IIT JAM

Physics (PH)
SAMPLE THEORY

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 Physics Sample

1. MAXWELL'S POSTULATE : DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

From Ampere's circuital law, we have

 H.dl  I
I   J.dS
s

 H.dl   J.dS
C s

But from stoke's theorem

 H.dl   curl H.dS

C s

curl H = J
Maxwell assumed that the definition for current density J is incomplete and hence some thing say,
Jd must be added to it. The total current density which must be solenoidal,
curl H = C = J + Jd

D
Jd 
t
Therefore the modified from the Ampere's law is
D
curl H  J  Jd  J 
t
The term Maxwell added to Ampere's law to include time varying fields is known as displacement
current because it arises when electric displacement vector D changes with time. By addition this term
Maxwell assumed that this term (displacement current) is as effective as the conduction current J for
producing magnetic field.
Characteristics of displacement current
(i) Displacement current is a current only in the sense that is produces a magnetic field.
(ii) The magnitude of displacement current is equal to rate of change of electric displacement
vector i.e. Jd  D / t .
(iii) Displacement current serves the purpose to make the total current continuous across the
discontinuity in a conduction current. As an example, a battery charging a capacitor
produces a closed current loop in a conduction current. As an example, a battery charging
a capacitor produces a closed current loop in terms of total current Jtotal = J + Jd
(iv) Displacement current in a good conductor is negligible as compared to the conduction
current at any frequency less than optical frequencies ( 1015 Hertz).
Maxwell's Equations
In differential form as
1.  .D   (Differential form of Gauss law in electrostatics)

2.  .B  0 (Differential from of Gauss law in magnetostatics)

B
3.  E   (Differential from of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction)
t

D
4.  H  J  (Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law)
t
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 Physics Sample

In above equations the notational have the following meanings :

D = electric displacement vector in coulomb.m3.
 = charge density of coul/m3.
B = magnetic induction in weber/m2.
E = electric field intensity in volt/m or n/coul.
H = magnetic field intensity in amp/m-turn.
Maxwell's Equation in Integral Form
1. Maxwell's first equation is  . D  

So,  D.dS    dV.  q

s s
......(1)

Equation (1) represents Maxwell's first equation  .D   in integer form.

Maxwell's first equation signifies that :
"The net outward flux of electric displacement vector through the surface enclosing a volume is
equal to the net charge contained within that volume."
2. Maxwell's second equation  . B  o

So,  B.dS  0
s
......(2)

where S is the surface which bounds volume V. Equation (1) represent Maxwell's second equation
in integral form and signifies that :
"The net outward flux of magnetic induction B through any closed surface is equal to zero."

B
3. Maxwell's third equation is E  
t


So,  E.d   B.dS ......(3)
C t s
Equation (3) represent Maxwell's third equation in integral form and signifies that

"The electromotive force e.m.f. e   E.d around a closed path is equal to negative rate of
 
C

change of magnetic flux linked with the path (since magnetic flux    B.dS )."
s

4. Maxwell's fourth equation is   H  J  D

t

 D 
 H.dI    J  .dS ......(4)
C s
 t 

This equation represent Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form and signifies that

"The magnetomotive force m.m.f.   H.d around a closed path is equal to the conduction
 
C

current plus displacement current through any surface bounded by the path."
Case (i) Maxwell's Equation if Free Space
In free space the volume charge density  and current density J are zero, hence Maxwell's
equation (A) take the form

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 Physics Sample

 .D  0 ...(1)

 .B  0 ...(2)

B
 E   ...(3)
t

D
and  H  ...(4)
t
with D = 0E and B = µ0H ...(5)
where 0 and µ0 are absolute permittivity and permeability of free space respectively.
Case (ii) Maxwell's Equation in Linear Isotropic Medium
In a linear isotropic medium, we have
D = E and B = µH ...(6)
where 0 and µ0 are absolute permittivity and permeability of medium respectively.
Using equation (6), Maxwell's equation (A) for linear isotropic medium take the form
 .E   /  ...(7)

 .B  0 ...(8)

H
 E   ...(9)
t

E
and  H   J ...(10)
t
Case (iii) Maxwell's equation for harmonically varying fields
If electromagnetic field very harmonically with time that we may write
D = D0 eit and B = B0 eit ...(11)
where D0 and B0 are peak value of D and B respectively. Eq. (11) yield

D 
 D0 i eit  iD 
t 

B i t ...(12)
 B0 i e  iB 
t 

Using (12) Maxwell's equation (A) take the form

 .D   ...(13)

 .B  0 ...(14)

  E  i B  0 ...(15)

  H  i D  J

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