endorsed for edexcel ## Edexcel A level Further Mathematics Core Pure Mathematics Book 2 a Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Lee Cope, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Johnny Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins Cres esate @) PearsonPublished by Pearson Education Limited 80 Stand, London WC2R ORL. worapearsanschoolsandfecollegeso.uk Copies ofeficial specifications for all Pearson qualifications may be found on the websit= {ualifcatienspearsoncom “Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Edited by HehrSet Ltd Gateshead Typosat by Teeh-Set Lid, Gateshead Origirailustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cover ilustation Marcuseha-artsts The rights 3 Greg Attwood, ack Barraclough, lan Bettis, Lee Cope, Alistair Macpherson. ‘Bronwen Moran, Johnny Nicholson, Laurence Pateran, joe Petran Keith Pledger, Harty Smith {Geof Staley, Dave Wikis tobe idened as authors ofthis work have been asserted by them in accotdance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, First published 2018 21201918 yooe7 654321, Britis» Library Cataloguing in Publication Data [catalogue record for this book s available From the Bish Library ISBN 978 1 292 183343 Copyright notice ‘ligt reserved. 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Ifyox spotan error pease do contact us a resourcescerretions@pearson com so we can make sue iis carecte.e Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 12 13 14 15 16 a 2a 22 23 24 34 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 bd Complex numbers Exponential form of complex numbers Multiplying and dividing complex numbers De Moivre's theorem Trigonometric identities Sums of series nth roots of a complex number Solving geometric problems Mixed exercise 1 Series The method of differences Higher derivatives Maclaurin series Series expansions of compound functions Mixed exercise 2 Methods in calculus Improper integrals, The mean value of a function Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions Integrating with inverse trigonometric functions Integrating using partial fractions Mixed exercise 3 Volumes of revolution Volumes of revolution around the x-axis Volumes of revolution around the y-axis Volumes of revolution of parametrically defined curves Modelling with volumes of revolution Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 u 16 20 25 27 31 32 38 40 44 48 52 53 58 62 65 69 1% 7 81 83 87 89 93 5 Polar coordinates 100 5.1 Polar coordinates and equations 101 5.2 Sketching curves 104 5.3 Area enclosed by a polar curve 109 5.4 Tangents to polar curves 113 Mixed exercise 5 16 6 Hyperbolic functions 19 6.1 Introduction to hyperbolic functions 120 6.2 Inverse hyperbolic functions 123 6.3 Identities and equations 125 6.4 Differentiating hyperbolic functions 130 6.5 _ Integrating hyperbolic functions 135 Mixed exercise 6 142 7 Methods in differential equations 147 7.1 First-order differential equations 148 7.2 Second-order homogeneous differential equations 153 7.3. Second-order non-homogeneous differential equations 157 7.4 Using boundary conditions 162 Mixed exercise 7 165 8 — Modelling with differential equations 170 8.1 Modelling with first-order differential equations am 82 Simple harmonic motion 15 83 Damped and forced harmonic motion 180 8.4 Coupled first-order simultaneous differential equations 186 Mixed exercise 8 191 Review exercise 2 196 Exan-style practice: Paper 1 209 Exan-style practice: Paper 2 au Answers 213 Index 256Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigarous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols * Ded cated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem it the ain exercises a + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence olen * Challenge boxes provide extra stretch L orton ad J 3. Mathematical modelling ee + Ded'cated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions tha: allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Ded'cated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book jcccss on online digital edition using the code at the front of the book. Modelling with differential equations Eact chapter starts with alist of objectives 7 ‘The real world applications of the maths you are about to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prio” knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase indificulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to ensure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes aglve you a chance te tackle some rrore difficult questions Sxam-style questions / : are “laggedwith ©) each section begins Each chapter _ Step-by-step Problem-solving boxes 2roblem-solving with explanation endswitha worked examples provide hints, tips and questions are flagged and keylearning Mixed exercise focus on the key strategies, and Watch wit ® points and a Summary types of questions out boxes highlight Ofkey points youllneed to areaswhere students tackle often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Mat further Mathematics Paper 1: Core Pure Mathemetics 2 Review exenise Seta reads ee Two A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. ED teivoricssoutensae SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or ‘cuickly find the solution you need ontne Use of technology Cy Explore topics in more detail, visualise ERED Fina the point oitersection problems and consolidate your understanding _graphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeGebra aE GeoGebra-powered interactives neo Interact with the maths you arelearring feel using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools Seer cee eer ken cna Ogle www.pearsonschools.co.uk/cp2maths Yeu can also ac extra online content by scanning this QRComplex numbers eae) After completing this chapter you should be able to Express a complex number in exponential form > pages 2-5 ¢ Multiply and divide complex numbers in exponential form > pages 5-8 Understand de Moivre’s theorem > pages 8-11 © Use de Moivre's theorem to derive trigonometric identities + pages 11-15 @ Use de Moivte’s theorem to find sums of series > pages 16-19 © Know how to solve completely equations of the form =" — a— ib =0, giving special attention to cases where a = 1 and b > pages 20-25 © Use complex roots of unity to solve geometric problems + pages 25-27 b arg(:) ¢ |zn{ di arg(zw) € Book 1, Chapter 2 2 fle) = 244429 + 927 + 42 4B Given that z = is a root of f(z) = 0, show all the roots of f(c) = 0 on an Argand diagram. € Book 1, Chapters 1, 2 The relationships between complex numbers and trigonometric functions allow electrical engineers to analyse oscillations of voltage == andcurrent in electrical circuits more easily. 3. Use the binomial expansion to find the term in the expansion of (2 +n)? Pure Year 3, Chapter 8(1.1) Exponential form of complex numbers You can use the modulus~argument form of a complex number to express it in the exponential form: = = re", GED the modutus-argument form of a complex number is = = r(cos@ + isin), where r= |2| and 6 = arg=. + Book1, Section 2.3 You can write cos 0 and sin#as infinite series of powers oft Kaye ger a a rte ng 68 6 (cay gee sind = 0-4 at eee aT 2 You car also write e%,x € R, asa series expansion in ER These are the Maclaurin series powers of x. ‘expansions of sin 6, cos @ and e*. 2 x3 xh > Chapter 2 ester B ated " You can use this expansion to define the exponential function for complex powers, by replacing x with a complex number. In particular, if you replace x with the imaginary number id, you get iO)? , GO) GO)® , Ga)é a at a te isos -+ . Ge.) +i(-F49-...) By comparing this series expansion w'th (1) and (2), you can write e” as. = cosa-+ ising Ths formula is known as Euler's relation. {tis important for you to remember this result. * You can use Euler's relation, e!”=cos0+isind, — (EBD substituting m into Eulers to write a complex number z in exponential relation yields Euler's identity: form: e+1=0 care This equation links the five fundamental where r= |z| and @ = argz. constants 0, 1, x, € and i, and is considered an example of mathematical beauty.Complex numbers Express the following in the form re, where -1 << 7. isin & a z= V2(cos 7p + isin yp) a 2a VB(coo Express z= 2 - 3i in the form re”, where -7 <0 = x.ai Express z = V2e 4 in the form x + iy, where x, y € R. Problem-solving 3n _ cos = cos (+ 2n) and sind = sin (0+ 2). 3h is in the range -7 <0 7 e 5 Subtract multiples of 2x from “= until you find a 2( coo + isin vvaluein the range —n <0 Tyrer) = 2a tenn Bone ® De Moivre’s theorem You can use Euler's relation to find powers of complex numbers given in modulus~argument form. (1:05 0 + isin a)? = (re')® =re"x re# ree = rlcos 20 + isin 26) Similarly, (r(cos 0 + isin @))? = r'{cos 30+ isin 36), and so on. The generalisation of this result is known as de Moivre’s theorem: ™ For any integer , (rlcos 0 + isin ))" = r"(cos 20 + isin nO) You can prove de Moivre's theorem quickly using Euler's relation. (cos 0+ isin 8)" = (re" =rielt = rilcos nO + isinnd) You cam also prove de Moivre's theorem for positive Tee integer exponents directly from the modulus— of proof by Induction argument form of a complex number using the addition feed 1 Chepeer 5 formulze for sin and cos. 1. Basis step 5 LHS = (r(cosd + isin #))! = r(cos0 + isin) RHS = r*(cos 10 + isin 16) = r(cos0 + isin 8) ‘As LHS = RHS, de Moivre's theorem is true for m = 1. 2, Assumption step Assume that de Moivre'’s theorem is true for n = (r(cos 4 + isin @))* = r\(cos k0 + isin kO) eZ: