HISTORY OF

MICROPROCESSORS

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History of
 MICROPROCESSOR
“The integrated circuit which
contain all the function of the
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
of a computer is known as
Microprocessor.”

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History of Microprocessor
What is a Microprocessor?

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History of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor……
 The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated
circuits greatly reduced the cost of processing power.

 Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly

automated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes,
resulting in a low unit price.

 Single-chip processors increase reliability because there are many

fewer electrical connections that could fail.

 As microprocessor designs improve, the cost of manufacturing a chip

(with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same
size) generally stays the same according to Rock's law.
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History of Microprocessor
 Advantages of Microprocessors
 The processing speed is high

 Intelligence has been brought to

systems

 Flexible

 Compact size

 Easy maintenance

 Complex mathematics
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History of Microprocessor
 Disadvantages of Microprocessors
 Might get overheated

 The limitation of the microprocessor

imposes on size of data.

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History of Microprocessor
 Applications of Microprocessors
• Home appliances
• Wireless
communication
equipment
• Office publication and
automation
• Consumer electronic
goods
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Video games
• Industrial controllers
• Data acquisition
systems
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History of Microprocessor
 Types of Microprocessors
 Microprocessors can be characterized based on
 the word size

 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, etc. processors

 Instruction set structure

 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), CISC

(Complex Instruction Set Computer)
 Functions

 General purpose, special purpose such image

processing, floating point calculations
 And more … 1/7/2020
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History of Microprocessor
 Typical microprocessors
 Most commonly used
 68K
 Motorola
 x86
 Intel
 IA-64
 Intel
 MIPS
 Microprocessor without interlocked pipeline stages
 ARM
 Advanced RISC Machine
 PowerPC
 Apple-IBM-Motorola alliance
 Atmel AVR
And many more…… 1/7/2020
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History of Microprocessor
 History of Microprocessors
 Initiation
 4-Bit Microprocessors
 8-Bit Microprocessors
 16-Bit Microprocessors
 32-Bit Microprocessors
 64-Bit Microprocessors
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 INTRODUCTION
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.

 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew

Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).

 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968

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 4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.

 It was the first

microprocessor by Intel.

 It was a 4-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was

740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.

 It could execute around

60,000 instructions per
second.

 Minimum feature size - 10μm 5

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 INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.

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 8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 It had 3500 transistors
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
 Minimum feature size - 10μm
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 INTEL 8080  Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 clock speed was from 2
MHz to 3.125 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than
8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
 Feature size - 6μm 9

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 INTEL 8085  Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
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 Minimum feature size - 3 μm
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 16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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  Introduced in 1978.

INTEL 8086  It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8

MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and

address bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000 transistors.

 Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

 It could access 1 MB of memory.

 It had Multiply and Divide

instructions
 Minimum feature size - 3 12

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL 8088

 Introduced in 1979.

 It was also 16-bit µP.

 It was created as a cheaper

version of Intel’s 8086.

 It was a 16-bit processor

with an 8-bit external bus.

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL 80186 & 80188

 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.

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 INTEL 80286

 Introduced in 1982.

 It was 16-bit µP.

 Address width – 24 bits

 clock speed was 6 - 25 MHz.

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History of Microprocessor
 32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 80386

 Introduced in 1986.

 It was first 32-bit µP.

 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 Its clock rate was 12 – 40 MHz
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.

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 INTEL 80486

 Introduced in 1989

 Higher performance follow-up of

80386 processor

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
 Minimum feature size – 1 to 0.6μm

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in 1993.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally named 80586.

 Its clock speed was 150 - 200 MHz.

 Min feature size: 0.35 μm – 0.50

μm

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 INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Max CPU Clock rate :
223MHz – 450MHz
 Min feature size: 0.35 μm –
0.48 μm

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 INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

 Introduced in 1998.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was designed for servers.

 Its clock speed was 400 MHz to
450 MHz.

 L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache

of 512 KB, 1MB & 2 MB.

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 INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Max CPU Clock rate :
450 MHz – 1.4 GHz
 Minimum feature size
: 0.25 μm - 0.13 μm
 It had 9.5 million
transistors

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 INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 Max Clock: 1.3Ghz to 3.8GHz

 Transistors: 42M – 188M

 Feature Size : 180nm – 165 nm

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL PENTIUM D
 The pentium D refers to two series of desktop
dual -core 64-bit x86 - bit microprocessors with the
netburst microarchitecture,which is the dual-core
variant of pentium 4

 The brand' s first processor, codenamed smithfield,

was released by intel on may 25, 2005

 Max Clock: 2.66 GHz to 3.73 GHz

 Feature Size : 90nm - 65nm

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
 Max CPU Clock rate : 1.3
GHz – 2.6 GHz
 • Minimum feature size :
65nm – 40nm
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 • Instruction set: 86, 64
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History of Microprocessor
 64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL CORE 2

 Core 2 is a brand encompassing a range

of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-,
dual-, and quad-core microprocessors
based on the Core microarchitecture

 Max CPU Clock rate : 1.6 GHz – 3.3 GHz

 Minimum feature size : 65nm – 45nm

 Instruction set: 86, 64

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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz
to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core,
256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of
L3 cache.
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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.40
GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.
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History of Microprocessor
 INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4
MB of L3 cache.
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History of Microprocessor
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History of Microprocessor
 Types of Microprocessors
Microprocessors are classified into five types

 CISC-Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors

 RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor

 ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit

 Superscalar Processors

 DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors

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History of Microprocessor
 Complex Instruction Set
Microprocessors
 The short term is CISM

 These types of processors performs the

different tasks like downloading, uploading,
recalling data into the memory card and
recalling data from the memory card

 It also does complex mathematical

calculations in a single command

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 Reduced Instruction Set
Microprocessor
 These types of processors are made
according to the function in which the
microprocessor can carry out small things
in specific command

 In this way these processors completes

more commands at a faster rate.

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History of Microprocessor
 Superscalar Microprocessors
 Superscalar processor duplicates the
hardware on the processor to perform
various tasks at a time

 These processors can be used for ALUs or

multipliers

 They have different operational units and

these processors can carry out more than a
one command by continuously transmitting
several instructions to the extra operational
units inside the processor.

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History of Microprocessor
 The Application Specific Integrated
Circuit
 These processors are used for particular
purposes that includes of automotive
emissions control or personal digital
assistant’s computer

 This type of processor is made with

proper specification, but apart from
these it can also be made with off the
shelf gears

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History of Microprocessor
 Digital Signal Multiprocessors
 These processors are used to encode
and decode the videos or to convert the
D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog to
digital)

 They need a microprocessor that is

excellent in mathematical calculations

 The chips of this processor are

employed in RADAR, home theatres,
SONAR, audio gears, TV set top boxes
and Mobile phones
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History of Microprocessor
 Thank You

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History of Microprocessor
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History of
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History of
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History of
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History of
 The salient features of 8085
microprocessor.

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History of
 8085 Microprocessor

The salient features of 8085 μp are :

1. It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
2. It has 16 bit address bus and hence can
address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0-A15.
3. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines
of data bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
4. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
5. It supports 5 hardware interrupt and 8
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History of
 8085 Microprocessor

6. A 16 bit program counter (PC)

7. A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
8. Six 8-bit general purpose register
arranged in pairs: BC,DE, HL.
9. It requires a signal +5V power supply
10.Maximum Clock Frequency is 3MHz
and Minimum Clock Frequency is
500kHz
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History of
 Pin Diagram of 8085

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History of
 X1 & X2
Pin 1 and Pin 2 (Input)
These are also called
Crystal Input Pins.

8085 can generate

clock signals
internally.

To generate clock

signals internally,
8085 requires external
inputs from X1 and X2.
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History of
 RESET IN and RESET OUT

Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)

RESET IN:

◦ It is used to reset the

microprocessor.

◦ It is active low signal.

◦ When the signal on this

pin is low for at least 3
clocking cycles, it
forces the
microprocessor to reset
itself.
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History of
 RESET IN and RESET OUT

Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)

 Resetting
the
microprocessor means:

◦ Clearing the PC and IR.

◦ Disabling all interrupts
(except TRAP).
◦ Disabling the SOD pin.
◦ All the buses (data,
address, control) are tri-
stated.
◦ Gives HIGH output to
RESET OUT pin.
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History of
 RESET IN and RESET OUT
Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)
 RESET OUT:

◦ It is used to reset the

peripheral devices and other
ICs on the circuit.

◦ It is an output signal.

◦ It is an active high signal.

◦ The output on this pin goes

high whenever RESET IN is
given low signal.

◦ The output remains high as

long as RESET IN is kept low.
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History of
 SID and SOD

Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output)

SID (Serial Input
Data):

o It takes 1 bit input from

serial port of 8085.

o Stores the bit at the 8th

position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.

o RIM (Read Interrupt

Mask) instruction is
used to transfer the bit.
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History of
 SID and SOD
Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output)
 SOD (Serial Output
Data):

o It takes 1 bit from

Accumulator to serial port
of 8085.

o Takes the bit from the 8th

position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.

o SIM (Set Interrupt Mask)

instruction is used to
transfer the bit.
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History of
 Interrupt Pins
 Interrupt:

• It means interrupting the normal execution of the

microprocessor.

• When microprocessor receives interrupt signal, it

discontinues whatever it was executing.

• It starts executing new program indicated by the interrupt

signal.

• Interrupt signals are generated by external peripheral

devices.

• After execution of the new program, microprocessor goes

back to the previous program.
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History of
 Sequence of Steps Whenever There
 Microprocessoriscompletes
an Interrupt
execution of current
instruction of the program.

 PC contents are stored in stack.

 PC is loaded with address of the new program.

 Afterexecuting the new program, the

microprocessor returns back to the previous
program.

 Itgoes to the previous program by reading the

top value of stack.
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History of
 Five Hardware Interrupts in 8085

TRAP

RST
7.5

RST
6.5

RST
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