CLASS –XII MATHEMATICS NCERT SOLUTIONS

Probability
Exercise 13.4
Answers
1. (i) P (0) + P (1) + P (2) = 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 1
Therefore, it is a probability distribution.
(ii) P (3) = –0.1 which is not possible.
Therefore, it is not a probability distribution.
(iii) P (–1) + P (0) + P (1) = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.9 ≠ 1
Therefore, it is not a probability distribution.
(iv) P (3) + P (2) + P (1) + P (0) + P (–1) = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.05 = 1.05 ≠ 1
Therefore, it is not a probability distribution.
2. There two balls may be selected as BR, RB, BR, BB, where R represents red ball and B
represents black ball.
Variable X has the value 0, 1, 2, i.e., there may be no black ball, may be one black ball or both
the balls are black.
3. For one coin, S = {H, T} ⇒ n (S) = 2
Let A represents head ⇒ n (A) = 1

∴ P (A) =
1
2
and P A =( ) 1
2
n = 6, r = 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6
6

( ) 1 1
6
P (X = 0) =  P X  =   =
   2  64
6

( ) 1 6
6
P (X = 1) = 6 P (X)  P X  = 6 ×   =
   2  64
6

( )
 P X  = 15 ×  1  = 15
4
P (X = 2) = 15 [P (X)]2
  2 64
6

( )
 P X  = 20 ×  1  = 20
3
P (X = 3) = 20 [P (X)]3
   2  64
6

( )
 P X  = 15 ×  1  = 15
2
P (X = 4) = 15 [P (X)]4
  2 64
6

( ) 1
P (X = 5) = 6 [P (X)]5  P X  = 6 ×   =
 
6
 2  64
6

( ) 1 1
6
P (X = 6) =  P X  =   =
   2  64
4. (i) S = {T, H} ⇒ n (S) = 2
Let A represents head ⇒ n (A) = 1

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 n ( S)
∴ P (A) =
n(A)
=
1
2
( ) 1 1
and P A = 1 − =
2 2
n = 2, r = 0,1, 2

( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A =
1 1 1
× =
2 2 4

( ) 1 1 2
P (X = 1) = 2 P (A) P A = 2 × × =
2 2 4
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = P (A). P (A) = × =
2 2 4
Probability distribution
Xi 0 1 2
1 2 1
Pi
4 4 4
(ii) Three coins tossed once = one coin tossed three times
∴ S = {T, H} ⇒ n (S) = 2
n ( S)
∴ P (A) =
n(A)
=
1
2
( ) 1 1
and P A = 1 − =
2 2
n = 3, r = 0,1, 2,3

( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A .P ( A ) =
1 1 1 1
× × =
2 2 2 8

( ) ( ) 1 1 1 3
P (X = 1) = 3 P (A) P A .P A = 3 × × × =
2 2 2 8

( ) 1 1 1 3
P (X = 2) = 3 P (A). P (A). P A = 3 × × × =
2 2 2 8
1 1 1 1
P (X = 3) = P (A). P (A). P (A) = × × =
2 2 2 8
Probability distribution
Xi 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
Pi
8 8 8 8
(iii) S = {H, T} ⇒ n (S) = 2
Let A represents head ⇒ n (A) = 1
n ( S)
∴ P (A) =
n(A)
=
1
2
( ) 1 1
and P A = 1 − =
2 2
n = 4, r = 0,1, 2,3, 4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A .P A .P A =
1 1 1 1 1
× × × =
2 2 2 2 16

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 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 4
P (X = 1) = 4 P (A) P A .P A .P A = 4 × × × × =
2 2 2 2 16

( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 6
P (X = 2) = 6 P (A). P (A). P A .P A = 6 × × × × =
2 2 2 2 16

( ) 1 1 1 1 4
P (X = 3) = 4 P (A). P (A). P (A). P A = 4 × × × × =
2 2 2 2 16
1 1 1 1 1
P (X = 4) = P (A). P (A). P (A). P (A) = × × × =
2 2 2 2 16
Probability distribution
Xi 0 1 2 3 4
1 4 6 4 1
Pi
16 16 16 16 16
5. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⇒ n (S) = 6
(i) Let A be the set of favourable events. ⇒ n (A) = 1
n ( S)
∴ P (A) =
n(A)
=
2 1
( ) 1 2
= and P A = 1 − =
6 3 3 3
n = 2, r = 0,1, 2

( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A =
2 2 4
× =
3 3 9

( ) 1 2 4
P (X = 1) = 2 P (A) P A = 2 × × =
3 3 9
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = P (A). P (A) = × =
3 3 9
Probability distribution
X 0 1 2
4 4 1
P (X)
9 9 9
(ii) Let A represents that 6 appears on one die ⇒ A = {6} ⇒ n (A) = 1
n ( S)
∴ P (A) =
n(A)
=
1
6
( ) 1 5
and P A = 1 − =
6 6
n = 2, r = 0,1, 2

( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A =
5 5 25
× =
6 6 36

( ) 1 5 10
P (X = 1) = 2 P (A) P A = 2 × × =
6 6 36
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = P (A). P (A) = × =
6 6 36
10 1 11
P (at least on six) = + =
36 36 36

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 Probability distribution
Xi 0 1
25 11
Pi
36 36

6. n ( S ) = 30, A = {6 defective bulbs} ⇒ n (A) = 6

n (A) 6 1 1 4
p= = = and q = 1− =
n ( S) 30 5 5 5
n =4 (4 bulbs are drawn with replacement), r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
4
4 256
P (X = 0) = ( q ) =   =
4

5 625
3
1  4  256
P (X = 1) = 4 C1 ( p ) q 3 = 4 × ×   =
5  5  625
2 2
1 4 96
P (X = 2) = C 2 p q = 6 ×   ×   =
4 2 2

 5   5  625
3
 1   4  16
P (X = 3) = C3 p q = 4 ×   ×   =
4 3

 5   5  625
4
1 1
P (X = 4) = C 4 p =   =
4 4

 5  625
Probability distribution:
Xi 0 1 2 3 4
256 256 96 16 1
P ( Xi )
625 625 625 625 625
7. Let p represents the appearance of tail and q represents the appearance of head.
Now q = 3p
1 1 3
Since p + q =1 ⇒ p + 3p =1 ⇒ p= and q = 1 − =
4 4 4
2
3 9
P (X = 0) = C0 ( q ) =   =
2 2

 4  16
3 1 6
P (X = 1) = 2 C1q. p = 2 × × =
4 4 16
2
1 1
P (X = 2) = 2 C 2 p 2 =   =
 4  16
Probability distribution:
xi 0 1 2
9 6 1
pi
16 16 16

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8. (i) Since, the sum of all the probabilities of a distribution is 1.
∴ P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + ……. + P (X = 7) = 1
⇒ 0 + k + 2 k + 2 k + 3k + k 2 + 2k 2 + 7 k 2 + k = 1
⇒ 10k 2 + 9 k − 1 = 0
⇒ (10k − 1)( k + 1) = 0
⇒ 10k − 1 = 0 or k + 1 = 0
1
⇒ k= or k = −1
10
Since, k ≥ 0 , therefore k = −1 is not possible.
1
∴ k=
10
(ii) P (X < 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
= 0 + k + 2k
1 3
= 3k = 3 × =
10 10
(iii) P (X > 6) = P (X = 7)
2
1 1 17
= 7k + k = 7   + =
2

 10  10 100
(iv) P (0 < X < 3) = P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
3
= k + 2k = 3k =
10
9. Probability distribution:
xi 0 1 2
P ( xi ) k 2k 3k
(a) P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2) = 1
⇒ k + 2k + 3k = 1 ⇒ 6k = 1
1
⇒ k=
6
(b) P (X < 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
1 1
= k + 2k = 3k = 3 × =
6 2
1 1
P (X ≥ 2) = P (X = 2) = 3k = 3 × =
6 2
10. S {H, T} ⇒ n ( S ) =2
Let A denotes the appearance of head on a toss.
A = {h} ⇒ n ( A ) =1

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 n (A) 1 1 1
∴ p= = and q = 1− p = 1− =
n (S) 2 2 2
n =3, r = 0, 1, 2, 3
3
1 1
P (X = 0) = q 3 =   =
2 8
2
1 1 3
P (X = 1) = 3q p = 3     =
2

2 2 8
2
 1  1  3
P (X = 2) = 3qp = 3     =
2

 2  2  8
3
1 1
P (X = 3) = p =   =
3

2 8
Probability distribution:
Xi 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
Pi
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1 12 3
Mean = ∑ pi xi = 0 × + 1× + 2 × + 3 × = =
8 8 8 8 8 2

11. Two dice thrown simultaneously is the same the die thrown 2 times.
Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⇒ n (S) = 6
Let A denotes the number 6 ⇒ A = {6} ⇒ n (A) = 1
n(A)
P (A) =
n ( S)
=
1
6
and ( )
P A = 1−
1 5
=
6 6
n = 2, r = 0, 1, 2
2

( ) ( )
P (X = 0) = P A .P A =   =
5
 6  36
25

1 5 10
P (X = 1) = 2 P (A). P A = 2 × × =
6 6 36
( )
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = P (A). P (A) = × =
6 6 36
2
25 10 1 12 1
E (X) = ∑ xi p ( xi ) = 0 × + 1× + 2 × = =
i =1 36 36 36 36 3
12. S = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1),
(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2),
(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3),
(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 4),
(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6)}

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 n ( S ) = 30
Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers obtained.
xi fi pi pi xi
2 4
2 2 30 30
4 12
3 4 30 30
6 24
4 6
30 30
8 40
5 8
30 30
6 10 10 60
30 30
140
30 ∑ pi xi = 30
140 14 2
E (X) = ∑ pi xi = = =4
30 3 3
13. S = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1),
(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2),
(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3),
(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4),
(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5),
(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
n ( S ) = 36
Let A denotes the sum of the numbers = 2, B denotes the sum of the numbers = 3
C denotes the sum of the numbers = 4, D denotes the sum of the numbers = 5
E denotes the sum of the numbers = 6, F denotes the sum of the numbers = 7
G denotes the sum of the numbers = 8, H denotes the sum of the numbers = 9
I denotes the sum of the numbers = 10, J denotes the sum of the numbers = 11
K denotes the sum of the numbers = 12
1
A = {1, 1}, n ( A ) = 1, P (A) =
36
2
B = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} , n ( B ) = 2, P (A) =
36
3
C = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)} , n ( C ) = 3, P (A) =
36
4
D = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)} , n ( D ) = 4, P (A) =
36
5
E = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)} , n ( E ) = 5, P (A) =
36

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 6
F = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)} , n ( F ) = 6, P (A) =
36
5
G = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)} , n ( G ) = 5, P (A) =
36
4
H = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)} , n ( H ) = 4, P (A) =
36
3
I = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)} , n ( I ) = 3, P (A) =
36
2
J = {(5, 6), (6, 5)} , n ( J ) = 2, P (A) =
36
1
K = {6, 6}, n ( K ) = 1, P (A) =
36
xi P ( xi ) xi P ( xi ) xi P ( xi )
1 5 3
2 36 6 36 10 36
2 6 2
3 36 7 36 11 36
3 5 1
4 8 12
36 36 36
4 4
5 9
36 36
Mean = µ = ∑ pi xi
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
=× 1 + × 3 + × 4 + × 5 + × 6 + × 7 + × 8 + × 9 + × 10 + × 11 + × 12
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
1
= ( 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30 + 42 + 40 + 36 + 30 + 22 + 12 )
36
252
= =7
36
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4
Now ∑ pi xi2 = ( 2 ) + ( 3) + ( 4 ) + ( 5 ) + ( 6 ) + ( 7 ) + ( 8 ) + ( 9 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
3 2 1
+ (10 ) + (11) + (12 )
2 2 2

36 36 36
1
= ( 4 + 18 + 48 + 100 + 180 + 294 + 320 + 324 + 300 + 242 + 144 )
36
1 329
= ×1974 =
36 6
Variance = ∑ pi xi2 − ( ∑ pi xi ) =
329
− ( 7 ) = 54.83 – 49 = 5.83
2 2

6
Standard deviation = 5.83 = 2.4 (nearly)

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 1
14. n ( S ) = 15, P (A) =
15
xi fi pi pi xi pi xi2
2 28 392
14 2 15 15 15
1 15 225
15 1 15 15 15
2 32 512
16 2
15 15 15
3 51 867
17 3
15 15 15
18 1 1 18 324
15 15 15
2 38 722
19 2 15 15 15
3 60 1200
20 3 15 15 15
1 21 441
21 1
15 15 15
263 4683
15 ∑px
i i =
15
∑px i i
2
=
15
263
Mean = ∑pxi i =
15
= 17.5
2
4683  263 
∑ p x − (∑ p x )  = 312.20 − (17.53)
2
−
2 2
Variance = i i i i =
15  15 
= 312.20 – 307.4 = 4.78
Standard deviation = 4.78 = 2.19

15.
xi pi pi xi pi xi2
30
0 100 0 0
70 70 70
1 100 100 100
70 70
∑px i i =
100
∑px i i
2
=
100
70
E (X) = Mean = ∑px i i =
100
= 0.7
2
70  70 
∑ pi xi2 − ( ∑ pi xi ) =
2 7 49 21
Variance (X) = −  = − = = 0.21
100  100  10 100 100

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16.
xi pi pi xi
3 3
1 6 6
2 4
2 6 6
1 5
5
6 6
12
∑ pi xi = 6 = 2

Therefore, option (B) is correct.

17. n ( S ) = 52, n ( A ) = 4
48
C2 48 × 47 188
P (X = 0) = = =
52
C2 52 × 51 221
48
C2 ×4 C1 2 × 48 × 4 32
P (X = 1) = = =
52
C2 52 × 51 221
4
C2 4×3 1
P (X = 2) = = =
52
C2 52 × 51 221
xi pi pi xi
188
0 221 0
32 32
1 221 221
1 2
2 221
221
34 2
∑ pi xi = 221 = 13

2
Now E (X) =
13
Therefore, option (D) is correct.

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