lln,.. r<l .I.. .... lth Ihll'TU. I'Jt;l J I):IIl.Hi..: of the cri\i\. modem mU'iIC dc)C\n't succeed III rc:ach.
HC' ",'OUld see An.lr e Ikr.u n, ( ~r"f~ Ru qllr . \I" un ..r tk \ 1.1 _ 1O~.l r ut-IlL: lither than tha t (If rrof""iunal'i o r !Iot"mir roft'!o'i iuIl31\. Cou ld
mind ., hm.lnd 1.C'~r. near "1.101,, rut-u., "uh C.llm "U1J ~ood une blam e ..I.1Ie: in ..nr unon... that might wt..h to hmde:r a th riving sub-
"1
w:noc In ",101.11 IM Yu \. h" "'''\lId '10("(" 1... .. a, "p'' 'rhm.l n lull ot ' el'I \(· .m !" Ala,! They a re the 011("\ that vuppo rt II and \ ub<.ld ile it. to
unf:.lwlJ. " '.Ifcd ()uth.lTnr. ( ••k Ch ln .:o. (" coHe R,n', ~ l ttlln . an Jrnn UIU th ree nmcs g reater th an th at provided by ,I muket wh ich
gn. Gk,, ("\. )J '4U ("\ V,lIo n .m J mJ m (.,nrH, o m .llC' ' plnh. [:.iltfiJ .....1,. ~ldc'. itsclf d omina ted un til recen dv III France: b~· publi c radro
"' lth ulnn ,1nJ rnh.:lp_ ,,'t ("n uI.!. hI".... ould J. k t .. ,:h.ln~r II nne md public rcle vrsron. A, ~ 1a u ri cc Heuret declares: "Fo r the nnt time
tht ullt IIf hi' . 'u n fo:r cn" C'.:li 1 koh l hi' U"KIU"l"n•. 10 hl\lOr>·...... e lin ' .....ith o u t 3n>, do mi n3nt Iheo ry, witho ut rdcrrncn.
-GullI ..umr Aroll lll.ll' C' ....uhnut Iand m Jrks . ~o malor rcr'ftunah~· em('rgC\ o ut of the >'o ung
CJ"'''lJqU l'JJ ·ol~t.I''' 1 11 _I 'I I ,'
~e I1 CfJ t ' (JI1 . The .Iesthc ric f('\'o lu tion o f the b \1 few >'ea f\ i\ nOI qU.l!iu·
(Aul::u' l 1. 1'11.'1

Ol'n in Ihc rm~ r .l m nOll"> lur !'.In, '" IRCA!\I mm.krn mu\i, u nlcr: ~ HJ,' i n ll:
THE DIALECTIC OF THE ENDOF THE AVANT-GARDES ....m pre'cJ cd h ~ .I r,,: noJ uf r.lJIC.l1e\H!uuntl, the luntemf'l.)f.lt)' mU \lc of the
ITH T HEIR F.X H IBITIO~S ....,ithoul pl( fu rC"> an d their , linn 7 ftl, .:m J 'HU\ ~ec m. to he: IH(lk m ~ lor It\e ll." .11 a lime .... hen ", e" J m r~'C nt
W w ncctn . the J >mg ;I\' a nl·~,} rdt', · have dC'flded ,1(t an d Illlwn ·
l..nJ nK lc, _ l-ol·at('r\ ul .lhl, ]oll\ - .Ire ell;hau't llljt thcm\C" e\. ~ 1 AnJ lc.m LI.I'I.
...h.. U\e"J to he Ihe lllreL!or "r one of the mH\1 imr " ru nl .I\".1nt·gu de le"IC"O"'.
~" J .... 1," nrR;lnlird u hihitlllll\ Ih':l1 ~ i~na ll rd 1'.Irl\'. renr w.l1 wnhlll ronrc:"ro-
,~" ",n • •1, .1.... \ up .1 H,nt .ll-olr Ill-oiIUJf}': " The Jo lhclK\ lJf muJ clnll ~'.ln_loOI .H n
II \loJ ~ .I1i .t .. , lh..ll.'\ III imtfll,.,rm. \("t"m~ w h a~ e uh .l u ~!('J Ihr rO\~Il-l hlt....,. of ,n
" fJ IIUII. ~·Jl h lrl ll_\eli ih dt.,'c!or mcnl J un ng tl-or I«n\. lh('"n Ih .I(cdrl.ltcJ
11I.llfunon:,tIl JllOJII ill ~he '50\ clI; .I'rerJ tt::d Jnd a" r!r ralrJ It, lI:n .kn d C>o : . •
• t J 1Inl( II J J r.uh l-olow Thc utop ia of rhe nm 'llm 1\ fore' 1- _l " ' The , m • ',Jr..
( "-CU .
onIlht- .l\'.tnl'g:lfrJ(' ha ~ \ uch h:ad pul>liCll)' now lh.\I J (lIlUr mf'l.,r.l'J mu...,;I..1I
likr I.hn ulO tkllfl c.tn ':3Iml'>· decbrc: " Hr who call\ hUII'Ctf .I'Jn :-jt..rJe ,~ ..
<rn ," . . . Thr a'3nt-gJ lde I ~ ~lO l h . n~ 1L'.m,m t-R,I,Jt', ('t'st Ju .101..1• •
.93
 "
h U' Nt q U,Int Jt,lt i, "c : the h j~fO'1' of rece nt mu sic "nil<. JnWII t o.a c oll .. 1 .h c •oo n .1 IhC'l111: a h ttle
THE DECliNE OF THE AVAN t .GARDfS
100 d ear to IhC' hu rt.. of th e I
1\'U~ .. . " ,- . ar ger pu bl I e.
01, "'Otks .a~ ~ names. I han' mulnphcd (hI.'l;n.Jit~ In cre.;uinn \ldol1 I!I.II ( If Ih" ullknu\\ n gc mu s, ' (J It,t ry nu rl yr uf a 'oulIC"!, wmld tha t h,u
Vlou ho Ul " n ngmg abcnr the hlm ..onung I h.ld hoped fur:" (A tC'~1
be- read , of cou rse••1.\ s~' mprom mo re than at .J.n.ll}'~i ... -o obVlIttl\ ...
th .u the: rCC'hnocr.lfI c m u lu phl:.l tlon o f suh ..,d "., ha .. hnle- In d n with
t: to<'!'n I
, n e~t u n'r ttl th e donlln .HI.nn nf tt'( h...... l o~ R"
11 1C'lI r~ .
" . " ...., 'H'
even • J\, .\nl-~;lfJI". a rt I.. .111.'"" quite well , ·' n I -.
_ , r md the p u hllc\ d c,ertlClIl I ~. so to "'"'Jk the
\"uflnlt argll"
"' 11 ·1\ tTKl~ .t,1"C'
. .,
ItJJ I1 •• . ' _ . " " ' -. " . u rnt \Ign (II
crea no e.j Itll' . RC',I"llfl n~ t-t·(".lIl~C. III the e1m ' t \'I\ IOn th.H was .llwJlY\ th at of the
. Pierre .\ Iu:hd .\ 1cngcr ptJlflh nut Inthe ,·un du\.nn to .. ~~.lln"l .lkln J\ .llll-,.:.u,k,. hdl,... _1'1 c(lu r~ . the lither..: th c cubure md u..try. sub,«t
SO(1~osic.11 im nriJ;:.1tion : "111t'funcnon of .m d the need fur .1 PlllitIC.li. I " Iht' IInlX'r.II\\"I"~ ot ca rl1 .lll, r t ~1J.tl() and recbn ologic al IH cidcgga)
i..kologic.al ju\tltic;uion o f ,U' oI n t· f/:.u d i, m ha ve l,l ~dy In..t rhC'u IInJ""'. r rj,tit.llolhl\": rhc ll1l'd~J -whlCh "muh.Jneou",I}· rd .a}" .. and colht'\:r.lt~
ranee . O ppo..irion.1J cult ure has become om..".,J 1 cult ure; the m.ld ..rru ll1 It'le I"d n tlC ': lIn l n fll u ..m secre ted hy thc Ct;Clnllmy ; and , finJ lly. the
of "revcl ueio na rj ' .1C:whcti..: innm ".1 t1nn.. .\ or.:h,....,rr.IIClI h.. rhe m..r~n .."\..I,,t·..·· lh'· n1\(:h (".... wlucb rcfu \C- hu t t hc ~' mll\t be: forgl\'C'n. tha:-)" 3rt:
and ,or I.a ~d~· subsidued b~ eh..- ' U IC' ; J .mllJ;:. rnno..:.lllton• .InJ the will nU01ru J.IfI"d-ltl he educated, to he mina eed 10 th C' high('\t creanons of
to ru p tu re han' h«om(' h.ln .ll: · · And ~'Uun~ .."Hm p. "'ef' Jun't dd udt- (. mh.m pe lt .l r~ .H I.
rbernselves abcur rhl\. .1'> wirllc\\ IhC' n \ IJ J C'd J rolliu n moldc h ~ .\ l.lIn nut IluC',uun, h.a. ve tel be asked About the d.lnger \ of 3 world domi-
Danie l, 3outhor of .t rC'm.lr k.Jh/e q Uinref tor ' t n ll ~ " , IO ol lu u rn .t!l\t who n.1tC'J h ~ 1C'..h nol o gy. rh ar bou rgeo r.. ..ocie tv JI"'II,,"n off me prod ecno n
int crvsewed h im anC'r.t J.l~" d nt.....JI('(J tn h im h~ RolJII) h .ln( C""Cuhurr : III J it-d·ic-m inJeJ and cnfeebhng culture, no OIlC ( .J1l 11:J10fa:- .111 thl\ ..
" People wh o .arC' .tlw.l\"\ ureri J11('nt Ul ~ lor the ..ake 01 c 'r<'n mc llung floUI til ~o o n lrum the re a nd conclude Ih J.I t hl ~ " \ub.."Uh urc" and I ~
3~ god -damned nui,..m ..""C\ ~ Yi-.u I r ~ til \ h,m In .11 CH'n lhln l: ~ou J.~ tTlCJ I.1 fcb y' are ,uffl)GHlIIg a n authentic creanon which is " ur~dl~"
a boUf to h'I\"(, p l.t}'cd i\ c"(f'C'rim'''nT.ll : n \ e.l" ~ Ih .1I W-.J}-. i l no n ne Ilh, In thl' lx-..I 0 1 \h .lpC~ [udJ. y. i\ to 13kc .1 ..tt'p onc ca nont ukc u n l~\ nne
iL }"OU cJln 3Jw;ll}" a:-xcu \(' ,nur,,:1t ' J.}Jn ~ the ,·XrCtlml..n t JIJn 'l wurk 1.1.:l, th.u Il1minl.ll t r.lgic se n\e wltho ul which r hi1o-.oph ic.lI q UC'\I ton -
out Comro'Cf'. tud.l\' We.Jf Ihe", , <'I H'" (lut trym ", to d .. ,omethl ng 111 j:: i\ . III ,mnc t.1'> hion. mu nlatC'd . In tha:- c.t'>(" of contl"mpot.1ry culture
~" It i~ the ida:-.I Ih.1I rll",}\(" In ..·tl n ft·m ro r.l r~ m u ..ic. In lIu r C.l 'lo('. mllre Ih..1n 111 any o ther. we h,1\c to ...t.J}' a w.1~- from tht' idc.1. whi";l 1\
the n :a etl on a~.Iin \t wh .ll h.h ",""11 J u n(' .mJ w"h..u I' "'"-'101; JonC'. hUI .llw.lY" ICU I \ impk. th ai " the on~ ,at bult a rc d~w h< ta:- : ' Th e dC'\ri n~'
~ m u ~ic it~ lf ? I don'tl hm" It r 1,".I \C".'''' til Ihl\ l;ulmtc i... to :I not unim purt ant CXI("1\I. linke d 10 th .u of thc
Some will uh,N:t. n lll w nh uut f('.I"on. th.lt " Ih c <.eflOU' cu m po'oer " J \ .lII t ..~.trJc ... 3nd thc J VJ nt- ga rd \·~ . at th c C X ~Kt o prel..i1t' Clf wh at th e
not-we cou ld .Ilmu,t \.1\' tw \It' fi l ll tl ''I1 - lotlk m~ jor .1 m.Hlct \h.ne: · pw ,J/lmo oIr g U Illl'nt.. we h J...... iu~t Ihclll io ned <" u~e"'l. 1I'"a:- tfClm tha:- ha-
hC' i~ moti\'3tcd h} an lIlner nt·CI·,... t} 111 ( Omr.1rhflll wil h \,llIt'n " Ihl' n,IIII'- u f Ihl' e' cn d .H". \'('irho ut b .1I1,t hn". no .1 \·:lnt "~:ItdC'. If th < ;:1\'.1111-
public', ;lIpprct\'.JI. q U.lnllt .1tn cly mc.l ..ureJ. ... nut thl' a:ritC'fJOll Ittr J,C'\' ):.IT J~' l' the IlI(lH'~CI~t th ru uch wh i( h :1-" 111.111 group• •1n d ite. ani m.ltl·d
thC'tic JlCCOm pll\hml'llI eithl'r_'" \'(',. wCluld gladly conCt..J e lfll' .1rl-:u l11enl t-.~ .1 Ilt'Il' r roi,·n. r.\d 1L:llly 're jccts Ih e rcign ing wnformi... m. r«ciwJ
jf it... :aim WerC' to '>t"p:arJf c Ihe ;luthcllt K J.rn 'l fro m !ht' ~km,l~"~lIe. »ul Idc,I"• •101I th e jnh l·rit .lIlo: of It .ldllio n . The a i\i .. of the :I\',Jnt-gardC'>
the lo gic of Ihe 3\1.. nt-~..l fd,· t:0C!o well b('~ onJ thh.. In Ih t· LonlllCt 0rr" \ ' c ln tl1II .. Ill'w r ' tl'm from t he o pf't " itiulI\ thcy meet .....ilh . {)II Ihe con ·
m g public and .1ni!o!. th c .1\"allf-~.lfJI' hold, i[ III hi' nh'lUU \ Ih.lI Ihe ItJ f\'.ll ". re rh .lps. t he e_ " h'lu...t ion of ..m·h .1n oprmition no .....adays: t,ha:-
a n i\t. well in Jdvillll,:C' uf [hc' cn:tin i/ l·d .Jlld m..t lllpu l.JfCd /11.J\\I" . " I1I'C' \('r~' ,1l1.., 'nn' lIf o lll tlic i he lween ,n ,.t nt- ItJ rJ e ,u tiSI" .lOd .1 qU.1SI-III-
nu ril) right . " Who would 1I0 t W;l1lT lu rl·,:u nc llc 3 rt ~'.. ith \I"-=II'n?" Ihe t'\ 1" 1('IlU ' f'uh ll~..[11 .\1 tt ll l \' creates .1 p rob !l'n!. ,
u gu m C:n! CI'"t1J1 I1C~. "b UI " lfh wh J.t \Cl.. ic!\ ! ·ICJ LOIl ...umc r "C)( I~f\" .ttl I.cl Lh t n " nu l ,t h\"p(~thesi ...: a nd if t ht' .w;uu -ga n les arc d p ng OUI
' of a ppe;l&("lIIcnl: in M .1lr.1u\('" wllrd... II1l;cw.1fl\"e .1ft InU , t ..h(l\~' the I)fClm C' th c \' .h .\\'c hcco, IIII' b,ll1alt. And \..h ;1t I·" I" " 'ct e th e ,W.1l1t· •g.trdes
way, nor folluw t he ht·rd . The m M ..-h inl-: willI-: uf j IIll'fCh :lnt ,ol:il't}.. .\n ~ h1..:1.
" th e bq~lIm
I "1111,_1' ""lllg Ol"lhl' ( t·nHlty.- h,1\'e sc.. ' -r (·t h"
" .Ind. lOo m " C'ume..
don not (';lI~jly a(;cummod.1tt: ihd f II) t h c mark I'C" la /II' mJrd.,..m tt' d.1/U J . -" k I
1:..1 111<,,1 thl'lf own mtl·nll o n!o. wor ' I'I to"a r ... I C' .. d' h Ihn litiOI1 II I .III JI ')'
l#'1 e' ItKlilr miJtcb.mJ~.l'att s ',)uomm()fJ~ 111.11 dll lII<1t , hc.>l (ih id .).. I" " .. ,, ' . h . I ." ) I, n't Iha:- unn.t1 lhJ.t

...
I n ~ t llm bl'I W\'1'1l ·· ..uhcu ltu re a nd Il /;t l U lU re: . "
Socductne' .ar~umt'nt~. n.) Joubl. but .....hich in th t' w\"en io \una- lx'
DIIIha m p hro ug ht to the I11US\'u m the S)'ITI ) I)f t h'IS Will to brcal aw ."-
19 S
•
 $" TH E DECliNE O~ THE AVANT . aA.O ES

ftom bolo.tlit)" rha r has itself beco me han al And crea tive o f han.llir . 1",t rit'III'$ ( I R25 l. " th e ani...t d ccla re! 10 the \cho l" t '
(f " ll ' , h d .. rut ani\!'
~ It, era ses a ny d"rsnncnon
In"r ion bcrwec n wo r k 0 r a.r~.m J _techOlc,,1o ' r. In?
bject nlll",t '
" s,·r vl.' a... r t· .iva ur-gar c III th e "great C'lltcrnr i •• h i '
f h _ t" \C w f~IO,a 1$
\'(C have to look (or th e ongms Clf flu- U IS' S a ftec tl n ~ th e aVa nt _ ...t n hlisl,UllC.' nl li t e system ul thc public weal " .. h h
Ih~ r- . _ "' • I e ;,l rtl't" t e
gardes tod ay with in a di alecnc ime m al to th em. As O d a\'io P,ll. in hi, T11l·n tl f iI1l '
1~l n.H "1Il _"
wr I ht'glll th e lIlarl;h ·u
•
Ihey ..h all odai
pr a tm tnt: • fu_
1972 lectures o n the fare of mod ern poetry. ..u~cs h . " ~ I od e rn a rr h.l l ~i thl.' hUOl,lII srl'C1 e~: th ey !>h all l.1kc from the ftJ • ' IL
nlrC' I , . I r ' r <, lu, go ucn agc:
began ro lost' i h po wers of neg.. f1011. For r ears nn w. Ih !legation s ha\ t' 1111l II
ith II cnr h,:h 11e . "
urur e "generat ion..," \1 'I,X.'c ......11--
..... me
back to tnc
L

become rirual repetitio n!>; rebclhon ha , hecom e a ma e pn'k:C'dutc; l"rili_ ;T1f1: rr n 'IJIUIll uf Ih ls IrreJ u":I~ly scien ri..tic and Pf(Jgr~"ioni ..t d ement
cism, rhetoric; transgressio n. ce remony. l'cg.lrioll h.is cea- ed hc i n~ eTC_ whi.:h. IhnlU~htJUI the tw en tieth c('lltllry. !eas"cs it'> lIlark on avant-
arive . 13m no r saying we are hving rhro cg h the en d ul aft . We art' liVing - l'l l'n (ho sc rhar seem mo st di M31l1 from thi • Enl I ghtenmem
~ Jr dl~.

th e end o f the ideA of modern .ur."· Altho ugh he hers h lOj d i..r.tn(t' l.k<IIIIIo:Y·
(ro m H e-gel. w ho de creed th e dL'.1th nf .m much more ra J ic.lI]y. rhc COn. In ihc (fc,11111 nu t oi rhe h i\ lOl)" of idea.. h ut ol real m ottt'mt'tlts, · it
rradicrio n r.11 un co vers i~ w'ell a nd tru l ~' .J th.Jlt·c ti..·.J1 ctlnl r.ld ict iun in wllulJ Jrpe-,lr rhar, III the Fre nch co ntex t. the fir..r ac\ thC'tic aVoOIllI.g.arde
rhe Heg e lia n sense : in bC't'umi n,: rllrt' I~' cnncal, th e mnJl'mism of th(' \nlfl h ~" tlf th e n am e wa s rhc group k no w n a~ th (' " l ncoh~re lll .. MUl;h :"4
avan r-gardes rums .Jgai m r irselt. Sulci) o b..~ ..ed b y rhc I.jll ......l to r nov. tJlked .llw ut !'st:lwc t'n I SlH a nd 1889 (at w hich dat e the movemem tired
elry a nd ongin.Jliry for th eir O W II sak es, it tlir.. mer 11110 us o ppo, iNH (JUI .1nJ dissolved ), th e Incoherent O ne\ .....ere created fro m the:
site, th e mere em pty. d rt,.Jry" repennon u f [h e- gesture u l In ntl"",ui n n fo r fu..itlO ui va rio us small group'i in which habitu al Par is cah aret- goc:n
i nnm'a r io n '~ sakt', lh(' bre-.J k with tra d u u)l1 u'!< d l lx'col1l cS tr ,lJlI ion , were III be fo u nd: "H ydropatbes ," " Hi n utt."." " Z utistcs," o r " Je'm rn-
" tra dition of lh e' ne'w" Ct'rtain ly- ro ,l r p w p n a re H.uuld Ro scnhc-rg\. foutitIC·.... IIJullIg il"cada mn istsl . th eir main acti "ity con..i..tro in mc or-
exprasion-bu t tr ad irio n 311 the ..;lnw ;tn d . a ccordlll~ to Pal. a tr adl - g.,llll1.ilio n of mllf e ur les s humotom exhibitio ns e\scm ially intended to
rion mat is in O U T J a r ,,"oid o f mea nm!: Jnd cunrem. "shuck tht' ho u rg t'Ui..: · 10 symho licall)" d raw Ih (' d istinction het.....ttn
paz's re,)Son ing ro uch~ o n o nc of Ihl;" m.lin rrohlcm ~ tholl colltem· Ihe Bohe mi.m .... a nd t he Ph ilis tme 's wa~" o f hfc. Ext erna l s,igns of m :'Og'
por3 ry " high cu !rurc" I1l('Cb wi rh, Th c eri..i" he d is..:erns it all rh e' mor e nition thu.. pla )"eJ a p rimordial role in the life of the grou p. as anC'!>t'ed
SC'rious in th .u it is an inte rnal o nc . .JnJ nl lt ..oll1e son of " reaction" by Ihi" ma nifcsto. in whICh th e m ~ t cha ract cri stic elements of an idc-
w h ich. from th e o utside, m igh l st'ck to pu t a !:ora k(' on a !:o l o~snll1i ng ology at o nce c1it i..t a n d s..:h o o lhoy ish ar c exp re!osed :
mo"t'mem , 8uI is it lor all th aI legiu mal t' Tn ind icl "II1f1de-rn a rt " With-
The In(ohl'refl( On l.'is ~·oung. he in fJ.:r necJ s suppl('f1cs" nt mind and limb
o ut more IIlfur m.ui o n ? Th e' formu la rio n i ~. Ir uth 10 td l, ..n vagu l' it
10 ~il"t' him..d f O\"Cf ttl pe rpetUAl physical and Olllral d.s1oColtlons , , , The' Irw:n-
ne arly 10loC'!> all mean ing, .1I1J o nt" can't hOI !:ot' a litt le su rp rist'd to sec It
hcn:m On" th('rdure h.is netlhe r rheUffi Jti..ms nor mlgfa in~ he- i~ ncrvy Jnd
tdken u p !>n un ani mo u..lr by rht, mo st inf orme'd c rnict .lnd t he mosr
ru(o,ll~ I , HI' Iid tlllgs tfl ,l ll Ihe tr;l dc~ Ih3[ l'Oml' do..... to .In: a t)"po~raphl' r can
subtle phil o!oOphers. In wha t fullmn. I wou lJ p rde r tl'ft'rring to th t'
he 1l1(llhrH·m. ;.I lJnl " wo rker nevcr , , . The' Inw he-rem One fctirn throu~
mort' limi tC'd co nce pt uf a\·.1 n t-~a rd c , Stt.1'"in !ok\" Jnd Ra, "d 3(e , nil
m.u fl.1l:r <If thro ugh J I'H:lopl lll: J rhl'UOl.lliml. (!)
doul'll.~ .. modern .....; th eir a n .....u uld h.w l' becn u n;h inbble in th e nin e-
tcenth ccm u ry, Th e)' a rc nOI a,'a nt·ga n1ists. 1 h l;" n o t io n me riu bein ~ Ir is, mort. se riu usly, d ur in g the t';lrly }'C:ltS lIf this ~entuf}' [hJt ",,-c
dwelt o n if .....e .....an t to un JC"nta nd t ht" n atu re o f the eri..i!>, Oh'l' f\'t' ,m ist.. Ih cll1sch'c!> t.l king u p Ihe Iht'm cs of the Ideolo gy of the
The expr~iion " ava nt· g.u dc" belungs origin .1 l1r 10 mil ita ry \"0'
, " d b. K.1 nJ inskyl ·'s ("S -
,"aliI-Ka rlIc. w h os c exem p la ry (' xpr c:sslon l'i. no ell! .'
c.abu la ry. ku t it is nOleworthy that ih fin t ust' in a figurati,'c sen se (In \ay. O n the Sp iritl/,JI ;1' A rt ami in r" illtm g m P,lrtlCllfar ( 1'11_), To
the e lUent that It i, e,,'er pe)S'~ihlc fl) d ;lle, wi th 3 h~()l lltl;" p tl'c isio ll, Ihe- J CSl:tl hl'lht' "sp iritu a l li ft':' K:lnd insky h.ts rl;"co u rse to ,1 meuph(\r th ,u
t mc:rKCnCt' of 3 co nce pt ) 10 10 d t'si gn.1te udi<:al nll l\"ernen h in the fields
rrl hoth a rt an d polllk~, Iohn llid "'pr ear within the !>cicnt ist ic cuntc~ 1 of

.
001 ph '~"ph)' of hi ..tury: S.ainr ·SimoTl'!o, During the d l3.Jn gu e nt.tween the

ann l oOInd the: Khc ,la', fOlilld in hi, 0 plttimrs !itttra ires. phi!osopltiques
,
 sr. THE DECLIN E O F THE AVANT.GA RDES
. Il$ ancnnon, ~ i n "'l' if contain s .111 t he element s 1ll'I;C ~ "M," 10 d
""" . th e S l~n of h Is im ij, 'iJII,l1i~d tjml :h compared I h ' I
Jhl~ ,
mlmng t hel"J ('3 I I~'pc o f the ;)\.'.l nf -g.l rJc : r r !Cr. _ h hi " 0 1 ( Sr1a f!t'C'u m a u
~ l~
h -h ~h ml h'• a bsor !'o t e va ue.. of the tr ad ltlOIl• ..'"gam..t w h IC h Ihe for -
A IJrgl"mAngle J ivillrJ In tll unl'q u.1 1Pol" ": Ihe: ~mJ1J I" 1 ,1nJ fllf"" .l"'U1 ",,'r rd·d s.
1 he "'Lund acpccr th,u till' Iriangle met aph
J fdf hr r ~O(}J ~ ..hem.me hJ::u rt ior ,ho: ' r UihJ.l1 bfe. Th e- l'• .I,
,he- to p, f-t'lng , _, _ tlr POtnt\ to could he:
(' n h lt" - '!l Il\'.! In' rhc term " ,srollcu m, Dl'splte a certa .
trl.;anglC' rnu\·cs ~ Inw h·. t>.u d y rc' r crrll" f ~" , 'o~ .l rJ .m J upwa rd • •o th.lI "hC:lt •I("011: • • , _ .. In pr.."lmi..m , m:n
I J u With rill" ITI .1 11 ~ul a r st ruct ure of ) ..p;n ' u -I I I
the- hl~hC"'ot pu inl 1\ ·· hltl.:l~' ·· ; rhe 0"'" dlv,,, " ,, I' "tumurrow , " t .(" . Wholl i.. hloo.t:l h,1\ ' ' _ ' .. I C: I al .lmpo\n
h

'
Y u ~k tll'0n The .1ft!st, h iv unw.l \'eTln j( belief 10 progr II h·
cUm r rl' hl' "~ l b l(' Dol)' 10 t hc IOr m, ..., " 'J!:nwn l "I the IrlJIIJ.'lr .Ul J ,,, , h.. 1r.1 of " , II , ' . ""e~ .. a 0 ....... ImTQ

the- tn ;m~lt' is gi"t'l' n, h. t'" :o mn ''''Il" rnm the- ' ''' f''Ilol.- .IIIJ cmulI" '1.I1("<'"tcfli
tortn~ "1'111111' 111 1-o.le k _"",\th m th e ..ph~IC" of hi\ tu ry : " De...flile [the
of Ihe liie ot the second '\C'~f11cnr . " m.I ·..·1" lIn. lm· th e vp irit ua l t na nglc 10 het ctlnlinuC\ to .Idva nc(''' ,
II Iu \.. h ;1....:t·n J wi th a n u re..i..tl" le fo rce: ' The: elile ca n feci rea..:
The res o ( rhe I (''I:( J r.1w" OU I rh.., 1IlC'l.lphCl f a nd dcd uo:'lo ito. In,lin " lreJ : 110; ..o hru dt, I' unly I('mpora r)' : "'('!llner o r later it Will he under -
im p hcari o ns, ' f.",,1 I'~' th,' n1.1 ...... [0 wh om It ~ .. parbfinder and guide. " Tod ay\.
The tir~t unpbc.mo n '''. witho ut .1 dtluht. rlllIs", : '"At ,Ile "pc, Iii rldtlfl .11 .H1.1 I1Ul'il C31 J I .... on an ce I ... n(lI hlO ~ hu t tomo rro w \ co nso-
the to p mo st Ji\'i ~i o n Iht' re ~t ,mJ ~ "'(lmctimt"'o nn l~.1 ... m~ l(' man, H I" iCh. n,uke,'" Hut. ht·(";) u,C o f th " \'cry rh llo..n phy of h i ~torv, th e amct h,1\
ful visio n i,, ' il.c an mncr, imml·.I..urablc ..o rrow ." H i... 1.1...1.. .... II) " h('i .I II t ,bh~,lI inl1 10 b reak wn h tr aditio n 111 o rder ce.l!tC."le,~lr to ...create the
r
th e fo rward m o vem ent of thc O""[lo .llt· ca nlo.rd" 0 1 the ..:-relilli/ed f'u r u, new: '<Ih uv, vvc rv pe riod o f cultu re p roduces it.. ow n an . wh ich can
1.1 ~ fo u nd a t th e bottom o t tht' t n,lIl~ l c , 00 rhe nne h ,lnJ. lh C'o. WC' rind no vr I"C' repea ted." lm irano n of past and by~one fo rm.. of art '"fe-
th c -superior m t'n " ", htl ..I.lft' d l.tll m ):t" In..· tr.t J ltltl n...m J .He rhcrcfor(' ..cm" k .. Ihe m im icr y l l f the ape ," J. t:cslure wh o \(' " inner mean ing . . . is
fated to so litude ; o n IhC' (Ith t'r. "thc r.lrti ..,m ... o! ror ulJ r rep rC'\C'nu. ~'(lm rlr, d~' I.1 ck in~: · " Tht' a\'J nt-~;1rdc i.. tn·J lU the idea of re\'Olulion ;
tion: ' .. rcp u " Ii..·.1n ...•• .IltJ •·...u"'· I.lII... t ... .. "uricd \\ uhm m.l"'!> l'(lofo rml~m . II... nll....iu n 1\ 10 boldl y U\'e rtu rn the t"\uhli..hed o rde r- it heing und er-
" 'The- inhahita nrs of Ih i.. l .lt~(' di n"lun ..), tht' lTI.1n~l(' h .l\'(' n..·\'cr m .ln- ..t(,,1J Ih.lt , hi.. mon' me nt i.. wi thoul cod . lhc: .In:I..t"s n rigin.' hry .lnd
a ged 10 so h 'C .1 r ru"IC'Ol I\lr th t·m..dw... .InJ n.l\(, .I I W3~'" ht,' cn ru llt'd lIlJ l\'jdlUluy .lrt' t1l1."ref o re nn longer J di ncJ n nl" 10 rcl.lllo n II) ru les:
a long in rh(' ca n of h u nlJ oi l~' h ~' their ..dl-... .l....n hcing fdlow m c n st.l nJ - the~' .Ire expli( lIly t ho u g.h t of .I.. .I fu nctio n o f ;1 ' cortJin pbcing uf an:
i n~ f3r aoo\'c Iht·It' · tp r. 1.1.\. !.' oJ ). Th.., mct.l phor o f Ih c a \'a nt-g.arJc wlth m hi'lo ry.
thereu pon h nd .. .1/:310 the n lll ll .l ~ ,10."';..'111" Inat n;ld m"r ir"'d It Jlt it" ..\ .. ,1 con ... t·(j Ul' n Cl· o f th i.. el itism a nd of thi .. h i"lOri( i!i.m . the .lVJ nt-
~n ni np : thC' !>ufl\'rior 1t1("11. In l' .lrti .." or ...,;icnt i..t ... o j f.cnius " mOle g:lr,lt"..t·t·... fts el l 3.. t he exp rt'smm of tl't' Sd{ or . to u..... K.1I1di",k y\. own
fo rw.l rd fo r!,:t'n ing a ll I"ruJ.... O..:l·• .InJ h I! Jurmg the ( u nq Ut'St of tilt- t'<t;prc.., in lt. lilt" "rure n prc.· ..sio n of t he in ner IIfc" o f hi m w ho . t hrou~
Cit3 d c1 o f thc ncw .." ico (c .1.. J o Inn ...e ...nldl"'I!> \\ hu . , a.:rifi,i ng thC'm· hi.. ur iltin.lIlt\. hml.. hil1lsd f 3l Ihl' ..;une timc at the .1pe)( (If the tr i J n~l c:
<,('I\'n . pcri..h in the de ..per.lIt· ,h ...lUh tlf a i" nre.... th .1t Will nOI ..ur· rd tll" n) ,m l!' .1ht ·aJ 0 1 hi .. ti me (h i..toril.'ism )• .InJ w hu therdm e 3[onc
ren der" (ibid.). The J:.eniu, i.. thu' a loll(' anJ th... t Tl.1 n ~I l" '" ~I I"e x but ,1 UllHfl" utt·\ .1 \T ritJP k m dir'idl/dlit)' (thl." o ther " inJi,·iJu"I..: · e\ellthme
po int. Proplc " ' a ll him de r J n ~t'J " ( 11 " a c.l nJI J 3Il· io r th e m .1dhllu\c" ) 11'" hdllw Iht· ,Ipl.·". ,l ln·.1J y ~ll'~1l1 to mah lip ;l .. 01,1 ......; Ihey 31l' ..imi-

(p. 13 4 ). Bu t t n i~ solitude 1.. Ihe ..ur('!>1 , i ~1l {It bc l (l n ~i n g til .m d ite. IJr rO ll nt' ;llltlth n. the y h,I\ '" th Ul/:S in ( Om lllOrt•.1Itd th t'" .lrl' thu.. , I c~,
2\ Schonl'o erg ('onfc..'e .. t tl Jr(anJin ..k\ in .1 I,,' u c r Oil 1.1OU.1T\' 24 . I'll I: IIlJn'idll ,lh / l'd th .tIl Ihl' ~l' nlU~ ) , T h i.. thellw i.. q uite' ,,·en tr JI. it pnl\'lJC">
" My ""orh a rc p rtl\ Isiunall}- rciu..cd' the two r of Ih ~ mJ "st'~ , The~ WIll Ihl· m,un thn 'rt'I1"';l l iu.. tiri, a [iu l\ iu r th e .ll-oa nJ o nmc:n t of " tigu r.lli(\n"
fhc1'eb y J II the morc e.l\ d)' rr a,h Iht' inJI\'iJ u.lI..: thust· trulr w() rth ~' In p.li lJl lII~ an J lona lity in nm ..il.'. Ii Wt· h ;we til pUI ;111 enJ to h~u rJ.ri\'e

individual. who alone ( OUllt fo r m e," I. T h l':' th l."m c i, sn important illr ,lit . 11 Wt" h.l\l' In ..lOp i m i la [i n~ n;tWIl'. il i ~ SO Wl' Ill,l)' be .1bll' ,finJI ~,.
Xhcln~q; th at, in 19 .\7 , he nu k..... it th t' ..:e nte r 0 1 .m CS";I~' enritlcJ 10 ~I\'t" l u ll t.x p rt.....ion to , uh jcl.·th ity• .I ~ K.lItJiTl\ k)' "um.. It ur til Ihn;
H" w ()trt> B.-corn/!$ oJ ,\ loJtr A/mIt'. in w hi..:h hoth elitISm .1Itd the prolJ· e" rCll1d~ IIn p u rt .11lt fur mu Lnion : "till' Hllal ren unCt.ltltlll ,11 .lc('c:r[cJ
ht."., u [~'. w nl('n rq?.uJ .. 3.. ~3(fed e\'ery me.m .. [h.1t ~en'e, the I' url"he oi
km of the pu b lic (thai I~, I)f l is a b'oCtlc l' ) Jr..' arti..:ul.lt cd a ro u nd the
no d u n ul indm d uality. Th e alll..t\ ~ol it uJe i_~ t he m ;tr k o f h i!> rcr~on '

".
..l'I I ·t:\ p rl'....lun.. (ib id ., p. 149 ),
, .
 THE DECllN E 0
s.. f THE AVANT.GA.ROES
hi' M.lf X ; ;1I1 ana lys is o f bourgeoi s civ il . • h
\'t't sh.dl s« th.u the po sition II i the Cuhi~ts WJ ~ 1111 rho· (1 I t . I· d fi . . \{Jclety, e ..how, hflW
dti . " '. S POtnt I'"l"iCII1(r~ . .eocc o f .( .\p lla rsrn C IlI11Vdy ruined Ih
h h I' , . "
'
C' nnl lOn of tra d ition
J erent. It IS nevert heless as a functio n of t h Is 1,\\ 1 crttcrron J od k ' Ih( L(" s.tOle nmc I C 0 IIOUC snCI01 \ v\,ion Ih
. h . _ _ • t'~
,J .11 [11 ' . . . . ', at was attJehC'd to u:
Ing r OM' wh om he smures at tht" m an gle's Ic." J d tng po'nt- JlIC.l"Sf) I ,. f llJ ;\Iu Cnl ,\! .l\ su m pllo n of muJemn y Ihe lh d h h .
X h O('llberg_;ls a !>tc;ld y po in t of reference, rhar K anJ in"h 'io l('r'~hn, ..!he U , .\ . . . .
~tc,t ('f n cln 17.3n o n SIIlC" the SIXtcclllh
' rea ma t <lI\ ru n
. h
h" . ~ hr,' L1t:h . century, IS r at the so-
our a Istory of co ntemporary' ar t in wh ich the thr ee im" licir pr"-uf\'
rositlons
. (el itism, histo ri cism, inJi \ idu .l1i\ lUl o f .111 .H".mq:.lrJC' ,d(" 11
gres ~m(' th ro ugh in movt sigmfica m (3 ..hl1 l11. \,\'I"'t" Dd , u......}. J CSP lI C'
. 11~1 unit ,II , ne ll'l)' IS nut the grou p. the guild , IhC' tr ibe, or the' city, bUI
'h rrr~tlll" (p . I to). And from the moment Ih31 this indi \'iJuJl lhinks of
0' \1.1' nu l tlnl)' a Ir ee an d Juto no mou!> monad but as oh . \
ce rtam ......ortby irmo vanon... ..rill ~IH'S 14".1) ' ttl " th .. charrn-, Il( m UTe- II I hlrfl' c . ' " e tru e !loOCTa
· lIu'\"luhl y gra nts hr m scl f th e ca pJclty and th e ri"'I., 0
less coavenncna l ibea ury,'" Arnol d S.:hns· nhcrg " ):. )(.", h ,""nnd~ \\J Yun. jlt.IU, h l . , . "" 0 que~tlon
,11Ie:'" he lu \ n ut pO\ lled h lm,eU , and III mO(My' at wll\ . ny n
recognized. even roJ,},- ( 19 12). b, .11/b ll r J {(,'l ' ,.,llJ'/J/.rsh ": ··Sd ll l('n. jn'· \ .. , .. ' ' . orm\
be rg's music IC.3d.. U \ int o .1 new realm , where nlu'h,:.J1 ("'I"'\·o"·n\.,,,
hr'nl J~ Il" rn utc . C,lJrY I~~ the ~r~ument 11\ Bcl\'~ di rection . .... C' ma y add
Ih~t, Jl lhc Ien :1 til pO~lU,al phlloS(~ph!,. this principle has been iU"lificd
a rc no lo nger .al"OU!OU"., hut purd ~' vprntual. H a l' h(,,~I II' rhe ' mU'I l' III
In Rou .....c.Ill 's .\ 110 ,11 Contr,' c': the Indm.Juals gathe red In as~mhty give
the futu re."
· ~I \·c\ rhci. r own 13""'; , thq are .th ei r o wn m3'ten and "'~\«\Ors '
The siruanon is .analogou, In p .lln lln g . Here. n I' rll',I"U "hn " ~I I(" 1ht ilt,... t.. . •
lIO ol,e m ,l }' h lllJ~'r rh c rn from cha ngin g the<oe law s .11 Will since: it would
beyond" Cezanne and ~I.lne l. Unhke rbo-e fWII. \\,ho we re • .111 Ii'll'
same, " in ad van ce" o f (hei r time ,
toe " .1t'ts urJ for th e: Will to b y ch a ins upon melt fur the: futu re." l l
AI tht' ,t M.:iu logical level, Bell quote s rhe passage from the Com-
me' Sp.ani.trd P<ll hl.l PICa....... no t'r ... u,"\,-umi'o , Iu Ihl'" [.:" m ·t llUu n.l!l bc aurv . 1nI munlSI ,\I.m i{ t'st u in w hic h M a rx des cri bes the revolu oona ry essence of
on .Ilw a ys b) ' mt' need tor '>C'1t-t'\rrMo... lnn. orren J rn en " 1 Id l~ o n .... Jrd. PK.I~ ...) klu r~('(m ~u" e: l y ; "The bou rgeoi sie ca nno t cxi st wuhour ( onstantl y
rbrc....-s h im !ioC'lf lro m Ulle' (''I( I('fll.l1 mt.ln ... In In ('lhtr, II J ,;hJ 'm hr" ~IWttn ff''Ululinni71Og th e in struments o f production . and rherebv the relanons
lh C'l'll. Picas<,(I mak n .I ..... lld Ic.lr • .1I1,ll h('rr he " , ... tJnJIO~ on In(' lIt~r MJc:. tlf proJuct iun ••1nd with them thC' wholc rdation!> of !oOCiel)' • • • All
much fO t ht" !Hlrror o f hi\, ,;u!np.let ';l.hun .., illll"" ('r,,. Thc~ hJJ IU~1 lhuu~tll h\Cd. fJst. frOl e n relations. w ith th eir tuin of 3ndent J nd ,'cn('fable
they h,ld caught up ",uh him ; fl U'" th ey mu ... t t-e-~lrJ Ih(' p.llniul J"..., ·rru Jod \,un prejudices a nJ o p in io ns . a re swept away. all new-fo rmed uno become
th e dim!;. .111 o\,er .I~.u n. i lhIJ.. p. L' 2) Jntiq uJ led before they can OSSify." Fro m Ihe hC'ginning . Iherefore,
"huu~eois" indi\'iduali sm h3d a re \"0Imi on .H1' J spe ct . it·,; tcm~ra hty
Avant ,ga rdi..m ·s th l("('cUn'>tltuti\·C' m Ol1l (' nt.. .1ft' he re c1 c 3r1~ hrnuJtht 10-
..... J, oriente d IOwJrJ th e futu re. a nd one ca n s«' the' way 11\ .....h lch Bd l.
gether: it is hc.'ca.U\ C IhC' Jrti"T o j ~e lH u ... i... ~l jTc-J w it h .1 pn srm .Jlrt )' t hJI
J lormt'r ~ b r xi!>t. can e n \'isio n establi,hinjt J r U J doxit:aJ \"(mn nU1?,
puu him /J11t'aJ o f his UIII,,-tm. foll ower\. a lt h()u~ t1W} .HC' .t l reJ J~'.
N-I wecn Ihc ho urgco is world a nd the birth of Jvant-g3r dC'S whost rnam
as such. a n elite. hd\'''' \OIn ethin ~ "c u mpal·t" .1 hu ut Ih cm - th ;u h" j,
COllL"l'fI\ i, tn hreak with tra ditio n, 10 ce asclc !>slr cr"Jle: the ne..... b)' ( o n-
dcs.rined to t he so litu de rC'!>ern:d ttlr th t: d iU o j th l!> di t t·.
n.lntly H·\'{llut.iun izing t he wo rld of t.-ultu rc. . , f h
A ( OlllllHllt\' pa ra dO XICa . l .m J ee J , s\O\.e
. . t hc , piritua! ul\lvet'S" 0 I e
. . \ .' f the bo ur~l'o;s .....a'·
~~ 3 n1- g Jrtl l' S Wl' lll~ 10 he t hc d iamernca OppO\lre o . d
AN "1NDIVIDUAlIST" INTERPRETATlON Of THEAVANT-GARDE Ilf h f". Th e a rri~t \. th e " bohemian's" way of h fe st"cs ;h clf J \ up rose'
. h . d ut lhe (onnc\.1:lOnS
If by in d in d u3lism l4"e under \t.lnJ th e modern i d t'olop;~' t h a t hold, th01I. 10 Ih,ll uf , I'll' Jlhili\t im' a nd 3\ Malt:vlC pOLlIte 0 , '..1.
b" , J rC \ lHllcti1RC'S vcr)' lItt',t :
in the na m" of fr ttdoln a nd of ;luto nOI1W, th e inJi,"iJuJI mmt l:ireak tWCl'!l aesthelic a nJ po! ni cal ;lV.tn t -gJ r t'!> a . . f . h J.
wnh Ihe heu'ron oln)' o f inhe rited tf3 di riu;l s, l. Ihen it secm s Ih al a n in' "( h. \ . forms 11\ 3rt Oft !> .I
.u I\ m .lnd fUlu rism we re the re \'O Utlo n;HY
f"1lHetarinn o f the' a":tnt-g'lJ d e by rder encl' to inJlviJu .l1is m b c,()m~
n«:ruary. Itt, prinCIple' ha~ hc.-cn pur fo rw :trd b)' DJnid Bell in hi s es~:tY
on Ih~ Cultu ral Ctmt' oJd,d ;mu of \.J/" toJltsm .Z<t Tak ing U ll ('ef t;u n 3 V

'00 '0'
 s.. THE DEC LIN E O F THE AVANT,GA IIDES
ov. 'InJt IhC' revcl cnon in rh c r oliti(,·,ll.1nd economic li ft· (If 1'j 17 ~ ' t h ril il ~h ihc \.'xammario n lIf the disce rda h
" .I,t
.h .t l I.:: n ~' u n ee .. I .11 .1 ppc.1r
If I Ihi~ H~r)' p.1T3dox tha i Ed! p l.1CC\ .It rhe hear t uf hts Interp t: !a, · et •I~lr(' .111J mor e (requl,nt ,
ly between th e econ mn ic , h
,
,. . I
e po urea , anu the
•
, IUn:
n'L! lru(.l I ~ rh ~' r e..., I'hc em ,
erge nce of these d l\cnrd ,.nen
~ · come \ In ' f act
. \l'h.u I ~ ~ t ri ki n~ is Ih.u willie l>uurgCfm ~UL lc t~· inrruJ uu'J .I raJ icdllfJdl.
'I
rc ,111\ ,
· ~'h' 1.\11.' In rh.... f h'S1ol r).' of· capitah~m
I ' <w.h ieh pa nl, - I ·
.....1' .1ln ~ r he
t1Ju a h~ m In C"l:O n OnIlLS. a nd a ..", tt mt:n('s~ '" ICJf up all ItJ J i ri n ll.l 1 \oc; i ~ 1 ,tl _ I. , . Il f til(' .1 o rccuec ..,1\,: 10 og ica l p.lr.1dlp'tns) A, h h . .
d
1I11 )I,I "'~ \ .. ' , . ,..... . t e eglnmng.
nons In the' rrDI:C~S. the bo urueuv d.h~ {e.Irl"J ,h... rJJi.:,lI C'xr<'r IOlC'llt;a1 _lis "ol 1~· I ~' t v s in fra srrucrun- and <;uperl>truetu , I
rnd! "',Ju.lI''Im of modem wm in t he culture. Cn " H.·r,d ~-. ,h e (,l.h.'al c:,< rrrinlnl . "" Ll r~(1 . , ' . e were 10 re anve
1\ ' I' :-.I,IX Wehn ~ ana lyse.. ..how, Ihe ideo ll.g, f . I
ta bu s in th e cu ltu re, from BJu J dJlrt:' '" Runh.l ul l to Alfred J .lt r~'. "t're 1I1'1 1l1n t: h.t f11l1•• , " _ . . () C-lP IIa I\ m,
h,r 10 11[.:. PUfI[;1O ,md, Pn,H e~tant, m.m 'lged. u ntil Ih e c'nd of the nine-
tn c'rla te- .111 (hmens;un.. 01 (,xl'<'r i(' n~·c. re i tier.:d~· h.ltl,.1 0..' 111):('' ''' 1.le. Ih('
lr('f1Ih cr nlU r y, to mamta m Its co he rence wit h the C'c o no mic ..phere . The
h l~Or)' o f rhis w.; lolo~ica l pun ic. how I hl. J nl.1~on i , m <:.IOIC .It-..Ill. i, \hll'n
,hlrtcr ll " " " ,-tu l virtue..·· to which Ben jamin Fr" nkhn cl.1imed 10 de -
be' wn nen. lfI'IiJ .• p. 18)
\ilf\.'thi tl\.'C.'n ,n '\.'k .. fo ur nmcs a year a re the very embo di ment of this
For Bd J. the problem is then one oi knowmg how to nUIIlt.1m , wnho u 1 h,'ll1, ,~\.'nclty : rcmpe r-mcc, <;il,,'nl.:c , o rder, rewlution, frugAlity. indu s-
co ntradiction . the ide a of an ,"dl\'iJIl.1 h ~r bac kgrou nd co mmon to h..lth Il l", \Illc\.'r ily. IU"UCl'. modera tio n, d e.1 nI IllC s~ , tr anqui llity, ( hdsruy• and

the bou rgeoisie .1OJ th e .1\' ant-Jl;.lrdl'\ IM lh n l them u r ,cu lOg Ir.lJllion h U IlIl1i I ~'- qll ,t l llle~ ", IHI'>l' valo rizatio n (If no t alwa ys the ir J....rtual ex-
in rhe na me o f ind ividu a l au ton om y even though the ~"l.l11fli ct OP rt"'1n~ rr~· , ~ ) WJ" .l hll' 10 legui ma re Ihe ent rep reneuria l l>pirit of 2 nascent
the two form s o f life il> evrdcm . e;1r il,lll\ m.
Bell's a n swe r prel>lI rrU~elo .1 rrmque (It the d orninan r p.1rddigml>oi BUI it i.. de'lf Ih ;1I rhr s "Protestant et hic" ha.. Ji<;apreared u>J.1Y,
romemporar)' sociology, ~ 1.J r x i ~ m and tun cnonalisrn. H e .:t rguc \ th,u, rcpl,h'cd .,,. .1 m'w cu lture Bell d Cl> lgn ate ~ as "hedcnicnc" and "narc i..,
again st th ese p;u adlgml>, Ihc b l'trmg l'''I'Il)' n f the dtiterent le"eI\ m.1king .....1ic.•• Two s l a ~c .. wa vm ark It S develo pmcn r with in the co ntext of
up capitalll>t SllCiet~' mu\t "1' lotrC">\{,ll To th ll> end. we C,lO <,cpardt(' out Arnrr i,;-an h i\l nr~' : Ihe: n inc tccn -teen l> first of .III, wh ich wirne..~d the
thrtt sp he I'Cs: fino! tlj .III, th l ' u d mu- u m lf wuc strJta,lft', n -h u.:h fo r tht !-irlh, ,HHu nd a g roup of " Y(lu ng I ntd l e(t u 3 1 ~" at H.uyar J , uf the de-
most p.J" C.3n he del>cril-ocd III W'd ' \.'T1.lIl h:rml>, Gm erned b ~' .3 bu rt'au - m,l mi lo r ,1 ;;weep in g lib eratio n o f mores: "'Th e cxu llcra ncc o f hfe \\,.1..
cr a tic modt of o rgani l .1tiol1. Ih own principle il> e:tnClenq. mn imum summed up in a ..e ries o f ca tc h words , O ne o f them ......1S ·Ne.....: Th erc
p rohra hilir y f Z It 't'ckro1tlrm,lI" .lt (Ir " inMru mem .l1 r a tional i~'''I , Th e sec- was the ;"h'w LJemouacy. th (' l': cw N ationali sm, the New Frcedom. Ihe
o nd sphere is th.;1t of th e po/zt)', Since th e t:l1lcrgencl' o f mo d ern ind io ;\e\\ ' Poel ry. ;m d e\ e n th<" Ne w Repllhllc (w h ich wa.. sta rtcd in 19 14).
\'idua lism-Iet us sar, In thl' Frt'nch co IHe'C t, .lnd ttl limi t our..eh'C'S to A ~\.'cn lld wa .. s\.'x . Even to Ul>C th e word o penly sent a f riHoII t h rou~h
w h at is mos t \'il>ib lt', ..in((· thl' 17H9 R l'\ 'o lu tlon-It h.l" t.ee:n increas- the re,IJ!;"rs of the p re:ss , , , A nd .I th irJ ca t..:hword was /tl ,r r.Jt lll""
in gl)' o rirn tl"ti, as Tocq ue\"llll"<; a na l}'<;N h.l d p red lcted ,"r .1 d emo cr atic (fl , Il l ), T hi\ w ind o f freedo m WJ l> to lead th l' Un itt'd SU ICl> to J i ~'o\'cr
leg irim.1non wh ose uhi m.tlc ~rnu n d il1 g. i~ the rl'q ui remenr (If cq u.1 h t~,­ nOI only h cu d ,Illd lx.'r g!>o ll - morc co pi c~ o f Cre,lIll't' f., IO/lIt' o" .....ere
fonnal, 3t fir..t, th en mo re a nd mor l' re,l l (p , 11 ), A nd fin,tll )', ther t' i\ ;,old III two YC.lJ.. t h a n in Fra ncl' in the p rl'\'i ou s fifteen -bul .1Il>0 the
th e sphere of C11lturt-.md hefl' Hd l i\ refe rr ing no lun ger to \\ 'ct.er or principal rl'p rl'sl'n l3 ti \'c s oj thl- <1t'l>thctic ;l\';u lI -gMd l' uf o ld Europ e,
to de Tocq ue\"ilJe, but to Ern\! Ca ~s l rcr (ih id ,), W IHI~l' p rin ci ple , in thc Fur th il> tir..t e m.l IKip .1 lOr)' th r\l ~t ,\wa y fro m the I'ro lcslJ nl elhi e
modern .....m ld, is \ocl f·cx p r(',,!>io n or "\df.)~ral i tic;Hi un·' (I" x li)_ nell pru vidl's IWo kc \' f{'3snn ..: thl' l'nJ o f the rl"ig n of the "., nlol ll to n n""
M.a "ci~ m an d functio na lism, f)therwise cOIn p lcteh ' a t udd ~ , h a\'c, ,1\ ,Ill l'lk...-r of dl'n lO~r;l phic g ro wth , ,tlld , aho \'c ,1 11~ tht' birt h of.1 1t.1!
.according to Bel l, 3 , hared It'ndellc}' Iu r("prl'sent t h('~l' three len'l s a. I."um urn l'r su cic t)" in w h ic h Ihe: d l'\'l' lu Pllll'nt uf ( rt'dl t shook up th.e ex-
bC'm~ 1ntcgratt'd with lO a co hc r\.'nr tu uli t}' (or at Il'a sl cu lw rl' nr fro m the 1't...'l1(l' IIi till..' m a sses hy ru j ll i ll ~ th l' an tiq ll.lIl'd al>n 'nc i J e(l lll~r (II \ .1\--
m t("rpr("ter'. J"oi nl o f \'Iew), O ne a<'SCrllo th a t tht' m pe rslructures e " r res!> 11l1:\ .l nd of a h~t inc IKc: " T h l' cu lru r;l l tra ns for matio n o f 1l1l1drrn !oI.)o,.'let~:
mf' rnfra~IrU Chtr(' (wit h de !;l)", feed bad." ctC,. hut t1w)' li o so a ll the I' d Ul', \ lllg UlJ rlV. to t h e r isl' o f m.lSS cOllsu mp tio n, or tlU' J iffu, io n ul
....n ""); the o ther p r('\uppuI>es a ( U1n rtlOll value "ph,-m w ithi n .\ cn nseo- wl' .11 Wcrt' UlICl' 'l"C lflsid ercd hl'( uries to the m id J lr .111...1 lowe r d.t..~(' .. 111
.u• .u It I" thi .. 'lI1i ta r)' yi..icJO of a ..u cia l lo ta lit y tha t Be ll sc:ts nu t (II \ IICICty '" (p, ( 5 ),

'0' 203
 ,. TH £ Df;ClIN£ O F t HE AVAN T. C AI On
" r r" .n,,"" f'1 ...I\ llrt. irnt.ln! l" y , d'lli in.. nd L
The ~und ~1.IJ:C' w~, in the: I~t>n~ . II .lrd not , (( If the l1I O M ""rlu.o n" .. ." . ....-rhnl CO" ( _ no &0
CllrtoV.n h I. · , . PM t. •I><" " ,It ,ll , h," I,\"
"
,l.ly _.Iml J \ WlnJ(o:o r by n,d-t • Th,.,\ 'C' " "" ,.,._~lmIC'm aad tdf ·
C' 'I.() muc .H . C.laC' UJ' :If=,:un .lnJ J CII\U<r;Ul l C' the tht' lllc\ .\ Irl: lhl

.<> I
n rounJai b,· the "You ng 100('1I('( IU" I, " (r . fi 'l ). lhe " " ,ies ..... itn('"t"~ ltJll" " ~ (I'r " 7 1- 11)

the rror.ll ~a uon o f ,1 ", u,01l11y of il'l,h"n' ,,'u\'

• wh o..!" c a lt' J.:(J r i ~·;. 1 1011'.
nee can ~ sum med up in two wo rd..: Be \'mlTulf A \ lIn rllstic N o.
t" ~ .
n,,-, IlItr rp rcr,lt l(lIl-. to which ,
I hardlv' 'CC' hfW,' f,1\(' «>uH,I
_". 1.1
rnn.a ln
~r.am . of CUU f\(". b ut one rh.u ra....C'.. fnr ;J viru lent ..: r ll i ~· i !> 111 tl f lhe 1~ 11J I".t:r('nt , n well J ut:,. It. d e....cr ibc .(ln~ of the: prllffJund C'\ ( \.I1ar2(.tmMla
~.
of CI)lIte1l1 porary bcl 1.1 \"1f)r -lc:a d , to a p.u~d(>lI. : .... ne:r u\ au nt-p rde
twx.. rf!,'nK" .... IUM and m~lr.1"t )· of miJJlc'1: l.l '" America l/'Amhi'111('
.Itt r n",ellt' " , cl f WIIIIll~ly, not to u y eflm pLlce:mly, ~\ \ub'leni,t ~nd
p"flfo"J~ I. As.l (('''> u lt of th i.. "counter-cult ur al" period, Hdl IlCllC'>. "tra.
b ,urp CO.' ' " wflu ld III b et h e the uh im.tle:ex pres 'o n of •
JIIKIR.lI mnu llt,· ""';1 " repla ced b ~ r",· (hnJ uJ.:~·. J.:uilt h ~_ .1II" il'I(· (p. 72). olIIT1 t .. . ~ OIIJoUt(l::Ot'
P, }·cho log) '. because the' problem is no longe one 01 IInpt)..i n ~ IItlrrn, ~1X:ll't~' rhat, 10 o rder HI \ J lIsfy rbc new co ns umer dem and.. It nHlfh~ ..
bu t of u ndn-st.anJin}: the:' inJi" id ll.1 1 f'I.'rsn n:llilY and furthering il\ ~d f . ~n~tnJt'teJ , h .15 given up the a..cen c mo ral ity ~bx Webe r descn bed to
U';lIhLui o n: .nll: iety an d nm gutlt, bl'l',Juo,(' " nor fah n~ good " 1\, d ~inllot rn.tkt roo m tor the h edoni..tic iJeologse!> of cultu rall i~f3t1on ,
th e b ack grou nd of.1 wa rnin g "mora l law," the mac dfl·\"t of an im t;l. I W Ill nlll cm m.-luc k here to the problem ' that, at the level ot mt'th-
p'~'ch i c conthc t. The' cu ltu rall·o n'>l·qucn.:e lit th l'" new wo rld -vi..ion : the oJlll(ll!~' , hi, t~" pe of interp reta tio n b rin gs Up.l" It is d ear that, despue
DUm ebemes o f the t'Arly a,"ant-g.1rJl·' p.l" over to l'\CrrJ.ty l·xi, lt·n.:e. Ihl' J I..t.mce It cl aim- to keep fro m ~1a tll. i ~ m , it renews th e- in mv n on,
J I.ul'o tlUl- IJ l·.t th at th e •·..upc retru ct ur es.. art' bur an effect of the :'10-
.",uthmtKUy In ~ work of .In " '.1\ de fined 1111 the 1'J1'oI).,!.,Ilm,to., ndu\ I\"dy IrJ\lru(tllf("" u lw Ideo lugy tlf the avant -garde, the effect\ of th e age oi
in In" ~ oi the' qlUhty of ImmeJIJ C), l>t,lh the- IlI1mnJu.:}' ol lh(' .,Inl\'\ mlelllmn "IC'JII ). And y(·t. If II!'> co n ce p tio n of in di vid ualism undergoes J certain
..nJ t~ Immcd""C)" at hi.. ctfn: t upon Ii,.. vu-wer. In the Ihc,I(,· r. inr cu rnf'lo:o, ebhtlr,U1un / ' II doc.... it ...eem v to me , rather adcq u.1lcly ~CCOU nt for
'f'O'1u~tr ,,"u 0111; thC' lelllt W ;I\ \'Inll,l ll~" chmUl.t(ed .md thl· rC'ip'I III~ illrm wholt ':tluld lx· called th e "avant -g a rde for"," of mod ern i!>t mO\'cmrnt~
bn:::am.r imprO\'iurwn--<"'oIlllllJ:, thC' " n.Hur.t!"· m..r th(' (o nu l\ed. \ IIKnll)' o\'C'r II their sp.', ,(i( Wil le n' is ah..t r.J.cte d out. It is ind.eed o bvio us th At rht'
I~t. 'pont~ll('lly ","cr rdlC'ClIon. \XlWII J uJ l1h ;\ tJ li n.l. tho: J lh'o:t ot nl ltH: I"r('(' 11I11l11cnh we ,aw .It w o rk in K.md imky's text -dni... m, hi...to ri-
Lnnlt Theater, \.lId. " I Jun', .. oInr h .1>c Antl!:llllc (u n ' IJ~O: ), I .u n .Illd ",Jill 10 Cil m, JnJ the .:uh of , d f- I,:3.n be p lau sIbly int erp reted with in the ra-
~ JuJlth M almJ ," ..he ,uml-d It> do .I....:I~ wllh 1111l",."n in the Ihc.:I (cr. 0I~ thC' ..pt't:ti\ c ,kcto: hed o u t by Bell.
rainIer.. h.1v(' chmlll,lIr:d " UI an , 1: 1'. IJ 1) It \Celll\ to mc . morem"er • .at tn e level of the contmt of the dirterm t
.l\".lm-g;u des, th a t We find th e lim n !> to Bell's readin g o i h i stor~'. 1""'0
At tht' mJ u l tnis an aly..is. tnt: oprn'iitio ll "'et w n 'n bou rgc ui!'> and
key Jl tfi c u h ie~ h;l \"(' to b e p oi nted o ut, bo th of whi ch M"em to tC'qwrt' A
•
M ti H looh lIke the par.tdmdcal eHect uf .t n ew .lspeet o f indl vid uali ..m:
more com p lex int erp rct,u io n o f th t' ph eno me non :
h 2\ 'in g en tered inln the era of m.h\ cn m u m ptio n, capi t.1li!>t !-ocict)· ca n
I. T he firs t h ,l!> (() d u wi th thc f:rct th.at. insi, ting J S he JO('S on the
no lun~C'r fit an an a~C1ic C1 hi,: th a i lI1i ~h t re!'> t r.lin thi , co nsu m ptio n"
(untinu ity I lIl ki n ~ modernis m 10 d .J.s!'> ica l indi \'id u.1hsm "S!O Ct' th c ..ix-
ThereforC' the co n lhn l-lt<tweC'1l a n ecull()ln ic !tp h t:rt:. !ttill req uiring th e
um~ ~ff(Jm and slill rcgula led by th e ai m of profit:rl-lilit y, .1Od J ","uh ural Icenth ct:lll u r~'''' Bell undert:!'>tim J tes the ruptu re tha t the Ah.1nJon mcnt
of r r n r t'CU\'t' ;)nd tona lity b rin gs in to the h islOf)' u t ,1ft. In his e~'e'i thi'S
\pher~ w h ich , thouWt appea rin ~ to h(' ,1 r:rJ k al cr itiq ue of the cu m umer
Y-.:id)', III faa chec r\ it on a, nnt:r bdore :
rllptu rl' is to be d;l!-sed w ith in th l.", if we ma r ,,'al1 it thiS, " co nti nui~ o.
rupture.... rh.lt hJ ~ ch a r.K tc ri zeJ the h istn r)" of d('mck:rati..: rU1Ji, iJu.lhs~
Thn ~b:andnnment of I'ufllil n i ~m ,1I1d 111(' I'rul C~ U IH ethic . . • (' mp h 'I !>' IC'~ \~)c it'tics since thei r hl'g,in n in gs, \'('t' wou ld thO!. ~o (wet fwm Inlpr~'
nue only the d"lllllltlt,n hrt'ACfn the n" rm\ of th e cuh utC' ,m J the IlnflT1 ' (II tht ~1(JI1 lSm 10 o:u bi!>11 1o r to ;t b, t r.K ti o n ism lust as 11I1I."t· J rci..t.. h.1J ':lme. Is"
.. ",ul \tflKlUt e , hut ~I w:, an clu.u u d lru ry . J IIlI raJKtio n within tht' .." cial ~ t ru " IINJIl (t:, Iro m romanticism til imprcssionism , tnt' o nly Ilo te.... llnh~ J lt-
Urt'f rlfle"11. O n the .-me h.IlIJ, thc bll\ lne"" eurporJIIUn wam \ An lI1J ,,"iJll ,ll to lett'nec bt'tWt'l'1\ tl1". " inl'h.-e nt h ,1OJ rwentieth (Tnw n e NIT1~, m ttw-
..."i h.rd, pu"..... ~ u rre-" I'urt do:o byC'J .:;tJ llht.:;ltIn n - IO h-c, ill Iht cruJo:

..
('nd. th'lt in the I;lttl'r th t: rup tures lx'cOllle (' H e ",.)re fte\tuetU I S In
.., " , l>J",:UhU" nun. Ami )'cC, .n 11\ pr,,,llIe,, alld Ih ;" lvr r!i\e nlCl\li , tht effc( t uf .1 c('a scll'!-slr l'x .ll'cr h ,1tcJ mJn" iJu Jh~lU. Ob'Cr\ln~ tnwn I not:
, I.'
 >.. 'H E oEC. L1NE 0 ' I HE AVAN t . C Ato n
'f "ou prckr,;I new era uf md l"lduah,m th.iI <.ann, pt L ~ _. I
W'n dlM.. ,u .undJ1lMru . G,Un 1..if"C'J"'ft , I", h.u given ,h" co n rmu .... h fi 0 LI 'Jll:rCOUU:ulo
~ .an hl~tUf)' ftt full t.rrn~I "(' JlfM'(,r:
. "I "'- clol' il'Jw rn IIf 1 C n c cu. n ,, ~ evel ul the hi",,,!)' of ide-..a..-bvt
uan .....
J..~ ;1\ we , h.lll see , o n Ihon f,f a rt hl\ffJry_,Cnc pa ra I I'f'1
'~ L .
PCnII'Uf) dw
Modrrnn.rn " IW'IC .. linl .. Ill! m.:f_r-auMc fllrturC': in .n r,lgt fur dnu"". , ",.I rJc-o, ,1fld th e i-rC'n<h RC'V lllullon I('ad. 10 a r .. , _,-
2,2" h gh .... l.aln u" ..,n C'\IJ.
be-. ~ ra.J.c..1m_..non. modrt1ll'''' cunl .",,". 1n tbe ('uh llr..1{,rdrr, 'l.uh . ..... oi rhc ru ptu re rn u I about, ItIw.ard 1M _ _I ' .L
rnJu.... ~ ' .. r" UIC nmetftftth
c.cIMun·, drJay. the- "'oB (J( rn....dcTlI ,,"1OC'11C'\ ~imm • .liT ," ~ l lur'"K Ihrn'Wh" '11 r'" bv ,hl' C' rne:r~t:f1ce:
~-cnru .' ' . new ' (Infi/l:urari"n (A . ULUJ",tl\'lty
. n f Ihe . h
t .3t
dw ~T"tJC w hMlift • • • JIhl ... rhe drnw~uu.: , c'vlJ'Iuu,, " t:m.;an.. ,p .l'l:" V 'l," "c!l~he" phl lu\u ph, them ;Ull n \0(, ..... e:II. \1l.1Kr(' in dawullndnldu-
rtf !rom II\( ~ 01 dw Inn" t-k .and {,.,m rht:lr , u rr d .alc. Inc hlcn, ch l<.Al " n who \<' herr an d political C"pte"'fJn wa, wmul,
;I I" , •
__ O" .L
aMl~J . UII('

WMOn" to dar. IrtatJol: ~ IJMU fC' .In ,UlJ !IUUlu rr Im rn the c ule t,f Ircn.:h Kl'\'f.lutl" n. the :ub lU I 1\ con ceived of un the modc-I 01 dM: ce-
fI'~ariDn. rlv mJ"«l of m.a"'CTlo. .anJ the ",.k,,f ,mlutI'," .'" (11 Hi the mon ,ld Ihdt 1'\ close d in upon Itow:U an d u ptm lh pn u tC' in-
0•

Ir Ii h.anUf to be- dccbeed th .u rhe IdC'ulng:- flf rurtu Tt wuh lr.adtt Mln
rdC'~' lhc flInelccnlh cernurv wu ne...-.n the o3ppUUrKe of nc:1 morc
r,.b~1 crltlqu C'J (,l Ihc chgnu luJIfl~ In th~ elahofaUtJrl, In Nletz'lodM-
6Ddt In hit:hnr n:prn\lun In the French R ~ nl urllm. And tn.n. 10 1h.at
txtenl, 'AT an klo ll tor 1M nngJn, u/lhe' - .n.1nt-guJc. I' ,r m \ - thefa n
,atw u l' all. IIj :I " j r .l d u r~d ~ubl~ct. " flf a \ ub le« th..at dIHc:1' fronl I1ow:U
Iklt. If '"' .agree- ,holt nne 01 d~ iund.:.J mcn u l a\~h flf the r l('1'Of l.l 1
,and (,pcn. o nt" .In mdormtable un o m'\(,llJU' ,
IYOllU-pr dn con\l\t~ J j ( J r J i C'Jrl lC'ffl U c,mcrT", J. In , heir .lhilndon.
In M'rul Ihl',mn (It the Ind i\idu al, the mul ufar-irMJ'\nno. or ,n'-
mtm of EudJdtan ptnpa ;t n c. rhen the .. n~I .~ With th e f rcnch ReYn..
potnt\ .Ind IntU('<if\ could '\tlll be: h.l rnumiou\ly M1nlt'gl'Ated" IhlO a
rnon.aJo:,I.~, "r ma rke t t hcnry- "'m \l\ ible ban d" or " ru\C (Ji tu \On."
IullOn be-comn pr oolcm,ltic. - II the: mmemcnt 0 1 a rt hl\fnry '\lo ere- 10
be c.omp.araf to th~ t of the hl\tlJry ,A rnlUlGlI Id e 3 \ and re~ I Ul o--a n In The: pcr\pcL'tln\m i'lew.<:hc Ihem.u izn but wh ich g fJC'\ tndI'\puubl y
lnt d ka u.al n:rt...,\C .- hl.:h. I'm 1Il.-c11 J\\;He, "",,,uld not ~ an e uct to- ~ ..nJ the IrJm~",orl.: (,f phl l'n..,ph~· lu beCI,mc: the .\ t mtI7lU'I g oi the
C"na'- I would u y r3t Mr th at II 1\ Ihe cmcr ~cn<e IIf pcn pc Cln e _-hach. untnjt mnctC'Cnih u :ntury. th l.. m ultil,atlt.)IJ\nn , beeurnn irrcdU<I"'k-
wu h a f~' cmtunn' ad \ ..a nu :. pr n,.1lgM pt',llUcal rt'\ f,!u tlon .lnd ("Ill- ..nd Irrl'\.' IIKI1.lblc, Thc Idca hf h.l rmony gJ"C'\ "",.ay til thai of d u o".
cidn., on the b el of kka\, '\lo ith thi' ap~.lr a n\.c ,,f th e hum..anl\ m lh21 ,and IJcn lll,. tll '''d dfc re ncc '' - a nd II "thl\ " d lffe:rcnce," anhcrc:1lc to a
it e~ 10 dw u.nou \ ¥'JCu J cc," lract IhemIC:'" That ..a t 1c..a\1 1\ ",h.J1 "",' ep...eh of \ UhICl:t l\lty, thai 1\ c:xprC"\\Cd b,. phllo \nPhy 03\ \II cll a,
D wggrwcd b ) ' rM uka - p ul fo r'\lo ,u d. fo r e:umple:. In the: """ rl.: of b~ p.atn tln~ or :H"a n l '~.Irdc mu ..ic.. From Schimbttg to J.:.3ndUl\ l..y Of
PKT-rc f ra nca " d - t ~t the ukln uuHn .,f pe:'f\pe'\.ti\-e " ,rre<.r ornh tt, \ l..ak \lch. It 1\ th l\ uiflque "f the: CfIK /lo th at lu"ti ne<. (he ~\- a nt-ptak.
a: " 1UUf'I vt tht "..(>rId domlfl.:ttcd h~' thr mode rn notion fJI C'qu..alit" by a 11 11 1\ tr ue, .a\ ~ I .a le v i \.h in \ i\ t\, Ihat rad ic311" nno .anthC'tlc for m\ un-

meuph""1C\ of w b,e:ctJ\lty v-hC're ma: n IKcu pie\ a pHint (i \'ic:w ur on ""t br Lte:lled ",i lhcl u t hanng " ellmmated ftu m all ou r arh the peti t ,
rhr . -<.rrid from \II-hKh the l..aUC'f .3ppc.J" ;1 \ a matenal th 31 1\ mal1lpu' btmrKefll\ Idea f,l \u bject" .and " h.1m mercd upon con ....iou\ nn\.1\ upon
bbIc and cu rll mllJblC: .31 "",'iIl T noa,h '>fIC dtl\e.. Into a \ to ne: wall ." :o
It .. hO(. In fo3<t. Ihc: md indu all\l IOtC"rprc-latlf m thai i\ here: q un- 2, The: '\("(;(Ind dlifil.ult" Bell\ interpr cutlun enc ou nleR 1-tem from
ttf',nnJ dmto-n 10 iu ,'/If,c•• b ut ralhe r Ihe: re rJtxil1...1twn of th e: h l\wr)' of rhe fif\f. 'I he :I\'a n l*J;;ardl' \ werc , In Cen atn a"prth-and IilI'C "h.lll \C't'
the- conc.cpc til Ind'lIldu.ali\m It Impli t:\ , To imm u late the h )' pot h~l\ th(" ClI;te:1II tl) wh ilh t hl .. obo,crvario n cOI n be \'cflned n~t do""n to tM
~ I .hr."ld Lake ti l \ peelf)' :Ind Iry hul In wh :u f.,I1.,\\ , ; Iho ugh \jl'l' \n1~llt'\r de l;u l"-L:h J t ;t( u' riz('J b)' rhe cult o f the' \l'1f. b y thc: " u (u ll'
an m~kJ= a p aralld bn"'ttn the blnh (A m.,dern indl \'ld uali \ m and th.l' U fllm , " I II t.lke up KandJmk , ·\ fu rmulatlo n, uf "(' 'o'er) mc.ln\ pcmu t ·

~ cb~tal piC'lQrul pcnpcc.:ulIC', "e: have If,. fin Ih<, nther h:lnd . re-.1l1fe tlnJ; The n p r('\\I' 1I1 uf pc r'\Hn,l ht y," Yet. ;1" fu .II, thc: ~unt 'FoJ rJn'
rbat rtw rej«."'/fl (,j th" pcn.~ui"C'-hke the: rt'je:ct iun f)f mu"j(31 tll- (( m l Pl /t 1'\ ' flllu ' fIled , we klll,w, .Ir le.1..1 \m e(' Apull in.lire. th,1t t'\lo O nuln

" ,.-- Iu pcrlup... a, (I )frd,1fc a flC'V>' (.( Jfl 6 ~ r a llfln rtf \ Uhjc:ctl'\·II)'. (,Urf r nr \ \tpat.l led thcm..... h'C" uut \'cry earl y Ifl th i\ -:cn (ury, O .... ~ ..

lhoal III 3h\11,1('1 ;)ft , uf the ·' O rp h l\ m" wh i,h. lilIilh I>d.1 un..... ,1nJ tr.:... n·
dnt'\~y. relCU , pc r"pt"cti ,c: in fhl." n.llllC (,f pu re ,al'>,tUI,tll tfl, I1w mhcr

,.. - .. V ""
pwt~
tnUl( due thew U',,"Uhll, " I" lre n.,rhi"~ 2"'.a, flu m Ihr
-rn1 fJll'pm, u;y" ..11""1,,,," In ..rhr, r " ~' ''' lrJ ( Uhl" n1, wh...h, d ('..pil e in rfl e(llIm 01 " n.llu",h\ rn," m.2lnl ..n • the'
I.'
 SI. 'HE DtCLl H £ 0' l H( AVANl .G.'DES
• which ur ""' rhe 'WI" I"" fA ... phy. ",1 untvenc I h~I ~ boen.
wncrl}- ~~.Jk.mg d.a'~iul ,de~1 ui an ~bJnti" (' rJ' I C.1II' l i<: art, (InC' 1~1
_...1nll'i'
.....·'h·
~!I I '
,o..I.I"1c fur 'C'veu l UI1tU fln." " Such " , L
ftC """nt In ....h1l;h
rttnam\ e rrsched to rhe p rm":lp le-t uf hl'Uf.Jllfin tun wh rn the- I.m -
~ " ~I jj f'f .Iyal1t ·!;" rJ" "'ICI"" ,m~d; :I «mlul th~ h"" f~ w~
ga u.n"C'r"\n 1M- I.aVo" f)( f:.u..ruk .an f"N'pc'Cti vC' hili r:l.lh« r~ die (' JoC ICI1Un, pr. ,~rn" evo L; c" now ada y\ , d i\qu in ",dwt fnol)lf: l ha
aKltrary. r
.. p,. .nl,hrnt' nl nr adnu rauo n. ~te h", 1' th, nl ._ no
Th.u thl" d i\fUKt lOn, n ubli..hnJ by Apl',lhn.a' fc In I ~. " ,.,,,,,... t' .. _ Jot'l a..I'''' . ' " .. , .. rnrfl'l'pcou "'e
ICnJl."n~ ..· til t'H~ct Ih:u tlK h.:alu h FUI" " , • f - .
buzn ITh ,. Cuhi. , .Polmlt"r.J." mol' have ~ .i,·KJI,· ,lhpull"d " hm he tlI~I1, • . o. " _ .. \ " "ta~t ...Jf'l 'With
_p: ,Jcf11 "13, hll1c, tU', all (hlng.. con\lJncd. ck~r I,., Juln \'CfTIC'
undntook to cJ.a\'\lfy eJl, h .1m" "', ~ltI n « ro nne or 1M fJlhc:-, ' '' rn 1·.I i ~ .. , o r th.tt the 1i",1 ,"Uh l"l r amtcn U ...ra L_
~t:l'M'rall~ p;lIn~
y.U ,L. . ., L
~n 10 ... ~ rIOC ""ltnr)U(
dtd nor prnC'nf Ie from bccommlt r rC'du mJA.lnr .1n1(mK
~_
' !IUn" to .l phllc1\o p h y rh a r heM th ai "'thrtJu .....- L. the- .._..._.• ~
uI JlUI...Jnl
con the mw h"n,. .a ....l trlC'n one' fr .:' ;ununR moln, nrhcn: Ih " nn r , lJ.lfJnlt
.1 J',.,,",~ , r"-' . II w ,l\ pt",,,hle In f.,n'.M-. lhc rntodlliauon. ·,n -_ InK( ~('P
from 1946 ••'f OWe' 10 r ~ grt'.J1 rhnu('1Ic::J.ln.of \uhl\m :\ l rtlln Krf. h rlf'll ..
)0.. \Icr.~ tol l much dsd the l.tne r\ mAurntt upon rbe formn \tan
1912 on. he CQn(~~. " Wt .. lrcAJ,- cn uuJo:,t'J rwo fW " ", l-olllu n : .a p ,lInt _
iog oi "r ure cffu\ ton' and .I ' fl("W rC4II"m ' The- Iormc-r " Of"" ulk d .k,.nl\e , ,
'I1'lth" UI f.Jlhnlt 10110 the trap flf a u uwl ,j,ion of the rl'lat ilJf1 be-
a b uuct or nonfiJ:Ur.anu · r.ltntm ~ lhe- latte r tu,,,, kC1"1 the n .Jmc- C\lb.
C'f11 ~ n AnJ \(,Ienu', we do hue' t 'l agr rt ....uh fr anc.a\td tlut "cub.
Usn. And we moly recal l how uhm the \ urrul.",r, ~nlJc-d cuh"m i."
rttn \ hr ~t Jnlll.tti vc, reward.. 1907, w,n If. \flttul.arc on the duncthoibm
in CDtJCn1l WIth rn ll\tfl .and OOlutl\'I,m. "
If -d~,~CJwn " " br(J,adl ~ drli ntJ ,1 ' .I Inrm (II .Irt I ~r .-ktinn lhe- 01 ' rao.:e, I n tl ucn~eJ b~' the term .. clrcubllng a round them, the WhiM'
buuriful .u ~nJ: .an " penn IOf'! III the tr~ •• of t+w- real. rhc-n _I' un :Iwu~ 1 rhe) we re ca rrylnJl: out po..ime Ktmllhc WOB b)' IntroducinK

uar.c thou a cl~"ol comruncn r I' nul' .II .all ab-.cnr IrHfTI tf\« .IU'\! ' .Ioun.h dlmc n"jon In their u nv.1\oC\ o r in \ upptn \lnK me- third one... ..
~ rJn.. not "\"11 irom CU t- 110 m., tM- mo-I't rt'm.1r .Ibl(" .Imon~ dwm. And .-\\ t u nc,J..tel PUf\ It fu rther I'm , pnhap'" without rC'.1hzing all ot tlv
It ",.'OUIJ ~ ho be' mJ\r('~dl n~ tu Ihml.: rh,af a~tuel .an ~nJ 1ou rrnh,m \CI ~hctlc and phI1l1"ol ,rhic.1 ll m p llc~ tjrm~ - fo r P Iu \Y), the- .... orld ~ a
"CTJ d.ln ial r('/nnK~ 10 .1 \CK'tKl' ut .art a"lde 100 ~ .. to 'oCt d~mYI \f:' f'I'I'fJflllJ ;a..f'Cc.I - mrnt of a ll cu n ed and nc.ar. He I\. pla\ttal1y, the
II I"

off frum tM CUbl,,1 p~lmcn ' rc~ h,m . It v.o uld tll' c~ ..~· to ..t!<rA' he,." In dotnt llJ \ome e,f Rlem ann\ and f..m\fn n'\ ~nC.ll hypothnn-
Kandlmlty hlm~li. rotor rhco'1 triO IU .Idopt tM to nn of a \OCfla. fK j).ISO;.
hooA . In \urreAII""• .Iutonuti.:: wn tm~ I' kz!t uTlAtcd h~ rd erring to tht ..\nd yel, m.1n~dy, mr" t .1 11 hl..to n~n\ (""1m the not.1bk cxttprion
- \CICfJum" thr'Qt) thar f"'y chf1.1n.l I ~' w , " In fSrrt o n', ~n_ In .1 ""'(>I'd, <.J Jcan U ,1I1 and I. lnd~ D.alr)'m plc-Hendct\Of\, (0 w}w,m I \hall rttum

",. tu.t the m,LnJ~II~ mlcrprnatlft" ul the .a..anr -ga r~ Jon not ac· h~H a\lJld ed Kr antll1~ IhC"'>C \Clrnufi< allu\ion \ any impo rtance o che-r
count fur i, lhi, cUulClJ r. 1(',;11$1. ,ll (IITIn nco s<~ I'jIU' cf)mpor)('nt dun mn..Ip hu nc.11. O mcn ned. and lu\dy \0, with oIYfJuJln(l: "n !' (on·
~ countnb.ltancn rhe' \ul:tte'(tl\'i'rn u r n.arcI ~" ..m Inherent in dv N..." n betwecn p.1 ln lm ~ a nd the new ~mn.nn, befwrtn the \em,.
a"u nt--pr.x form . 'Xnrrt inJluJulloli..m\ lope d l'oCflcu mhc r ~ from the n"t\ m,llhcmolllcal "p acc a nd Ihe .l rtl\f\ pl.1\t k: ' pact. they ha'C' mo\t
norrm of Uad lllOfi. cla\\Knm\ lowe lud\, un the' .,;fm tu ry, to tallOJ ...tIm prdc'fte'd dwcllm ~ on (he nrg.1u "C a\ (>«u uf a rcftrmc c tha t
dtJ'IIIon con\lnctne norm \. h " thl\ "o h~C1 n' i \ r- :I"pt"C1 of the aunt· Ulfht~ mh' thrc;;uc n \ tu fu rni..h fodJer fo r Ihe' ",(CUy no n uI - Intd-
~and pa rtKUbrly 01 u lb.'-'11-tha l mU;'1 be- .1CCHUnted tor. 10 In.:nu ll\m o , .... , ( h m mo nh' ma Jc aga in\( 3\'a nt-p nk art. Alluvon' ro
rne n ure more euctfy _ hat Ihe' Illdl"idua!l.., Intcrpre1aUI,n f'C'rh.<lp' u n- M non· l.ud lde.1 n" · ~l."om~trIC'.. wo uld , in the end. onl~' h.1\'C' b«n u'\Cful
nut q U If~ gI.1\ P. lur the P31111cr\ th cmo,cl...c\ 10 IcglUrrutlC, m 't r agam,c .1 con~aU\ c
puMw: u\CJ 10 th e na tura li..m o f " prn rccn 'l3.I·· piClutn. t~ .a~.Indon­
1ttI'h1 o f 3. t-.ud Jdc3n \ paCe lim it ed to cridlmrnloiun 3Irty.'" Tht.. wa~ una
Il1E "fOUOTH DIMENSION"
.I&.lin o a ICKltlfna tc p re c;lu tio n, but on e ..... hidl IC.:lld.. In IKnahCJ,nd~
- in the c:lrly ~un of rhe rWn\tlC1 h unru r y," l':ic rre t n nc l'>ld r cTnU'll.h
- tM fa1oNon wal all fur M:lCnn"m.- Thor "oor ld w~\ o°.1\'toni~rd .11

,. mMI2n , rmn.'t"d a pplJcauoM ftOf loU m uch of \Otnce at oi trdt·

 TH E DECLIN E O F THI AVAH T. G,"'OU
SIX
,b } ..I,e\'·" n lt· ~c ", ne l c:r,,; Ihal. Iht-ir m-nhe mariCOl. I •KIII)W1edge \ ull be
,h,r<" L1 It. Ihe rc'llm of Iht- arna teu r And r('nUm r d - a\ Ihen. own •
~.rtl" f Rit'l1l.mn \ na me ..hnw\ -...c'u md.h ' nd m~
Ihn):" .. .
or' ,~' .. t
know 1"l!.ly " I h r l)u ~h what cn mp lic;;ated p a,h' palntr . r. oecameL .
ni cli w Ilh till" 11("w ~C Um Cl fl e \ . and WC' l OIn ral h " . I
'111.11 h- prccl\(' y r«on-
J<. h l'Onad c r m· .lll l1l ~ I at t hl !> fAmClu\ " fm h d ' .
Ilfll.:t I e , 1 h h In IIn~n\IOn mu't
, Iflr 11u-1ll· ,\ t 1()1l~ t e r ....ay.. oj II!> p 1 h
IIJ,e h.It nn crpa e (or(1Kian
l h J r I~'
.... I lt,\\',IUI I IIIlIOI1.'" w ere no t Iran\lalC'd
_ _
\('\1,,-, L . •_
' " l'oe ll<\ em Inc
L'

nc",~e"
lIle' r".... wer e• ca..
_
,ly ace,.....lh l e 10_ the FrC'nt.h
.
puhl,e f ro mt h t' firot
lC "' " ,f Ih.I' \,1"l1lu l\"" h r' l d ecade. fk' ltlc .. I" )lI1c u~"'I _ _·· .",-
c , It"71Ct' t'1 /.....
vr:
J
. / -'se, !.'io n u,· ,,,,d 1I ,'Imthesu .I - w h.l"oe mfluem:r I.. 3\ visibl . . ,
r"t'. " .' . " .,. _ . ' C' In . (1-
lI 11~er ,In J ( .klll .. .. " r1 I~nh" ,~ .. 111 DUI..h amp \ Nll te$ $11' Ie grollfd1't'TTt'
,";':"1'" coil Iht· 1.01' 1:'· (, I..IH I- the )'c:at I ~(), \ UIoI.'" Ih r pubhu tlCln o f
Thrs 1("XI i.. .1 11 the mo re nllt r wllrl h ~ III rh.rr II kno\\' I II~h and g..lI(hcr \ I-,H.II sur I"IJ)'/II·n ·sl l,l((· ll-.sso1Y lin H )'pe,sp,l( e! and jo uHret'!.
consciously in ..i\1\ upon , he iInJlo Ul.ill\"(' " f rhr-, " fo urt h ,hmrll'lun:" ~/n>I("I"n' If ,',l t/$l'' uf /-tmr -l ' m l(' I1$/(Jtf<1 1 (;e'"I1('t,),. Th i\ 13\1. ....h,ch
Arollin 31((, kno"'·v, bet te r (h .lIl d n ~um· d",-. 111.11 thl· .1'p u.lI ,on .. f " "('fl-
Ill _ Ih,' .Id \ .lIll ,t~l· til p rmid rnJ; n ume rou .. p-aph ic repre-enranon , of
memvm" hoJ " .alu.uJy bcc:un1c ..0 b.ma l .11 the ' "I1C' IK 1\ \\ n lln!:. hi..
j"lIf.J uuc:n' llIn.l l lit " h)' pc:t ho J le..: · could. ccn.linly att ract the interesr
boo" (In 1 ~1 2 ) Ih.]1 n i.. she UtI,l:II I , 11,, 1,...... ul rhc vcrv te rm ••..u ...l .. m,"
"I ~",'" r.l~l· r I II break wi th the nanrrali..m of preceding )'UI\. Evokmg
which wa' u-.cd .n tin .l .I\ .tll ;uut h l'l Tl,I . · .-\11<1 ~ (' l he \ ,11I11"1 bur 'o Ue....
- Ihe' emvc rw \\C dwell In a n d tho se .....e \ U\pt' CI to be bc..idC' It," it let\
th e irr eplaceable rule rhe IICY. F., ·lI!llt· lrI l.... pl.1).("J. II uur in I.uh" m\
Il ll ~1 ,I r ro m l\ i ll ~ l!nuhl abour the- exrctcnce of th e' fourth Ji mrmion :
crea tion. rh('n 3.1 11:.1'" In thr 1(' ~llI m .h ~' :Iu n r..led Iht" new "mnuu..-e"
..lh r luur·dllllt:n..ltlll.11 wo rld C:Xi..I), nn doubt. unly in the geometrical
relanon to wh.lf he. lulluwlIlJ.: th r- m.rthr m.i ttci a n..• ((·rll1 ll1l1l0I-:..·• , .111\
\oI"O'C . But n ot h lll ~ pre:H·nt s u.. frum :a\ \ u ming if'> con crete ui..t cnce
~ ('x tcn ..i(Jn: · " " ..inte r.., III !Urn. f' 1'1t.. 1I1\" ('\"o le Ihl ' ll(,C"J fu r ··,i:omr.:,
~ ],'lI, III wh,..:h ca \l' lIur wo rld wuu ld be p.ut of it: '
bcoyonJ" f-.ud iJ \ thr('(' Jlnlt"n'lun.. ;m J lilt .. h .IJI<:n ~in J.:. Ih.lnk<. In the
llw forewur J ..C1\ tlut to rclau vizc Euchde.ln gco mctry \ thtC'C'-
nun -ElK htlc.-an j;tC'llmC'lfle \ . Ilw PU\lu l.llr (II Ihe "n undd o rmu \' of mm'-
Ji nlr n~'O ll,l l , P3Ct.· l'oy te:J ul-in ~ it 10 a 1I1('n ' C(lnn~nl ion. horn out of
m il: filtur("\.~ " A.. ~klliJlI!("I .U1J <.lc llt"'o 3......-rt . " It un e wi,ht:~11Il cun '
hJ" " : '"Th,.. numoe:r l t h r ed ..cems 10 h ow e 00 I0Vo1t.":al ne,~\i~', for W('
n«1 ..pact in Ih e \(' fl.1 llller\ In ..nllW ..urt 0 1 J.:t'o melT'1o'. tin e ....ou ld ha\le
In m.1kt rd erclln: !(I nlll,.j-:udI J t"311 rt"..e.lrth a ,. ;11H1 mt 'd ll,lrt· ..o mt" 01 ~ Jn rt'pIJ\,'t' II Wit h :ln y Ilthl'r whole numb er when we:wi\ h IUform ulJte
RIC'man\ I.l ld Iht'ur em\ ·· 11 " 111.). Th (, IIl1t·r.mH· hy pu lhctu..-;a l du r:H:t er Jn~' kmJ of ;Huly llc;al "'1o'..t ..,01; it ~ec01' thus tu he :a me re rtoJu.:t of
(··If (JIle wi..hcJ . . ." ) , h"u ld nnt mi, I('.ld u ~ 1t"(f 1O~cr ;a nd (; I t"ilc~ npW r ncl.". nUl. t." crt..lIl1ly. of ind i\"iJ ual experl,,·o..:e. l'o ut of the ,lccumu-

'A'erC' not I ry i n g tu ~"Y -(l!l thl· lI l11lr;lfy - lIl.1l lhc IWW ~c' lI1 lt"lr i t,,, .... cr,.. l;ucJ cxpmcnn' tlu l furlll~h ...\ ht·rc:JiIJ.H" iJc.1 ~" tp. v). If It is. there·
nOI ren incnt fur Jm,,,, !'lut finly If) rcmlllJ .., rh.u Mil "" d lJ nllr ll'fe, 1l1'lIher I O~l..:al rrm h flor i lltall~i blc' l a w o f re tl"l.· rtion. ho w then
""1 hI l·I1\'I..;Ij.:e Ih e p" ....ih ilily o f ,I " rra mfOtlll Jtl Ull (t1rtt....r'mJmg 10
,h.lIof til<' .1Il;1 1 ~ , i ... whmc: n 'Mdr would ht· to ~iH' o u r de~C'nJrfl1" IhC'
- h,fl tJ. "', 10 ' fl'C'oI k, Ifll ~L ,.. lip ,I I'l'lm ,ltl\'t· It·nll . hu! " l1r ;llrc,IJy ..-on,"'· ~~lh.1 I Il)11 'If Wl'l1l~ thclllWI\'l'~, an d of C()lll"t'l..- in~ t)1 ~p,lI:t. in fum J I'
u~lC"d ~)' u ,a ~ . MC:llmgc-r oInJ (.klln ""H.lr Ihl' tir ~ 1 1'-1~t" ' " I " w lr IlUI' U l1\<'''~lllll~'' (p, viii)? For H n lto ll . qu oted hy Joulfrrt: ' thett i~ nttl IhC'
thre ~ Chcal ""mk . n,. fi l l.""" , If J" e lf /mill . 1'1\ 11. wuh lht' ' J l1le WillI) III \It~hrt'\l dOllht ; Illl' Ill' rl't'p tio n uf til(' fuurth dilllen..iu n I" .... rll .l11J trul~
mUld: ··'I1K' wurJ euhl,m apl>t',lI\ Ill,'l e " Illy In ' lu re' III(" reoHk r .111)' h "~I I ~lJ"n
.,f
~. co Ihc ohlt' ll Ihl\ ..ruJ y, ,and We' h.l'lell lu .led .He dU ll hr Itk 'l II t:,lll, ln rlh,
,11Il.llln of ad .lpt ,nio n ; it ,IW.l it\ o nly th e ripl'nill~ tI{ our lIu'nul Jc\'d '
I'pnlr nt : " ' XIIl"'n t ht. t.h:uh y i~ ;It:quireJ. (lr. l)("lIC'r: IoI.hl·n it. l' t-nlUt:
h1
IhM ,,(,llInl( , ClI O" ,, 1 hy lI\oCU J d i nr
flj .I mm rlll rill Ih.ll ll'nJ , luw,H,I, Ihe jnle'
••1f"lfdlmMl' .. f pOllllllllK- ~ III (OI1,dO U~l1 t',, _ fu r it l'~ i \t s w it h in c;1(h , )1 us III llllrct h....·1 hlrn1 -

1 10 1"
 THE DECLINE OF THE AVANT. CA t OI S
• nco- hOtl70n Of'C'm ; 0 . tu rn be seen,as.an innnitd .v thin !i l·..... I 1
(J i l l O . ... .. CJ a p.l.nc arwJ dw
•ri brln~ in II ace: bu' " t1r.pr~t'rrlOn j~ ~ullit"~tt'J(0 Ihc l.'u n ..!lt lo n
hOC
.
. an in hlll fdy rhin Sll(e of vo lu ml;' tfo r Imu ' .
( n a lm . ~I
("n '>l on a l tv
• I
~
~P3,,:~ Ii n ot h m ued, 3\ We' .u tint lx'I..:, .
~ . 10
IJnt J~ r h
r I ' thut shce o a cu e), <,o_by <111:J /u '"< _ h. \ol:!U,1~ Ii "'n
nee, a
)ouffr('r. rno~' ~~d nt h H
jiflll ( l f'Or
nCI( Ing pra'en" u,
In ..; I.'mm~ rha r .I vol ume, a cube in our c xa mpl. ,., .11 .•
• L _" . C r a n mto n, no doubr a~ rlyd with "(line . 1111 1"··.. , .... ~ If~ a "'K~
In ~I ng cu rwlneed thl ,h r h --01 . art' 11'\ uj J io ur -JlmcnSl(mal bndy that WIll Ihc r....:ah. L . 11 d
", r (lUI .• .. ..r ' >C Cll e a
"UC'
• -1 _
ou r ' -rcrn . 8 LC Ourt cnn en won would fo r c H " t("mol ln "" , •
,..' cepn o e . ut ne did nor for .III Iholt \7t"J.~ ~ 1l~nUn~ lh.ll ~h, rcrboJY. . '
lmJ'lC"a:rnblC' Ch.lr.lClt'r in no w.l1 imr1ir:d nonexr crcn ce : It" ,,'fc ':JT111ot,..1" m ennoned above, ~rCCI\'e thl\ hypcTbod y, bUt noth-
J .'r" u." from tr ncmg I ts figure 10 fw o df",nuirms. 1 _ l.--
. ~ non -percrpfl on ci bodllM. nT('m~1 to ocr ~r.l~(' In n.. "' .I~' hmde''' n.- /1~ hIII - · .h· h L.CI;U ' '''''19n
, I he~ ..-rr.l'u~h l h ne . .It w c .. 1ft t is line paralld to
. il'lc
. lf • ,",e
, _ L... _ '
ubll1.h,ng Ihn r ~C11i. th.1t "' ru u~ rho: Jo..--nr riH· .:mJ mctrt':.11 ' nOlI,..,." ""Irh uuu.ln a
t!'M:y Slnt"-m thnn~Y('<, .l.nd ",·lth dll "'C' ...hn . ,.., II-r " ril,., SUI'. pr.'('lc-
.J.tnon(l:
rlJnc .1OJ Ihc:rl"~~ go l rom th e fir"l to the second dlmm\ion .•
tht' stIP1l"oor C"tm~ion,.
The- te'.lIJl;t "'no tollc.. " U ) Inld rhc'o< ...nou. rr~,
01. thou~t. Into mi) counrr, flul hu NTn ulleJ m.nh("m.lll.':'· l.m~u.I(' "' ''rld.
. -111 qudJ ~ ~ uw-J to thc oJJltiC"'> be nnd. Ih<-rt', .,n.,:e I~ oJJ ltlr. olorf
in "'pfTftKnl 'n ih rbe mmt nli=0mu~ Iop..:.'

A, ""T will see in a momene. chI' langu.t~e rome.. ,("r~- nea r that Ihrough
w hich Kirn~ fierion w;u to retrieve [he fo urth Jlmen 'lun fro m lhe 'pr. Ii we now push thl '> sq ua re while keeping it parallel to itseli, . 'C

cUlist's doma in aoJ b nng IC10 [he p ubl:c\ arrennon. Bur ....e tinr of .Ill obrJ IOJ cube."
~\'r 10 d efine m is bmou'fo fou rth dunennon -c-bemg un .tl:-Ie to grve il an
adeq ua te" \-i ~ 1 eep resenea no n.
The ddficulr,' in undcnt.lndrng, o r in lead ing [ 0 an unJenundlO~
at what the fo urth dimension could be, h.t~ indeed to do n nh the f.t~,
th ar it lin o u tsi de per cepnon . To grve An idea 0; U, w e thus tu n' [0
follow a lint 0( rea soning, acruJ,Il~' faIrly simple, thar jou rtre r fo rm ulates
in thor terms: "Tht ~C"O rt1('f('r cnn cri\'(,\ of 'r.lce .1<; N-ing divided imo
a n i n fini r)' of i",{imu ly ,hm slut's he call\ p lJn~s, th~ bei n ~ 10 fUrn
Still by .I nalo~y, we ca n a ga in shift a cu~ rerpenJiculJr to the
m\'ided Int o an IOnnit1" of intinttt'/)' thm strtp S he call~ st r<1l~h r Im~s, an d
rhrre dlmcmiu m., and o b t a i n .1 hYrercuhe, me an in~ a \'Olume In four
I ~ inco an intinit~· of m finitely shur r ugme'"s he call\ poi n" "
dlmCn\inn...
(p. \-'iil), o~ ca n \a~ t hm [h.lt in!>lc.1J of h.1\·ing [h r« dml cmiCJn~ .U
\'o l u rnn do, pbnn o nl) ' h,01\'(" two. li n~ oll l~' ont', and point<. no ne. He re
...•.
thcn i, hov.·. beginning with [hi, series's sim ple d cm cnt ~ , \I.e .l rriv~ J [
the adta of the- founh dlm en\lon: " TJ k i n ~ the ser ie'> in rc \'crsc, be~in ·
/ /
.,, 1/"
..
ning. th aI i.., " ilh th e fHJim . tht' geu me lry dl.lt is goi ng to co ncern us
punue'S it ~)'ond thr ~-d jm en siOllil l '> r ace. Th e latter I'>. for it. onl ~' .I
. .,
situ (we annut kttp un di\'( rsjf~in g wunh ,m d we ther t'lnrt' ~3the r up 1/
1M b,r un(' left behind by the ~ ril"!l we be g.tn), an in/i" itely tl,i" s/i((, ··... 1/ , 1/
in tM Jni&f o f an in6nity o( c)thC'r '> p ac~ w n ~ti tu ting a n equ;ll llu m~r
olamtilar .li~n within a fo ur-O IJnen ,>ion.t l e XlrO'.irlll " (p . ix),
It .. .an n.4I m ple of rU \(JO m ~ by ana logy: jU \t ..IS thC' pomt can be
ttwJU~ of 3\ a n Inl1nitdy th m dl cc:cue n ut o f. \0 to ,>pea k. a h ne , \0 the
, 7
 tHE DfC LlN E O . rlol( AVAH T. GA.l DU

~~ ~ -.
3 mon ~ ..n man y fJtht rti, thnot two '()nft'MM~ of ~I_, _
J('«''''''C= all o u r 3 llcntlun :
. ~~ ~.~
.L_

MAurice Pr;TH:C'1 j"'Md u, (,f'l cn. AhlMNp lf1MIC' ' <IUft«. th,..,.... _
k" o.... kJ~(' .. f mJthcm3tK'> he h old an ImprlfUnr )CIb W\ an IftMlfMKC ~.
Bur. bc,-ond hi, p fufC"o"l(Jn . It Yoi ,U .t t an atO,r IhJt he cr.napnuLud ~.
IflJtl'''. .., an JC'thctlcla n th:i1 ht"" " kcd 1I~ 11TIl"nW..w Ulftfmuu_. He IMcd
I" ~ the " ru w. mrerestcd in the n('Yo' "iC"'" 11fl 'Pau rlu! had httn opnwd .,.
In- '"x:hlC'gd 1nJ so me o thcn. He ..ucceeded .II Ih.l. U Jv ln~ hMnw.t ., .... by
(~J "cC'. He nn \1.ar i\"C "J ~ U Ul?iUlm(' d.ay feadln';.IIn nw,~ h,~. Oh'
I! ,,' .1\ onl,- J work o f pupubnuli.... n! Rut it .11 k u t pr ..,..d dur fcJl the- ~
h LJ\"( " t he JJ. ~'\ IIf the ign Ofa n l p ,lI n l" running. aft" lhe pr etty -..at-nb..
!lc'JrJ to rhe wind we re ever ,
A' f"r Prcavco, rhe ..peed (.I hi.. com rrchm w .on .n toundt-d me. ~ Ie
........ the (.1'>(" I h .11 hl\ rradmon ptCflJr(,J him hc11" thJn oun d.d if. ~
of ,rru.."I lHt'. "

An inte rC'\ II Il ~ tex t , in w h at If indicate'Sabout the change In Stmf"UllII

" ",hen co m pa red tu the ro mantic 3 n1 \ 1. Though the \C1Cf1t1m 'ane be-
(umll1g 3C'o th elici.1Il \ , the mv er se movement, in a n auncnphcrc ~..",),
rmpeegna ted w ith scie n usm, W 3 \ no In s real: paimers had the ftdanJ
thAt a new sciennfic age legitimized a new a rtistic J ~C . ~tenln ga " IU~
.1 ~ pr ecise a\ (() thc co ntent of Princet's reaching-

If i~ indeed tolly, M a unc e Princee Jtd.lIrcd to me In front of Jlldft ~ ..

"';Jnt 10 un ite In nne sole wvtem of relation , co mr, "hld\ 1\ a ~ and
I', rm , whi c.:h 1\ a n or~J.niu;ie," yo u have onl,· ro acctpf <1 oJ ",htdl '"ou tbouIJ
Iry to und er \und ; and , .mli,n in@: us inlO non-[uehdc-Jft ~r""" hr lnaud
U, I t) create J pJirncr\ J!;rometry. \'x'c could not Jo \0 In 1M ",me . " .t" hc:~

But, from rue Lamarck leI rue- Ranlo!-n.l n. the pretnn"IfI ol lmllJIln5 " to..n Oft ..
veruca l plane, t.r o f pffJviJin~ wilh a nuril fJnu l , tr.lijtnt ,",c. rlw tieurUIOII (If
<1 U'>C\ circular hole "hl"f\ pbced .II c,e-le'l:l. " "C n'''''' ..:o tJVdnnl lG be dw
.lrtlfi~t"\ of ,10 ou td ated IlIu\KlRl\rn, Clllo.\1n "J\ born. If'p. b2 -tol)

Four-drm eneionnl geo metries hold .n Ie..n t Ofk"_J«I'I'"C' C'Dt'to"l : rfwo,,'

legm rnated in thc minds uf p.rinrer.. rhc cnnque of tuJI, " "u, 1 ret'
nvcev bemg a n "outdated iIIu\iun.- ..nJ lhe} "lI~ucnlh ~."t' n..co ~
the: .J I·a flf 3 redvcnon o t pl.u tl<." \ract W lliJ ,", cn ..tlKl.1hl~, llu.. f'O'Int
1\ de, i\ wc. Th ere wac, III the t)"n uf 1M- r.l. nrCfi. no doulot I n ,h,~

.\(-c .. I.. , Ihlt.h,,,,np·. ~ N.. tn Uri 1M 1J?r' (.u.... .. 11 -tu~ I

f'1' . U I .)

11
 SIX THE DECLINE O f THE AVAN T.G AIOiS
Jimrn~ion<ll and non-Euclidean gt.."On1ttrie " I
dtN.1ion I h.:H t0 ur -u . . .. tl u d be: Accordin g to Poi nca re, rhi.. ge(lmct ry w uld be: presented 1\ tM Oh('
.J Contra!')' to .3 (o mmo nly held o p uuon , RIt'm ann 's a nd 1 b that would be dcvi..c~i by " infinitely flat" im elli1Plt creatures hving on
umrec.." ' memes wert nut I I " ibl C' t o the I .0 a,
chn'l~'· 5 gro . com p ere .Y lIlaCCCSSI
. aYRlan J .. r ht·re's 'il1 r~a ,c, I~ IS. first of all. d ea r ,lhat " such beings would annb-
be k tnC' trouble of reading the presenta tion made of them h>" P "
" roo - r h" ' nm. urc but IWO di mcn..ton s to ,sp a ce : a \ tr.:u ght line, to them. 'A"OU1d be tnc
a rt" In h",I Science
~.. ..
and HypothesIs. \'( It o ut gomg
'
In to rhi.. (""p
.
.
.• It IOn ..hortest path fro m on e pom r o n the vphere to another, which 1\ to u )'
m QrtJ.i1, we can srill ~r3SP how th~e geomcmes rc m (orct'd th e idea of rbc ar c o f a great cir cle." ?" Understan dlllg thi.. simple example , uifial
.I MttSs.3 I1' supersession of perspe ct ive. for u\ til u nd er..ta nd .11\ 0 how .,in Riemann's geometry, two linn perpen-
Until the beginning of the nineteent h century. Eucl id 's POstu late Ih dl du.. .u 1:lr to the ..a rne straig ht line ca n " meet. " and how ~M angles 01 a
"onIr one line parallel to .1 stra ight line passes th ro ugh .3 po int Outside [rian~l C' can ad d up to more than 180 degrees. Letu\ . a.. Poinari mvnn
rhis line" was. in fal.'t. less a fim pr inciple th an J badly d emunstrated U \ to, imagine th at for the..e inf initely f13t being.. hving upon a \phcrc a

rhecrem. The number of m ~thcmati~i,:lns who tr ied to fill in th is ga p h) \ttai~hl lm c is a FJ'e:11 circle. co mpa rable to the meridian.. on a globe oi
rruking.a direct demonstr ation w .15 incalculable, uun l Lo ha chcv\k y hit the eart h . and we will sce th at two lines (meridian.. (al and (b)), perpen..
0 11 the idea of trying a dem on stra tion through the .1 hs u rtl: he si m r l~' dlCul.1 r 10 the sa me line (eq uato r {cll . ero~\ at the North and Soum
inverted me famous postula te. and se-t our (rom the h ypothesi s that fine pole..:
can lead several parallels through a po int our side a given \traight line,
And., he obtained a new mathematical system. J p p.Jrentl)' irre precenr-
able. but coherent. Rieman n, in his w ake, repeated the sa me procedure.
bUI sming Out th is time fro m th e inverse hypothesis. tha t thro ugh a
point external to a given strai~ l line o ne ca n tr act." no parallel s.
Lobachn'\ky\ and Riemann's geo metries d edu ce a se ricv o ( then-
remc from thne premises that seem to be in perfect contradi cti on with
m~ of Eudidco2n geometry. To cite only the tw o best -known ones' in
loba~ky\ geometry. the sum o f angles of a trian gle is in ferior to
180 deereesty , ~"
while'" . (0 r R" , , .
m emann, u rs supenor to 180 d egr ees , \X'erc
~. dcah~g_a\ long :1\ their respec ti..'e systems were. from a stric ti)'
m.nhnnau
. ''" n• cohcrent - wlt" h a new spac e ! That, of co urw.
cal stew.....ir It will a l..o be grant ed w ithout d ifficulty th at angles a . {3, y. 0 J f tri.3n ttk
was the qceseon th d b
L at 3m st\ an phl lo,>ophc rs would inevirablv a..k ABC ad d u p to more than I g0 degrees, SIunce a and {3 alrea l• ' are, y
tnmndvn. And if the . _ '
thou-L. ( d ~ ns we r were a ffi rman \"C'_a\ nea rly t'\ 'e rp)J1C ~kfi ni t i() n . righ r angles, ,h , 1; L: !rv
!,>,It an .as \Orne thmk d " n rhus Wit I)ut gIe.a Will '
l.arion could br Cven to ay!)- then wh<lt plast IC rl' pres en - Th rou Rh o;. pheflca l gcometry one c"_ • . f h th "
anglt" no I madc of thc\c nc..... 'paces in which the a ngk'" of a Hi· • _' .h 'nslllle p torc'rtleS 0 t ac' eon~
rend t,t \'isuall)' the at first ,"co mp (( t El J ' 0 DU' IQ
petpc=ndlcu7'S" add up to 180 degrct"s. in .....hich Ihe end.. (If a Ime h 'I ailed " non· uc I co,)no. p ,
tha t 11;1'0'(" ll l"cll per hap s a bIt ton a \ U y C h _ \\l u t I'
I Will at lu .l \lra,ght hnc meet, etc.? , " II wha t m.lItets m lht e.... -
H'peat, Ih e hi"tofl C,l l tru th 1\ not rca Y J E I d ' 0 .. ('Omc-
not deal here .....ith h " , ' ' .11 an non· uc I e.. !'t
gromtt rin '" tt-. h' t e que..tum of the real "lgmfic;lnce of the\e of inleteo;. , hert_ ' is that fuur' d mlell!ilon. d t ' [ 50 ',In\ ctg('
t hcyh...... c n01OV
t '\t o ryofthe ,, ·
"' cnctS, Itl". " u n to nunatt'ly. d l'ar that , , ' "
lJIC's- "pl'l:lall)' Ru' mann \ _ l: OU .
ld in thc lTl ln S 0 artl s • L
, t to N'('irw••,:1i'Ve
10 fauJflng Ih '
enurnt"dOur IV> t
" ..rcepu on H "pal'C'. though th e)' han ' leJ
" " , "d I ', 'a.. llIne toput -in c!1\ , .. 1- -
upnn onc pOlnr: In t l C I ea I lat I "' ..' _- I olcrst,lOdJ blc
C' IlltC'tnal cohere ' f I " " J' ' s fo r In :an t a <il y U ~
cour~ to intultlo d n Ce 0 mat lemanc.1 l ..y..tem l> o ver the rc ' 111 o rde r to r (' lll r n 10 t U' o I m cn SU/ft . _• . h rt'JUI::-
n an u, " figu .. H d n..lu n,ll Itfflltle tn Yo A'!o t e
waf' they could h L ra. ere. I am o nly im e rc..ted in thl' paraJ ux. the plastic cffect 0 ( four· Ime ' ' h" h""h 0, n- 1M fourth
" 'Ive 'J('C' h und . -I h " . '
tiull of the cam'a\ to hiJ lmcnsHm.) IIY·
r wltm WIL .1 0 ..
, n_ :ri \~.an an
COIrC' \, the)' .III kn Af t r\ tlM}y y :t rt lS IS thank-. I n a honk . Po in'
VK-ruid ~ en., t1Kh Ie) • row, ew ex
amp e\ t.1 en tru l1l R ie m.3 nn\ ~l'()m elr>'
I k "
d lmCll\ "ln n ctl uld be rt'"procnlC'U• rl1f( ", I'..I, Pro,t'ctlmt , I .. "rn: .
gra..p Ihe maUl poinu.
2 16 .
 Sf' THE DECLIN E O f THE AVANT-GAROES
, ' f.u"t of no use in rep resentin g h )' J'(' rhodl ~S
. ", h
<i lIu~1OI1. IS • so t OIl J :1 i~(' a disringUl!iohcd h u morist, P.1wtoy."loki had emba rked ucon a
I , _'_[:Irion of rhe fourth d rmcnsion ca n o n lv he ~ff • ,nr'" , I " I I 1 h " , ~ ..
pl.3'>OC rtrr ~-·· . .. _. . ~Ied b.- C.lr«f ,1<' .11 IOu ma ' <Of . n eve, Ike t (' futun..u . with the- " nrw rna-
onl}" the r ure'" m.athCmau\.31 propcrt1 ~ o f figur e," lh .
~hin~:' he W;1" eduoe tlf the mait37Jn~ Vila and Al4romob;llil befo~
- J"";
consllK"ng ._ .lit aft
. . I Jimitn!to t WO dim enSions. And, presented In t he (un- n.
.:khmO\-r, . _ . '" r 0 ln. t-t-..... ' m ln): J lrcdu r o f o ne uf the mo ..t influe ntial a rt review of the pe.
Colle'S model ~.nc it. Rieman n s ~(,()~("I ry suggested the Idca uf a " u~t'd
r.. ..J. Cu mm ·.J",. In winch. between 19 10 _and 1912 . he puh li..hed sen-
.11\0 limned to t'A'O dimensions. In shorr , In .1 "p.1{"(" 111... h. Jlh wh.lt W 3~ In hl'CUI11(' th e \'O)'JRt'. J OJn IO~ the love of pure ficnon to
~~ . " . t il
de....TiN'J b}" )uuffrct. af least one rhing ,.. cert.un: th .lI re r"~m(' ha ,hl: mo ~1 r('(e lll scrc unfi c J I ~c(l\'c:nc:.., PJwlowski intended to U'iC fhi"
to be put to an end: in dus light. all rhesc J: t'O!lll'trlf:\ co u ld ","ell ~ t"t' lu k IU l· ~.l l' l· Irom "bourgeoi.. certainties" the same W3~· the- new
fa hr. gn1cJ;l;lIy spt'ak in~ " non- Euchde.m."
Jlli,t' J ld . by II1 f l hili/.lng the idea... the mc...r (J J'lP(l~ tn the bnt-
e' IJ hll, lwd meur.al ,lt t ltUl!C"o." Foll owi ng in jarr(s foomeJ'l'" .m d w irh
THE ROLEOFSCIENCE fICTION rd en'IKe tn th e I.ute '\ "Commentai re pour ..ervir 3 1.1 co nstr uctio n pu-
Ihlu(' .k 13 nl.l(hmC' .1 C'''r1nrC'r le t cmr~ " [Commentary to be used in
rhc 1·, .1\.11..·.11 A....cmb l~· ut the Tillie ~b (h lOc l " - wh il'h .2lrc"d y men-
lin n' 11u- fourth d un en ..loll and non -Enchd ean (:.C'Om C"l ri('\- P.w ..low..ki
w i o ut III d e....nbc a ftl'r ln.. nwn b ..hion the ne w unive rse th ,u 1,0,'3 ..
thllu ~h , .tr I n C' urn..' III h... d'''''''rnihl(' "b eyond [he UIl... we live in: '
Pawlow..ki\ book ""'.1') .1 ~ rC.l t ~ u"e ..'i fro m the mo ment 01 11" puh-
hcmou In 1111 2, h in C.. ..CIIl: C tak e, up .10 argument analogou s to the
one rh.n hold been l:t~I\IrJ I to Abh(ln '" nu,d fout/.utd. J lI\ t J 'i . 10 thc
l.tlter, .l rwo. d rme n vion al bein g (" <.. :JU.HC') al:,lim t .111 Cll.~ct~t1nn,\ diS·
cove rs rhc eXI..renee o f j theretofore un ..u..peered thlrJ dllot'o\lon , 10 the
\ 'uv.zgr> It IS rhc fourth dimen..ion th .lt 1\ dl ..cm ·cT('J .'" P,l\,l fw.·..k, .~.,J
fun• l-oTi n~i n~ t n li ~ t p.H .1Jn \"c.. ..m-h .,.. Ihe '"~ np I ' ..h ing prol-tlt'm
.
(If
dll' hllri/o nl.l l ..t.UT,"a..t'. whICh " .the r ,111 undt'OIable ..U("(t'..\lon of ' It'{"
1;1\..(' " p H I h.l<: k to th e tlunr ~ (l ll ' 1.I Th ·J ;u " :
. to .1 \11110: IIn're In loc' .1 pJ "m~ (' rr u r;
O! h (' , (' .Ir C l hi ll~~ om· "' 1l 1~'~ ,I t ,II hr ~l . ,,1 (' I. h h
rl h m '.n.kln~ rn \,,\ el em ,
lh(' r",t"tI (' In~ h.....col11e .11~ "IJ\O i llJl. "hell I>I1C ('l" • • IJ
. 1 "lh rt t ,Jl mcnw 'IIJI F.U( I UII Ketllllt"lrY.
,,,11.... 1111: Ih .. r"Ol1ln.. ,'rJl1d r t'l • J oJ th .1I 11.u..h
I rl.t'lN ,h(' J;lV I un ("\Ill'
\ ll~I .I ", IIn."II. I 'l>llh'''~ I to;: II !fU~ r . . . 'N " ""ith,";l f..ur.
" I .oulJ "nlY toe ..untt· U
•
~Ulh':;l"'f"" , ....l.I (''' 1\1 . I hClf f" "'~' 1 II~' h ' ok ,I .k tin ltl\('
. 1.,1 Ix C'fWIU~ In r ro u
"J
h
.11Ill('"1I" " "JI ~r .l ... C". " oJ lh J I unl, I .11 l n u h
11 II \R,J\ ..-11 J \ I, .1n
,e pl(',l.'\ur ('. c \C11,
c" pIJO.l l1l>n .. I Ih(' r ru hi eln , . n , ....., • J . C'J ur lIrn: t ur un .a
I h olJ r""IJ eo..('\. ,e;lm
Ih .l l I \!r..II.·J Ihrom!:l, .. .111(' II I C'\C J " or Isi,·I. .. h (' re
h U ' Ihc II. .. " .. OIl \ r 1l'>C
I UlI"" ~ ' r ,l n", <·n Jco (.l l l:.('u m tt ~.. "' (' ' h ,lot ,hlrJ .,h."e rhe
lh .. n r\1 II , " ,I" n Ul l1l'lC'>~.II1I~ loci" .. rllC lUll" • nuT
"uunJ 11 (.

".
 SI'
J holJ .If tfl.l t nmt I D udl~ m r U ~' 5 J me tl tn rc-J d 'om h THE DECLINE OF THE AVANT ,GAR On
_ . (" I '"~hy
. ts, ~frJI.~t linC'!>o cU f\'C'\, ere Ihi~ ."
JponLi. "" Ito t .lr/.l.lnrJ mc'.1.' ".""'''' P..-
J J mineJ h )' the •·..,hoo ls." M etzinger narr31-~ " , n hi"mnnOin. , how,
"""""'''"" . nd llfm\·IK-,uJ " hilt I " .:n ,",-orkmg. even th ~L • AJl lh~ , "
. ' __ ' . oUl'll l rnad ,~\ vel", o rl)" o n, he \\ 3S to measur"e the d ,fft ret\(C...... _ y.u a1mg art pnur . ro
110 ~~"l.lttom for tht LJ,X' G Iol5$. QUIIC' simph' I eh
. , .' o ught of hC'pr.lctL._"""'iIII, 1'100" fft)1Il",h.lt he. fdt was be ing ~
. bo rn : " I l nt'\\' th 31a II tt'a~.-nJng was
r roi«noo- oi J {oonh dnnension, lO\'Isrhle Sinl"e we c ' _ I (' 1Jc..1 '.l •
.In r SC't" I I ' "' . beei nnm g. Th e \'a Iue of
()\"l"r. l1lc er a u f per so nal expressio n was nn::r.III' UCfO
Sma J fou nJ thar onC' l"'O ulJ mJ kt am' kind of o oit'c! " 11h tbe- ~
.< ' h h d' I" Ollt of rhc h ,"- .in .1f fi .. t wtJl~ l d no lon ger ~ a ve , :lny1h ing to do with the finish of hi.
[IIinj! IU f r rtf: tmmMOn\- IKe tht, !>un' s p ro;t'n i() n un t h e ca n h " auo", ,
. (~.
..
t".\ n ' U IJ I 1rt. wn h the a nalogies h ls works offer with such and such an
drmcnslOlls-rhrtJugh purd y .inrd /ecru.t l 0100110/.rv· I th h • . nl.lk,ngty, ,ll d lt"t)"p!.·. It wou ld ha ve to do - exc1mivtly-with what di s1ingui ~
, Id ' . H Ug r t il ;'!! th f c
mm,lon ((IU prorecr an oo/rel with Int cl" J ,mcos Ion ' s' In ot'co h lIl/nh ·J.
",. ihi.. .lrtl ,,1 [rom a ll th e o thers. Th e peri od of th e mas ter-teacher was
o"try' rhttt-dlmm slonJ.1OOIt'o:" tha t " C luok 'If so C(lldJ~: is rh ct WOrd" fh.lt fin.ll h· th m ugh... · :
l'our-drmennollJ.1 thing: \I. e do nor know. Ir wa ~ a ~orl h "~mh e ' r rolfi'f1UQof, (lilt· l:u ulJ h;lrd.ly Pll~ be tte r the extent to .....bich the new pmnrerv
h ..u on th,oIl rhJI I "J~ ,he RrtJ~. 1M 'h e LJ G l: , u, It WOl~ $)O\\."'k kit Ihat the ecscn tral thing wa.. tht" capactry to exp rew, forgmin~
_C /0 rRt' v .1$S 01\ a '
Ul' 1('Ct In ur dUl1('nsion~. " . pr Ult'Cllon 01'II .111 W .II l:h",orJ ~, th e fine edge o f individ ualiry throu gh which II is
po.."ihk III \c t o neself apart, to amve at o riginality, the value above
. \'tr ('3." recognize here, a lmo \t wo rd bv we d ;111 valu es with in a n mdrvrduahsr pe rspective. Tha t the ex prescio n
nons as populariuJ b)' Pa wlo .....ski. th .' ru, ] ou ffret"s Propll\i·
01 o r i ~i n 'l ht )' requ ires a negation o f tra dition. and espcl:i.ll1y of the
~l.lSS could he-gin here a nd conri n~t' ~ ,c ln terpret :l.tion o f 'he Ltrg(
nificam details since, JS Du ch am n ",l tO th e m osr a p pa ren tly in~ig.
"Euclidean" trad itio n, wa s so methin g Metzinger did not f.111 [ 0 ~mn g
to mi n J eit he r : " T h .lI juan G ris dis.imcularcd ob jects. tha t Picasso sub-
Brerom "The Bride is f d i r pu r It m a 195 5 Ie rrer [0 An' '
, . . ~ a our - Ime ' I . \,Ir~ "litu teJ hi" i nn~nt ed forms for them, th olt so meone d ~e fl:p l.1, t"dl:oni' . lI1
o~ ,he nat g1,lS';, .l rc' r WI'CChO (hnsJona p ro/l·...t ion (a n d in the caS('
d ' I n ot esc , h r d · , re r"rectl n' wi th .1 system based o n perpend icul.lr Id::r.lions: all tholt
~mt"l1Slon~ surface)," '. If. finalh- w ee lm ensu m s onto a two-
proves th.lt cu bis m wa s no t rom fro m .1n~· slo~.1n or Woltch.....OIJ. and
Piotr Dtmlolnm'ich Ou spcnskv 'h'
e ad J , that t he theoso phist Pime
th~1I It unly signaled the wi ll to pUt an end to .1 kind of an 1ha1 sho uld
St,Petenburg in 191J 1 . ., " Ose Tertm11l O rg,m um publish d '
ton's"" k f ' asem3ted M a lC"vieh d I' k ' e In nu t ha ve 'iufvi\'cd r .u ea l's co ndemnatio n" (ihid.• p. 6 2l. Th e olllusion to
'Or S Qr the COre 01 h' fl ' ,n·w. I e ] o uffr C"t o n Hm- Pascal. d cn ou ncin g the vanit y o f the type of p::r.inting " th:n ::r.nraet'i
II..dJ ben I' JS re ect lo ns o n h f h •
el lea Ize the th , . t e oun dim en sion ..:l we admirat ion h )' res t'mhhng thi ngs whme OIigin::r.ls we: .1d mire not" here
g:.rdes at thc bcginninu feme s lInp onan ce in th e b irth of th e '
.. 0 o ur cent u ry. a\·ant· bt'(omes pt'rft.(tl)' d ear: in th is critical vr inio n, PasI:al was aimi ng nor
.n rainf lll~ in genera l, l'out .It a p;trrkular kind of polinting, ,he trompc-
THE"F I·ot' il,. ' th Jt h.\~ no orh er go a l th an Ihe perfect imitJ tion o f some abi~t
OUlllli DIMENSIO •
Ul1b.JNDfVlOUAuSM N S DOU8lE DIMENSION : Ilr a nother.
I ba\"t all"t.ad ' AND HYPERClASSICISM
~ kt..inger. thc:rdore, seo thJ:[ the tradition 1holt must lK broken
Il(r ot ) rnrnnon~ h wi,h i". quite clea rl),. ,lcadcmic ti~u r,ltiv(' art. which has .loyhaw b«o
OUW}
n r!)(' OIv.an
n. . f t-gardcs
0 ", d t'spltt' C
III tt=nn f
1
ertalll 3cunat=. th e inrerprt'tJ - ren Jerrd poinrles" b~' pholOgr3rh~" the contemporJ.r~ e-quI\':.I It'nt of
.an lntc-nv
. '~rtC'ftn
~ 10.a fOUrth d
S o IIld/\l d I
.
h
113 Ism as to be rak en ~t'fl' tr o mpe-l'oe il. . In .m .lrt ide titled , signifi(.1,od~', " Cuhl~m .nd TuJI'
'J"~n\'e f
cubl ~1 poll r.afT1 ewo rk E
Imenslo n fir
.. 10 severa l ways in fO suc
h liu n .. he ~u('~ e\"en (;u 1hcr a nd pef("t"in:s IhJ.1 the tradition of :.lrt h l!ot\lt')·
Ints'r, M . .\en fo r th • I b' .' , ad" i )0 uf the' new " "'-
h ad to he d " t1l lngn," th . d e most theo re tica l a mo ng tht' is ..l lreatty, hdo rt' th t: elllerg.en ce 0 ' II I SIl1 , .I.. r t . • •
for tht per...un «""' 1
I a, 3 Ilh
1.: IS( O\ e r
h y 0 f 3 new d llllc ns /o n of SpJI..Y tru e piu m'l' r, he ~ra\ps ,h I' eSSt' nce ( J ( the in~lL\'ItluJ li,r lo~lc at w(lrk In
"Vn:t C'xp
erat Ing rt'ak
f t' SSII," of th Wit h rra d !tllm, a s J: pru~ress th is h isw ry. Sp(,J.kin~ o i ,he ..lvant,~;l rde p..lintclS, he w£ltr s: " Bn',111~
e lnd lvld l' ;l I In revo It ;) ~aln st the no rms
n ll n C
• "Thc ('X(\I'o{" of ht"in f; do..""Unl('n lJ'" w ,IS t>t:(umlnl'l- IlJ,.-uluu\ ,1mo f: r· -
cr..: phoUiltrolph('n anJ lilmnJ.akef' ~tM~IJ ~l fJr N Y'-"'J oIn~1hlnlt tM\ Jr.l" f '-'
Glhrsm C' h .lft ,, ; , p. $K),
 W
..~r
u~ mC' simpleu • the most com plete. rhe
...1._
J ' Ut'd .1·S 'cu bisrs.' H Cl' 3U
h "t b«n ~lpl.
03 \ .
h m OSt logical f orll1~ l h
h S(" r cy wo rk ar eXtra. Cl' ing
. -fi~s our of these forms, r cy ar t' accused of h
n/J sflC SIlt"' . ' .
_ ' toy
. , . - r",
err 1 log h oi
II
II _
THE DECLINE Of THE ....VA NJ. GAROn
.. 'lo w " ..t ag e o f humanity'"
ed. CJ tIl .l ..
\Cicntlfic and .cultural dtvdop.
flmcnt ), A" Metl inge r an d Glcues confidently dec!;lrcd IQ the: coocluWm
' . H . oufd rbev berr,],!' [raJmon. :m UOInterrupt ed SUCl:(' . ro C II/ , j$111:
dmon, ow e '., . \\100 flf 1
innm".ttions. thC')' who. b)' m novanng , d n no thmg h u t perrelll.lft. itr '..
l .o ..'lm Ur· rhe H lhl\m. thai ......1\ accused of ht"mg .1 ' Y\ I"" in b et conckmm~~ .
A · ....l rdc nJinring h.rs ofren been deSCribed , (' \"
1.' 11 bv it Tn ,hl' p,lrtl;\1 hhcn ic\ conque:red hy Cou rhd. ~h Mc1 . "-I;"unnll:.
JlI \~Ihe
~Ielll" . .. _ . ,~ cub icm \ ul>..,ilute:.. an lllfin l!c hbe:ny. r-.::e/'W ,hn ob,caiw
\,Inl ' to r ' .. . • , \ mll
. J Ssioned defenders, ,)5 being a vast t'nrerpns~e o f demolitIon h l l I m p rc "~ ' OIl I \ - .
Im r . - - , foi l
~ns b,. gerring rid of the ,.ulImals? wa ter lilies, and nude I.ldit-\ III Jnd I J ge l.. hlla . II\' 11 c-ld to be .1 (h,merJ, and tnal .1l1 lh.11 lhe: UIl.....d uBdcr.
al'Jdt'mi, p,tinring:' · ' :IS .1 "destru ction n( plast ic." "p.l ee" (that is. In kuowI c ] \l\oll\l r .1I Inr ' m !Ia\ bee n proved 1<1 be: .1 convemion Ith.1nk' 10h Ihc~d,c,. _ ._
essence, Francasrels arguml'fll. /Etud es, cha p. .II), rhc hrC'akin~ w nh J ,U fl< 'i • I d u · new ~l·..mc:.1rre-,-L. F. \• ,h, r a,ntt"( ha\ nilbill" OIhe:r t .1n ,........
mdirion- rhJI of trea n ses on pt'r!>pc:("(i\'c- wclJ-csta hl,..h(·d ncr ~ill(r (" , erll·\
-",11\" . une tr uth . (''' '$. VI·hm VI'C: succeed in
n ( ll l"rcJ ' orr n v - . . There 1\ o nlv
t:tlH . . 4 75
the schools of the It.J.IiJn '1t1dttro a 1lto . And wc haven'r Yl't mt. ned , uu.. II till all. (l'p . 7 - l
l\nrc"
nt1n
how perspecnve WJ S denoun ced as " repres sive," it., " d em o lit io n" lik. . hi ,. .- a rio n of tru th. rhi.. conception elf ,mole rhe e~p_f~­
ened to thJt of OJ "p rison" fro m which an individuality in reh d llOl1 could Thi .. vu lntn 17 . l i J.. J ahrv wa~ al.-.o (0 have nolfCl \ \I\ OC
d . -t ami u n ~ll1.1 III 1\1 U " .. al
Jin.aU~' escape. As }(,.111 Paufhan wrore, \ Ion o f .1 1..nne h 1 dvindrcated how fc\ululionary mdl\"ldu I..m
- I ;1 \"(" a rea . W h I
cnn ..t'l. luenl.l:~. " . ' _ J n.rcls..i..nc imhvid uahvm. II ou
OIlC' find\., on C'\ r T)' ragr III IreJris.c'S un J%·r~JlC'.:ti,'r. tho..e: muJd rrh"m. J h
co n t.nnc I c: n .. C
k )fd n u ng ro\\ ar . I - 1. 0/
h a book co nel..ting ex c U \ I\'C ~
prorlrd by cuhn, wmt (If wf'lleh oltl:' SCl.'n JrolTl tne side, ..n me lrum In /rO lli, 1 . - old pUI roger (' f ' .
much pr ob em , we 1,.0 . . J J immodest u .prC'o\.lon toC\c:ry-
Ollwn III rhrtt·foun hc J.nJ rwo-Ihird~ pchpt"l:1i ..·e. an d "0 on. Th '>C J.rr I nC'
givmg cru e a n I 1
q un l.n io n.. from a rt l" ", ~
. t
.. adilio n of Ihe neW" 1'0l ent131 y_contJ ln\
...ddrst mmJ.grn~ ont" etoulJ imJ.gm.... ... Th i\ "i f of w o r k ie c.1I1 J \l.JU.J.rm~ l hin ~ th.1t the ideol(~gy o f th e. IT It wu ulJ be an unhroken S("rJn gom~
~ pbn !"'ZH .Ill c" n r.lu/-.1n r ,\ rrt ..siCl n tha t (·\·oke .. lorru rrc . an d It could n th e W:l Y of fan .ul cal egom :
m
I. . in thc United SlJtc\ moo-
lu.rdlr be- morc J.pl. It ie mdt"cd a C'HI." o f mJk ing lIlJ.rt}'n nUl elf Irnl"O;. \-olor\.,
I
frum !\-IJ rcd Duch amp. it"
be' -nomg.l C( turl"
' h thi.. tom.hlng \hJe .\ noW com~e
n-
J.nJ pl.1nr \urlacn. until Ihc)' producr tht IlIu..lon of depth , som e \o rt of pJlrr~'
rqul\'J.lmr oi infimr}·. IPt'I'f 1urt' ' '' /' '$1C. p. 'J3l
e!ttl\" titl l·d ·· Ap ro r o 'o ~'Y"c . \~It and\' whl"re I was born ;lnd Vo' .,l"«
tar~· " S laim ille is .l \"iJla~e III l"orm 0 I' wa.. on1" tiftl"cn )·c.Jrs o ld. to
.'
Ih i'o piaufe was r
. d · 1902 wh e
J mtc . d Pt'n-
III h' :I' tc to puh li\h , a.. a foreVo llr (~ I
1
. In this anal)'\;\" in whi(h rhc d em Jnds a n d d\pirat iom. o f reHl . C ~I , raJ"1
. '!' an . au
luoOn.try mdlviJuJh"m find tX p rc:s..inn. w e ea..il)· di~,,:ern
wh olt the
Pierrl' lh lu!c7., W h 0 docs not _ . I - km g " bOlll A1u$IC
ser I" '''''~I'I/1(' <l"//Il/rd'hlll I '. 'l';~ ' .De !\Ioi .1 MOl·' IFrom
It 0-to
~'~~l"
~dcrmQ to the n(·'... geom et ries cu u ld have meant : Ill'lng , in genl'rJ I. inlerview' · n u Ie..s mu, ic:"liy lit . J
non-[udidt'<lln: ' the)' symbu lized rhe b rea k with a hi ..to ry o f thou-
s
e~f ~' eat'l; M\' "clf l ·~ - _' hie "ul frJiI1JI\ldu.l l~r
. , 1- ·' J i mc fl~lon. ,tn
_ ' .... h.\I rht'
s-ind
d,melKton.t1 ~p.'.
in the !<occo nd pla ce. to tht" t"xtent that Eu didean , rhrn'-
h_ _
n
b . .. ~~ ' It i.. l'u rd to umll're~l,m.lll\thl\l' been ar!tul'd ~h.1t Ihl",': , the rei.
10 \ fi"m 10 t·.1 mere " co ll\"(,: n tlo ll d I ' If n >U u • y t we l:On..IUC
e"ery ~n,< of rh- """&<I
J . J - inJ I ': .111 untkr"t.1Tl 10 \\ , .. ."re clln\i\ ll·d of, r l . I ,. " nol f.J.,1 to N
'"
.\\"a lll · ~J n tt·.. mu
d l'rlll "t ( ·h- - f," ..H e I
pae\l\'eI). admlttro J ' as rn.Uhell1 .1ti("a l po s!1I1.ue and rt'ccI\'t.
- I." J","or, J . ..m I ' _' III if~ si~n. ' (a n" • J. i"lhltcd as
' lJ Jlt-an a rt tha t .1im(,d (f) p u t an en d to tra If1l1l1.1 t·rcm·c 10 till' Ill'W ~l:el ' l1I· l:
l n e~ m. . t .. IIfl c lhwc
1 . " obleCt1VI.. • t .. ..
f'Cr'\pc-uwC' cou ld al\O L h h . h
1 . •11II1l·nslOll, I ,e
UrtainrlC' - that 1'01 \1,'1 .I 'Ck·t "u~ t of a~ ;} ch'll1c:ngc . . ra i ~ed a~ .ll11~t II (e_ "fruck lw ;\I1 1lt ICf . .1"'" ('S s.(11.
... ~· _((ln ..l ..
0 ", .. I. a\ \\' t' h.w(· " l'('Il, d id not hcslt;HI' to q U.l I ~
' ..
31
"/>0 urgC(JIS."n
. . . . _ ' '. d .I \\ ltl \lT1. " .I'Jnt-C,mlc p,iIlHl nj: f Ih IImen"'l,ln hJd
CO 1- . • ( rill" llle.1lI111~• the ' lur h\ krr~ (,1 I!,tI•
i'm and h' " co g rl1eln ca l rderello:. finally. h ro ug ht 1/1 rd .lt l\ In 111\ I <) l .lr Idl·un
'
I d I J 11101 ' C) h mJ ..tt" t III
t1.l lly 111 ,1 dl't3' e e U\~ . ~l...en l1l. {ml" nf t C' J \\J. nh .I~.lIn~t the
l\1(m cl\rn _th... I - I· I 11,' h
,.... n I (n" I·oJ'IVldu~I"'rn
....., · . .. WII
IYJ • ctm" urnnU tl' eXprt·..<;l nns (J t lC' Ih.. r
. 'hat h d he.- • • 1 n t lhc new mathc11lat in Jl' nHHh tr.lfl· I J , fo r lIlo,krn p.unll:r ..- . Inu J of Ihl· \ubl\t\ • •1Ifl".\ \ he n('\v : "T"J..n .
I '"' (In ("11 ~lfl\lIlrred
' J I ll1f:n\lCm~liI ) ;h, the unduubt;lhl(" tr ulh fo r t ho ue.lI1J\ ul I an futun ..m .\lId a ~re.lI In:n Jnft III thr U.IJlI,un III t
d .IIl~Cf" 01 .11I md l\ IJu .lh\lI
y was, In rcallfy, hili an r1 1u..ioll. all l' rror eOI1 -
>>2
 '"
~ _ .. . ..... I'
~_ ;
"'un confu'ot'J " u h "IIlJtul.an ~· • a nd t he' III I 0
U'\ 111 \
THE D£C lINE Of 'tol l AYAN ' . GAt DI1
~ _~ dut .. JrM'"' o r Jr,.t .Irr J t'('fl ( cJflJ:IIl.llu}· ,,'.1n .du ne k (' tl lC'f. [h.. Il u J lII"n;l1 ~ t.lk I Hk .l n." ~('''' I "",d.na" ~ .... JrWIr....
u-v _ In.1 C' u
L - . ...." or. 01 .an. I m tmJh~' th.u .1 "flcol .Illu'lIIn II) rh P the- t>JscJ Ilre ,n th~ llnmm'C'.lhlC' I;fmvrnf .. 1ft of mnc be-marNee okac 4 .
U1~ . _ IS ultra
L J. 't~' " hich. mn.ul.lt-h- tue, cm,,'T!:C"<i tnJ.l " f 11:4,_ ..h (Ii unl ll nll eJ lJJ ~pJr..lI'(J" h.l ~~ al_ay, fOWld rIM.~ 1nQ~. 1M
~ " - · ~ th
... cI our ,JoInu rt'.I~'TI00\ ot,
seven ti l (,I ~hl ve ar.. ceo .. ( "0 _
• C""
C' ru,
. n VlOced th
i~. I" Ih l' rhree nrJlIlJ.f'!' Ju nen "..." , they try to add a ....nlI . _ PleapIr "-"'t
dtt jnJl'lidl1.1J'~ rt" 'oth .J~Jm ..r rradmo n ~h o ll l d nor k id I h ur (,ften HlcJ In lO,ull C\lt> i~m h ) J pplY ln~ the qxrt-e1 ·nu~~ .. ..
. " ' I " k O tC'na rc lilu: BrJ'l 0c. l'I.:.w ..... G n ~ . anJ Met/Inger. ,.,......_ linl plnoc &Aah- ~
'"-tJ(" cult or onpn.l II } tor on p n.1 It}' .. ,.I "C. the n'ritJh lc d \ 'a n r . 1\ .
,m~• '". th<- Of)(' " ho JI~ knows ho w to mnhi lill' t he res
_ . _ .. ' '
gatd('
.. Hu rce,> of _,.
l u(e• .lh cr .llI, an Im pon.lnt ( f>nln hutlfm to pll.t~' an. T1w bu dNr . .
mob&: ~ft"CfJ nn': ft I lo ve U) 'Jn J: to sup p ort mnd f wi t h rh ,< ," rc.- , C'.lr d ll''> co rre'>pollrJ fU (crt:lln ~eorn-etn c a nd m.lthcm.tna11n.n.... at I
. _. _ . c rrUth' of "how Iunb cr (In. only create, in the ~~n olln,. implm .ll r"'= non. a ~
sceece . It IS ~·.IU~ f ~ In them an ex cellent rm-a us of r I
. ' . , • d ll1t ro and t.lfy rea son for m wr c- r "1\.1 t r u~t III them . [Po 4S9j
l-csiJe-s. OOM ot us ought roignorc the noti o n ~ science 1" " " h"
. .- . \ \\ 1[ 1II 0LJ
R'.lI.:h
_ ' ~
to mfl'tl~lry' ou r sense at the.- H'.J' " (p. 4 60 ). h u m t hi
/ ' I
":J C 3 ~~ lI:l~1 Thl' ;m;l lo g r betwee n the develo pm ent (Ii the hi,tof'!'· oi and dut .I"
or rr~IM '~tC'rrr('f;Jnon of the ;1\'anr·~ardl·~ that were in~pi red hv (Ii socncc 1\ not a mere coincidence since. 3\ Sevenm confl"\'C\., ..tht
..... ~mem(1.. • the'
hr\ t cubrsr a nd fu m ri.,t resear ches are lla ~J- rd ari ,·d~ . oi ccene, md
StYeriru imius upon it: ,the rde, (encl:', 10, the fou rth [ime ' d hv intuition [w e' chould nor for get tha t he ..till h.1dto refute the- ~
h.3 ' U c: "", Ion 0«
IkJ( \'t.an n.smnall}"·'mdl\·iduah..t " "'l<"mticancC' 10 r 1/ ' non-, of ·~eometri!> m·- l.. F. I -on the- hYro t~ duoihIc:d ~. Pout-
Wic " . . ~ . II 0\\ Jn ~ soen,
di~~ the- rol~t IS nor to seek at .Iny price .11) ()ri~i nahn' rholl care on the fo u rth d im en ccn and o n non -Euchdem ~­
brnh ~ from the Euclidean lud aion; if th e:' arr o f aprearance-, called (p . 41> 1). B~ underli ni ng that rhc aba ndonment of perspect ive Jon DOC
~pemv~I~~ t o be tu nscendt'd . it i.., a bO\"e a ll, to he' .1h ll." to Jrr iV ('.11 Jim nn ly .1t irt·citll: rht:: pu re t''''I(rr('§<;ivi~ of a ptn.onallry otbc-r-.'l~ blD-
' nc-'. rt.a !\In. '' 3 r ra rI\m 5 evenn!
.lI ' ca IIS, III allusion to 1)l.Jw "iJt'i " ( .. J l.rl.d by CtJl1\·enrinns. hy declaring thaI a\"3nt· g.1rJc .1" m~ 21m .a: a
una. In Pl..:a\so's famou\ wo d · h i " ... • Jeerer ti~ur.lli()n IhJ n thar o f Ir.1Jitiun al pet<;rccti ~·e. ~'C'flni m«t \ ur
thtm r ". t C ~O .J IS to paint o hkL'h ,1$ /I't.think
. not lIS IQt su them : " All of Ih ·ff I ' ..... llh l' rinCCI\ te .lching: J p peJr .ln( C'.. ( tridi mt'mionJht~· JnL! the pcnrc-.::·
ICnd t . d th ' C r.: orr, u a\' ;lll t ·g..Hd ~· p ;ltlH l'r S
o"ar (' n pre\\ lOn of this . /' , II ~'C IIl,!t r r('!>ur r o s("s a t1xcd o bserver) must ht: OH'rcomt' In o roo tn
""",,-. ' .. h ' , m'\\ rca Ism . .. . T hC' o h, l'....lu n with
,-•._uumg., ~ u conqucn ng th rh an,l ln the trw: n.aht.... rhl' on c that.likt' the fau"h dim ensio n or Pb~onto:
wkntih'lngwith I r th e sens t:: () t ,. re a l by ('\'c ry nl c.m ~ . wi lh idea.. i.. no t ...i ..ihl e· h ut aC(essi~k on ly to thl:' mtdhge-I'Ke-. .o\ Prin.:n
• I ~ rough ('\'en: fib f L" I
for Ollr ...t.~ _ ('r n o u r ,JOUlCS. U 'i heen th e bJ \ i\
rt'\carU)O and fa r aest h '
./
. J("~la~ed 10 h is irie~J .... in the terms o ne rind !> Jl:.ain In the ..'"U~I~ r.a;:;::
~ Ia an thn.t
mow:ruaion,- ,p, 4,"2),
e t1C~
gttkTaJ C3 USC'!>
!> InCC th e beF:In n in~ o f rimC'. \'('e
the « . . . r
m~m s 0 ou r exact l:eCln1l"trlcal
' • - , -
t:: r\ m.am wlI u nF:s: "If
.. ,. h L
Ine- 31U• 0 r J fTa....zoiJ.
I I
~_ .
' ·( JU rerrtst:nl .a u
' .
. ( n ' But " h.1t If the- " tum H.. .....
__L
•

I' !>uch .1\ you "iCC it J4or',1It'. 1)' persp(c I • • tJ h

'J .- 1 l.1t>1e) ) 0 0 ,, 0\1 .1\t' to
r , ~ th~ point in X\·trin;· I f hnld of \'ou of e x p re-ss m~ the I c:o-~·rh.... . . _, I :umC'
Pa.ncatt br:e0fnC'\ II ' $ int 0 arg umc O[ th at th e rd eren cC' to . . I nd trom the tr.1re rv1u ...
a -lmpo rU nt If E I ,I \t T3i~l c n i, up o n the ca m·.1!''' r ~nc a.. .J h _ L ....:h ;'Imt"
_ l.
--ar btealKc rnd . . . Ut: IU mu !>t be ~ u t pa \o,ed. it is not , ,
h.1dc to the 1·(·"Jzclll r('CU I1~ c. I I)
, II' h . ut>k ,...."(we-reu " 1t l.... ·r· ('fttC1tl:
~ -- h I~QI13 l ltv i\ a dl L • h
-
nil" \tr.1l~ht('Tlm!t-ur mtl\
..... mit, rhc: I..... . . \UPp°(,C Y oou rg"'Ols com'emlon Lltly dt'{o rmed h~' r en pe(me. t c S.1 'h ".' H I'C' thm . ' · aNr
t .....glnarKln fn' h I
o rrra dur wnUlfUte 1\ I at a so), hut a ho ve a ll h C'ca usc " the . L Ii C" 'n'one o l t enl, c.
WIll h;l\'t:: to "C' o pc:rJ tt'u or \L , J L J" n" n \ lt.l(Uh" '\iIlC'
d.. Inugin.t'tlm'If tht-OUrIrtwn\llUct io n of th e objec r dn lIo t live fro m pe r..pcc f!\·e llecu rnes "dt' fornl n .1., . .
I" pnt"H.1I"-C, .1n l-' .. x (II d\t
I~ hN; g«JlT\tTri llJ tu rt b ut fro m the (,hi ec! ihclf" (p. 45 1). aoJ . L . 11
h;lVt· .1ln·ad ), llwlltio ncd I n ,U II 1.'..- 0
ni l'S Ihe r l.1..tt..: l"'l n )('~ U( rn:
. , IL.. iflUU, Nt:. l rt
rrllth In 1(' 11,. rhe ,C'\ permll t1\ If h' L - •
' ca pture t 1\ CIOI<'C I mo re p n-clsdr. .' .' h .11 [h.n I~ h I S.1~ u~ •
.... /.. vitnr'garde\ I .. . . . fo u rth ll "lle ll ~ '(I n ) l1l·l·Ulll tS t e Ie . . h f f('me-n'lo.~ .aru..k •
ob~un(''') it revl) III1f1na ry l \Ubl ,·t: I IW;"'" .m d " real· us, aft er Prince l. listl'n to 5l·n ·r in i. whu. III t (' ..1 ." .
....lftIC Iradltlon.1I n"P« , co me tr'Rl'tht' r in o m.. 3 nd tht' \J rnc \ ft uR: ll"
_ _ arural"," &:- Jdi nl'!> th i,;; nt',," ·"iJd ..t rc.lh..m" wilh ~1T.11 rm.:I 'lnn.
r- _ .-,: tlll " _ . I nfJun ccd a\ ht-illg :11 rh c u nll: lim e o p" l1UnJ.l tMWl ur 1\1 """'"'. huI . "
IbUl'; rhc- htw _ . " .,1iolll rt r~pcc l i\ t' h .l ~ Mn (l ur • I
"""'"nuta ri\c: new YC'rn..nd
.L
(f
de-f1l.1nd ")r I,he-rt y) And illu\ury f...\
L _ th AI II Jon 11,,1 ..1111...• ,h e p.I.nl.. t to ," I'1:",lh " \ 1'""'1 .. ~ua
" . 11 truln And uhln:tivlly l: rn
 SI' THE DECliNE Of THE AVANT.GARDlS
•.d oI .......t rrJfmlt .lnd ~I \'i nfl: I-o.h:1. rC";IIHy h.1S ta u ' h
1II10U.··mn~ p. ".. _. ~ t U, 10
.~-....in l !-t<J.U'o(' w (' .He' ,1;1 the cen ter 01 the real dod I/,'h retu rn I II the bidim en sio nali ty imp1i~d in Ih~ ptUtlC 101ffPfCurion 01
dt~ untq lll" , -- - . _ nO l ln f
. btl:: \"nmour noo m,I \-t,1/,I(' t')" "IOJ com.Jtr In p;ir.1 lld th h ' ton, Ihl' new f,t·o m c:trn:s.
dof.1O C" OIl,(
. _J
,
tM ..crn.:,11 dd"onn Jl lOns. These m('J.m permit u\ to give C'1I;p . 'oroll Wt' ca n no w bett er undets13nd in wha t M:n~ chi\ new c1u\lCNn
......
~1.,rf/J"':t. rfut rs.. J. 5p.J'-C' ,n c(lmplt'tt" J.~ ~~ lbl(". (P. 4';3 )
r~\lon I
0;11
(UlJntcrb.ll.tm:es-31 ,le3,>t amon g the ea rly ava m-ga tde-., tbtM of me
..cr. ht.·ginning of rhis century -s-an u ndenia bl~ tcrKkncy toward - ul.
" strange m 'C'NI. bur not' highl~' char..1ct('r i\til" o f the cub ' tr ,l:u,iinJo .llio;.m ." For, accordin g to thiS reah vm of id~a'l, the bf~k ",,,til
Iunon, And inu ri.abl~· found in the' period's writin~... Contr In' I \ t '''''0- tr.1dLtiOI1 dims at mo re than just freeing th e individual, at conqUC'nn-g
"' ., h I'
,I rui\"t narurahsm I hougnr, n IS not r c Eue Idl .m Pcr - pecnv
. " Tn hWhJl'
the ne.... fur the cak e ot the nc w . $(:ventec m h-ccnru f)' dassici..m W.3\ dho
" IOUrt h dtmenvmn .1 0 d t hi1\ curved no n EC' II .:U 1\
nue, Ni T rathcr t hIS .1 '"rea lilom of id ea s," It a lso claimed to give exp ression ( 0 the essence of
._ _ • - uc rdca
SpJCt' where fieeres atc deformed when shifted. " we hel i..\' ( '" n Ihlnf.s: co nt em pora ry pai nters musr rry 10 fulfill its project ...... hile- lead-
• . ~ (' • CllC'\ if
"me mnereenrh-cenrury ,:('o mt'l e( j" (Rie m a n n a nd Lo b.l\': h ' k 'J • 0 ing it • .,0 to spea k, b ey on d iheiL Wh at non -Euclid ean ~eomerri('\ (in th~
., . , . t \, ) ....W r
npH In tqludlarln~ the mrd lt-ctu Jll y absolu te Ch.tr.1Cl t·( (If Euchd', la rger sen-c. includi ng fo ur -dimens io nal geometries] demonstrated in
rul,ut'1I,- it IS !-«'a usl' "Euchd is P(.l..:tiC'II, b u t he i ~n 't 'TR U ~ ' . . " PO\- their eve.. wn .. th a t w hat the clasvictst s had held to he the essence ni the
r ; , ,1 Stll' ncr
of knowledge cannot be hoped for co me Out of him Is;cl··.-n re.l l and h.id tr ied to ren d er throu gh persp ecti ve is ~ t ; lI onl)' an appea r-
, " , n r, as ~1 l' t -
1lnll"' Inmts over agall1H those w h o d en oun ce rh c n ' II' .' , , anc c . 111 ot h er w o rd s, if we ma y assert th ai, in their eves, Euclidean
_ . l p.u nllllR ~ ap.
p.trrnrJ,. nonligurJ tr\. l', side, smcc rhe qu-utrocemc " ,I" 10 ". S l ll ...·l' t h(' S(1./ j"(' ;5 but a n rllus ion rh ar h as to .h e ab ando ned fo r thc, tr uth of ,a
apf'('arancc o f rreanscs o n pl'rspt' ctin' rhc l ....ademic ' ;','pasf" 'CI'. w e ca n , by an alogy, SJy lust as well th at d'USIClS'" must In
. . • pai lltl'r<. Jre Iht
"
on~ ~ ho hnd them ..ch·l's In Ih e n om n,: : " EXJ ggl.'f3ri ng rel id a nd d 'pth it~ tu rn bl' rcplacnl and fu rt hered by a IJyperclJsstCJ5m.
r :Untm exen rd themsch ('s to c((:a tt' a n a h s u rd th eJ tri -a i ' .l . ' T h e tl'rminolo~~' is nut for ced . If .....c foll ow o ut ~tetz ing~r's li~c oi
",hKh 3 P3th's cd " ' ,'" SpJU", m tho u g,ht, it coul d h.l \'c be l'n ag reed upo n by cub ism's m o~ t em ment
, h _L ~~ rnt'C't J.l one POin t, pren'nnng )"ou from wa lkinll
On.," ~Kna\"J.~sCl rcul.tr, . • L_, . . to repr e'ioent .lt i\'es :
which II h (penlng lJ~comes a s Im ple slrJ lght hne, in
0

.t t e Imperfectio ns of ou .' 1 "h ' Cu l-l i ~ m. who,c intluenct c l( lr nJ~ o uf to Ib WOt\ t .,I.,htTuriClo. hn flot)l. \10«'
and .tIl h· ' h h . r \ Isua m. c... a m es ,I n ' co ns l."crJ tl."d,
to iN'If. IO app roAch Ihc reoll ~~. prnfounJ ~'l,I[h".IlIh.: .:iliOfJ
t IS ''I t I I." p uefll . . l 'f l .:! . c eJ ....J . truc
""" ' h ' e mtentlon ot bnnging .l supplemc-nf;1 (\' di-
\1On ro ~ .;It Since th f h
able tnl 10 'h' ~ h ' (' tlrneo c .10", COUnt... hu t {WO." -I A rl."mJrk-
' SU~h'.1l1s", hJ.J nOl NTn J.ppw pri.u rd ro J C\ip 1J.1C' J. dl~erl."11t lTIt",cmCflI be· !
, y, I...n t e Interest In a . I' f 1IC\'(':' r...:J."loO lo ld m~' rt'C.... ntl~. " lhaTII ..... o ulJ h.l"e J r hnrd m~ r,lmllng..
oJallpJ~.tnds __.I . ne .... rea 1\ 01, pro uund e r rhJ" t hJI h h I:ocnrr f(l cllvt'l<'r II .InJ (:u!o{' it .
UrpdS'>("(l form~ o t Ii .' . . In....."fd. c tl ~i ~m (''<:cr..·J " Ihc cllieflor I intt I e
go r.lfl\e a rt, conH 'rge., wit h It 10 J. h I thmk Hr IrJ n~ns IT
U,"" en'i n~ Ih" muJd i\ 110 1 enou~ ; the polmtrr .1\ () ... I
J I lie .. .let ,ll><.ul whl.:h II I ~ 001 .I to-
11110 .1 )lm uhJ.ne<lu..I ~' \ri rilual all r a.. . r · I \.,. ' n' C'r'
. 1l " ( D ll clI "~,"~. " ....
~ ...Ih...r h~h l · heaJ ..J to ) p'·.ll. 01 ;l (Ullrt h d Imef\\lO .
.....orJ . r r . SO-H Z)
A.. l\(lilt'JLI ......ould h ;1\"e put II:
l.c: V r,li seu l t·,<;t he:1u. I,' \'rJi .....ut est :timJ Ple,
11 du it rc~ner p J rlOut ct mt:·m~· dans 1,1 b ble.
' I 'f 1 ., lIo n" is. lovahle,
T he T rue a lom' I ~ l C.llI tl U , I . f 'I
It m us t gov e rn c \'cry\\' lI: re an
, 0d e,'ell It! Ih,' .1 ~ ' e.
, o.
of th e t\l ctltiC'th ..."t'ntOt~·. lhe 1TUe
.....it h the pro\' i... u th ai , 3t thc bcgm nmp. . h ' 'h h '1" si i."1 loh ...I\Ro ur
' "")'In w I... t t \ .... ..
is no IOrlF;c r ;)'>l:n be J to t h c I1.1'" 1
" at urc" ,It Ihe rca "
Ihuuf.ht to \C"C' tht c~\en ...'C'. 1h(' n
,"
 THE DECLINE Of t HE AVANT. GARDU
, a\'ant·~a rdl: an the Yel)' contrary of ,hl\
bn I ; ' . " "
.1..ww'--
---.. In:1If JlI"" •
.Jcntiry J nd h;ltnluny , Doe .." t II go aft~t dl\ (OltHH1.di\pcnWm.d.ffn_
cn et , .1nd C'x.tellnllt~' to ('very fo rm ," uthn Ih;ln "~ ruk. t~.ynrhnft,
,hr I:>cJulifullUulny. the thing In,>t 0 1 r~trrd, the fulfillrnr~t 01uni-
" :'- J
hlng ern.. .
. In th e n r'\l Ic:lter he wrote til one wh o lIt'a, If) kcomr hi\ fnmd. kit
T'hc- ...'ork 01 pl,hu e a n will nUl be .1Ulnn n m Ull\ an d IIrll\ C'hJt unl .....ho here i\ ..nil ad d rc.....ed .with dcfl:leIl(e a.. " l' rofe\ 'oOr Schombrrs.-
m.ll1ll .lIn, If , JfC'J' "UT.ldllnrnl tn frJlrlY: I f w.1I "t' .1 ( r.llrn 111 11\ II' <".\ II K ,lnd1ll sk~ in..i..ts with all his ener~y, "P reccely.! believe th3l . t cannot
- (' • n lilTC' .. Ii,
more rntrnse "nJ mon: tole' rha n t he rc.tl " hjn:h [vrm e, .1\ wuh Ih ., e, f(ld,.~' find our h a rmon y through 'geometrical' path... but. on ehe con-
(' ( ·1\\ 1\ 1\ 1\
II rr rr('SSC1o rhclr I'sH'n<t-L fo.!rh :u " rnav rt'r rC"o("1ll III II lin , • ll Jry, Ihr ough th e: mo.., ab solute an ti-geom etry, anti-logic, Thi\ i. the
• • l.1 ~ t t'(Urhlr un
u Iong.lt rhl' C'lrmrnu Ih.i l rllm r u "C'1I fo>t-I..n,e r u-nher In In(' L
.l fr>IIrM) . I h lt IlJ
• w.w of ·J I....nna ncr.... III ;lrI' - 1n pa in l in ~ ,1\ in music" ICorrr sportdm u,
_him. rm..~n,ltI"n. no r In dc: ru r.lri\'(' ~I,,,,.I 1" ' lr jin T! n u t art J ue'" "UI
not p. 154 ), Huwcvc r rmpr eci ce." Ihe parallel K.a nd ln \k~' Nahli~ be-
~ to rrJ""nlTll ;II ~(tl<'" lJ( rt .llll ~ . ,",uf "'I\h ("'o III nrrr«o\ In I rween pICtorial and rnnvica l "d l .... ona ecec" i\ \II ngmficanr I t ...;U be
I Mu rnmutC' J'.Iullf~ r.k:' rr. 4 'j 4_ f> 5 1 , 1\ f C'.l rr \ olI \ ll l... raken up ag a m b~' the rno vt authorized theoeenci an.... noubly by Pierre
Roul el , 111 a n article \I ~nificand~· emuled "Pa rallels" (Corrrru hJ onps,
The InICTpttt.arion of modrrrusm r Ut forw ard bv Bell ,j . no , 1 I I'.IliA I. p. 154 1. '" would reafoh ly place the rnunap. rion ci to-
peneence for the- .In.1Jy..is of .n.lIlt '~.l rJ(' form 1 i .: hi ' r " p llt; il.
.-
t
l h ... n ...a p .l (' () .1CCotlm n.1lity in parallel with the emancipanon of Ihe o bject or at the \ ub}CCt,-
mg or t C' nt''' c:omrr.:ainr• an d nC'" rule.. th 11 rh " ,I •
on ,' - I be l . t' a v-mr-garde IlIlph'oC AnJ ill rhe sa me vein, Ado rno wrote. "Modem pJinring"1o turn .aw.y
11CTfl'o(' l~ ar r t evel of content. It W I ll perl h h
flu I I' la p.. co tecn- d rhJ! from the rcpr c..ent ation of ob jects (Gt Rt'nst,indlt, hk n tl point.. to rhe
t remar ;lrp In mJIOI~' m culuxrn, But even II thi I

•· ro bt- .adminro_.1 d . /' h

.
" Im ll .1tIon ""('re vame ru pt ure th er e J ' atonali ty iii in music , ' . wh.u was 'i.lhJ ~fort
n If \'oll ll U ,)\{' [() bt- pr . J h '" " [hi., b rea k. th e co n\u t ut io n of mU'iical conle'lf:U throup. to n...llty. 1\ IT-
ponen! in .1 o..tr..et /. (1\ e , I ~' ..clentthc · (O rn .
lit \U HfJ I.. t ,U t rhllugh /1 I I .
quirt real- ir h ,I " mu re ~''(1 1 ~', J' n()n~'rh cll"" " ren wdlabl)' lo \t, " H , . ' ' h
' ..nnot l" uellt ~'d Ih~1 in m ' ' Dis\nnance, :llun 3111\', ,!luglcallty, ruptur e, J lffC'r cnce: th~ arr t t
•• thC'idC'.altyrroIlhr;lv.1 . .1
I
'
nr gJ ru~' nl m 'cnlt'O[
a n~ ..... :l ~' .. c u h l..m in 'JrnJ.I('~
kC'\' wtlnh pr d crteJ hr ,t hI: p;llnt ·
r:r'i an
d mll \ i -Ian\ (If the tiNt ,n .1nt-
...
• .1 rru" ht- morC' pcnmcmh' lib . d h .
dOll m claiming I j . : ,
_
JeLIt" t .1 t t he l(' I.. qUilt' ,] hit 01 para-
. .
~ rd c .. 10 their IheorCtlC,ll w ntln~\ ,
". 'W'h ' cw in Ihe redlin ' cub,..m
;It I ~ n " ' L" 'k
o UI'H,;crn.. d ......1cal.. "h . , GICIl('\,
" i.. th... l '" It thaI I\ "nut-: IJI~
ponmt in form~ 01 ;In ' 'h ' 'h fi r t'H'n ~· pt'rcth~I C:l I" Lu m, w I\ he .. tn repre: wnl , :I..-:..-:o r\ltn g to .. " oI m
'_I I -I 'cal Eudldcan Im"l ~t ('
'a"mlenn b-etnrun I In" '". It c\ ("f\."thm g.' a pp.1(('nt Iy, ,.. ' up pm ed tu compared tu a u ad LUon,l l. ~lCa ., ,1 \M , ,. . at tht'
, CJ\\IO \ ," In thC' J t h 'd h
wurld, ". An J ~ lc t z m ~e: r au .. t .11 m (' "
oJ tn " amteT... con""OU\
lorrprCkmmC'C">'<nu' oI ' J ler. t e go al J .... i ~nJ art W .h ,n
' n\'.1\ e\'okn ..p .1CC, ,n ..oon
riZlr.t:Hu11y and h.Jr",t mioll .1, n;ltur~ Ih.ll wa ... ~i nc(' ()c \(",Jrtn, held w hr mH:lI;\(" IhJt takl'\ pl.lc,·e " ,hen t hC' . fo:.;I thn-
vt decor,mH'lmporulKt', .
til "ltnj~fC' IUtUIC'N~ s:r ('\!.l " \hed . In th e e) '1,"<; of thc d .1\\i"' h. Ih", 11JIt threa ten.. tn I.1k (" un;l d("o("n ptl •
ria~ I .1\ to ImitAte ..... ha l
C1C'rrt.'I.. .and ' tabl 1. ,. ('\(' r n,ltur(" h.,IJ Ih a l wa\ idcn· hre.)!.. It u r : ' ·~ . ' n _,nlln" .anJ 0C"0'
~n ' f 1:. "e\'o nd the a 11 I b!-twttfl nc'" I ' " ..
' ru.a11On' , \\1Im M ,-
I '
pp3rem U" 'c rSIl\' o f ih 'enwum If .... e .....crC' pursue th l\ pJ r ~ c ,
10 tnJ 10 .111 tht-
In.a ~r " puhl ' ' 0 lerc prrlenJ, [ ,, ' f' I t r ;1 1n1~ .11 purtl n~ ;I n
IC mltro r \" 0111 .1 h' . ( l pa m[ J tt' r 1I.1III r t' " ,IIlJ 11m"" we wou ld \L"1:" how t hfc :tu ' (If, .dentl . ' h mJkc un the- ton.l1
tv [ at r , .
Ufll'ril rfu.
,
tJll'C'l the'
f) \rr'K'~ tlf m ~n lh
I II 1\ ,,:ullwd
rough rh(" p _
It.
- '. "
II h
.
h
('I,,";lU,>(' Iw in [('lld s 'il rdcrc nl'C' pOlOt.. an d ;Ill rhe ;ICwr " '
i a In US1'; ul ')11rt /I'
JI"ttrnU IhJI lR It'>
.
, ml\Jnthropr " rc'><'nt;ltm n (It a rl,; h l" t )' rl'\- r h ~' \y "ll'l1l. , n a.. In IJP.~' n th e war or ' , ..polco " f J«U...-,. 'v~n . " Ihu' bnnltln~
ual, Thttef • th.:,-th,)f unif I ". ",0..1 r,lJIC.d prlJll,.-lp lc cxdo d~.... ,lO~
'r ()r~ Ihl\ lkfifJtr" ~ L YI lC !>p<"Clh c dive r"ity o ( in JJ\"IJ , ,
'I
f .1 " nunt' ('IlU .1
h- bit" nlU\tC IhJ t 1S .1I·
II I UI rom I L..
h.a .aunu: tlJ CrOuu
11m f " D(';Jut" f '
. "u . .' o u nu In tre.tt i"C.. nn Ih e He,HI-
forth in th e li,tl"Rcr Ihc fr-cIIng (I
,
h ' . n nC' hums
ullv , c \\ .1) ,n ,
mt
.'rnno.
mn,>, Impo..\ lhle to rtprod u('(' mefl . ' , 1 ' __,'17 ", h,,"' th rou¢' tm.
.andrmon".' and 111\ fll~ I~ fl , nu )' In pi
ura III)' ...
' "
nOlhm~ otht'r th .1J1 .lTC RcnC' ,('11'10. u. '
I1CI( ""'Ith .In, lI'lhn ,h .;le t th;lr .a thmg 3lo:-r~n w lIh rhi.. otht'r th lJl~ Jlt'\" u f Ihc - CI.1..\IIo:.-t1 .. tC'prrto - h ..._rs _tklUn Mullr-
., ' n" "'(11"-: ,uml '-~-
.;It nn~IKn th r ~.J u IY Ih.u .lwa kn Ic)\'t': ' -:
H. IC'<!("hlOg. mttl..1.lnJ .1 "rnup of )"OU .. 12.
 srI . I ( S THE DECll NE O F THE AV...NT. G.... OE\
Ki.... . . . to th e pnn'; lp C'i () l:llOt·nbngi.ln d
""I. ,\ b rtin('l. . h . . . - h' ~t'ca .
~C1 \·ague. I would r:;)di l~ 3?OPI the denn itlf)n l y()urd propovs hen of
N" . '
r-: ' ,hiu
hon~' poln!!> .
lut wnh a cerr. nnve_
cm Clll(; III I!> l" l rod,u:r Q' l tr,,,
r ·· 1. Jou'~ sons /btt ,oductttm to Tu'ell't'. Ton e AlIISI' !' '' C '
",,11'4'" ~ ~ . . . .On_
··f11 lxiern a rt : ' Bcvidcv, l..n t the fuunh dn nen..ion Ihe Yrry ,ymbrA 01
sdou~"' or throuJlh h.uJ faith. most l.:onfem~orary mU" Cl.1 ns rerndi " tht' Ihl\ int·i"ih le tbmg w ho-,e idea h3\ been "~R<J"v~ly prnmrcd, Of <It.
, 'hill I would ';.111 .1 certa m mu sical ps)'ch u /fJgu ", \t ' ,/ h-mr ted • through rw n ·d lmenslon .ll pro jectio n, ? I..n', it lhe- ana. for
sInn 0/ ~ , " " 1ft
' ~ ',no oflho« who tl'al/oll'.. lit ..111 odrous
t't't"7Sr , .J1i; " . ••
h('dm us", ' II i, ,J (0.Jcr rhc hiJ dl.·n Iacer-, of th e cube th e pheno mm oloRisl\ 011\0 ow:u a mna -
rh,u "hil l hindel'Scert ain so-called ~d vanced co~lpn\~r~ frllm t,lkl
hot for Bei ng or Dlfft"rcnce'!
nJt
W d~i\'c step re war d the' new musical la ngu .Jgc I" thei r. I n -n uld S.1\" r And yt·t. how c a ll u-e not SU tho1l th~ ~ssnr'iJl sspea of cLm~
oIt,msril.· fear of " 'riring 'something no r bea utlful. ··· -. .' (t",,,,i/l5. thin the prot ect (If "(~" dt'ri"l( rnt' "' <Jr," of B<JmmB acct'JJ st, 'Q
11K j"Olnt i\ then [ 0 break with all the ··d.J....ucal " ( c p n ' '' t"lI l aflon s .dheit hy mdtrec t methnd s, S tl lJSfSIS~ ~lorCt)\'er-.aod t hi ~ i\ tM rC'a'lQC
ai dK iJco.1 of the'beautiful. unde rsrood .I S the ho1rmm1llJ/l5 '~n lht"I~ of I ,poke (If hype rcla..sicivrn-c-did nOI th e .1unt·g.ud« claim, "";th d\(
.I multiplil,.'~· of sounds. "It IS enough," Leibnwlt7 adds, '· 10 hsten 10
new reali sm ,h ey were \eltmg into motion. 10 be more' re",II\l1c than the
OK music or to read x hocnbt" rg's theoretk"al work [0 reJl lze rh.n such cl.w. ici<,t!o we re. the refore, in a WAy. mu re clavvicisl than t~ Iancr ""'"CO
them..dH"!>? Com me nting on :\b levitch \ f.amou\ hl.uk squa re• .Wro
ronsl/ktolrlOos no long" have "n~· place 10 musi.:-al art . The Tre.Jttu 0"
~.lku\" rema rks in h i.. Introd uction to Ihe paln ler" \X·nrmKs th.1t ..the
H.mrrotJ)' ISchoc nbefl:'s major work ] is full of pJs'age~ III whi~h rh
e notic," (If free pla ne co n..nnnev one of the cornC:fi lOf1C'\ of hn con-
oIumor rt'N-Is "gJin~r the tendml..~' 10 qualliy such and ~uch an .IAA e.
r cepno n of a ne w logic." And the latter, he add ... IS i,nco~prc:hm",bk
,.-• pre.lS 't>r" unful' and such other as ·ug h-: app reciation .. th 'lt is,ue OUI
ot a t"lSt" and confused 'p'~ l,.:hologism ··· Iibid. j. If not b roogh e mro relatio n wuh the fourth dimensIon : ~e rurd:--
conceptual rela non oi (Jur log ic to 3nOfha-\ure n~r _lne 1<,.. ~mboh­
• The "cry idtJ. of l>eau~· is without meaning_ It ca n nu t therd"rt" call.., Illustrated by rhe choice' of hiJ lmemlon .11 prol c:Cllcm\ of a. re.1 "~
nr
pronJe .. kind of p nnciplc- of otic-nutlon for Ihe Jrnsl. no r can the
wh;)\ c existence wc o nly pJ.nial1 ~- percel\"c. ThC\t" su(f.ruJ onl~ repre
ModtoUS" Ida of .Inthl'nc pleasu re. ThUt lo n ol lm -. wilh the rCCOIICllu.
'>Cnt the · fa.;a dc· u l .I to ur-dlmc n\lo nal obje ct . [he '4 3~ a bldJmc:n=l
Oon.the supcnession /AJI/h..blllJg j oi diswna nec,,"th a t II a lwan aUuws
fi"ure re pr esent s ,he onl~' prolection Into 3no[ hcr dlmC"n'lon "ot 3 "11 •
sltJl thinks difference "gamst a h.lckgrounJ of identin"; il is \\~irh a cer: '" l. _J "" 8 7 ) I..n't th l\ 3 conc rete '4ay 01 I u"
•• tJln J:'CTcepO\m~\ rhJt Lt"ihowi tz rem a rks how ·· Sch~en bt"rg'" attitude
J im cn , io n .11 geometric [}UU~ (p . . ". I '<:1..01 at
I •
'
tr.1t lO~ w h at 1 han- h ere ( a 11 ed h\,....rd.1..sn:ls01
", . . meamnli:- l a c a~"1
d_ •
r .lnJClr oltn In the r.1di..:,d rnO\cment of COntt"mpora rv tho ugh I, dnd rt". 'd . " or to spea k.l" your ,
d lfferen..:c and no lon ~er 0 ( I cntlt~. h . nL1ts!e"? .,~
" '"J1b1n Husl\("rrs rhenomenology" (ihid .). - '. .
..:bssieis m th.ll \c cks [0 prt~nt I J
hJt thl' rc I.. t t' nonrr("\('
. I "t' tel lie <'uIJcd~' the
On tha r side. pheno meno lcJglst.. won't fa il ro sce this eilhet • •md " d '. ".lnl-"!", n t"art l,.on h 'l _. , . ~ to lie Jeli~ .u
10 t"
'Willlool Upon " mod .. With thl' d .1 SS ICl\h . oc ,n t a\
' 01 lhe be~utlf ' ern - I h h h me:IllW I c: u .. 'tC:
VUlOn, I art( h h
aS.l n a ttem pt at go ing pa st rhe d J s, iCJI r rojl'Cl of IInl ta rlOf; .\ rc.1 t.1t . . .. " ,ccm"e" ?
- h I c m \IIl' l h(",Jrt1~ '\ 0
n~rn d,· prt"'\cntlng uh. 0 I .: a nnooto u s s\"m - hcs is . wllh rhe .lim of
,"
flr. ie(, bUI w hic h lIo net t" C\\ r · f h n 'i pal ml.mt, t Ot 1M-
tnt "In\';~ bl .. I .e nonprescmable. w he rhe r il bt, d~',i l-:n.1teJ ,\~ ,- . h t line c, [ t r n \
Ind ("ed . we ca n t tor~t t [ .1 f h. i nJ I"aleJh ,thtr1('\ll· ,~r-
wQUld Q " l ~~t~rlcJu-ronrYI o r :15 "Dih l'r en ( c " (HclJe-~ l'r). ,,' ',
,lh,l ndo nmc nt tl ( F,lie I l~ l'.1n ..
r J\"r or r to ne
I
•
' n CilellC"" to n nuJ.u lOft.
QI~ It , IIf[Ie Itth mque " Wtll o J)}eand ·I-"r.l n,O IS lyotard . " rhe a n Ih .1l JeJI ' , "" " J . h Ih.: h.lhllu.1 'r,Ke, 1 ,
Clrnel tlt~ li n 1Il th~' 11Ie.l t .11 .
,
.. rh Jean r ,lulh,1O rUI ~ It, I ( .to
~

thaUhete " r.h . 2\ I crut u\Cd to sar, 10 pr c..ent illg rhe ;'Iel "l~ not true" hut (lnly '·COIlllllrt .lhlc, l ' in .l ..imple "l.tW. ",herr
~JOCctve a' d e ~orrt"\('otable. ~bkc
" ""'It"c:r \Ct' II r b
u, ..ee Ihe re i..
' .
sumelhill~ (lilt. '.111
.
,c~· l rJJiu un.lI" r,ta ,~;ll I\<In
" fl~e. -
· It l.:1\ U\ I\ t"
1"-. IS un ], (lnt r n.l...,_ ~"'. .mJ
. rJ ~·r ,, ~te . I '
""rdan
•
po, · rlllOg.
,, _me'" () rln~ . to St"t'1O~: th a t I~ w h ilt i~ .11 ~1 .1 kt' HI eH·n h ta ke r l.1Ct" 111 p ru pl'r 11 • • • " ht le.1\1 rt"St1I1...lt . '4c>n'
II hdo('~n tli ll
Inc tQ the pleto rra/ ava m.wu des" ' hu, a ml a t " .Il1u J . th,l t i.. Ih at il do t·, lUll r CSi' 11I , 1'- J ' a ~ '4111\..111 11.. JlttC'f'tfkn
nllllpr~nt~hl h h ' , l" 'en ~;) \. nn\." tum.ll \ p .lce. but (l il t t \t"ry .l} ~p \ •
Onc.e .again to h e t rclU~ VISib le p rc'>C matio n," (ibicl.• p . lH ).
• 1 at e:llimt • h ( . " p W41.
tl.1~KlVIl;' , I'n t it" ,J"';Inr·~rde the \e ry 0 P fIt" lte n ;Jnd 311 'h ch,l(J~" ISfl( It' eM 1/$111(, . ·h h h,..Ilt l>i ,he- e,ltl\' ..I,,lIU'
O"Ull , ..I1 t ('
\'('c ha ve therl."furC' 10 d I'll l' .
J ~ the'tffll«l,on
. L. _
". IUJll"tlW) momtTIt' " W'Il'
d h
130 an , .a\ I .lYe \aI J, we rc th e e xpre\\io n not AarJe\. hetwt'("n 1"'11 di \ C'tlloC'l1 I · " tit to ~,- ~un :u
 '"
~ 111. ~m
iO
Iht one •
hmJ -e"hti,r. hl~lI.r j(i "l • .Iud " ulrr.llnJ t\,idu_l' .1 ...tk O'_
, ' h rr,lllflt>O Itl ( r('.Ut' the r.ltl1l'.IIl )' new; h UI . Ull ,I, 1
It, h rtJ" " If ' . ' ,' , (' tlt ler
•__ "m.l rL. .l~I(' rn ll l"\." , II k.1 JlIl~ d aS"I":JI .1C\lht'li..:\ I h'
the [kl K"'Q . . • " U I ('Ir
. • J. (It u km" dH'rn ro Iht'l r IIII1Ih III t h e n.ll11l' ul a new 1
Il'l=K~ m "', ' rC'J. '~rn
.I.. L . \Io'('U"I' much It mcv No t l rlCnf rJ t o rhl' C'IP U ',s iml III wh
m ,l I. Ift" .11 f r •
.ahn-_",·h('\'h.-r intern",1 or ("' ft"m.tl JoC'" 11111 matter m ll"'h -ma~' n ll1.
I..i~ rh.lt is , h.lOIK ,tnJ "dlt1C'rt·!lt:·· rcm.uns .111 111(" " .1I1l1' b(lu nJ til lht'
intd ligcnt"T m ille Ih.m III the Hll.l~m.t r~ .md. to th;H (' " rcl1t• •h,:n 'rh n('\\
1'Ofl5rr.lInt~ .Ind new rules.
Ir IS ,hiS dushrv th.n h.l.. I,-J rnc f(l iuJ ~(" the II llt' t rlet .'lli , '!' II.lm('.
,,'('I rl s rh.lt rein' back 10 inJn'idll.lIilionl til be roc) narrow, AnJ ~ ('I II i ~
dl('J u.lh~· lh at we have IIJ try .m J und crst.md it \W wi ~h I n ~ t l rn r'l' th~,
nJlUtt oi the spt'l·ifi cJ.Il~· Oln t(, IlII'(lr.u~· phen omenon th l' ,1 \' ,lIH- g ,lr{lc ~
consn rurc. One of Arol hn.ur e"s rcxts r uts to rwa rda h ~'rothl's l " :

Cl'ttk I n hJJ \lll'CJ u~ .I r U ld~ h""u n concepnon . II h >('L. m.m 1" be Ihr
1IIl'.a.Ull" oi pertecnon. The .In ollh(' II"" rJ 1nfa. I.IL....~ t he mtinu(' 1II11' "" l -< .I ,

ib tdrJI. .l nJ II ;'" In l h i~ iJeJI rh.1t we of p " rird lll11

11\\('.1 n ('\\ 1lll",hll H' lI Wl1I
'''~ ' pnm lltln ~ Ihr p.nnter T\I giw duo ol:>i'''':l th... prOrl'r!l nlh rdiflll1 ~ the .l l~r<·e 1>1
rU·tk,.iry he' " i ~ Il' ~l\'(' fO II. NI('I1, ,'hl" hJJ mTun.,J Thc' r'h, il:>lhn ,,' . u. h
an .In • . . 1I'lolnlt D lIlIl ~ \ u~ J. mo uthpiece, Sil'tz ~lhe rJ.....· . I II.I ~m ('nr o n (; r...... L.
m . !Ln Pnllt' fs O''''Slrs. p. -'1)

The Grt"tI. .1" l'\;clz,,-he ai l id uJ in the na m e of th e Di on vsl.1': is

•
•• tbe an o f ron~i.ulsness. (1/ idenntv, of ord er. ui rhc visible, ; nJ lilt'
• ~onysi a..: s}'mbolilCs chaos, if.lCT U1C'. diffC'Il'IKl', .1nJ imox ic.m c n. We
~)" tca ll how, in one of rhe Gory Sci'"nu's most celebrated r Jr"l gr.lr hs•
:\:lttnche
~lIuJa;J;
defillC'd the '"n('v,, In tinue"
nile to W h'ich Apolhn.nrc" pcrhap-
 'H E DECli NE O f tH E AV" Nt . (i .. uon
. ... .... hich implies, on the contury. a muu ril(OfOU\ d" a plmr III ti-
,..n.ior the pu ~ 0 f .. haei apmg one,. nmma
. dw _a .,. JlD MtiIC .oaIct
f<><1.
J ~lrtu rt . _.
In ch(' con temporary um..· " ~. ch.uanmud by the Mwithdrz.al
from the world" whose hi..tory i.. ' dkctN in that oI.a~thniu. tht tom-
sion bc,y,e('n tht wor k uf art 's sub jective a nd cbjecnve moment'tmen
to Iade u.....ay to the: benefit of the' sobjecnve. After the era of ~ .n all(·
rdo comes that of "postmodemiry." The cxprn ..ion i", 01«Nne, br
rrom havmg been unanunou ..l)"adopted. and it '!. tnn are to nriocn. dw
.I t timn the)' arc dlamcmcally opposed, But. to the "tent w r tk tot-
nUnCio;" pr oblem is not ..... nh out importance. in a..w mprions an bnt be
u~ fu ll~- rc,..iewcd .
 SIX THE DECLIN E O F THE AVAN T,GAl a n
rarv ph ilosop nct'\, J('Sj ~;Itl''; wh:u H ('jdq~~c r (';l l k'J " hum . MKt.nw(JIl 01 ._,'_
po • he rati li - - f D (.'s..:.l r1t' \ , and
a Olsll1" lruJ e .IS in tu rn cx pr e..'SC'd in thC' indefinitc
, ntfW>.(ft, _ .1
_
rhar IS, ('Sscnri.lllr t c ~anona Is m S rt·lll ml.n~ ro m 11 ' ~
I.lhl)", of course. rhc ph llos(lph~' o f rhe En hgh rcnrnt'llI a nd Irs le "h . n, .amnovatIo ve m ar ked IhC' hl\ tor, tJf
' n s. th a I ha.. _ the avan t,.:t.rdn:
"..
. . , h· J " l 111( 0 _ I~ d of space d id Cezaone set o ut to anad:~ The lmpt'n\lQft""~. And
sc..i tntitic f,all(lUt. lin Jersrooc r l ~ W.1 ~. rno t"tnrry IS no r to he Cnnf k,n and Braque : w h at ki nd IJf obi«t? CiunOC"l. Un» m.-...-.
" ilh -modermsm." The latter In man y ways seeks to hr e'lk off fro~s~cl !'teils so . ""---rr--
. did Du ch am p b reak wit h In I lJ12? Thar a palDnnK h,a, to be taade.
" l u 5ion~- in particu lar those of .I clea r a nd d istin ct CORl lo and I t lion 1 Ad "
, if it is a cu b ist o ne . n n uren quntlOlls anotMr prew WJ'WbOll,
-ecchdean" o rde r-c-rhat h 3\"1= we ighed "'0 hC3\'ily o n t ht' " mc,'tanh :11. a C'\ C'O th inks rem alll . c d im tact .10 I) uc hamp•' 'oIII Of k~'
: rnat (lJ(' won Ilttdt
L
. - -l)-·.. anJ t h ro u gh t h em on rh c hiIs~or}' o f ~rt . The p ns rhlOdern
of subl(·etm ' " }S k-'; that he ,
,
J sue, a ,. el a ce fo r irs p resent ati o n. Astounding accekutioo; lM gmn~
would then hAW: (0 be u nd er stood a s th e ind ica tio n u f a hredk ..... ith
ons rush fo rwa rd" (p p . 29 - ,~ O ) ,
'", 'I;" h ave se en th a t t hi s " ac cele ra tio n" th.al fa\Clnat~ LyourJ " IJ(J(
tnc Enhghrm mcnr, with the idea of Progr ess rha r ho lds Ih.lt ..Clentifi, II
d ik -( WCr!CS and. mo re genera lly, the ratio n.Jhzat io n of the wo rld i
in bet very astounding, implicit as .it is in the bnt known .uJd moM
beta represent J liberation for huma niry, Acco rd ing to t h is fint de:n~ ,o hsr't\ .eJ d yna \\,-nich a.a\dn~ ttnd
non . :-'-i etls.:he, H eidegg er, o r Freud, si nce th e)' LJ\' dow n a (ha ll I , m ic lo gic of democratic socienes, . .
_ . , . ., ' enf;.;e rowar d I·n n o va tio n and the erosion of rradm ons. But. that ts nO( 1IIlpOI'-
to tbe philosophies o f co m Clousn ess. a rc pOstrnod l'rm IlJo.r .1S much h e semantic level-c-rhe onlv one rh..t mteresrs tnC' for the-
ta O[ h ere, On t dnm
.1S ,\ 1.lIC'\'ltch , PICasso , Kandinsk y, Schoe n bl'r g, Berg, o r Sto~'khau\Cn .
mo ment-we may note th at modern and postm~ art ( , m:
Slmpl~' put, w hen it opposes the p ro iecr o f m ode rmt)-, m the me;jnln~ 'railed b v Lvcta rd wi th in o ne an d IhC' sa me genre "~Ich he uwh~
th(' EnhghtC'nmefl[ gave It, th e posrm od ern jo in s the " m n d er n," unJ('r, srend y?) ca , lls
. '';J\·.1nr- ga rdlsistl hisror eosedl
v," sUP,:_
1 ~{Ory, _ ,'! thC' lnconto
,. ion u bk ~
of mo-
stood as the J\'3 nt- ga rdC'S' " mod ern ism, "
(we shJII see that it isn't th a.! simple, far from It) of sub to . hM '
This is. most notabl y, the mean ing one find s- w ith a n exph cn ret-
demitv in th e se n se o f Au{klarw lg, Th C' dlffera'l h cc ~~~:s iZ -
erence ,t o " modern art" a nd to th l: "ava m-gardes" _ i n t he- rcxr -, JC'.1n, " h mod ern and , r C' pos
IWO constitu tiv e mo ments-e-r e ,tmouclII
- ,,~non-
Fn o,Ols l yo lard de\'O[cd to th e a na lysis o f th e concept. ;\ '10 it J ld for . '
t('Sima l or J O WJ1 tl~h [ lOe,>senlla."-
I I Inc p ro]r'et or pr~nne-
. th suns die
Adorno, t~c d~onmuction of [h e Aufk/iirung's phiJos()phlCal ll ni\ e~ . the IOrislble, we: ean a er
presc nt ahle, of dC' mon st r:mn ~ _,. JoxlC.a13Spc:-ct or on
c~rrn~ n~1f In the mo st rad ica l COOfemporan. · wo rk<. Ihe one s tha, - . h b,' deh nm on• .l pau
Ken d l d " ' . ,m empt's b ilu re (sin ce It as" f h f It'es It C311~ inro pb~ dK
~'Of3 r , deserve to be caJJed " po stmode rn " hecause of
thn r r\\'110119totobruk . ' ",-w,'er tl t C' aell 1 __I-
wuh th ' f ' . the co n t ra ry th e IOncwatlve r - ~. ' thC'orv of (~ w-
IH~ucggC'r
' .J .
would ha\'c sai d "
°
e pTlmacy ranooa ht), a nd of rt'p n;,st'nUtlon
..) 10
. . . h ko " fou nd Ifl "aot ..
model io r thi S a na lys iS r en elO ~ ,.
,
I hoh' ·· ,m J dw post '
h ' presence . e go al no w is "to .1l1ude to 'omnllse mc ;me ,
t e IlOnpresentab lc thro u .h . 'bl lime), The mod ern .....o uId t hen .. ,
th h g \ ' ) SI C' p resen l,:u ions," [ 0 "show l{<lITt' voirl
'
at I ere I S !lOme thing o oe c, n Co n cel\'. e fh mo d ern " 111)1'.:1110 " [in no vation I·
, . ""ou \\:111 un JC'rstann thr
J 'hJt I mC'.1n throu;h thI:
\\, . '
"« ( /a,,~
I -.
J 0 u t neit her see 1I0 r cau se 10 r 1a\'mg tictd or .au ot-

=
l/Ol,!: ' H Th C' p OM Lyo ta rd cx p l.l. ill S:
of th e od ' . ma ern co nseq uent ly turns (lu t to be a pan '
c.:irt oo n -like J istn hlIt10n 0
f a f..-..... nJ mC'$0 '
L I the GcrmJ n e" pres<-
IonJSU'
,
m er n, In Ihe sens e the \Ii d k ' .. ,
natn the phi/oso I · I . , or [a es 10 modern a rt ," h d C'slg- h 'J
~.ltd i >;t hi s ro rv: on t e S l C (
If ltI eL" U f'" y,
, 1 'h
On IhC' titst ~ t.J .:'\' Ih, , on L'tc
P " ell relectl on of ' . nd PIC.1S, o. ,. l ~
fion of lonaJirv d f ' , rep re \ cntatJOn , o f whic h rhe re je,' o n till' no\' ;ui o sid l', Br,l<lllr .1 ~ . ' . th C' (l\'her DUI.-n.lmr I ~
• 311 0 tigur atl oll a ' . d . .
tramlation s In 1 ..0 1 d ' 1(: sup p o se 10 p ru vld e Jl'sthL'IIC sel:u nJ Lissit7k )'; 1)Il Olll' J l' ('hlT1"(~ on IstmoJ l'rm arr C'qu.llh'
, '1 M $ \locabulary "1 Id II \\ her eb )' w e >;ee th ;u 1I10Jcr nl ~ ll rt Ih... " C.lrtcsian: ' fflhjdi
appl iC'\ its 'h it uf t -h" • wo u ca mude rn rhe art th at
faCI tha i there: 1\ thl'~ IIlq ue, as, DjJ ero r u se ' d .
10 say , 10 rn: sc nt ltl~ th e
, nnllslllOn to
m od ern " in thl'" "u ntn w n (In ' , I' le.1 " .1\ U l l1 .1111> .I[e
I Ihe ~ I"
fiab le domai n, to "e nunpreSt'Tlubl c" , h . , he\' C'J.:h Ill' Ica . tJ[II.1f\ 1\,..(-
. h •• h or , 10 Ot lor. lUSt a.s eas ily id t'll.fi- and ratio l1J.list --h"'lt,lgl' ; t , 11 . If wilhlll tCrmocn '
' \ ow t al th er ' . h' " _ ~ I , in<-ta (l nr'loC I " C'~ Ilkl«
1hic. ab\CII((' wilh ' e: I S SOl11 et InK 1ll\'ISlbJc In t ht.' \l I S- o r necl'ssiry It l nllt n J.J\'l' ~ 1. _ n n1t1r1' " 01'10. t rn. ...
hY I·dentlfY. tte. -...Inh prhc:nce, b ein g be ' d h . . h ,l id tl' l "'- e \~ , ",hl<h ""
h . ) 0 11 l:lOgS, J lf(e rCn, c.' h iJ dl'n mod('rn is m ca n l'\ ell C' '10 " 1fi.. It" ~ Ulll l('1o<.('I1"-C . ..The' t-
ern .. 1\ !lureoly .a pOI" Ier,f tIIS .....h y l yota rd C3 n u- mc Iu J e rII;ll rh l • post 11l0 J _ "dc"oll~tr\leti\'C''' Ih;1I1 "nllnkn l .1f'!. 'h o, ,1o.11\..'I.:.a1 mr .lRln~ : L ...
_ .1 leo muoC'r n ., in th " , h
thl' " no \ t" d()('S nu r he'rl' ,1\ e .111 '
, · ~ ' ..
11"-" dlc l'll'lllr rt"cn t.ahN: .. "
J!tT(cnn,j, t"VC"fl if lm ly 7C'\tt"lJ ' . al C'veory t hlllg th a I ha s h l'l·n • . h ...tern J, ~,.. . ,7
2 36 .:IY '" mU\ t he ..uspected ," lhls \u sr i,iOl IS mo dern is th ou w hICh III t ... 1111 1
 THE DECLINE Of THE AV4NT. GA' DU
SIX . _ur e Co ng rt·ss• wa .. n ne of thi.. arcnituturc:', mI")'ot im_ _ ~
lb df Ihat wh k h. rdu se ~ the ctlll.'>\)I.u io n n f p 'np f h,ttl;t . r ' ~- 'C:
p m ('n rJllO • ... . ." . .. . er {)rlll ~ " Me 1 " like the Berlm Wall a nd tile coll a~ uf the )ugb-mc bkd
jib,J.l.mJ "rhus rl."Sorut~lr " . rl»(JIlsl~ . ra kes ov e r th e conccn, With ' o
n<w.arton that ",.as l'U IIs ll [U U \"(' of .the .ivan t-ga rdes. 111 -
~),T1l h s, po in t. in Eng I an d..In! 1"7 6"" " .) ('b'd
I I " p.9 j.
Ronan ' . ,I
\l;eC,1n no dUll}.' begm to glimpse what a mb iguilit" 01 .1)' he no u-, In its "cco nd mea n m g.. po stmocem th us dniF;I"l.ltn the ra ult of me:
i~htJ toy tht' nOOll" 01 po srmoJrrni t)';
--.11 co ntra d ic t io n affecting th e very prinaple of the: waU, ttak-
at.lk ct tc
_ On the stria lr rer minologlc.d level, it will h ave ;1 lllmomi e c Ktivated to produce th e new for the ..ake of the new C0n-
I","Iyr . , . .
.. dem't i r h
jogs .acl,."OnJing ro w herhcr I he rno ern It re ers ac k ro (a nd I'
Inc.l n. d with the n ew ac ad crnici - m ..uch a const raint "a, e:ngmdered,
nte ' "b ega n 3gJIn to run the: eamcr of me:
rdrr back 10 II If it is 10 be' Its " POSI-") indic ates Enlig.htt'lllllt"nt TTlU\f
{m S in jen ck •s a n a IYSIS.
;lrchite CI • e-
n.t1ism or its .w .mt-g;trdi sl deconsrruction s. tal il). rtu ire in o rd er to tr y a n d co mmu nicate with the public: meraph.:n.
-~fOfT 10 rhe point. rhaps••m other problem st ran ..d"
rep" nt pol vchrom,,, co nvennon. . " bu r aI\0 thei elf n'gh r to fC1'lC"A" an.-
.
.p c '

• . r . 1,I1;l1ntt'd urn,l me • . . _ .
b~' Lyorard. has 10 d o with th e 1:11,.'1 rhar th e Enligh[cllnwlU a nd ' ' , ' a ditio ns that might be distant fro m the archnecrural creator,
lh rht'tlC .
r.1dical critique Within the p hilo sop hic o r acsrhcnc avan t-••a rd e I t " " eth er in rer m s of CUhU ~31 spac e o r of tempor ality (the rerurn .toMthc
. . , . ~ , rt' ar
trum bemg ence (If nontl"ur't' ·(In and r ;l5t. for exam p le. o f A ncient G reece o r of medieval \-lll.Ig~ a~ In , rt'.
. dl.1metnc.tlly opposed . T he em 'erg . ~
of .1t~na h ry ,olre do u b l.~~s1,· frolc r ur~ In t he h istory of art th .u one ' I' .- 0' o n the co ntr ar v. th e p resence of the new In an old DCIgh·
\'1\'3 Ism. • . ,
can. il. one ....-ishes, Colli postmodern . A connnuanomsr ' hi ," ur)' IS here lxlthooJ • .I S in Pa ri..'s Bcaubourg/C entr e ~Clmp,dou).
certainlv. umenable. h ,ncn 'nhd ess remain s th e case Dd\ned th is w ay. pmtm odern it}· h as. Indeed. r3pidl~' rca..:hed.111 the
• - th" . , ' we h.1\('
oth er artist ic d o m a in". M u ch of conte mpo rary ~alllnng ha<o. redscce-
..• seen,. the avanr-gardcs
. . In ma nv res pec ts also ca r rv nn the " '\01
' .
project of In nO\·~tlon. Cot the rahula ra sa ). that th e" willingly Iloumh
~h~I\'~ on sciennhc o r philosoph ical th eo r ies, and th at rhcv rbcrcbv
tU'o n.1f\·
ered th e p leasu res o f figu rati o n , and " h igh" muu c, rhou.gh It
ten remain s atona l, h a s e xpltcn ly b ro ken with the ~nallmperu
7;':
k f o rk\ rv-...tmoJr m lt1 In .1
Jo~n full~' In the. enhghteni ng and toltio n .1 list modem irv rbcv m:n ufhl'; - the 19505_ We th er efo re have to spea 0 a \\ 0 r-- . '-I.. ~
Wise claim to divorce from . . . . f ni g But we hJ\'e to go ruru."' ,
sen..e ent irel y oppose d to t h e rst me~ n . . . Id L. _ • II d ........t.
th This fundamenul a mhigui ty must be kept in m ind [(l unJerst:llld . I d h ' rean on " which ..ou [>It..:a e , --
it is no t only I SO ate .lest etlC C ' h h _._ r hi..,ton·
· ad m but fat er t er f~- ..
t' ioC'Cond me.:ln in~ of pos lmo dern . the on h' o n c tr u t h to tell th.:lt·h IS moJern. as other s a re cIa ss,," o r m e . " t of thc culture
gone wd l beyon d th ' II ' I f - ' • • h sr charao:temnc It .II
.e lorn.. cl r~- c 0 pro fessio n a ls o f ph ilo su p hy ro !>e. cal pe rio d a s a who le . Fo r t e mo _
••
.. ' _. ' I prin ·ipk . ('\'("11'-
come J culrurJ I unu of co mm unica tio n: ' , " h t ub t liS ed el,.tI..,'!;m, n ..
we batil e In to d .n IS w n o ut 3 l O , " in .1 " ";I\" dU I
: , . , 'f oe prefers r utting I .
t h i n~ C.1n co h a b it WUhlO u. o r. I o . h'ng in the ,.-ulturt',\
2. Th~ Pom,mdl"m ,U " Rrlur,," i o ~, , '..-,I,·"" " ,. AX.l/llSi .\1,,'/"' 1115111 . 't Of lhe u mlos. nOl I - '
con fo rm " eve." more to , Ih C"pLn h' " 1 rvrioJ beneht" trorn
The ryunn}' of inno\lJ rion h s I . J - . . . _. , _I e:,'en' I ~W tl ...l , .- _J_
middle (If tht' J9-"-. a.. p 3) e ItSelt o ur .ln d , from a ho uT rill' a pn on iIlcgltlm;u e . [\Cry sf) e. " h Itali3n TrJn ~a\· 3nt - ~Il.K".
architecture f
I..,. .
'
\I.e a re Wll ness to
.
.
.::t \'a st mo vem ent. esp t'l"I.::t llv In
. ..
[he " righ t to d l ffe rene,c _ In.. ' -Iud lo" In
... . h' t e
. rukJ out. nell C1" ,
' h
I "f ' . h ·('h't's. N \ l [ ltIg IS .1-
heir 10 th
, 0 rt';)l"tum olgainsl Ih
ki . e u It;l mou crm sm 0 th e 19S0s Ilself ,l\";lIlt-~a r di sr produ cuu n.. I ('m ~ d F k 7..Jr r 3 nor mJt~.'ln!t
c m( erfils," of Ihe tw ' 10 - , , p' BI1Ukl 31\ r,\n L _' mi "
Ihe m le: of one: f T , ..., en nes. e mo vemenr now got' s. as In cu llabo rau on b crwl'cn le,rrC' .' (J u re Brete..-nd '" <7\.1 ..
A " ~t1rrl11e , . '1 1 tin '
0 ' o m wo lfe's boo k
H umo r i\ more 3t h d h
FB I
s, r om ,Ill JailS to O ll r /lolI se, b llll: je.U1s wi th :l tu xed 0 !olek t't. N" ' h ' -hoo l tin.JI~ ",hI C' t'J t'
an t a n th '. r , d ' " I 'r Frcm:h hl~ ~l
\ott in the. wav Ch 1 j e lI1 e~ S I <lms m () t he ava nr -g:lrdl' s, ,IS Wl' st riP teen .lger. stu It'S o r l l: I II" (" m i g! ).
/--I j, t'g~('r '" .
•
leClure d ied in St L '
3r es r ncks w rit '
.
h ' h'
t:s up I elr 0 ltuJ ry: " M o d ern .Ird ,. ·
, thtllu~ h a cu m ic bo ok lIt1l'(I t
• OUI", MI ' \O ' j I ~rf ('S N,Wll III .\ 1,1<1""' 15'"
t hcrr an.)utsj wh h ' f ' IITl , o n u )' 15, 1';1 72.. a l 3:32 p,M. (o r 3. J'nstm l"/I'( 1Il1y ,.1$ , P L. _ ...... ,.11."" ,..
_~ • cn l e marno u ' p . I 1 . s('('l1\~ to l"'- ,1 , ' -
VI Its \Iab hIndI ' IN _ .. rum- go e Sl", effie. o r ra lhe r se ver,ll - If l) s ltl\(l l.Ie r n U ~
, - . ~""t1 'JI ",,",t-
80c • t're given Ihc " d . T ho up.h the secn nd me.lnln ~ ( r . , \'.Il1t·f,.\rJ 1sn1 ~ Jlo1 ~ I'
)m! Boom!" (J ilt 1.4 mu p. c-wace b y d ynolJnn c . • , Boo m ! f the hr~I - ,1 , .. "In J ~1~
cal but lo gica l Co m l'q ul'l1l"t'." . ,e ll ll) n _ " C "
If be- rc-c.1l1edrn " P " RU.Jgl:'(1{ 1'o st modtm Ardn ,eallre. p. 9 ). Nl' t,J ·\ k terllll O.1 J,. ",10( t.l '~
..I .al rUlIt ·lgoe .. b I ' h d l"'!;tr uCliu n giving ri..e to II'!; t f It.krn i~Ol th.Jt -
ul'e• .al.d wi ll~r of IIJS
o u r'iC'!ves to elw isiu n A ~ui nt/.·b('~om ,) nil
' UI I III [ e Ra uh a u.. lo w ,co sl -ho llsin,!:-
21
1JI a ) ptlz e .1 wa rd ed b)· rh e Intern.Jtl u n.ll ~tod('rll
 TH E DECLIN E Of THf: AVANT.GU DU
' IX c. l ' hi
Ilf en A 'lfhdllfn~. (I t 1\ we
h ;lVI' hecn I ll \' l t d u f a rt~ T ha t i.. th e interroga tion We cannlJl: a\'oid lr.day. llke: II
mt' HCFd i.an rormbv the . \'J rio m p hil hi I I - (' • Inr work s
I O~lI r rca 11m l' n;lk m~\ who L
Slim e' " (.H~ n OW. • _ I 1( 11, 'II o r no t. .
. m Fr.mce are trying to (' aborat e a new, .If!cr rh Th e rh cm e. far fro m bein g new. i... ..... old a\ mod«nfty. It Q.JmCt
(;('rmJ nr 3~ In • . . ' e aVJ.nl_
rmctium vi ulJonJht) , and subiecuv uv, J Ten l'Wed t-.n:k r c:rind h::ally• folluwi n~ a Iogrc inhc:rcnt to the YCfY funet lOf'llng of
CJrJ i~1 Jn:on~ .' _ • rnnrt
, _ • •nJ nU.lnccJ co ncepnon o r re.l\Un J n J uf the \uh ' dC'lI1ocr ,lti.:: u nivehc that ce:a'>Cle:s\!y \c:CrC1c:<o It\ (W,'n anridot~ 'I'h.u
dltkml n,1lr:u ' . - !('n .
.-\Ion,; rhese linC"".1 think J can \ub~\'-f1hl' to rhc p<IMnlCli.tt' rn pr oteo \ lIch ~ differen t to..!a y i\ thaI rhe Idea of oJ dechne of the liberal"",.oOdvtcw"
'Of wa rd ever mo re ins istently hy 3U1hor \ "",.1010 are, in oc:hc:r rn p«n .
on It is J~riN-J br Albrecht \'('cllm er. ,1 thin ke r d m' l' to ' -f.1hn mas: ,\
put 1 . ' , . _ _
.11 the very oppmlte of traditi on al countc:rre:volu~ on~ t)' n gh~ - wtng
Aj!.J j "~f r;Uion.dl ~m J ~ ;) who le. we have To .. bIn I Ih,lI We l . Hl IlU l ('),!'fu il!(:;',,- I wu u ld like to comment o n one:of th('\(' wlc:ft Cfltlqun 01 bber-
from it riM hn.ll lu..rrti~"lfif)n\ or Jrhnlliu " ~nI U I1 .. nv. BUI th .u J..~ n(., mUn :111.. 111. n ,lIn d y. th e onc Comehu.. Cas to nadl.. h.l~ developed In the: to:n
rh.ar ....e have 10 u~· ~"lJJ "' ~'C III Jrml)l,.r J I K IInin-n,lh..m, nor Ih.ll C' h.l... t 10 he h as cOn!<oe(f:u eJ til aesth etics and to the sta re of roOlcmporuy CU'-
1:"(' ur 00 lhe ~ IJt .. uo pru lcCI o f All .lUIl m" m ll US \Cw.: lt' I~ . UHr g In' li p uri r~,l ' b enet tu m ake o ut the reason s for the diagncr'li~ tn.lt tu. 1t th:It
m re, t h e: 1'-. ' of
son. II mean... rarhcr, Th,u Fnhghtenmvnt unrvcrvahvm , and 1I1C 1<k,h 'II inJ•. we nrc w itlles~in ~. at rh e en d 01 rhe twentieth centu ry, the cxh.lusno n
\,.Ju.al and collective \C'l i-JCIe:rm IllJl iun ••I I1J 01 H'J \on .l lI J Ill \ Wry. h ,I\'C' I " he 'X'c,tern cul ture.
thou p uT bwu#r agam. In the: JIICmpl to do ,h.d I vee an J lu ht'nllt " ",,,I mu.!.
(T1Iw rmpul~ to.... ·an). an "Ul n\\lrC'~\ \l on oi r....I\o n.· ·
THE END OF INNOVATION, DECUNE OFTHE \NI:sn
It i\. it seems to me, from an .Jn 3Iu}:.Oll\ pc rvp ccr ive t h.n thl' pre-ern , A ng Iho<;(' who hold thc:
.- comn buricn to the h l ~to r y of mo de rn subjccnvn y h a s bee n conceived.
as the: ne:..:nu r)· po sitive adde ndum (vmce one ca nn o l ht' cUllIt·lltc:d 101-
Ca ..tori'lJ i!o"-·s r osi tion d eserves our mt eresr. . mo, h
mode rn world in co nt empt h e IS no
do ubt one

h i.. att ac h mc:ot to thc\·.l)ut'"S hc calls ~c:mocratlc :~.l:o\\"c:i '!o on th~

OJ r e most r
. '
adical \'CI
more to be
•,

n 'cr "'lth " nc:ithcr·no r" ) to the criuquc: of th e ph ilCl,nphic31 3\'.1nt·

(!:3.rdlsm of thc: 11J60s 3S it was ca rri ('J nu t in ' .d IJe" 5re 68,
doubted th an h is rCIC:I.:110 n of thc: Ideolog
lC31
P3~
I Ic\'c\ of a Hclurggc:r.
gh
wo rk of a Speny;ler o r, on anot lcr • ' . ,h, " pl.ttitud6." " in'
I ~ wh" l follows. I will le.1\·e asid\· pn"lm n d ern ity \ h rst .1I1d th mJ . . 'chcmcnce 3g alnst
Hi s wo rk .. \·,'\OcC: a cert.l1l1 \ , . " characteri stic of thc
munll1 gs :md (Oncent rate on the <,c:cn nd . which al o lle . in n',lIH)" ocm · . :I .... f tilit)' '' " Intel lectu al dlshol1l.·..ty. elC,. fi J~
plC:S ;'I \'i\ lhle place: in cunte mpnr ary ctllt u rl·. prop onin n3te III fhe im· ep tit Ul e. II -' we can obscf\'C: on reaJi ng Inc: veT)' o t r
co ntc mpnr.Hy petloJ, as I I II IC r 0 5s' OdJ S '" ,h~ LJIryo
pon.ln~ of thc: wci:t1 phcno mencm il pninh to. It ..eelm dea r Ih.lt lh\, • I. Ju I.J 1Y,m t 1t
of th.: rrd acc: to <,.J , " ,t I0l"5 '. d . bcs o ur nmn : -Com~
tdc:etlrnm Jt:nch d~cri~ r:l is\~ d cci..in· quolion\ within th e pcr\pec'
I
. h w ea,>tOnJ IS ucs.o:n . ~. I the
ri",h . " 0 1. 21· 11m IS 0 . , mcnts Icn ,hzc: tM !olJII.
t~\e of a hm oI'}' (If ac:sthetic5 u nde rstood as a h i..tun.. of mn d\'rn cuh urt" I h . ps ~ No. excrC' · · ·h ·
epu ch-cxl.-r('mc:nra per l ' j r ro,>tiIUnOn? 1'0." '". Itl
h.c:.• " subjm i"e:" ur indmduali\ t cu lt u rc:). It fur("\"~ lI\ in p;lft icu la r 10 ' lltJt:h's prod u'::h r o llu lc .lnJ stctl l1e ,,-<> ', h ,t " In tltt jfU~n.::
fac:e up to the in, I"m I U.1 t ln ~ p ro h iem no t ..n mu ch o f d edlne , p\'r 'ie as 0 I . h (!L ~,H mS ~" 'e r y epl ( . . , c:J
..uh thu'\' WlIln r ll ; epu\.n t :lt . f h ' ,u pp'•..cJh' J IWppt<Jf
d\(:' slgnificana:.1n uJ mURI. ng 0 f 1h 'IS 1h erne IOd :lv. It i.. inJ c:eJ d lll1c.:u
" It to - h ' 0 t e nJm ' \.-,- _ 1._
r('alm , ," 'cr y ..:re.ltl o n wo rt Y h If .....t un · .lgo" t-y Xn<n.'.... t-"
1tt t.o.. ou r hi..to · I ' ' , ".k c: mcr :I ;'I eu ' . ~ik .a.
. .L . n ca co n\C1ous nt"s.., whio.:h h a s no t slIIp pc d F:WW 1I11:. J ro und 19 .\ 0 : w hat wa ~ In J :anJ P; c:a~o;o; Prous1.
In Ult" last two cnt h ' , '
' h run n. to t e pOlO( t ha t it 00",', in the ~UL ..e o f h lSlon' Web<'rn . J nd lkrg. K;"InJlI1skY' I~d'OO pr~~.·'tJr Sin« then. "th~ rrrt~
CI\m,_ • .athn In Its. !1gb I ('\Ic:r)" a..pec t u f cont ('m por.uy cu ltu re. (·n ll II• .lC· " n il ur b \ · . h k .atSoC'
.J . a nJ JU Y ~'e ; Rdnh, .1flIt. I~ eyer . I k ' h;ul p;"l\uchc-.- 1 I n ~
eum "lUU.a t~ II\CU h '• I L )' I I1~ IltUm,l 1I1~ . I I -_ \f tM
, , ht 10 I ~ luta th .u we co uld nn w do wirh m,u th e new. f til m ak c rc\'o lu(lo lls lly cur . ~ , .I I IIco' llhrcriltt I' U' .,
15 uuu
, .
ful undc 'h ' '
r ~Ul,; tU CUIll..t.10ces th.lt W t ,,;nu ltl CXplh: u h' ~I\" \' up to th c iRno ra ncc 0 1 a yr C
, h rCIVlhl\"U JltU
I .. Th<'cundu'l.loo .... In .a
.. ""oorJ.
JnnontlOf\ wllho h h ' - t rn eu .rurc:. . ln .. " ldI
. . Ut leI reat of a rc:al o r su p po \Cd " d eca dcnc C''' h nd ill ~ 1.1l>( !trea l mu men( !> 0 f "" \~ e !> (' tiN ap pto'tlmJl1l. .
n.prn\kJn In . uch _I nh\.iuus : '-Conlempor"ry ,:ultu rc: IS. a!> <.I
\, .. wa y th:lt it would JdC'git imi zc th C' p<J"ulloue:rn
'''''""''g.
m.. ' wh ich _'ou IJ Ihc:n b.: sospcctt"d (If bein g. ;"I I be "'I, (' mrl)" UI
nd Inu IIco I." .. . . . I n J wn tt.--... w;lhout Noat-
N' illj( ...IIJ
nlng a UUtIYC- J h I Th i.. at Ic.. ~t bJ S IhC' merit of U I
vi utllp', • h CTIe:rgy :In ,31 wtl rfo! . red\·tion.lfv. Afte r I e (,II,'
· . a rt we today witn\·....'i ll ~ th at 0 f gr('a l
\ anu r c IVe .11 n:u ratlVc\
" 0
 '"
, ,, . J th~
rng Jn ..rw
"usn.
To dnve th e poi nr hom e. Ca Hw ,· d
. _ . • a 'S a~k
THE DECLINE O F THE AVANT.GAR DES
mJke twa lTIC'nlal cxpt'nrlll·ll t~. afrcr W hO~l' COlll:lllSio n the \ .1J\ 10 inr Ca sto ri;Hlis\ a na lysis fo llml;$ H ci de~t:r" ) h _.1 _.1
If " ' a,......., ovcr to a so-
cuJrurr rodolf could not posslbl~' be J ouhtt'd any mo re,
pOi . ' ... _.
n U IlI1)" fJf al fum;{I Olll n~ t nat IS 1t "C' suble cted 10 the imJ ,,' . c:
C1 . .' nary \Igrll llcanon (j
The- ti r"'t would consist in .lskinJ: "ehe mo"i( noto . he unh mu rd ex pa ns ron of ' rational' mJ.ue ry (tt:ch I .
. n Ull s til r . ., _ . no ogy,'Clmct pro-
cdd lfJfl: d of ,-"Ontcmpor.lr} crea roo thi s question C'\ " • e ftlollt Iucnon- o r~J lll la r l(}n!o .1'> e nd s in themsel...es]," • d L •
. _ . • • ~ ·I O. l' \'t' . D " . , ' :\ n . to Un~n the lit.
sm..-ef t'lr• ~'(ms IJcr }'o ursd t III he at th
_
e snrm- mnuill .
" ·n' . '
,
lC lg It
' _
0 ~UlJ nl;llld~ put upon th e m 111 th iS "world uf ttc hnolo<'\' " h'
...• t C'}' mll"t
v ' ) .1 . - ...
_ talltl . wn nuraw Into m e na rro w_ne~~
\fa l.11T o r U".Jgnrf• .IS ) ,10 V.m Eh:k. \ 'd .l / q U'" R L .1\ kJ(h
. • . ' . . ". e r n.. f.:J nl! • ,-o n.. _ of .1 priva t ' pnt' re, a "_
,~ut
C2\~.I S Brund /eschl• •\ llChd .lllgclo. o r fr.l nk l lo\ -J \'; 'n'h t, Or PI_ " hlCh It " Imlc enough to say th at It IS deenchenred, The- trchnlGlll
spr,u t'. Rimb3uJ. K.111.1, or Rilk('?" from huw~ .., .. ~ r, .1\ ShJk('- p",: u,lu-mJ sl cr y. "at th e same n me veine, empty. and mtn n!>icallv con-
. ." I } ( Ilil l e lll
\\"Iluid J posinvc response nor makr- us sm ill' ? Ubld.) pnra rl('~ tr;ldu:w ry .. . c.m nnlj constrai n huma n beinJ;s to put thrm'>C:I\'~ OIt in
Second experiment : \'(,h ere;!s Ihe n nn, o j til(' A _ I ~t' n'il"c thrnu gh thc dl' plo ymt nt, culttvanon, a nd \.OC1.:I1l)' efficient unl-
.. ' ... ro p o i \ . \\h · h
Jc-stro~ ed b) the Perv a ns. w t·t(· u sed to It' \ t,l
,, 't't'r h 01 I f1' IS,1IIUn (If ev...c n nally ' CgOIStlC' m oti\"3ti on ,>. jn a mode of \.Ol.;.ahulJon in
UUt I t' g rUl J
to bUIld tnc j(lunJJtions of the P.1rt hcnu n an d h . , . 1n "" !>I1 AS whil"h cooperation an d ccrnmumry are onl y con..idered and c nlv exist
,. 0 Ch t t lll \l te lllp l· ..
••....'trt .une O1t l'dral were ,1<'\Iro)nJ b\ 1 I L .. n , II trorn an inst ru rue n ral and unlirarian porm oj view" Ip. 3&l. .
.. h . ' ) O fll (l . 1:,\ 11 we
'tor a mornenr r J t the French wou ld d o so mc rh h 1I11,1/o": IOt It i.. rh us clear that th e s upposed "lib eral values" in fact lead to the
· . ,nr ll ~ (H er~ J I
garhet up Ihe J ehrJ\, Ir )" to rcsto t(. It, o r IC.1\'t" h , . 1 Plllu ~l~ wl lJ p!oe of eve ry val ue • .and Ih31 ca pita list -ocierv i ~ the \'C~' uJ.mple oj
lIbld.• p. .Ii.) t r nunc ..1'" (ht'~' .lTc ~·' one thJ t "belie ves In nothing land] does not tru ly \'J.lue anythmg uncon -
,- IndetJ • .1 h.ltd lI11l'~tion , J nd one rh.rr It' ttl dmonally,' since m a ster y over the nat ural world refers back 10 norhing
f 't"fl1U1~ thl' St.1tU5 of o:u hun' ill d j . • S to :In o t her : th ,1f CU ll '
:_ bu t its el f (H ciJ cg.ger calleJ it " w ill to wIII"·). How co uld there. m thN'
• hcrt. In. ItS Tocqucn Ui.1l1 -.en,,' d n ' u.. mocr.m .
.• "" nut In t e "sclf
h
... 50"'- IC[\' II
_.
h
Il St· ( (' k rm co nditIo ns. he a trul y in nm':It\\'c t:r t:alj on ~ lndl·ed. th t work 01 .art-
Of Iogt's1;o""oJ"rl sal'C " I\'en it L . r ~ _ I' . c m
· m.l n J!': t·m "' ( .oJ " - m.-.ming hcre the grea t work - " mailllain.. 3 strJn~ relalio n wl!h the
~I '11 ~
I USlon, OUt IIf IJd tl' "'h'
~. \ "-d ~lo n,] uJs ) I ~ II
.. I d . .
tn h h
f ouA , t'er o pn",]l \'Jlu es ot ..o("ier)', il dou h ts J nd quCSllo m th em " ; in mure In\'ja l temu.
~I trmpclrdr\' "'orks Jt th" _ 0 . ,
ISfOrte,1 IS(Jll <:c. " (hOl t w h •.
I II is su bn' rSIH", " irs intemtty .mJ Its grJndeur;Ht insl'pJuble frnm .a
" , , ~.m( Cl't' Hth t h c ... Slt;ltC fO pUt con ·
~. rJOmtnun th,]l is J lIlh •. usC'0 or l'r Cl'lItur ies ! _J phl" co m mutiu n, a \·.l("I!Lu io n rh.u "a n only co me J,ouur if J nd onl)" If muo'
e mo re s lrJ n~e 10 rn t '.
rht: purdy sub j('('rn 'c pi .1 It I ~ not ne('e;ssJ nl\· tied lu ing i,> wdl eSIJ h lished , If \"3111 cS OUC solidl y founded J,nJ .lTe II\ed J'
• much Iike \\h Jl wo I _
e.:h ure U\U 111\- t-Jiled " . .
' ,
.
t.hle I" po p " mu sic IS su ch" (ih iJ ,). Rur it i~ t hl .. \er~' ..ol itllt y thJ.t I~ JlwJ~'s tx-ml: rumed t.y
I rugamt's ",cre (or Fr d n h
earn to g. l\e it up, t'\'('n I . h e u : r e Oll.cst pcr mn h.1S to th t, hb el alll nl \"C' rsc . to the l'",h:1ll th.u it J:in's w.IV to a ..:ynll:al rebOl"
I "' It rcgrcls) 0 ' , _. I ' ru C J'>tori J J I"
wron8- with our euhu I - ' . r IS I It'rc til fJn !>nm e [ hjn~ . . . I -
I.. m th ;H ~1 \'t:S CH ' n ' lIh lcali o n, ,I~t (l r" m~ , • uf bC1I1g
, what
I' I ' rt". J O!>~ of IOJ ,'J I . \ hapl'" t h e l1len (.ll i~' (II w hJ,r rcrrc~nts Ihelf 10Ib elf '].!o rodJ~' ~ culru~al
1<'tT.I unu t:rloC' _a nJ .1 III UJ Cfl.':IU \·C pO ll e;r within th e
Pm It .• . un""cr I he~ t-jreu . h '. I L I . d (lIthe tr,lglC a,peet 01 C"'I~'
m sr;l ll u~ . o w ,U t' we 10 inte r- d lte. Thc d rJ m ,UlUIlOn II .It'Wrult~ .In I I
".. uld and Jld k~lllmJt~ \. }O r.
. A~ We ha\e prohahl r tl'n'-t' III 1I"",lt" ,lllll ( }, ',{IPf, $ t I,.. /If}? co . I _ . J
In chno ' . }' .1 rt';ld \, "u",>, 'J C · . I· . . II thl' ~ a l11 <' .10\ u r""I1\, ,>0 cat
~ln g With as . I:'> .. (: • .:Is to n J l I'> .. I n ,>Wt'r l:n n'>" I' r t·rl\.lps c!l' \'J,tl' lh t'i r pu blIC,,: how co u ~ . h
"bure ~u ra nt:e rht" St'Co nJ { h . h ' r \t111 ~ h J, J..~ J nyt h ll1 ~ up no " t at
.aucratlC ~it1 ). .. h . 0 ( t·st" two a/re rll Jri\·t"s. In rhh nUllcl hdn,> to ":Ull1emp(lr.u~ I ~atl , h h . IJ b ' orp'....ltIon
COfnt m.a"'{~t1y ab.;u:J t ~ht o ud l\'t'd ltseJ( u n til rhc I <JJOs III Iht'n he- " tha C' I.. no puk oj nunJb,>urJlt~ Jto!J,"st Wil lI \,lIU , ~ •
' .... al has ro b . h ll I " l (It>iJ)
o ur l dat
Ion 10 ~ ..d ue s N . . c a t:n gcu' I'> the \·t·ry !>f,u m of '>trtm ~h' rl·\-'t',tlll'>d l J" aosur~ Iq .
. ,
. h . . .,' _ \1 .' t u r .In
. '\ tht' fo rlll'> c J ra d en~ " . . •
er.al"v;il luC\ " (\lo e wilt. UW . IIt.1t rhC\' , I,·a ve; ,llt' en h' n ;1 II \' u n m.l,>ked lib - Under s ud l or":u", stan ... 1 . I I - Nt'onTn wo rk
u~d i ,ar L_ !oCc In a mUme h . ' . • J' . r The c.... enI U ro: ,Hllln
wlwther puru lar u r not. "".lpr • ' e 1 I h J \f Ihe nlllc1("('nth
. e, .at VC'\I, nt ),,- . m w y yU O[,1(llHl m.1rks hJn' to No - I II - t .1\ WWJr,,'l teen ,
n. C"lW1l . II "' lIJ" enr Th _.. . JnJ puhhc \'anl!ohelo h ,..t 0 J . I.U' h hi. n'" J nd the artlSt '~
rL1 '! Dnenlt:J . t" .1lll \'U)· o f U1di\'iJ u3Is in rni, ,>o"ietr
\ urnpt lo . IO\loarJ "In . _
e .1mJJ;O IlI'>Ul- m ~Il(IIIH z .Hi o n U.I ("on-
_. . '
ce ntu n ' t h e J I'>tIlKtlOn e ll1t'r~l'S
oet we('1l1 e P 11.. 1 - "
_I " 1, - TherC'atn' f
n, pu.... rr, SIJ.[us,.1 . _ ,. .. hc ··:l\'.u u ·gJ ru'" r lO ...
I)lent PC'rt ln
'n ... I.' -
t:llIloJJYJ " J.nu pre'>II"t" li t on Iy tl h jt't·l.. ' .
of sOl:T,l l JIl\'CSt·
fin '" w ith li S llU'\' ltJ hle ..:orr.e1,u , . t
' .
it l!o ~cnre .. wn ll:h Wt';H rh l·m ..che.. tlul St ·
I I n, -" , I_ 'ltlm.u ("h
l 111 1111 l'St \ 0
.
\ -..
:UJ
.
' ,0 ' Ie)· a re, lin Ih e (l1ll" h.lOd (a n d .11 Il'.1,>l un Ihis
 THE DECLI NE O F THE AVANT .GARDES
'IX
L h he for m 'novel. ' the Io rm ·" .U1H ln ~: thl,' for m ' I .,II I h r Il' Cl lh .1t in a hberalsoci ery tl1.e un dergirding of ,alu~ weanaw3'
J Sk "wllCf t:t r . P ,l\".l
. <> (h rm ~C'h·C's . Fmallv, rbe wor k, und cnro. lid ;), a ...1 " I r lm~riI'
nor out Ilu n£- . . " . _ _ . l.IurJbl 10 sut-h .111 e xte n t t ha t all cu nr.cstallOll (and Ihe work (I( an is .....
in princ iple to a [e m por.1l1 ~ m dt-hn n c C':\:I\I ('I1 ' . ,r
f"

o h1c."<t·
JMtmcJ
1.l . . - r u', lnd, (t llllr 1oI ;ltilln ) hecumes i ~ pos"hl r because 01th e lack of ~ foil. how th.rn
. , I·,- hl, ;mpuu t>It". •1t Ica.\o l In prlnelr c. to .10 .Iuth m J ... ·1 . 1101 to ("on clude rh at It I" wel l a nd lr uly 3. rerum 10 lradition , if il werr
\'llI U.a 1 _ " .. • . .. .. ' " •• ICtl, .l
i~ J.Ut '· J ls.1PJ"C'.ln In turn. rtrl:lceJ"~ proJlI l"h whkh h ,hi, . IhJI could save us-c-ra the r than ~ de:mo<:r3riutiun of rM
p'" h . ·1 ~ J tr t""~
wuh ihe rc-rioJ\ other pmJucl .\o r t' tr .nr Ilf ' clI1g d t·... t llll·,j Ihll to IJ'I wor ld . J.bnu t wh ICh it is h ar d 10 ~ee: how u would nl'lt accder31C' the
nor to h.tn" Jnr certam autho r, and 110 1 to be ·'r .trt K u IM i7dhl(''' J • mO\'ernenl 0 1 I.'ro ~ion al ready br ought 3ho ut by c.apnallsffi? ..\ crucial
Jongcr lw(' c.m. furc.'(Jmp lt'. lmng to mm d ··,h.1I1I:(," IIl Il...k ). n~ int . c"p e..:ia lly If we add Ih<lt It is on Ihl\ r oint th31 u\lonadls diffcn
If muS! ht" stressed that , J,csp ite .1 p ~.l r.lO ..:t· .... C .h[u t i J dl\ It lIut .;II ~lIn the nco l u Jl l inn 3h"t theor ies of th e "decline of the West."
.ill intC'f t'SIN in u k ln~ up J{:.un the t t>(~ lJ:nll ll.1r Ihc!J1(, III " the J edinr Wnh a blr of retlecuon .....e can see th.lt IhC" whole prohlem COTTlC\
of til(' \\ ~t:' 1\:01 rfUt the ~l oJ.:a n . which has Im p regn at cd Ihe " 3I1tl, dnwn ttl knowi ng. wh ct ber, from Iradltl on\ potn t of "lew. Iibcu hvn
modern" dn."Omtrul..'111lO~ III hbera h- m Im m SrrJl ~der to H ri d e~er. i, and d cmOt:r.lq· a rt' or are nut. at bo nom. " thr SJme rhllllt" : the same
rnri rrl~' t3/)(" 10 ih cri tica l ,b r CCh ; hu t• .I ,;~·orJ i ng to ChIOfIolJI S. n Jt'manJ fo r autonom y rhat democracy, tru th to tell. would only exac-
Icn,h (0 " mack the poIC'nt i.l lilll'~ of a new .... o eld rh.rr th e J e,,:uOlPl"'11l0n erba te, rendering [he: ide;) of a "firm toundmon tit values" even I1lOfC'
of IhC' ' ''''nt' ro~lh 3nJ liberates." In other wo rdc, th e '011.11""" elf II ~r.d pruhlem:lIi":_ Di re ctl y in~mulcd b)' men, the"C'" values would prrh;t~ be
culture is not hl ~tOl)' \ I.tst word, n his to!}' th at would h.1\'t, no other
SIW1 c\.1L\·CI,.
L · ..
, " srro
~
n laer
'
" (;td mllt ll1lt for the moment [hal. • .
Ihl\It prcject
chok e l'>ul to link up .l~3m wrrh an {ln~1n lo st 10 thl.' world of Ir.ldu ltln.
..• On Ihe ro nt ra '1'. II IS tn r to rcru nner " i rhc ro~~iblt· rrlle......ll (Ii .In 3Li'
thl.'ntio: dCmHCl.lrie cu ltu re: ""''h.lt IS J~·lng. lod.l~·. \\ h at 1\. in .1m · O:J"C'
--n"
11\3 k e:s .lil y ~ ~ ., I' hut ol'>,
· ecl1\"C"h·,lhn
,> would
,,"cn mort: (bc:ca usl.' th e:y wou ld t>c SUblcct 10 men s.tn ","omen s Im-
. by de:hn1tlOn,
•

roed i.1te .....ill) and be ("\"C n Ie:"\ 3.ssureJ th3n [hC")' arc In;l t({'rrscnutl\'t
d uetu.'"
'

~lnf: rrofounr.J1~" ("hallenged . j, ·\'fr, h.·rn · culture: c.lpl r.di~t cu ln; rc, lht: " s[cm. The:erosion of common tr.lJitions and u lut'i prrh.tpstroJOCOi~
l..'Uiture of c~rllali,t ~(lclet~· , • , W h 31 i~ bei ng born -wll h dltticult~.,
. .. n ,. dl\3r{rCtlOn m ~.....l·
comc as Castun3dls hcllC"\"cs. trom so me so t I I

fugmenl~nJy. and With ..:onu .1d ktio ns - ;or th e la sl two Centulle s Jn d • I'
tics that is co nnl.'..:t cd to ).herJ Ism , ut ru m .I
b f dcmanu or Jut onom v
I f ci
cri\is
morr t lSthe proln'1 o f 3 new soc il.'lY, the rro Ject 0 ; sU":I.11.lIld inJ l\'ldu al f .... c.tn..re. t>c the remeu)" or.l
[h.ll could. hardly, .ts .u <IS r .h ' hri n"tn " J.hout, Fro m
~utonom ~' " (ihid" p, 34). . . " follt· ("(lntrl uleu [0 .. ..
("o ltu rl.' II IISot' II h J.s so po .... er
• ••
h • . 11m" out from .\ lJn
\l'r m~}' wo nder ..... heth er thi'lo rncouraging fon:c.1..t doc.. nOl h.lH' .
thi s pcrspt'c tu·e (w mcn oou
L " L Id he c1.t orJICll on sc ..
L h ." rist!c of cunfrmpof3. f!
'- murr to dll .....irh wishfull th inki ng th .1O with a rc.tl u b..c r\'J t io l1, fk ..iJrs,
U stun Jd,s him If h
,.. -
.1.\ we ll as I rom ~ II.' , o... q UC\I
, lie) w n ;l( '~ C J IJ\.
..
.
Ihan
. I h
pre("l!lC ' " rcJ
U"C'" il mOles Iowa
nI
.J . " \(' points OUI r .II 110 om' t'an p re d icl lilt' fu m n ' .ll1d co hu re is ks...· It\ " ll ICh nt'S1o - h' . ' I ,O rid irs U't ltlosigkn t.
UCll.'rmme,3 pn on " \lIh I h · . I I . krClKr ttl;l 10 Jr eu .... ,
- . , < I [ C \ J ue-s 0 <I 11(·.... ~nCle r \' w ill be, o r H t'.ltr .H1wOllmy-lrs ahse nce 0 I rc
h
IrmlnlhsleJ.d " l " h "
_ " , I 110. rat cr, a maU er o f w<lgt' rlllg rh .l l ,111 autono-
",IIU\ SOClrt )· wh
~' r h h rtc auto nomo us iIlJ i\·id u.l ls (t he 011(' ca n nn \ .....nrk
I OUI I e m hr rl cou l f h .
upc ( sef up t clr o ..... n wa n o f Itfl.' ill co m mO il would
nup a sp3Q't!UI .....ould lLI · . " "
v~lu h r trnuC t plh.sln e .1 te ln \,estmcru III co llectl\'l'
no I crt" orc ;I. rCIl~w a l f h
It . II h O I C Cll.',lt!\"e po w ers u f in d l \'i du,lI ~ >
e. w y nUl' \'('e 'a d . I
Ihe duub ' . l.: n, an Wt> ~hou IJ, al way!> ~r;l nr Ih e hen chl 0
I, as J I1J lltt>r of p I I
10 " !ou k ~ I 'h ' , lInClp c> But i wc wa nr . as Castori ;IJi1t u rg" ~ ,
.....r ha\'c I 'd 31 15 \\·lth 'sober s,'mcs' dnd e11a s,><lWJ\' ill usioll s." du'n
03 " Ill thai . ' . .
..nalvM\ Yo" h . • Marli ng 1.1l11 wn h th r 1td f ~a m(' p renll';','1o u f Ih...
, C a\'~ IU~1 bri fl I h
ing Ihmg30 h" C Y u ur 1flcd. ano t he r hypu th esis- Ih.u , rus -

mort o bvio ' If h

1 4~
a n . we can (";Ill"
' .
' . , .. ' L
pc )Slm l\ IIC -1oC't'ms to I'CCllm c mil ': "
us, I (' lTI\ISof cu ntem p<n ;l( V ("ult u re cllnsi!lh eSH'n ti.lI ly
,
L
,.,
 THE PRO BLEM O F U H IC S
5 EV E N 1" .h ...UII'lfl . " the h,\u,.IJ u u n ,)j ehe r ri n...-iple.. IhJ;t we rt" unce the ba..i,
I'" tih....:" . wllh-,u t . ~U f ' ~l Mn ~ .Ih!l' to ;I .. M''' " the lull co nseq uences at
tn" " I ~ .IIKl('1l1 ", ••r IJ ~·Ulhl...krT.t 1\I... rice .I'" .. n .u r de..uoc-d In bring
, t-o,t\l I, 1I11ht' ,, ' l ~ , 'r the' In J " ,Ju.lI. l hl' o ,J~ w ithm ",hid, u.::h d emen t

.9J'r (:/}'{'/;:://I {/ ?>£r.; !tiki, the' rb..(" .lnJ r n 'r Url M'" JuC' III n -Jo H'oion ,I' , I'll' world whose
tl .J<.t h.l" N<11 ....n ~ l'J 1.1f r h ll" ..urhi...· J I I.ton ~UA~l' in l h l' Germ an

• ./t y {· { / ·/ /..;/hr/rr.;
{ / I INt
. ,,,J h.., IU..II.t". ( ', ·,.. ,1: ,·nJ:,IJI.1n ..h.nC'. It I'" J lm 'lt th(' ...(' linn. 11'1 .11. for
• ,n...U ,,", (", M .II
OIl lhr .....n I
( . ,., U , 111 \ I{("\ II'" h. 111t'JII.. rl' on Ii'll' JonJ;IIl~)' connect-
b"':lr1m..\ Ih .lt .u m .II ....l.Il-II ..hlllf; (It rt"oturing o rde r.
I•• nln..~ h, " 1\ Ih u \ h I , he- ..........h 1'1,,1 IClt" l.u lun " Illlhe co ul thev buth
t~ 11_ ..,J " ft -J;un( rhe h.. rm "' l h .n rt'u lh tfum .. 1U\1 r~ro~iun of
IU 11110 1l)(,11 \ 01 Ph -IIS I , .lI e' J ".101 U .l m l.l l ,..n ..l .ann....'
r"''''. tr ..m .I "\k("r-..\t ul hln .lI \hll.ll um " 1. in rhe Uf}(' Io:J;.. e. o~ns 0 '

T 1I~n-.I11..n: \l, C nn l"Il~t"f 1I\t' In an J r n llll ~"lIIlU• •U ...."rIJ n ut

J u t " l1u l l11e,,'I. ,h .' u",ulh t>c11.C\N. (1\.. 11 rhere "'C' 1l1. 1" ll )fC(, .In, .. " ..I
Ihu:-.k.... ,InJ III lhe I ~ hcr . lhe- lh,n" .,:. 'It\r u nc l1l\ oS Ii'll' human 'iollul:
,"Idl,~ t . "' ''IJt.I !'Ot"• .111.1 .Irf"'lt l l' :' " ,>I Ih e three dJo... 'io("\. .. rn....m••
•.If' r ,m J n l.l l:,I "'cu u '\. Ih.ll ..ltn rnnJ tn thC'111 in th.: vtrucrure of
"' >11.1".nt., Ih.ll .I1.. ln ll oll"'1I J nJ the ..~('. >t ,h,· n Unc' a r e the' ,nnll ..t-k
lite .. n .
iulur r " ,' m , lodel ll 'W",l\'1tn . II I" .. unr" th e , .1'(' 1h.u \Uh C'>10111 m U\I
t~ ....1'1 .II.... """r" ' t Int'\I '~ ln C' .. uJ 1""'' ''t': r J;.,: h (1oOC' 1'1.1'" for mi....
h um nu .... .. II 1..: '" mlc-n nJ " .J u.aI.1\ III .In "J n m g IIll cr , u t>\t"l.: tI \ l h l.
....n the- , ,,,,,t,, u tt.." •.e .h.1I h.l ... been rrnurt-nl IIr ",h .lnt'rN with in il..
-, I n,l n,,' III the' U"II~C'nJcn~r rro\ i.kJ h \ J co m.\ IC.1I' I\- th.u .... uuld
•....n ..;"bc'r r , Inc r lJfl"<'\(' 1\ . In c.. ~ h .'.I"C". It • .I \\ I ~n h l l'1oCf)' dt'lnmt the
No hUlII.llllt ,,\ ..h.Hrd 1.. 1. '\f c ':;18 nu,,", pot'rh.Jr" be ue r un J .." ' l.l nJ.. .Il lhe
•, ('11,1 , .1 fh " hi," .n Itl J t"\othct l \",-, .... h , J r n'll "r.ll1'· n ,l,u rr . \..hel...:' n Tfl
'" Ju t\" dee It. It ","hln Iht In l.:n "It" u .InJ tht' nl.ll:fUI,-U , m . How
, "uIJ ... u ~h ,I ..h.., m!: ,1111 t'l' p' ...,,"k " hnl• .1 11("1 Iht' ",,,rIJ'.. WIth-
r.n 1 ,.. u n n llrJ (" .... .Iuh thC' '" u hJr.l\\ J I Irum Ih ... ..h.ltr\ 1 .... 1111.1. hoi.. ..
JU"'J; I. 1 ~'C' .. n...than~ ..uto..un l u l lu "h.l IC' ? I hJ t I"'. Ie .C'C'nu III m e.
1C'IlJ r n, \' In \tr\l\ l u rc lhc ll .. , ,,u n J ,"t« .l~t'<"...l" ; III ,h\· J l tl" ll , tt'.llm.
lne ~UOlll1n "' c .Irt t.I ....... J . . . Ilh IQ Ih.. c lhl... .. I ... r hrr(' ",-he'n n)"m~ In t J;ke
,ht' "'''11. ~Jn o.I IUII':t" t>.: J I1\lh lO to: ..lhN Ih .llt .In .. "It·n~I" " 11111'1 .In .....
,nh. "~,,)uo l lhe- r-lI"Jo." Ih-l ll"" ,J.· t1I1 I \ . I. ~ .1".mJtl niug rr-ferrn(' to Jo
hlm '>Clt . In ,h C' I""IC'III ,1'1.11 lhC't C' \1111 I' .I "' tl t l.l. II ~ .111 u n l" ~· .I nu U" "
"'..r1J, k ..J \ I n .. .....'" 1.-11111/: the' .... IIJ;("V .. ll u . IIlII'n. In ehe- r''-l' r· ltrowi n ~
~' '' 1l1 C'IIl'", ,,kt r J ..., lhoc lII " II ,JC'ml U t ~C' l."JlkJ thC' ~fnlU "' , O l'ol.·(l·>11\
f'TTlt lllC n~ t' h i Ik"'"
('\1\1(1111..1 -tul''''l1un...
":' 1111111110 Ito 1111.. III IIIC' 'I.l. ltll n ti~ It "l m• ••1 ... .. ur '>\'. I h t ... tlr l"\1 ,n.h~At .. ·n
"llhl~ I~ Ihl" ,,,n'II lIt .,\ c r 1l1l1lJ\ II ~11\1 c U' rh Ilu'IC'. n ul ., hJ o It> I-c' I hr . 1 1111\ "I c thl, "'. .. nJ t'... f"'t' ulh ,.1 thr- 1",,,tJ ,h.ll "'e hJ;\'e ,I righ i,
AI IIInn J"C' rh " r- .I J ue, . I" r u l un uhh " JI IJ I IrceJum, h.1.. n('\'('I' b«n
1'111111...1 u\lIlh,u "hl t l\ ll\ l\ ..." l1",C'l\ l'J , 4 unh lll U·!.,lIun I" 'M'......,.
.I, prUot-kfll"h..... , I I I'" I",J.n . If 1\ tnJl'("J IIMJ hi \t'C' hu \\' en \f.'f IhC' ,ul(· ~
u'II ,J I , ,In'IH,.h r ' Il.I II" ..1\n J ...ul'oln l. \\ heft" ,h"It" I~ II.. \ uttW\lI HI\ .
I.. r I h n \ rl'\ h) 1",h . ~.Im(" ,' '''>COI .111 " hl«li\(" Il'I('r('n...·C'• .Ind th is .1I the
I!lnc 1\ nil nttle'''''t1\ I1\ ,·ulwi . t. ,II" "' IIli/. .1 l. n,' 1,1 .\ It:ll llH'1l1 ", dl .te-.t l·
ul' .-J h, 1 1 e'1.11")~~'" .11,,1 ,1I ~' 1 • •\1111.. 1.... m UI.llUII'.l'o\ 01,"1 ~\. nh'l1IJ"" .Iro \ f ro lJIlM' ", h ll"lI r'ult!'t' \\ In •• 1('11 '-11" .ln J II'\.h lll.I" K)" we cuu lJ o1l..u SoW•
r r" ll"llIl. I"l'hh. " ~l1l ll1 l1to: 1\ Jl,I\ ("n . C''HHl hll1 to: l \ , ,,,,," 11,.1£<1." .1\ l.J ' •n lhe- r- N r-r ,,' nun tntl nu n. I" ' .I I "IIK 1II"'t' ~u ....ti(ln ", tha n e'"C'f ~4
' "11 It h hd .ll r.\ 11\(",1 In ~ .I \ . . 1"'11". t " UI' un IN "'-tl h I h .. \l,lI hJ ,..", J;I fit the wurlJ. Ihe tem r l..tiun to

It l\' " 1)". hllJII}, tilll~IJ ..~ 11'1.. 'tit-. " I 1'l lI \hl mll. Ih~' 1I1.II\ I.lu .11 ", ' 11'1 Ihr
In.. )~ l.
h .. I ".-. I m.. n.. ...' "Ill(''' \t' l.nJ.:• .llId Ihe nCl... t ;d~I..1 fur t he P;l si

" I"I"" 'C'lI~C' 1.1,1. ill lt " hl, h hC' (llulJ un ('1 .I. lu n (" .l u l " n " n l \, \U'" hot I "I " I h .. mOol I rnt Ut'lIt •·.. mr;lJliun III thr- IJC'.. lolcits nf J «li nt' !ioCt:m"io
' " .... lhe • ....111.:.11<,, ) .... ." .·1' ''111.. 111 1.1 Iht' ;U1guI...h
• c rl'J;It'J b... the dis;)?"
"'~llu ,.1 h 'l\lJlI\ jur ("w l .1I'Ii"llll'r ,.I ,h.. r.I~ I . 1-" 1 I i'l l ' ...1.. "
C'nlJ Il ' ,1. . 11
(11'.111111\ fnull IfJ IllIin m III ~ hlltill..d, 11'1(. p ....., h,,~ I II N 'u n' 11M' r.a,1 ""'."'o,t n l wd l·nl ..h l", ht·J rd("tcll o" J'lt-l01\ . In lh ls rC');l"l'ct :.1 h ist orical
On h. .II Ihl". r ll ' \, 01 "'II~-h • ,. , .Il'1"r.... ..1, Iu ~ h I.. , .l p l "t'.In Ilr-(C'....... ry r nor IU .In)' rC't1C'C lioll 11'1.11 ~ k s
... In JrrHI,' " .lllt'JI ...· 0111 II (\,J,,: 11' J p pC'.I ,
U( Ultlrl r- h C' nJ ":UtTC't1l l"'{"n h. It Jo lo ne- nn pe r m it us 10 u nJC'~la nd the

. c"'~'n~'C' hll~1I1(" tt l II,\, . \("m llo.rJ!I( J "IIIJUJ h " h l'oct'...

J I'I('r n ll l1.lf1Un . 111 \N .
111(' v.m lJ .... n., 1••n~('f .. u, ...hJrN lUI . n,h I'r"f"I ,..,u <ln 1\ .11"", , (1 U...II'f' .1\'- . ~ ...'1 Ilt I h C' ('fU ln l 10 rC'.ICl n"dt C' lo \t uold nio ns - h u t .a.lso irs
, ,.,
 '"l PPOI lf:M OJ B HICS
It '1"" C(I flf .1 \tru~l (' J ~.llml " , c.l l·· IDC4U.l IIli~ un and \hou ld be
_ ~ " ,('(" 2' , It \,,11 No lhi.- ,,,",n. t u t .m u th('r h"uk, Iht rrll .
0fU1If btn' .It lr" . r 10) ,:hmr "C' \\ hJ I I ~ .IT ' 1.11..('. III o rder til J,-... . ~ ll1 t-dned
' wuhuul Jlthcuhy 1011) the IJroluKlu l furnt"Aorh t••,.,
-

1 ,".1\ dw h••tu n t"

<;ut-o,r-.:tr\lt\. revte wed • .h I h,1\C rn ed out tlf rhe gre.1t Revolu non.
M"rhc1.':' .I_ " 'U"IIl~ J"lln l. con verge with rr.)cll( JI I . '-\1I$'fJ<,."",· 1-.xct'lft'Pfct'

Thr no tion ut n.;t" ,.;1 h l erarc h ~' ,C'm .tID.., on th e o ther lund. W .I1Kn to
moJ ern co ncepnons o t iuvnce th at ns exact me.1nlng wn hm ebe G rrt" "
1'Hf ~fE AGfS Of ETHICS
mo ral vrcion doc.. nor , io r u -, ha ve the rmmcdracy of ob\' lou..nn... Let 1.1\
fKfUfNCf. Mf~ AND AUTHfNTK ITY
COR\iJ er ior J m oment what i.. pe rhaps it.. mos t fam o u.. eum pk: Am.-
r-. orr- ~tn1 .. ncrenr and modem 1<; habnuall y de alt WIth J ~
fJ(lft todC"~ Imtih C.1lio n of " Jt" ,.ll sla\'ery in the tirs t book of the Polmes.
III omUrrN rc"n.'t~ ~1th th.11 be twee n h iflarch~' a nd eq uah rv. ~ 1.1 0\' co mme nta to rs. cspeciallv Penparcn c onev, fClo,b y rake the ..ranee
F \Jnl' ~ To.:qundk to loui~ Dumont o r Leo Str.1u s ~ • .In.lln~,> of n;n"l de ri ng these texts 10 be ..eco ndarv ones: Anstcde 's pocnon I"
qurre deteren r mrellecrual perspecnves ...-o m·C'rgC' u~n ~upposcd1 y only the trib u te an~· philosopher, even the gre.1test ann, h.:l \
. ~non: rhe umverse of the G ree ks. closed. hier a rch ical , an d to pJ~' to th e id eo lo gies .1OJ cuv ro ms o f hl\ nme. ;'\'ot nnl~ 1\ th IS arn-
tiD.aIuN. Jon .IS .I matter of facr seem .n (,\"C''}' POint cc ntrarv to the rude cont ra ry to th e elememar v rul e.. o f r h l l o ld~lI:al ho nesrv. It .11'00.
oat that ~ ~I to us after G.l liIC'O·s and ;'\'C'wton's di ~~'o\'erlC's ..OO\'e .111. m isses or m ask.. the eeennal. the tact rhar, ;.1, lrom bemg .1
uJ. ~~. arrcr rM up hC'.Il"Jls OI:casio nC'J b~' the Fren ch Revolu non concession ro th e s p irit o t the age, the ru..nfi canon ot nmrr al da\ cry·
mJ rhC' C':'Cplk.,t ,lr pC'.tf.lncC' ot an ~.llit.1n,Jn ideologc, Such a pre..en- O!;.t.1 IO.. ir s lu ll m eamng u n ly w ith in an nq urtv'c hu.., .1r( h lC.11 \I"on theor
~tht ca~ u, ~ doubr, g:C'DC'f,J1~· exact . But it does no t for ,JIJ umverve. Th ere is n ot hine acciden tal .1i:lout it, and . In hi" .\ It't.1physI€S,
~In con tusIons. ThC' POint is oft en made agJ in~t It as It Ansrc rte does not hes u.rrc to give thi~ ru-nricanon co..molog,I(.l1 ~ (,I!=ht
If :~. "_:mo
u\ COUDtC'fJ rgum('nt. that there ar e examples of C'q ~'l rm..
m UK: wvn d at .lnequlty.1nd. ' b.. .
whe n he co m p ;lTes the: u nl n "r\c: to .1 I;.l~ t.tmil~' \\ hC're the "(.Ir, ~·orr("­
_J._ _ . nrn more 0 \, o usly. o f m('q u .lht\ · in thC' "pond to free men who'>!." .lcn o n.. .1rt' Intlcx lbl~- o,J...,..J . .mJ \ ul;.lun.1~·
-..ualJ 'II'Ofid. ,-\ mlwndr~und ' kh .
deared 109 IS .It wor ere. o ne that must be ~ing~ to ..1;1\'("> .1nd d o m C">n ..: Jmm.lI... It 1\ In\tru,"t1\C' to o b"tTl C' hI''''
foandh, uIr
or
to .In:... ~orrect undef!,u ndmg of .t h .1 t w h ich m o st peo.
. uC'rmtl.l tes U11;" RlOnl y- ' of h
th e m o st emi nent IOterp reters hJ \ e trleJ to !!ct .Ho und thr Innlt.1"ly
~ ISlon t e .lnoems fr om tha t o f th e tro ub led tedin~ wt' modern." expen rn(e when ~e h.1\C' w rn :o n":lle thC'
'" uy. ro rC'Specn ~e1y n 'ok th - Ide.1 thar A ri,wtle w .1". in":(ln lt...r.1bl~'. n ne I I I th e J:re.ul't thin ker'" In the
~ thc:nu . _ I:' err tv.·o mo st b ri lliam
ZJqw 0( P'.JetlGJl RI!:~:ons. the Sl40m.uheolll Eth ics fro m the en- h istor\' of h u ma nn\, .1nJ the l,lct th.lt he nun e:rhdc--.\ .lrrempr.. to elJ~
. .
ratc J COmrlKJrcJ .1rgu ml'nl In o r l ' II
J . , delrn J .ln In,rnut!tln Ih.n to u..
The misundenundmg a n. in .I 11m .I . .
cleared J:1uy. To truJ... undtt nd h PP~Oxlmanon, be' ea ~i1 y <;p<m tanrou, I~' .lrrr.1r.. .1' U n,u, u ri.Iblt JnJ " . ourmmleJ th .lt 11 ~ou lJ
-...,-1. . SU t e notion at f I
•. ~. co rC.l.lru th.1t If docs not I . a nna equa!lty it 1\ t-oe bo nn)? e\rn til J ,\,'U", u .
Of fortu bu c aIm to exclu dc d ff . . Yet li l'.cu'" II I' rre:Ll , eh' w h.lt J.K q Ul'" 8run,..:h~llt h.I" tnn! 10 J u
nc:. r only di\Cn rnln.1tions before th I eren cl:'S In t.1len r
..,.,. ".t o t~ UIq{'II'hich 1\ whv 'r C I.lw that nught be U'Tlt- in hi .. J.rt lde; n the ('..lI'I,·'s ph' losopJ."lflN \!H.·p f. IY7'1j. He think\. fh<
DOn 01 •. F . I S mon mnnor.lbl bol te xt'> In the: 1,,,J,r'~$ .lre: rcrl('ctl~ d en It w(' rC\:.J!I th.JI ··the:re .Ire \p«Il"S
u~ rmch Rn-oI ution is th bol - e ~ym in th C' tradl·
... do< '"-'- 01 (' .I U10n of a . to w h l..:h .l d l..t1n~t1t1n I~ .l1'(,.JJ~ rn.lr ke:J , . mm<JI.Jtel~ Jt t.lnh. bet~«'fI
Augu'ol", 1709) 0
.......I
dnnoa;lUC um'VCl\oc' to be n UOCT.1tlc p ri\'ill:''' '""''
' ("\1m . ne a. n pe rfeCIIY ""dl comide r o...u r L" ...
t h O \t' () f 11" ml"l11l' ~ ~
ho .ue: Int ended t"r hCl n~ rule d .lnJ tnose: wn o
artbqwty-dw: din more Ineg:.allt.ln.ln h I, " '\ n\lUde:Jefi ne" ·' n.Huur' , !.In.. (tho -.co wh o hne
.lrC' ,n tC'n J r J In ,u . . . .• •
MiUIlad thar:a a men in we-.llth, npco.l.1I .I I .In "".IS th at o f not htTn rn:Jucc J to th .JI ' I.lf(' thruu~h Ihe h.lI .1rd , a t ~·.Irl thu~y: \Ie
fftIUI _ .II no" befo re the-ca\(' in h um Y. _ re n 'cn mo re p ro-
thry ::; rhe ~w th.lt t~ mequall ties .l.re '=~;jISIOry, It nc\'crthclC'u m ,IY I h u <; clI n,-Iude th.lt .... 11 mm who Jl rter from o lnrr..
N"h' ddfer~ fru m the \oul. o r .ln .lm m..1 trum .l m oln (a nd tn" IS ~~e
.I.. mu i
... t .h the
. ......
not OIl If.Itu'l! .I"wgned 10 C~m indi 'd ~1I)' mer eu n .ll. that
ow:' " ,th ....11 whcr.c: fun... "1lun 1\ N"JlI~' '>("n ·i...
-c:• .1nJ wh o p rodu..:C' thar
,., ., U.l \., and thaI therefore
7"
 , . l/lc'o ... rr" utoh \(·rn. d - .. IJ ~ lldl ,I U" h~ u.uure ,l.IH ·\ , .Il l,l
~r r
.H,l lI n~
THE Pl Oe UM O f ETHIC S

Ih t"(;reck co ncepnon 01 hlerarl,h y [rom Ih.at cu rrent in mod -

.: tIC". T h a t fa ct and law ma y not come lugethcr In ,Ianry', ern-
'u r Ihnn 111 .... 1'111.-,1 h~ .1 11\.1.., ("1''' ( l l 'i 4 h ). 111 tht rn ~U"' C . '
, . I l1iIV is one Ih m ~. l'h a r docs nut pr event the re being, '''' 1'Uru'~.
at' r4 ""~. rm, Jr r h.lh\\ J \ ~'I\\n'lI m .m .m .l .11I1111.11: "l h 'r" '11 lrt (,1 re. .
P nd free men, a n d the ide a l to h ave been Ihat the former ,hould
lilt .iJkr' InM11 ..nlm,ll" "" h,..h ,1,1 11,11 .rpprchc ud r" ,N II1. hUl "l lll rt~· ~l Jn'~ .
dlnr ,n'tlfk"l fk ll ,ftC' "'t' \\ hrch .\ nl.lJ., ti t Ih C' ..1.lH' dl\"l't~l'" h tll ~ ' oI 'nd the Jail er command. In o the r .....o rds: modem hlcra rchln are
Ildfr "''''' ttlr U~ nu.1 ti t UnlC' .10 1l1I••J); h Ol h he .md t h('~' ~\I pr ly th.-it :;:iO rl
em p ty. In ~rinciple. if not, in fact. an)', indlv,ldual ha.. the " Kht
fMntr . llh tot·...h1. hC'! r m m('('tll1~ h,,, J .u J ~· req uir em ent s" ( 1254 h; 10 occu p) ' a n~' po ..men to th e so cial a nd po lit ica l hler.1rch y; nn ()I''I(' 1\

fl'W'l p.",~ ('1 t r.ln~}.

xd udt.d or elected hecau se o f so me su pposed nat ur e. In th e umverse of
8n&n......"" !C " .."(.n.Yrn " , here, .1 rl·JJ~ogic.lr one; hnw to m.l kc :ntiq ui t)'. o n th e contra ry. h ierarchi es a re. in principle. " filled," and It
,~ rrorlc toep nm n ~ the \ ruJ ,. ot ph ilosophy unde rs ta nd rh.n IhC)· is o nly de facto that they ca n he. so to spea k. " Im p ro perly filled."
oudJr to . lthh..IJ ,hell riN rellt"x- rC'lt'Ctio n-anJ suspend l uJ ~m e nl , Fact a nd law thus take up inverse po..m ons In th e tw o unner'loCS.
10 ~ thcm.dn· " time tor (tllrl-rion. For th ese rex rv, th is i!> th e wage r, and it i.. beginning from that c irc u ms ta nce rhar we should reflect o n the
Vt mlltT .:omrk), ,h.ln lh~ l<C'm ; [hey C.In in no wa y N- red uced to an not io ns o f eq u a lity and d iffer ence. Even if It we re convincingly demon -
..tdtuIo,:l~'Jr IU~t1ti':.iltlon of the then status q uo . ~tf,lted rha r th e world of the an crem s was m fact more e~aliurian than
1"hn 110 Brun....:hwlg\ main argu ment, o ne rha r lead s us to rhc hcarr Ihat of th e moderns (H a n n ah Ar en d t ,,>uAAe:\h some.... her e: th.at. all
at tM C ree ron ..repnon of hiC"r.trch}' and. thereby. of excellence. lt i\ thmll" co ns idered . th e situ ation o f the slave is better tha n that ot vrate-
IbM rhc - , Ute oi thmp~ (the:' empi rica lly obse rved rea lity of " I a \'t~n' ) le,,>~ per sons today, and Fren ch political '>Cicnml ~hchd \'l lle~ ha-, nor
" nu\k~ng.. An srorle, In bet . mak es a poi nt of thi s: natu re can " im - heSita te d to rake up th e sa me a rgument again o n the subrect of rbe mod-
mnl trttdom and servnude even into bodily habits ." so th ai . ior m- ern w orking cla s,,). it w ould rem am tr ue' th at the inequahtiev m pla ce
U.1ncr. 'AC ob\o(fH: " ro bust bod ies made fo r ca rrying lo ad s: ' w h ile ther e w ere ascribed to the nature o f indit·JduJIs. and w ere• .I S such.
~ ~"'mmn and more:' ornamented, seem good o n ly for th e politi - i" m p t'r",blt,. One ca n n ever ra ise o neself above one's natu re. a ~J each
cal hie. But ft.lr"r t can .llso mislead us, since " the o pposite o fte n h a p, person's defin it io n consn rurcs.>o to spea k, the r n",on fr.om .... hlCh on _e
prln : bta\tl~ mm have th e o uter fo rm of freedom , w h ile othen. . no t can no t escape. In \'Crsci r. wh en modern Jl."lllocratl~ ">(lClellt"'i .Ire cnll-
ha\ lng the: a ppt.1unces: have on ly a free sou l: ' The sa me t h ing applin cized for the " fo rm a lism" oi tht' eq u.l hty Ihq ' p rod .alm......n h the: .11m
to me IM munce of "Inue and no bility : it is fa r fro m be in g alwol \'S beh ind the c rit iq ue heing th e ed lh c<uio n tlf .1 rl.";II equ.l1ll~ of IIrJ,<)rt~.
guu.lnlmJ. In th~
~
, , •
Cl rCUm lio la nCCS- Contln ues Bru nsch w ig s rea so n ·
. . . h " f k ' g. piKe." j'i th. lt Iht"IUl:lCol ll\u ..1c:rn eql1a h (~' IS
mg_ there may bt • by natu re, fret' men an d sla ve!> bu t w hal good c.ln nm es; W 011 IS In ~ct t3 m . . l'in '~ lie t" u.tl t.v rig.h l Ih.n tht"
h do U\. lfwe are , be mg purslle." d : It IS he e.1USt." human h . ~. . q . '
t.u bl f k . . ' fa~-t of it m u ",t sOllle tb y t'l1..1 up rt'!Oilllhl: wh .11 IS, Irlllll no w u n. an
lu " lncapa eo now lQg wh ICh a re w hich . a n d if w e
\e no ngh l to \ U ppo~ tha h ' I · .
'" I " t t elr rea situ auo n co rres ponds to Iht' ir
' ' . I .. :1 ( I ll t ~pl'o:i fio: nalUr.tl o:mll1lll0 l;Y. o n th e
tura one. One ca nnot th f
01 , 01 1_ . '
~) "' t>' tlmallOn of the
ere ore °
h Id
hI' h d d .
.
th at An stot el ia ni sm is a n idt' -
i..1t:al. ' h
It I ~ eC:111~C It IS .'.l 'in ' ; 1 t ( ll .. mO \ Ih,lt tht' Illor;tl \li ~ io n 01
\ll n \ mg Ihal fa~t\ d e\ l.a ,IS e ,o r er ..m ce. o n the co n t ra ry. by rd ert' IlCt· In ,I n o rd c:r 01 till' world. t . , II ·r
. . Ihc cUllce pl of 1'.\'((' I'I/ ce. 10 go
""Annl bUllnllouJI do ~ ~ot cOhmcI~e With law (w ith nat ur e). A ristotl e tilt' An ..:lt·llt G rt:eb CU lllllll ,Hl'" ITl . ' I· .
. I ' . 111 1" dd illt' tim l.llI cr q U;llty J.S ptr-
I will d . u t lh to t e ml.nds o f th e slave owners. slr;liv.h t to tilt' cssl·nlt ;l . " " .111 1. \H • hi · f h· ·h,· ·h
not I ",U \\ here h I'd , ' llil,' fo r e:u:: )ell1g (I t at \\ I;
h"ve \l.lmc: rt'3!11ms , r t "h ,1 Ity uf Brunsch w ig's rem ar ks . I in faci ft'eti li ll. ll1ea nin g. Iht' brt l1g.lll/-: Illtu rl;. " . , . . .. , . h
_L f) ear t h' al IS defense m · h . , ' , , I ,ll 'reb\' i lld l c.IlC~ liS hUKtlllll. Th ,lt I " \\ h ~ t e
unr"e ih imenw ms d ' 19 t tu rn agamst it sel f an d, clJnstlt ute,,> Ih 1l.lI Urt: .IIll 1; . . ' . •
. I 1' 1 · " 1 1 110 1 hut [,t'.1-:1I1 w llh ;l rd lectl o n Oil m an s
In finAlly h3Imo" " ' fe n up \ uggesttn g Ihe co nclusio n that is n eces sa ry N,c!Jm "",C 11',11I .f )ICS I;OU t ,, " J I .
:c- an and la w h h ' ' I · . · , t th It lit u lht'r h l' tn~~ : f or lu",I,l S a I ut t"-p .l ~ c r.
"'INld nOl ~ vulnerablt' to th l' lot} I , ~t .1 e soc ia l o rder 's hierarch y {i1l.1lit\· .\S u I ~ tll1d To lll •
.'
. . h· h
, a nd ill gt'llt' r;tl. fo r .111 lhlllg!> t ,U ;1\' e.l u n\'
,. .
U(cuPYlRKIhe .p t )\11l0 n 3\ ' ~ h~aSlbcrltlclsm. w ith everyo ne de tlcto a sculpto r o r a ny ar tl st.
"
• 1
.. ." tht' go od a nd the •..... d l· i\ I h o u~h t 10 ft·siu.c In I <: un c'
h f
-.. J SIJiVICu 1m y natu re It ' h !lo n or J,tfl VI ) . , H h
1101 f l , Pillhl flUI th h' , , . IS, o n t e Othe r h a nd , ljo n. ~(l woul d it seem [U he for 1Il ;\!l , If he h.ls ,1 fun ct lUn. ,1\ '(': t e
.n ISo an alysl!> IlIu!>trales perfero-I, II h h
, ~o ... we t e a yss
251
 4
THE PROBle M Of ETHICS
11 r ...
theft. .."J thl' un ner ~"Ttt J IO tlln~·t11.n .. o r .U: fl \'l l1No. and hJ \ IU~I .J~ ehe ph p iologi,>t. through u ndet\tand mg thC" end pu~ of o r-
"."';1 I~ he' t-1:I1l " uh nUI .II tun~~llm ?. r ~Jn , .Jnd members, .11..0 pe rcervev the hrm n wuhrn which they can exert
tWrr If 1'- rhcrdofC'. n.lOlre "h l~·h C"f.1h l" h~ rhe ends of m an .1nd thclr .J.;t1H t)·. The problem . to r u\ mod ern... 1\ thaI su ch .3 n '3dmK of the
ptt"rJo .. d!rt1.1J1,m ICI hI' n:hK'l;_ Tha t J o(."1o no r mea n th at . in the ":O\mo~ has l'oecome im possible. qu ite \imply, t->euuw: of rhe lad, of .3
1C1I ""* 01 fu, rWf"t" t,h k. man Jt~ not mee t with dJfficuhle~. thar ~-o, m o s w e ca n vcru ti nize a nd 3 natu re WC" ca n decipher.
... Jo.-n noc rwnJ te C'un hi, will .Jnd hiv capactrv fo r rea so n ing. Eth ic\ 1. f) em OCfoJtu .\ !t'm
" C'.lIm odwr ,1~Tl\'l tJ In thl ~. III.:C'. fo r example. lea rn ing to pl ay d
tn\UUmnu; to become C'Xcdlcnt at It. o ne need .. to e)(e rci ..e. but I Will not dwcll here on th e G1U '>C."S o i rhi.. Ji ..appearance \tem m ,"~ irom
oar ~ ..bose ..1I ralenr , Even th ough it does nor exclude a ce rtain rhc ra"\.J~e " fr om t he closed world to the Inhnlte umverce" tha t ha..
'" tbr lu ll. on~' .. 1U tu ' .JI ptr C3n mdica re the path to be followed been .,0 ", d l descnbed bv Alex ander " o~- rt' . And I have d \(""herC" .InJ.-
..t pemut '" to overcome the obsractes we encounter (w h ic h I ~ hm\ In ed what such a rC"'-0Iu1l0n meant In th e lundlC.11 \ pheTC".: From the
An...-odt', Inn on -Jdlboer3non " mUH be rea d. and not as so me so rt ~llnt of \'IC"W o i a hrvtorv o f subrecnvnv. II I" th e emC' r~('n.:e. with
at lOmuMC'n of a modern "trtt will" rheo ryj . Rousseau . ot a new represer mnc n of man th.Jt h.J\ mlkJ!tIN th e pr e-
~ I) .. ho 1II-b,· virtue, the " p ro pe r measure" o r "mrermedme- sur ro'> ltl u n .. o f rhe p roblem of erh rcv lrum to p to bo nom : fro m th e
DC1o~ " or - mtm,- coin mil coincide wi th excellence . If the aim i\ to mo ment the human being I!> defined bv It\ .. perf ecnbrhrv... t-y It\ tree-
pn1«tfy rt3 1uc our n.11u131 desnnanon, me n virrue ca n onlv be located dam. defined as the capa cirv to rear on e-elf .11\\.1\ fro m .1n\· 1I.lrllr,Jl or
• .II mrdi.1n f'OiInon; cou rage keeps its di stance from co~'a rdlce and histo rrcJ f determinano n. · annqu m -, " tu n.:t1o n.1h, m: · The Id('.) 0 1 .I
from tC'mmt~... so dut tboe pro per measure h3S nothi ng to do he re w ith natural releologv loses .1 11 mC.101nl: II man I' the o nly Nom~ rh..t I'. h~­
"l:lmC' W)I"( ~ bonngl~' moderate "centrist" po..irio n. From an o nrolo gr- ece oce. lack ing In specific fu nction . Ii he I~ " nor hlOj:nr"'o ": ' .1.. " .1~ al-
cal pow ~ ~. (An stork writes "i n respect o f its substance"). virtu e reaJy cuggesred bv Fichre 10 rhe " ·.1k(' 01 Ro u' \C'.1 u. It he j"lw,( """", nn
cnumfy IS 3D. mtermC'diat~ss: rhC" being m at perfecrh: rC"3h z('<j In na . "naturt''' In w hi ch ')()mC" w n ut " m l, ..lu n·· could !'>c J C'C lphel ed. IhC"n
tun" or C"!o~C' is rquidi\Unt from extrC"m e<, wh ich. bei~g at the limi t n( \.irruous acti \'jn- ca n no lo np,er No thu ur;:.hl u l 10 term\ lOt end rut'J'll~
thor dC'finlbon. kad to monnrosi~·. " H m ce in respe ct o( it,> !>ubst.lncC" .1nd thC" proble~ ul lim lh t-e..:ome, pwl'olcm.m..: o nc.:e .11:.Jm, ",!'o\('n1 all
and the definition ",:hlch ..u.t n iu t">St'TlCC" ,,· irtue is .1 m ean. w ith rega rd " o bject i, e" rd er en..:e ttl ,} ,-o, mu.., to .II n.1tu r.l1 orJer rh.1I tf,ln ",end\
to ,.,-hat 1\ best and n ght an extremC"" (Ibid. 1107 .. ,-} . I J~ huJ ttl \("(' .... hJf \u\lld pUI.I
'il ' bm • • . a nd eo,'ompa..""" mdl\"lJu.J ". It l' \11 ..
IC can t'f RlC'a~re the ex tC"nt to wh ich such a n ethio can \Cern
. lt tn I helr m hOltC"
Im
. I((·('u.1n m • l11.1t • ,1n"h,,", 1\ th c ..h..II("Ili:r ,h..t mu..1
suangr. from the stan dpoint of mod '
I
mind the - _ em concepnom, whm we keep in b... t.1k cn u p l'-, the mo r.1hty u l rhl' mn..lern... ".
a L _ ~ _ tao/a that It permlt~ \ pl:'.1lu ng of thC" " \'inue" o r "C"xccllence" (Ii ·h h
It me.1I1' r .\1 " 1' .J\ I' ' .
' I 1Il ll\nr..lllt\ .1" In " th('f 11" 111.110", I:ru un d
. J
Ito..InC o r .1n eye: " . "(L. " n hm the ..ul'-l('(1 11'0('11• .111 nil
u.l n...:cnJ cnt:c UI1 Imm .1I1cnlC • ' ( • I " " _ iu t ..Illlm t3f!lIn
""( nu , rftlUti th m lon ' cr in .1I\ (·\,tl'r l1..11 n rJ("I. the m(".m..- I l(" rr d\UI1" .
alftCLbOn I~ min.:'" ~ _hal ('\'rf}'\"lnur or t'ltcrllmcr both bnng\ inlo g 'M,.J j:. I'C Ihn l1J'ht "I .t.. .Jutu/"mt.lfl1m, .I" .m tU1J mn ~.
.... III I~ It ~ the t'ltCdlence: and k Ih.n l11u..1 Irllll1 OIl" u n rn 01," _HI the drti mllon Ilf lhe hu m.ln
IhlnS be door ..dl . e . ' II rna ~ Ihe wllrl. o f thai
• . •• I nc: t'ltCC enceof Ihe ( m k L __ nil: tj u..·..lll nl III " h.1t 1~ _rrl 'l"l"r.t 1 1hl; IrI.m Iholll .1 Ihe ("nd.. l.f m,ln • .tnJ
- " ~; 1111' J( I' by the II ley .. h UOIh the e)'( imd lh ..ul'>le\-I- tu tl' .. ull l tn p c lIl"""p . I II ""
C1tU (1lQ 0 ,h( eye Ihal .... _ . h hh 1\1 I,,· III 1I1.111ll olln hI' .lcll n n, . I WI
ncdknct- oj the 1M..r\(' llI..k h ho e ~ "'dl. Similarh · the f h I wlIhm '" It: (" rot h
lid t'\ a oriot th good In n~1f d . U I C 111111 .. • J unJrr , tI~ h t:lrCUIll\U II\ e\. Iholt. w here t e
I aI (".. rrylllS 11\ rickr .llnd .11. - h .ln good at runmng c e,}..lh unue r..I(M1U. _ . I' I
""""Ihng I e ..ll.ldt of lhe l1lu r . to ' .III Irum .1 ,dl..·t:1I0 11 Ull mJ II' n.1IUr3 "nJ If)'.
The ... inuou ' me my. 11106 .1 151 ("th l'" III Ih r .lInoenl\ ~
IcntI \ beang 1\ thc one thAt (u nctions ....- I • 1._ 'lih .l Ih cu n u t " ~UllU• WIII•" u I I he t r« • nJ
Ihat o f the nlllUCrn" , ,," ,..m ~ \\ ,
~'. 1CaItdlng to ih ('Vo n nat d f _ e I and e"'cn C"xed-
tUlia ltat- probl nn o
. f Iamu\ r" ,u,~e ;ln .. ubnctlo n • In ~uch a vi!>io n o f .1 lIu nu ,"OU\ WI ll.
,
i h J II
'nt le.1J.. in tWU d lrec u o n\. bUfh U I em '" to Y
tnd hnn _J_ .n 3n 0 leClIVe" I Su..h .1 ~U ",IlJ; po of
so Ullun : ....-e mu~t
co unte r In . h ~
~
':J I uuwn l4'lIhin Ihe o rder of th - h
mg.., In I C" reali ty of the world.
mo r.1ht\·
.
(lj anulJult.... hum .1 ' Ull1('C" 1Ir poi nt
.
...Iew.
253
 THE PIl:O BlEM O F ETHICS

U"( '" 11\1: c),,"r ,lO r~lIl;l r)" pOWt' r of ~ .J n"ti ,lJl et hiC" vtcmv from th e b et thar
I.n m lOl: " hKh .1I 111 ll\k~ 01 rhc m ind .trc Worth · 111m" (If us rs q uuc ca p ab le o f thinking In d ifferent rr rm\. I ha\"l" never
Iht J""~km •• ''"t' .. " . , '0 011' upon th e: prohl .,,"}
•_
~ fonrt,: \"n"oKl'TV
_••,,'Utltl,· alone the \ \.1\ ' \e:'
.,.. , • yet amOl~ g "t h o se who ca ll thl'mwlves a nn-Ke nnan, (" e th ey Spi-
]1\(' 1.
cI J,sMt~ntN J.-n,IO, one th.u h ~l lO rr .tr ~- to man ~ sensuous II.U"" " nu ,tcn .t1lsts. pb cnomen ologrsrs. or rhlrtl sam oi .111 elhics in th e
1\l.Il i!ots,
F"""" ,In ob1O"JI~ I'"n r III ,!,'W. It becomes ncces..:lry [0 d" II' tlnl lle Jnc lcl1l st )'II.'). a mode rn w ho could complerelydu without Ihe concept
. -il.tdl. oImt'"!! ,dllhr mJ~ J tree will can ser out to meet • a re rrorl'r1 ~ III mcnr [e xccpr In words. and even ther e). 11 II i.. thrown our the door
' ;'C''' Jnj: Hl11\ll"I" ': WC' .Itt' rhen C'ontron tt'd wit h the problem oj lIni n 'f _
of rhilo<,o p hy. it retur ns th rough the windllw of eveT\"d.w hfe JnJ ut the
... I,n J' tM nC\lo form 01 tnt' ,"{lm rn llO good or of th e ·'g.·nt· r.l l ln ICre" ,. "
Inno CUOUS value judgm ent s it con nnuouslv forcev u.. to 'make when we
Il"r ~ 10 n.'\K' W roth ;U~I~ hri t'll ~' to ~ ho w rhey a re d l;lm,' t ric .llk
are outside rh c co n tro l o f a sys te m o f co ncept- . AnJ . like It IIr not , the
or~ III An, wfC'liJ m, m. . noti o n of merit o n ly m a kes ",-'me wi thi n a mode rn pervpec tn e. It we
~u hlc\'T1\ C'h·-.:on' ld('n ng rhe ml" /ltions rh.n can mot i'-.Jle anv
kmd of "cnn~ -"gooJ will" is defined JS " disinterested" will. For tl:.;. rdl('ct o n it , w e will sec Ih31 II .J1W.l yS rreSUrrn\ ('\ the IJ eJ ot hhl'n y
defined as the powe r rn re~i "' l rhc nat ure wuhm U\, tIJl'r l' fm ( .J S tl,t'
~ Kant .In.d:ozt'S mc1hoJ K.1 I1 ~' in his GrOlmJings of ti-e .\ let.lp I1" Su s
CJp,u ity to act J rsillterest f'lily. It h.l\ 111 pracuce become impo ..\I}.Ie tor
of .\ ' orm . mere' is among the modem s a co nsen su s in co nside ring"rh,n
us to. for e xa m p le, co nsi de r th .u rhc {,Kl ul 1l('111~ 1.111. vtroug, ):unJ ·
on~- J.bmr~trJ acnc n on be truly held to be moral. That is thl'
looking. ckillful in bodily or n ell 111 mrcllcctual .1..:tl\"ll1('\ I". rrurcrl~­
ll'I('.imng ci 1M tamous drsrincnon Kan t estab lishes betwee n "Icgahrv"
"r ea king. a vi rru e-c-an d Ihl~ w hatever nu~- be the (,'li trallrduun Jlllw('r
.ind M~r"J llt~.-1 Cdn Jl ways act 10 conto rmr rv to .I law (the prohihiti~ln
of seduction ..uch qualme.. coin ..nmcnmcv eXt"rt «n U \, u r wl\.I1('\'("r real
on thdt.. In the example given in the GroJmdmgs ) ou t of interrst-tn
.Jdmi ra t io n rb cv mav ':,1 11 fo rt h. f ur '<Cdul."tlon , tor 11\ modcrnc, nu
the case, OUt of th e fe.ar of being arres ted a nd p ut in p rison-s-bur one
could at cou r§('ro me up with ot her exa mp les wher e th e inte res t would longer has an ything to do w ith erlu cv, "ut wnh ae..thet1(\.
M From a s u }.jecr iw r o m l ul Slt'n . the mur,lll1~ u l ltlerll I" Ihu\ J
be Mpo!ilh\"e and would reside in rhe hore o f re"'.lrd and not In Iht'
mo r,llin' o f dllt \' " Sin cc the ~oJII' nn lon):t'r. a.. II W .I\ lin Ihc .111\"I(·n[\ .
fear eX pUnJshmmt. From th e point of " iew that co nc erns us he re it IS
to fulh.li u ne \ ~a lUre " UI. mll ..rl,jr t'II, hi 1I1'1'I:1'C II. TlI Il'\ all1"...1 ,,In ,,~''\
drar rhu holh monntlons .are equi,"alent. since the\" a re both :' It-
IDtC'TC'Stro. \I
M _ " . se have to ta kc Iht' for m (It .111 lIn perolIIH'. ~ leu,ll .lem.IIIJ.. uke rhe I" rlll
" tt • I ' :" ~CtIon IS, In such circumsta nces , no dou bt leg a l (Keser=:. -
m.1 p lg . ltrralh. 10 conformln."w "lh h I oj J "'You mu~r .. : . Ilr .111 " II mil'" l«." ,,). Ih oll .. : ' Bill "l' ' 11ll llcetl ICI
h "d ' '1 I t e aw " 1• cl'ut e'"en "o ne w ill a~n'e " d ·1 h " , he enJ.. Ih ll Ihu.. 1J11r"..e IlIell1\\'I\.I"\ '111 u..
: :: :"lI:tn;~t~o:h~~t'u h3.\"t' a~~"thin~ ,"in u o us abo u'l il. ''( 'e a s..uci- "IX'II out III t'lal w "
". " L _ - _ 1 h" 'c\ll\ l·rn.. lhcu prl',I\e l.lllllelll . 1hl \ I \ ! Ie
I
and mmt. for U 109 abo ut It, th e Idea of \"inue to th at o f e1fon. con'>l"[ 111 tl l'l Cdl \(' \' 111 \\ . • I
' lllel I,'r n rd!l', 111111 un l"thl. \ " II 1\ n"l ellllll.:h \l l11 p Y
I ,h , '
o"'..n Imt rem . a~I~~~~)::: In !.Orne wa~ [he wi ll's s tru AAle .1~3imt tf\
"t.'~tln d a'peCl u I I t I hlllen i Irlllll "1 11"'• q:Il " IlC 1I.1I111e,
In h\· ..:.ll\ ,ll>lc 01 d l ..lllh'H· .. t,"· e . ..
moral acrion, thertfort~ha~~' ~ far a~ us mon \"atlons a re co nc erned . "1
lllll' m ll ..1 ,11,,1 1't.' .Il· l' In III I'
J .lIe the ,!lfnl l.III Ih l\ "'I'.u allllll Inlln
d 1
for the law. 0 ca rned OUI Oecause of she er rt>l<pect ." II \ U! \l U Il" .Idll llll\ \ uloln turlr 111\IIIICJt"le • W 1,11
Olll'"e I' \ h1111I' I , .. ,, ~ .
\l 't can thus beUt r under~ d h
\tr ictl\"v""aki, g, miT tan [ at on ly ~ood ". 'ill c;tn he c;3 lk d tI\l' ll i.. il "" U h]('(II, d' I I ' rh.lI Ihl' IOtll h.... .1 d Ull II' C' II1CJIltIlI/..- dn
ora 3lem " "h " h ' • Ie I" \uIll 111" n "1111\ ,1.1\'0 th e ~ tll1 l (' lI1 r<l l ;l rv 11"IIUlI IIt ··II '" It t.' f IVC
• p
~Ives no ethual \'.11" I' II" S," Ie a re ll.1tu r.1/ gl ft~. han' m [ht'm - .1 \ h('".]o;e
. ot t' Igenee fo b I
.1Illhl .." 1I11\"" .JUlIln, \\ 11\ .I h " IS III e
I- 10 K.II1 II,IlIl, rn. I 'IIe n'I lr \! IVe
PUI :lt Ihe !>en 'jer of not on l ' ' _r~e. " r;t ut y, e\'("11 cuu r;lge, ~a n bt'
1I1rgalilv) W ) o ur egoi sti c Infc rt'sl. " b ut ,1 1'>0 flf ", " ( f .. who..,' u rtl::l11\ );C'
.1\ II
" r can as-.cu h h - l. IIll.... II H· ' I\lI l1. I h I h 1\ 11" 1 ' lI" II"\:II\'e, Il1ill ll'll/(I1 l5 ",1" nut
, II h il l 11 1\ J \ 0 I ,II \\ 11\ I I
Oppmlle l"lo;lrtml" from th ~~e t c cx~ell'll [0 w h,lch we. a rc no w .It th t' ~1I. •
I "
" I It ' Ihl' " ,1,1''', the ("IJ", " ltIn 10\(101.1 l\ I lerl" or \"
r I rd 0 f t'xu : encl'. V irt ue I t
In Ihr n.- f
I".r ('(linn of na lur;}1 f _ " • ar ro m rC' ld i n ~ " 11., I' h" ' f or m
d I I " -_ Ih... 1\ nh.1IIhe' K.Jnl lJ n d IKlfllle Cl f 111Iper-
f' 1/It .J $(/ J

formlty wllh m ' &1 h. III the fultillm mt uf a fun -,. " nh!C't.: u\-r III ol nil ' c' \{ n"~ \\11 1.l\h lll11 Ihru u" h It- " Ihr~'(' 1 cY e1 ~: k
, III, p '" -
an .. Specln ' l. lOll In co n -
\: natu re, llcl,;omcs amon~ th(" m d U l\ (' '\ ('\ r re'..... ~·\ III 11 \ II 1 ' al!i.C
\trur,dl' .Jg.,lIn\1 'h
" e natu raln _ h '" . u l' rn~ ;\ . d ,!In" In ""IJll~ (rum ClJle' Je ~r('e It! anu I ,r r, we r
andinanon, 01 ou _ es\ t at III 111 us . the cap acir\' to ' h \ l e l1c e' • all I mur .llt Ih. Ih e ... ~;l 1e (If cnJ .. and , holt o f ClvICt,
l.. -
-UVIIY · ·rhe lm
· -
,,, r e~OI \ 1 nature. . resIst t c
nur\c: h"e'\ a ClJ' ~ I 255
 hoi " 0IU " r~ f H .. , '" ~
,.J ,"n.au' ulf'nl, n" .ont' C ~ n be Ulrt II) bf' ,. pt."', N#"
"rnt'rf'I, " U'(IIIUt, ItI ..-JC1 wrll. In ,he- tyn ,A rhl- mo.,,.., flw tb.c AI...
fli t if' ... "uld h ~ "t ,.1I1,.d " natural" un be ",nUl""'. .,..... .. If
RIft ,""rt rh..n 1ft m.1\Ttf. And, rn'IftC,A hr '""'" uk ..cd"
,n K,,"II,m l:"thlu . "m 1M- ,hlld fll tn"llhlrnf'd ",.,At«h rn 1"'_ e
l"'oll 1\~ lm"dl l n ~ tholt. 1m ,..,.,,,"', rn.. - . t f,,,...,., roIrd,.. ..

,At",,,tI,,\ In</'Ullt, .
, It' ·o
... ,..... ,nJ ~y (:'.fA rw, J,..,na;.r, bt ,m('rpr'it rd
,..dIw:
O1IIf!k r - the t"K"ff,ry f,t Ih .., .. py '''''r
 h 'l • • 'J tlf;,l 'J F I __ < \
".;rt,.l- .,~·anJ: a III X: ,i a,pmnIf . +..,.....-: IJafIldd .. PJ,Jnded D, die

f"
·f , ..
... 4:r..: ...1 f .. dflJ1"fCUM ..., O n-
,~(~"fIIrJ1(1 "f \ pm t, ~ the da:lk:ct.: ,A IClIKOUru.t1', nac.
. , ....Jrm ...J ",onl ctnp''',' ' y. I}n~
• , (If ..,,,.,.. . .. h.l¥~ hi ~ tnlf
crf:tau...n tA bate: part.M;l,I!.amJ ,nnt' &n!lJ ,.~ and an
. ,A 1M abw.ra41 um...crul. "I'e- are andn ~ are •
• ruptUI" .,C' .' lr• .., • • Im p' ln ~hr ••
"me", '" 1M here and 01,...; 1\ " partacal.1 nt -k"' a ...
doj
~ UI frt,m e:.ao, f~hcr . s·" 1\ If flU t capac . to UlQMGW ,~ •• I lf
'(Jc~'t pt'f,d uet t.ln he ' pt'etrum ,A ,d\utJt)ft
'U1u~ 'Jf j udXml'f1t and taken up b~ (,,"rna '''''»n''''_,
allty unn,, ' rC'WdC' rn anrthrnK lither t~n a Mn oi a U'JeC l t"'.e:
pa~KUlan!) with f~ unJ' n"\31. hI!' the: In.d.~ to be: a.a Iftdrndul
he- hu tel be mh wuh a dlKrc:tt. 'lop«l "IIIU7l l thM !he .....
rrtrv al'ZJ'hl('. AI th at pnce , and only at that pnu, UIIlhc: t C'qUI cmnII
,A "ut hctJ IIUI ~ be kepe up . I n.dn ld u.alIJ ~ then tncmbkt the: &J.o.Jl1D
.,.h14b U C'~lIa n ;,nt hct lo ,a . ' tbe prnnuk 'I'
art. Comrr tbmdcd ..
W.J y. mdlVldua lity u nnt ,t .II all be red uced f1j the: an u n~~on oi con-
tu rnerll m, ttJ the: .arbltr3r~; treedorn ,Iut conll~U 111 doing -. fu~C1" I
!e-c1I11.c."
lIIummalC.d bv t~ hl\ tfJn ,i ~thc:tlO. c-.hlul rc1'kt.non 1l...u, an
nt , Ifm l4Cf do lolr'l;hl,ut Ih" t~lplc- dm'lcm"," oj cu.dlcno..c. ment. aM
authctJt l(.lIy. Ea ch rC'q ultc-men l IU cn the: QUthnc of ~ ~nl lhcon of
11Iniu w ,n \ . ,mc ..... e \ h211 h..,C' to rn lJh c uu,~hn 10 thln~ throud'loul'
' Ide' rhe Irarne..~,:",lt uf 3nr 'fr\fnulf~'. If .... e .... l\h ttl meet the ,h~llcn~
put f.,nh by the WIthdrawal nC~ ,h .,UC'd lII t,rld .... Ithout ~\lnlt In w me
ffil,.. ;;C t,f a 1,,\1 1r3"hu o n.

'61
 NOTES

O NE
I . ....lrl Bonn ....... 8~· G ,.I€&,rOf
~ I~\i...& -.J,j
~H -
.#10. '" Dto.tt..~
~ Ct..-\. IUumkT. D.:J l-.J:-uh;:sr~ '" ~
., "J.v..~s bcs :"0 - J.: OOUJ" ~ l" 'U'\br'n- ~~I"
.:). .l. '
' \.-J l..utot
_.• r 'Ii.

J ..-UoJ~ Jr To.;~lIk. U ~ •.::hf (t'! "----..,w..... : . ,iur

TWO
I . "' .H("lIl

r
'"IJ~ . Clurln &"'1:nJX. l..r! &~"""".J °r,bah J - - - .. - - - -
. -- .... '-" .

J, :'" Bodc-.Ju. ."f1'

~. ch.lr I
BO'&d.u.. Tw"z.-:~ ~W( . - Oe d'C: ~.....,
-I .
5. Bouhoun. Drs " " , , - N . r ..a • .: of ~fM' 1-.1, Nrr..-
e, CI . .Iko N' .s:t ~ _ _l.~ .
_ Ern.:l.l,~rc"!'. T~PJ.doj.O.""'" ' riof' l • ..~ Irati" tn'f, l ,
~ JndJ"mnl Prft tpO't rnn.,m'" ""-rfotol"""'"" ~ , " ( I
p, ~~ -
ii . )..6. Out--. R~f . ral.fWt '" ~ ,.. .nat n U a-I.' 1-'''' .
r
~ I. \ -4 ."1I 1n ~.m ITum the I -~ I Nmc'"
. , !.anru... '.lJ~' 4rt' r Ill :
10 . ()uhA. It.rlk~ ,"'..,-"1 r ~ I
II. C.J ~.lln,-~.,.~ ·rr 1' -!r.

_u412.. [)ubol.~, .rtta./W., rr· ild.• • hom' th ... r-- ~,uf"'Clh

u. . - u d ".aM : 1;, ..". jr, l'~'.Jtt ( ,.,..,.... u/ J.J~I \uN -
...... T ~ \'~; bt'4- W.awt-1&~. 1"'-e', \ S6. r·.:....·
I .~ u-."''''''
~ l '.urlshlfll. \ s", (UnuR. L
rs, 50«~' D~ H_. "'01: dw ~undard Qt T..u.- -~. u-
'63
 N0 1f ~ to '''' C.H 16 .. , . ,
II '0 u (;f S H - IS
~~~:;:. of Hu t f , , ,. tn n, . t Uo ,, ~ hn Pbll'r OMuer l ~ of ~
...J''''''' cd
T H (,fTC'ft..nJ I .U (,ro_ 1' ."J '>n
(..-.,.j~ I .-c ... I j. ";:Jlnl. I'nll lt: Jt" Crlt,IJb.Jft. ed. 'l',lhdm "' ~ lr han:~·
r ..-.. ~ C ~ . Pr-."Jf'ko. ut ~ l ou J ~: ' I n b J.1l· mr T~~lKnt-u~ h . 1',1-4 • lr nrod ucnon, ~ IV.
~..-"(
l ..
....z.r '-4 J.
fo. I u..c: .l ~~1n here an .In .lI ~ \I' .llrt.3,h oudllltd m"" ,.~,.~
dw ~d J....- f..».IT$" . 01. I. " .1 M .
, • ..--.
~ 2. .
,f l....... .r \(H - . 0 . Chmuan \l"oht. 1'S)'cm, logu rtnt' mo . n 1 ~ - -S f,.
I' ...... ~1k~-./;.s.I.rts.YOI
. 1 . r. ~ I -. ll. 0. )l.J um ltr. D.J5 J",.Jr ro 'l.Jllt.Jt5p"~. rr· 10 Jc .
..... '"'Of. . ~ oIT_... p. !63. ':J. ~t. Krlll lr: Jt" Crt nlsJ.:r.lfr. ~ 4 0 .
~I ~ l ~ .oL1.. S J4 . 10. IMd. S« .lho t\.J.nt' , Rrr!Ut J<.o"5, no. to lb. ln t\..I.nt ·, ~~­
!l ~ -or . ~ tJlT~."r· 168. /(1'1. hn.~ m n de r KOnl~.hchm P r(U~ 1oChrn AkNcTnll: .kf '«...._ _-h.1~ kr·
!I ~ rnbfW'-1'P. J6 9- - 0. ho: Dru.:k und Ve-rb.#- von G.:o r#- Rn mC"T. l ~ IJ . ' ul I ~ tunJ'<d!n. -
! . ...... ~.. r · ! - O' :""Khb&. \01. 1. l sr half : Anl h ro poto p o: . r r · 1- 1- - :
: f Dr.nd......,.'- ~ 1..ol:Idon. pnnt cd tor A .\ lIlb r. In th~ II . It-,d .• p - H2 (Rrll t L" on -~2 .
" """"f-,,pf.• , 1ft. . 12. jc-an·Ft,1n<;01' Lvorard and J ~co'" RCli=OSlft"l l. L" 4..:-r k-o-"'U1. ~
.ft. ~ WAd. ... lztbnu. .-.:.~. f.JJ.rf' CQ/'IU~f1P1" Hum", l' l>et" 1 ~ 1I 5 . r. J -$
~.l-* ". dur- 2.S I '" " " '1' U . I<.:J. nt. KrJtd:; Jt" l 'rwI5t '.Jfr. ~ 1.2 .
.., - 0. ... ~-.- . a.r.oan
obi , PJ)'ChoIogu ~f1t"U. S 545. On h
_ .--1-
14. l~'ourJ a nd R~O'.In ,k l. op. ctt.
_ _ d~~Ibed..Oorloloru. S SOJ. t e 15 . ~bM1 n Hn ~o:r. K.J'It .1J'lJ riot I'toltt- or \l tf~on. tn,l'h
j.a~ S. C hu l'chlll lBloo mlngton : InJu.na l 'm ' \"f'\lt\ rrc-.•. I Q+o! IQ! ..
ocL-I~
~ ,.

PF .'2
Go of" . LalwL\'0l'I

t.to.n)1o:
0. thnr ! '.e
' 5
~

Cl.....
IVtuhftt ; Dnllsd~~ S€h"ft~. ed , G uh r.aucf.

~Ju Sdwrftm, \'01. I. p. 11-4 .

d . &umkT. D.u'rr'UlOrf.Jltutsprubkm .
r . 16 .~ .
16 . £m~1 C.a" ,rtr. " Abh.tndlunI1: \aNT k .Jtlt ."J .itl ~ Jr \f" ...
plry$lk : lkme-rkun [!.e-n 11.1 ~1 artl n H;'~o:r. ....l"I·ln1C1Tf(f~non. - In "-"'1-
StUJlt"l. MlllO'Orhl~ho: Zo:lI...:: hnn. \01 ..of'< 1"'.\1. r r I ~_ lf'<
17. It ...03' the- r rln ClpJI rrn lC"L' 01 Polltl,'01l r~doJorh · no! ! . t. I ;II..., ~La
) I..~ G. ~ MN
,.......... SS IS.and toa-:;'"ft II
P Josopbu~ dl' nmlnul!u ad ~J Dimensson jthlquo: chez HO:I~o:r.- In .".liJoJt.,t~ .~ H..-.J~ ( 0(1"
u o: n bC'r g Ve-rla g. 1'11\0 ); JnJ L: rtf1~t ,,~ : fJj,J1 SOl' 1".J" I,r.rou"'J'"" , .... ,,-.
Jl. ibid.. S 9 . U ,ho S5.
par,n.. [frt'>I.:h P"rIQ5-0p"~' I" tJor }a''''s,- .\ n b u ' on Ll"'lcmJ"<OC'~n- \ nh '
JJ. Oa dw WI_mm.c. d IIll5 • 560, an d 56] of lilt' Aesthetu s
)4. a IS 14 15 " , ..' H u m~n "m J I G ~11 1 ma rJ . I"S Si. b ~l .-h~ rl r'l'
• " . 011 Sol. .
)S, U _ s 565.

,.,
 h O H 10 ' AG ES 'u _U S
nfo ,... GU ld-h~ 1- .' I'. \~- .
t". I'oII1- .. - . J 'll'tI"i:J. ~rocnn td_.u. 11. ~ .l. \ S
fiv E ~ \1 r. \ ~ Il S .
~ ,~ ,.J . I U ,,", H.,p, Tombnw)Ofl ~
; 1: ro-zJ.w..,MJ U o~ h. ~ nL WJl I ~. pe. z, \ 0, 1
~rw-.I " ; l oifo1 . p-
I ~ Dw~~ T.zroJ-. lf) ~l(tDo.-M· J.·mJ.;,.".
, . . . . . . . . . . , . ....
~~ er. \ H "'.
.. ~ ~ '"" ) ~kJrltnUn MtmIo:: .anJ!<t ; . L Saol \l~'. - Tbc Ibm ...... ~ of \t~ .~ on f'rMttul ~
Dn .. ~I""'-"'1 ...~ &a.J I. F_ 1I 1. ,h"''!'~ ~ Lr-o \ U'oI\l1.' Inds vu~ ~· \ktnl.l ~ ~ S
1 ~~
~ I (.- .. ~ • .-h. .t.dI ~.a
W
. "" ~. S..~:.. rr«.
fn'no rd¢n 10 dw' !Uri
UT.ll"1!l:_
.... See Luo:: hocn Jnd -"I.un R(T~.a. ." - 'I ". ftl>Oc'"'''''''' til , ........1. C.oIl.
":;cd. 1" t,- . dup: l
_ .~ '"trr: .~ of Ii.: I ~: trOftI dw one: rruJc ~ S . \ hd'od F~ J 1Jh. - Slftl ~. <.cncakc. H ..-.... .. ' wta N (A6.
~_~ . . ~~l)roo"".&:Ja• .\lM"k , .... . En.
~ Jr R~lo U.~1 Plo""~' Jr \llnuoL 1.......
_
- - . ~ _ ~ too'
~ ;-. ... . r..r Sew
.-:f JL J.. y...
*: f ' . P"'' '''' rr....,. I t.,n.r ~ Nd. to ~ r.a ~
.hit In t"'c"I -
: \~ !Ioelt." I ~ '. " .:r.'t
:~ . S lCtt ... bc:. 8rr<.J.,J CJ~ .s...J l u I. \ ~ ."
~-. '11'''. \ It
mu.....tc_

..,...a..,....::lIIni . . _ bca: ~dIcrc'.-TU... \

,., :". see. f'l>r 1ft1.(1ll'C. ~ 'wt~jy. ..,I

" ~ l' ....,~~ _!. SS ; ~ .. . fk'yooI J (~ ~"I J f.u l . \ ~ l

30. On~JI -' tlC"lo.\ftf-r-. oI nJ Jl: f'l': n!_ I., · - ·~ 1r-_n .M
. . 1.. S.
J ~ .. .. . . 6a ~- • • ·t"'t lt. cJ. r" r peJrnJ ".
~ ~ Ud H.-c'I" \ 'abf,. li066...... l. r·' - . 31. ~r. '\l>Cr:K~. ,-01.. I. ~ !- &I. -.rrw-r... ~ l -.uoJ.
~~._~.-d~ or Lk.- tU_ c..a "'l r. 110 D . F. K! dI :a 1"...u~. ;, .
ar-..l......... Oiw - _ o l .~ ~t-U.-nl u.,j ) ~. Ieed. ~cdl H n n .. p. .. ;
~ \* u..::r... Pr-. I .. P. 1::- B . C r. ~ .... .r.:Jo,; ~ t.,1 tum _ P ..1
- ~ f .l....... el Iht Uoll.·T1w ~alScla.aIft,.- S ; . u . ~c. ., ~:.xrv .PI-J r,"",*~ . rr 1 ~_ \
nr 1'oruI* ~ v-...ted.. .... - ~ \ori: The '"to H . I~.. ""'" -:.J~ 'o& \. ,. - "
&-r: Pfta. . "!oS-- ,. p. • - j '2'_-.l y, . pos:l-u __.•td'if" .. s. t., ~ nL 1.1 rr I \ , -

~~
~ I S,. -
...,:w......... r...
w.:- HDdqpt• .~..Jdoot• • HndEga. ea-a.-st- ...... ";:
FuU ... J..~
. _ \'
I . 1mr.
H~T . '
-T'c'l~"-:!w " ........
p..if". Tl' ",~I. t un, . ..n.! cd "' ~ , .. ......
1I'rt. "'oI'f""t I -
,~ ti olll'"" ....t

". ~. -o-r~ .~... J1orWol ~.

..... }irNa~ ~ 'for. H.w;cor
Ml ~~. ""'I .r .SS I
I ") p. li S. _n._,
Gn.- cd...4.
. 1" -1 r -
~ " . J. l~c.UPhJ. 'f'I'-J".6ft , ...... t...-\~
f " ",,,c. I .. ..
ok

~ c..-...-J btL rr-. ' .~ ~ \CW~ .

II .
I 1"'_' - au~
V

12. ~s.ca.dIc. n.rGn~.r-.

v-... r. I 1_ - .tK!..lS.a
*'
u. n.r ~~ . ..n.\ .. .
.......:::.,~ _~ r.... fl/dtt ldoa•• dw , ..... ~ . ·..,Ut~
... ...-_1lw ' .. . Snt Yoft ' .
~J I~ •
u.. w..., ~aL ""').,.," _

a.~,
C ' 1
~"crL.~~ ~ "" I . p r ..
a A. ~.I~ lo-l t12 ,.,:~..

. . t.p.W.
 NOtE S TO 'AGES 207 _ 21 1
.. o TIS 10 ' AGfS 196 - 106
., ( ,....., hi. r-t.Jt ~ '"~: v..""'_ tIS....,. J r .JI ";Dft -fl,.vJ, zs . K. S. ~ t .lI~"I..: h. f.' flU ' EJ II,,, n, Gcn.d Irloooo KI. 1'111"·. pp. IllS -1i6
1" . See GllLllall m~ ;\ pol1 rn.m~ . J ~s P,.,,,." ,..hur l'l 1tnmaRn, I'HiS) .
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~I I. II~ , 110, Ill ..
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QIOha.. 1"0,. :-.;,I"1,.... hc ',1'1 . !""'- Bo ,,,I,,. /....,,,. 11 I, .'1'"
Art, 10 - 11; ;JnJ ~ rrl\I , 1114 ~~ . 1\'1', .. 0, '\n.j f' ·. 111-
J. G . FCTT'J .and Jt.nwat. IInd,.u C'r 4nd Mud,.,."",.!ChKi go: UmYC"C\l ft flf
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11: 1 ·1t: 1l 1 .·~cr .. n.l , 11(" _ " '1. !' ,•
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an , 135 _ .' "7": .In,J hl'IOri';II\'. 1110
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.I.nJ natu re, 113-16; N·t:"')"f~'
I I!; :'\lclZ....:hc (In. I ." 1- 51- -'1.S I: m"'.lnl. Ill · . 144. ,n
I b li - fo'J; .ln J .....,N ~lc . h. ",1. H ~dcncr.I O _ q . I " ; ;~>n , '
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'foI01:\' of Splrl l. l i n. 11'1. 11ti.
7t>. 110. 1! O. In . 17U "<.:hc\ . ln .I~ - .I -lJ. \ -l.
1"'1. ::,If...!_~ • • .: , 154
~ l"ll& <': : SIC1Z·
I SO. 16 1: ro m.l nn.:l ~r art. 13- _
39: and S.;'cll m ~_ 11-4-1 5; I n ll~ nuh l ..d l\"lry. 4 " . 51. Mi. <:1) -,,- ,-,
St:~u oILog',;, 1! 1; J nd cen- \ltu mj;r ,. !.• 211!1. ~ I O _II .1I 4_
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onr-. I" S. 1 5 ~. I -.t. 183. sil:>lc world , 119 -.10 : s.' ·mt....II,;
Jo:r1,;h. C h .l rlc~. 1.H . !H-3':1. 141' \t, ...km1l\ . 1 . 4 . l lj. 2 ~ . 2 ·!1 .2" 1 ;
,>' ,in . I.H-35
jou Mrcf. L 211 -1 .! a. mJI \ ,J ..,lI.. m, 211 1-2. ~fl~ _ - .
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~211 ; m"',iltn ol.! ~ l_ ~ ~. '\1('17'
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Problt'rn of .\ Icuph)'srcs. InS - "' J n J m ~k ~ . \·J ~ lh . II . 1':1- _ 100. ...he"n. I,, 1
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4li - 5.1. I- ;' I II'J; urrg.on":,il rm - \1"'1,. "I, 1'11 _" ". ~ .. _ lf1. ! , ...
!.-ss. lilt..... '15. s ". 'N. 10- : lS l- 81. 18-: " Th e Onp n 01 rho:
rc'JII\'('. 10 7• 110 : concepnon "I In Heeet, 141
• ~~. H •• llof>., l S-4. '\I'"orl of Art, " 188-" 1; -0\ ...r
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l<t'.J5fJn. 2 I . -- -112. li( fo. '1>1. '1"- !I . 1-1 . 2' . H . I"", 11_....1
.s 5· , IJD., I ~" HI\IO"., ~m. 13. ! 3. !4. .l b . j I . 1.1/:1.
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~.'1.u.d. 1 9j • .!I I• .!l j , 2" 0 : in Htt:d. 1- 4 ; In :'\ lrtz r..:hc. 'N. l UI. 1% . 1O'i. 120; .lnJ En-
p l~h gJ rJ ..ns, 10- ; JnJ tlnlluJr. 0' ' .,;(, J l . 1.1.... rlv (.,;, ",.
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IOf avan r-ga rde , 19 9. ! 34 - - . ll i. '0-11 ;. 1lI1_ I ll "', JnJ
!=cnul" .,. I...' - ...... I (~ - ( J .
~" ; ~.!.I4 - .s J : ~ Hobbn.. ThomJ\, I:". 18 mOIJ lm _ 1.5 .1- :;- : JnJ natu re,
~J -5- .~&I'}'. ~ - _60 I 24 - 1 ~ : t>ntt>I~I":.I. 1 .lq:u m~l .
I "".l,,"' -·". I- ~ . '-... 1'\;
Hu go . ' ''ICW'. 186 "clJ nJ ," lr.~ l' ~ ' I~ - . 2'4 _ 1( ,
Hum ,inlm\.,!, 107- 8. 136. 15 9; -s ., " e . rwlel:t>mfflJ. "" 'l« a~am.t 11,,,""1. ' ..... _(11. I-fl. anJ
l(,lInu,i1l, 108-11 Jt..., CTI/I.l1<' ~" II< Jttrn'l'l t. IJc.l.' mJl loJU.l.h,m . 1( · - ' '' . \"1 - ..••
HWII('.David, 10.!5. 5 3- tot. 01 rCJ...,n 1-". \-" . JrnJ ocTI 1, II .11m.
1- 0. 1- . 178; ,iM em pmcism, ... _\11 1" 4· "" u,n. 1\11 -
94_9j ~ I . " ~ . 1,,~/'K,.r .., ,10, /J •.I.,.
Humor.III.1!i ~ t1 . I -~. I .... P ... \I,'tl/'" f'''''' ~'
Hu\s.ffl. Edmund, i . K2 12 .1 ~ ... 1( '" Itol _.. ~. 1~ 2. 1·-.
H H'C·rbod~ 1 1 1 . 213_1 4 I ~ ' _ li~
H~'f"CTd ,i~\iC!\fTl. 158 . U!. Hi4,
187. !1". 23 1. H4

Idu \ oIlT,iloo n. 44. 50. 7ij -~O, 182- 1' ). tI. ~ , .• I'oOi n . 11.
~ 10,2.,. U.. 4(1,I~,2"!. In K~nt-" Proll'go rn('Pl,J. H-84; , r" .I.I. b-l,l'lC'. 211
-...... 6or 1 ~. I4S r~ ..lh.ln• .l<'an. Zll. l1 b; .! 11 ~ ~1'
.nd buunful obt«n, 9! _':I4 . '1~ :
Gr.aca.. ......., H
.nJ hISIOn-. 14"':': ,lIndthe: ~b . r a.. Iu-- \ ~ I . ( ,atlfm de, _Iii _.(1. --~
IIRJC'. 100 -1 02., I O.~ rar 0 .."1".... . I''''
.....,.· ..~5160 1't1~r«t"C. l OS. 2(1fo.! I r. U J;
.1. ".II'.loU ... - lnupn,ihon. 91-92. 94 . 102-]
1(111 _9 '
'75
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Sp;lCC: Euclulcan. ISS, I YI , 2 11.
.
".anq ,:.u J c" cn nque I Jl J ' 2 •
( 1 . - -. - -
2 16,224 -26; no n-Euclidean .
" 5- ' ' ;' . In Ni('rz\~h('. 146. 15f" 206. 209-10.2 12- 1R. 222- 27.
;;-_;8:,;1-72. ISS 23 1
Spinoz a, Ben edict, 36
rtlllonm ku. A l(' ~m. 50
""':""'\('. r .lf,lo, 100. 115. 124. 22 7 Strau ss. Leo, 11. 1 1.25 . 167,
M,Ho.S _ Q.!(l. 11. 1S. 156. 17 1. 173- 74
11-1 ; l"lccJ'", hc o n. 169, 175. Subi. ct.I-3. 17-1 8. 89. 171 - 72 :
ISI-83. 185 fra ctu re o f. 168. 175 . 188, 23J
PUrJ:IOlt. Renato, 197 Subjectivity: metaphysics o f, 4. 1.6 ,
PoIO{".UC'. Hcnri. 1J I. 2 11. 1 14. III . 144. 154, 178 - 80 ; his to ry
1 1; , 114 of. 28. 32, 176.206.240: mo-
Pcsrmodemism. J I. 31. 167. 176. nad ic co nceptio n of. 44 ; a b so lute,
134: as decime, 141-44; and 146
representati on, 236- 37; as reo Subiecnvi zati o n, 9. 14 - 16. 19 : o f
rum. 238- 39; J.S supersession , taste, 4 7; of truth. 1.23
139-40: a'i ultramodemism, Surrealism . 21 7
235-36
Princer, Maurice. 1 14- 15. 115 Taste. 14.142: judgment of. 33, 98:
transcendence of, 5 4. 56 . 60
R.lrion.alism. 78, 86. 94, Ill, 236 Theosophists, 218. 220
Renaut, Alain, 2, 3. 240 Tocqueville, Alexis de. 3 , 18. 165-
Rom.tnriasm. 88. 184, 187.161 66.202,242.248
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. J 7, 96 -97,
201
Ultraindividualism. 158, 18 7, 2 2 7,
232-34
Saint-Simon. Claude Henri de Rou v-
roy, Comre de, 196 - 9 7
Volt ai re, 23. 42
St. Peru's cathed ral, 104
X!lonb<,g. Arnold. I I. 198. 200,
229- 30,233 Wagner. Rich ard , 186
Web er. Ma x, 202- 3
Schopt"nhau«:r, Arthur, 17H, 186
Wd lmer. Alb recht. 240
~ ..U\ communi", 27,1H, HS , 94-
95.97, 112, 145, 173 Wdtlosigk.it, 12. 19. 245- 47
k-vu inl. Gino, 225 -26, 1.2~ Wolff, Ch ristian. 62, 69 , 7 1. 7 4 , 93:
O ntology, 64