CHAPTER EIGHT

CONVEYANCE OF WATER

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 Conveyance from intake to treatment plant and treatment plant to
reservoir is called transmission
 Conveyance from reservoir to consumer tap is called distribution.

Conduit
 device used to carry water
i. Gravity conduit
ii. Pressure

Selection of pipe material is based on

 Carrying capacity of pipe

 Durability and life
 Type of water (hot, cold, wastewater)
 Possible corrosive effect
 Availability of fund
 Maintenance and repair cost
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Requirements of pipe material

 It should be able to withstand internal water pressure, external pressure

and temperature stresses
 It should have long life.
 It should not react with water
 Cost of pipes should be economical
 Frictional head loss should be minimum
 It should be easy to transport and non corrosive

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1. C.I. Pipes

Advantages
 The pipes are easy to join
 The pipes are high resistant to corrosion
 The pipes can withstand high pressure
 Suitable for distribution system
 Long life (about 100 years)

Disadvantages
 Brittle in nature
 Very heavy so difficult to transport
 Can not be used for pressure greater than 7kgf/cm2

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2. G.I pipes
 Made of WI or mild steel which are galvanized by providing protective
coating of zinc in inner and outer surface

Advantages
 The pipes are cheap
 Light in weight and easy to handle
 The pipes are easy to join
 Resistant to corrosion when exposed to atmosphere
 Used in rocky alignment and crossings in rural areas

Disadvantages
 The pipes are affected by acidic or alkaline waters
 Life of pipe is shorter than CI pipes (about 20 years)

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3. W.I pipes

 Manufactured by rolling flat plates of metal to proper diameter and

welding to the edges
Advantages
 lighter than CI pipes, easy to transport, easy to cut and thread

Disadvantages
 costly, corrosive and less durable than ci pipes

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4. Steel pipes
 Made similar to WI pipes (flat plates rolled and welded)

Advantages
 Strong, light, can withstand high pressure (400m),
 cheaper than CI pipes
 can be joined by welding and riveting
 life is about 25-30 years.

Disadvantages
 Maintenance cost is high
 Can not withstand high external pressure

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5. Concrete pipes
 Cement concrete pipes may be either plain or reinforced (precast or cast in
site)
 PCC pipes are used for upto 7m head whereas RCC pipes can be used upto
60m
 Prestressed concrete pipes are used for head higher than 60m
 Used generally in open channel flow systems (sewerage system)

Advantages
 Durable with life of about 75 years
 More suitable to resist external loads and loads due to backfilling
 Maintenance cost is less
 Inside surface of pipe can made smooth thus reducing friction loss

Disadvantages
 Precast pipe is heavy thus transportation is difficult
 Can not resist high pressure
 Affected by acids, alkali and salty water

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6. AC PIPES (asbestos cement)
 Made of mixture of cement and asbestos fiber under pressure to form
dense homogenous structure. It is manufactured in 5-130cm diameter.

Advantages
 Smooth internal surface thus reducing frictional losses
 Can be easily cut and joint.
 The pipes are anticorrosive
 Light in weight and easy to transport
 The pipes are suitable for distribution pipes of small size.

Disadvantages
 The pipes are brittle therefore weak under impact load
 The pipes are not durable
 The pipes cannot be laid in exposed places
 Expensive

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7. Plastic pipes
 Commonly used in household and rural water supply.
 (Pvc pipe, hdpe pipe etc)
Advantages
 Cheaper, flexible, free from corrosion, light in weight, easy to handle
and transport

Disadvantages
 Low resistant to heat, coefficient of expansion is high, imparts taste
to water (few)

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Laying of pipes
1. Detail map of all roads and proposed pipe lines with size and length are
prepared, in which existing pipe line and other structures are shown
2. Marking of centre line of pipe line on the ground by stakes at 30m
interval in straight line and 7-15m interval on curves. The location of
pipe line can be marked on nearby structures
3. Excavation of trench 30-40cm extra width than dia. of pipe. Min. depth
of pipe top is 90cm and at joint 15-20cm more excavation for fitting and
joining work
4. Bracing and Formworks for high depth excavation
5. Pipe are laid in trench and joined with manually or with help of
machines, if heavy
6. Testing of pipes for leakage
7. Backfilling and disposal of surplus soils

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LAYING OF PIPES

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Pipe joints and types
1) Spigot and socket joint (bell or spigot joint)
 Mostly used in cast iron pipes
 At joining, Spigot of one end of pipe is inserted into the socket or bell
end of other pipe
 Yarn or hemp is wrapped around the spigot pipe end and Gasket or
joint runner is clamped around outer edge of the bell tightly
 Hot lead is poured to fill the space between yarn and clamp runner
 When the lead is cooled, runner is removed and is tightened by
chalking tools
 3.5-4.0 kg of lead is required up to 150mm diam pipes
 Cost of joining is high but makes perfect joints.

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2. Expansion joint
 Use to allow the pipe expand and contract during temp. change
 Socket end is flanged and attached with cast iron follower ring which can
freely slide on spigot end
 Rubber gasket is placed between socket base and spigot end by means of
bolts
 Some space is left between socket base and spigot end for free movement
during temp variation
 Rubber gasket makes the joint water tight

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3. Flanged joint
 Mostly used for temporary pipe lines
 Both pipe end has flanged ends
 Between two flanged ends washer or rubber ring/gaskets
is placed for securing perfect water tight joint
 To join pipes, they are brought in level position

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4. Mechanical joint
 Used when both pipe ends are plain or spigot
 Consists of one middle ring, two follower ring and two rubber gaskets
 Two follower rings are connected together by bolts and when they are
tightened, they press both the gaskets tightly below the ends of middle
ring and joint became tight
 Joints are strong and rigid, and can withstand vibration and shocks upto
certain limit

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5. Screwed (socket) joint

 Common joint for connecting small dia. CI, WI and GI pipes

 End of pipes are threaded outside and socket is threaded inside
 Socket is screwed on both ends of the pipe to join them
 To make water tight jute is placed in the threads

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6. Collar joint
 Used to join concrete pipes and AC pipes
 Two pipes ends are brought in level
 Rubber gasket or jute soaked in cement is kept in grove
and then collar is placed at the joint
 1:1 cement mortar is filled in space between collar and
pipes

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7. Flexible joint
 Bell and socket or universal joint
 Used where settlement is likely to occur after pipe laying
 Can also used in curve
 Socket end is spherical shape and spigot end is plain but has bead at end

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8. AC pipe joint

 Used for smaller dia. AC pipes

 Two ends are butted against each other, then two rubber rings are
slipped over the pipes and the coupling will be pushed over the rubber
rings

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