A PROJECT REPORT ON

SOUND DETECTOR using Op-AmP74l

A Project Work Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirementfor

Award of Diploma
In
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERTNG

By

PRIYAI{SHU KUI\{ARI (CW A IET I 023)

SANIJUIvIAI KHAKLARY (CIT/ I 5 IET | 0r 6)

BTTHoRAI BORO (CrTI r4tETl0 I 9)

Under the Supervision of

Rajib Chetia
Assistant Professor and Project Coordinator
Department of ECE

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUMCATION ENGINEERING

CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KOKRAJI{AR
(A Central funded institute under ministy of HRD, Govt. of India)
BTAD: : KOKRAJIIAR ::7 8337 0
WEBSITE: hapl I cit.ac.in/
 CERTIFICATE OF DBCLAR4,TION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled "Sound Detector using op-
amp 74!" is an authenticated work carried out by us under the guidance of
Mr.Rajib Chetia, Assistant Professor of ECE for the partial fulfilment for the
award of diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering and this work
has not been submitted elsewhere for similar purpose except to department of
ECE, Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar.

DATE:-
Place:- Kokrajhar
F.a'qonfhu V!ftilt'
Priyanshu Kumari
ctrlL4/Er/023
Reg. No: 5895 of 20L4

&,fr"r*; tthnUrur
Sanftmai Khbklary A

ctr/L'/ET/0L6
Reg. No. 8125 of 2015

qf+bnd thrc
Bithorai Boro
ctr lL4lEr loLe
Reg. No. 5892 of 2014
 Central Institute of Technology
(Centrally funded institute under M.H.R.D., government of India)
Kokrajh ar,- 7 833 70,8.T.A.D., Assam India

C..lr.l ln liirt CX Techlrlogy

Kofr.Far :: Bo<lobnd

CERTIFICATE OF SI]BMISSION PROJECT REPORT

This is to certify that the following student of 6th semester diploma course
(Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) have submitted their project
report on 'SOUND DETECTOR using op-amp 74L" to the
department in partial fulfilment for the diploma in Electronics &
Telecom m u nication engineering.

PRTYANSHU KUMARI

SANJUMAI KHAKLARY

BITHORAI BORO

DR. SUNAIIDAN BHTJNIA

rmAD$EffioHrMENr
ELECTRONIC S &C OMMTJNTT,AN@IIEIIGINEERING
 Central Institute of Technolory
(Centrally futded institute under M.H.R.D., government of India)
Kokrajhar,- 7 83370,8.T.A.D., Assam India

Or|rJfrlrd
l(.4*:: fo-fna

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to be certified that the project work entitled "SOUIYI) DETECTOR using Op-
Amp 741' a bonafide work has been done by PRfYAI\ISHU Kt MARI, SAIUUII{AI
KHAKLARY and BITHORAI BORO under my guidance and supervision. This project is
submitted to the Cental Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar in partial fulfilment of the final
year project for the requirement of Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering as per regulations of C.I.T., Kokrajhar.

Superuisor

w)#rt^"u
RAJIB CIIETIA
ASSISTANIT PROF. & PROJECT COORDINATOR
ELECTROMCS A COMMUNICATION ENGINEERTNG
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is high privilege for us to express our sincere thanks for gratitude to our Project
guide Mr.
Rajib Chetia for giving us the opportunity to do this project i.e.; "SOUND DETECTOR using
OP-

AMP 74L",and guiding us throughout this project.

Our special thanks for all faculty member, staff and Lab-technicians of Electronics &
Communication Engineering Department for spending crucial time and immensely helping
us

in our project.
We would like to thank our classmates and friends who helped us to clear our doubts.
We also take this opportunity to thank our parents for financially supporting us. Finally we
would like to extend our sincere vote of thanks to all those who helped us in the completion
of this project and were involved directly or indirectly.

Place: Kokrajhar
Nrpil/d^^) Wmilr
Date: Priya}shu Kumari

(crflr4tETlo23)

S"^J:,,,-"i ld,af.!"q
Sanjuflrai KhaklarY A

(crT/l slETl0t6)

fiilfrorur'Boro
Bithorai Boro

(crTlr4tET/O19)
 ABSTRACT

Sometimes due to lack of concentration and our ignorance, we are unable to hear anything
around us. And, that could lead to unfortunate misfortunes which could have been avoided
with appropriate precautions. This circuit called "sound detector" is what detects vibrations
of the sound waves and amplifies it to be heard distinctly by human ears. As per design of the
scanner, it works efficiently within the 6meters limit around the vicinity where it is fixed. This
setup can be done any desirable places like car porches and at the corner of house. As soon as
a microphone incorporated in this project detects sound wave vibration, the sound detector
circuit using Op-Amp 741 produces beep sounds to alert people around that area. The
analysis of the circuit was done as a comparator and the based on this the design was
finalized. The design is still being in a prototype form on breadboard, but due to not too much
familiarity with Electronics, the circuit is implemented on bread board and not on wire board
(PcB).
 INTRODUCTION
mixed up with our
Security is the most important area of any civilization. when technology
for security
daily life and makes our life easier, a need arises to involve the technology than
system is more reliable
purpose. In this digital era, everything tends to electronics security
electro-mechanical sYstem.
a LED or an alarm when
In this project our mission is to design such a system which enables
technique'
any soundlespecially human voice) is detected by sound detection
op-Amp for
we use a voice condenser as a receiver of voice signal (human voice) and an
amplification purpose. r- ._rt ^-- of the A- A *^ is
.
configuration ^r+L^ Op-Amp
The Op-Amp is the brain of the system because the comparator
mainly responsible for activation of LED or alarm.
and a predefine resistance'
The system requires microphone stage, a filter, amplification stage,
is the most important
capacitance arrangement. The refeience voltage of the comparator
parameter of the sYstem.
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CONTENT

CHAPTER-I

1. PROJECT DETAILS
I. Block Diagram
II. Circuit Diagram
III. Components used in the Circuit

CHAPTER-2

2. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
I. LM741 OP-amP
II. BC 547
III. RESISTOR
IV. CAPACITOR
V. LED
VI. BUZZER
VII. POTENTIOMETER
VIII. BATTERY & CONNECTING WIRES
IX. BREAD BOARD
X. CONDENSER MICROPHONE

CHAPTER-3

3. WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

1. APPLICATION
TT. MERITS AND DEMERITS
U. CONCLUSION
+ APPENDIX
I. Cost analYsis of the Project
il. PhotograPh of the Project

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

PROJECT DETAILS:

Block Diagram

The entire circuit is complex. The block diagram makes the circuit easy to understand. The
function of each block discussed below-
1. Microphone takes the voice signal as input.
2. HPF is used for noise reduction purpose.
3. Amplifier amplifies the signal 100 times.
4. Peak detector holds the signal for a few mille second.
5. Comparator compares the signal voltage with a fixed reference voltage.
6. Comparator output activates the Led/Alarm

Voice signal

Microphone

Amplifier
Comparator

LED ORALARM
tiil
tl

tl
ii
Figure: Block Diagram for sound Detector using 741 Op' Amp i1
t1
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Ir
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CIRCINT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS USED IN THE CIRCUIT:

Name of the component Specification quantiw
oP-AMP (tC1, tC1) LM74LC 2

TRANSTSTOR (T1, T2) 8C547 2

RESTSTOR (R1) 2.8Kohm L

" (R2) 4.7Kohm L
(R3, R4, R6) 10Kohm 3
(Rs) LKohm 1

CAPACTTOR (C1) 1uF L

(c2) 10uF L

POTENTTOMETER (VR1) lMegaOhm t

(vR2) l00KiloOhm L

LED (Light Emitting Diode) 1

BUZZER 1

Mrcrl L

BREAD BOARD L

swrrcH (oN/oFF) L

BATTERY gVOLT I
 CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT

LM741 IC:
The lC or integrated circuit is a little black chip, it is a root of modern electronics, and also
an essential component circuits. The application of integrated circuits involve in each and
every electronics circuit board, embedded system and various electronic projects. An
integrated circuit is asset of various electrical and electronic components like resistors,
capacitors, transistors. All these components are integrated onto a single chip.
The pin configuration of the 74LlC is shown in figure:

Offset Null Not Connected (NC)

Inverting ( ) l- r (Power)

Non-lnverting ( I )
Outprrt

( Porver) I -
Offset Null

74L Op-AmP IC

olfset null\
otttpr,tt- 5.
*V.-
no connection;'7

I lll--4- -V
'2 J- non-inverting input
'\ inverting input
offset null

INTERNAL STRUCTURE of 74lIC:

lC 74L Op-Amp Characteristics:
1. Short circuit and overload protection provided.
2. Low power consumption.
3. No latch-up problem.
4. Large common mode rejection ratio (CMMR) and differential voltage ranges.
5. The Input impedance of the lC 741 op amp is l00kilo-ohms.
6. The O/P of the 741 lC op amp is below 100 ohms.
7. The frequency range of amplifier signals for IC 741 op amp is from |HZ-\MHZ.
8. Offset current and offset voltage of the lC 741 op amp is low.
9. The voltage gain of the lC74l op amp is about 20.

BC 547:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signal and power.
The basic construction of bipolar transistor consists of two PN junction. lt is composed of a
semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
These three terminal are known and labelled as the Emitter(E), the Base(B), the Collector(C)
respectively.
Bipolar transistor are current regulating devices that control the amount of current
flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to their base
terminal acting like a current- controlled switch. The principle of operation of the two
transistor type PNP and NPN, is exactly the same only difference being in their biasing and
the polarity of the power supply for each type.Then Bipolar Transistors have the ability to
operate within three different region:-
Active Region- The transistor operates as an amplifier and lc = B.lb
Saturation- The transistor is "Fully ON" operating as a switch and lc = l(saturation)
Cut-Off- The transistor is "Fully OFF" operating as a switch and lc=O

{-5}

L E IdI IT TER
1 B.ASE
t1i 3" CSLLE CT(}FI

Fig: BC 548 transistor

The BC548 is available in three different gain groups:-

"A" indicates low gain (l 10 to220, typically 180) at 2mA collector current.
"B" indicates medium gain(200 to 450)
"c" indicates high gain (420 to 800)
BC 548 Pin configuration
Pin number Pin name Description
l. Collector Current flows in through collector
2. Base Controls the biasing of transistor
a
J. Emitter Current Drains out through emifier

Resistor:
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in
electronic circuit. Resistor can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the
voltage across it. This is the well known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this
rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic device
and system is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with
clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this
ratio, the lower the resistance.

Connecting Leads

Insulating

Spiral Groove Resistive Film

Fig : Resistor

Capacitor:
Just like a Resistor, the Capacitor sometime referred to as a condenser, is a simple passive
device that is used to "store electricity". The Capacitor is a component which has the ability or
"capacity" to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference
(static voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
In its basic form, a Capacitor consist of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which
are not connected or touching each other, but it is electrically separated either by air or by some
form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of
a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between capacitor plates is
commonly called Dielectric.
Due to this insulating layer, DC current cannot flow throw the capacitor as it blocks allowing
instead a voltage to be present across the plate in the form of an electrical charge.
The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be square, circular or rectangular, or they can
be a cylindrical or spherical shape with the general shape, size and construction of a parallel
plate capacitor depending on its application and voltage rating.
When used in a direct current or a DC circuit, a Capacitor charges up to its supply voltage but
block the flow of current through it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive and
basically an insulator. However, when a Capacitor is connected to an alternating current or AC
circuit, the flow of the current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with little or no
resistance.
 Figure shows the DC capacitor:
This type of Capacitor are used to store
the charges in the form of electric field. The DC
Capacitors are also of different types like Ceramic, \.\
Electrolyte,Capacitor,etc.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):

A LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes
through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring
at a single wavelength. The output from LED can range from red(at a wavelength of
approximately 700 nanometres) to blue-voilet(about 400 nanometres). Some LEDs emit
infrared(IR) energy (830 nanometres or longer); such a device is known as an Infrared Emitting
Device(IRED).
An LED or IRED consist of two elements of processed material called P-type
semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact,
forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED resembles most
other most other diode types, but there an important differences. The LED or IRED has a
transparent package, allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has
a large P-N junction area whose shape is tailored to the application.

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W irc bond
Rcfl caiv e <cv ity
Scrniconducta die

|}' I l-cclfrarne

f lct rpot

Arrode Cathode

Figure: LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

BUZZER::
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beeper include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early devices were
based on an electromechanical system identical
to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its
own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a
wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzze/' comes from the rasping noise
that electromechanical buzzers made.
 Figure; Simple Bvzzer

POTENTIOMETER:
Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance
or variable voltage. The heart of the potentiometer is a resistive strip inside it through which
one can adjust the amount of resistance/voltage to pass in a circuit through it.
Potentiometers are commonly used in circuits for various purposes like to control the volume
in audio circuits, to regulate the speed of the motor in a fan, as light dimmer, etc.

Phc'rolNc \A{atct

Fig: Potentiometer

CONNECTING WIRES:
to bear
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications. Wire is commonly formed by
drawing the metal though a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges comes in various
standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a guage number. The term wire is also used more
loosly to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly
termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
BATTBRY:
An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells contains a
positive terminal, or cathode and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to
move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery
to perform work.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids
and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
telephone exchange and computer data centres.

Fig: 9V battery

BREAD BOARD:
A breadboard is a construction base for protyping of electronics. Originally it was literally
breadboard, a polished piece of wood use for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solder less
breadboard become available and now a days the term "breadboard" is commonly used to
refer these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for "proto type".
Because the solderless breadboard does not required soldering, it is reusable .This make it
easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this
reason solderless breadboard are also extremely popular with student and in technological
education.
The breadboard most commonly used today is usually made of white plastic and is a
pluggable (solderless) breadboard. lt was designed by Ronald J. Portugal of El instrument in
L97L.
Condenser Microphone:
Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this
type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical
energy.
Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio
signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive
and responsive than dynamic, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a
sound. They are not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to
distort.

Working of Condenser Microphones

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one of these
plates is made of very light material and act as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when
struck by soundwaves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing
the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and
a charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a
discharge cu rrent occu rs.
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a
battery in the MIC or by external phantom power.

,...
', {

FIG: Cross section type of condenser microphone

 CHAPTER 3

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:

The circuit diagram of sound detector circuit using op-amp 74tis shown in above figure 1.
The heart of the circuit is Op-Amp 741which is used to order to sense the variation of sound
waves condenser microphones. The sensitivity of the condenser microphone is adjusted by
the value of resistor R1 used in the circuit. Once the microphone detects the sound vibration,
it peaks them up and converts into electrical signal. The output of the microphone is fed as
input to the pin2 for lC1 via coupling capacitor C1. Then the signal undergoes amplification
and it is forwarded to lcz (lC741C) which in this project serves as a comparator device.
The non-lnverting pin3 of lC2 receives input from amplified output signal of lCL through
another capacitor C2. ln the same way, an inverting pin lC2 fetches input signal from a
reference voltage VR2.
At the final stage, lC2 output is fed as triggering input pulse to Darlington pair transistors TL
and T2. A piezo-buzzer and led which is connected at end of transistor T2 i.e. at the emitter
terminal of the component responsible to produce beeping sound at the end of the operation
followed throughout the entire circuit

APPLICATIONS:

l. This can be used as security system for home/office.

2. The system can be used as a spy circuit i.e. voice recorder.
' 3. The system can be used as a clapping switch.

ADVANTAGE:

l. Security system for our house office or store.

2. Statistics on barking dogs.
3. Automate notification upon detection of sound.
4. Used as a door bell.
5. As a spy purpose.
6. As a source to overcome the cheatine in exams.

DISADVANTAGE:

l. Electrets microphone inserts are low cost, but only produce a very small signal which
requires ampl ifi cation.
2. The background noise level can vary considerably, and so some form of calibration is
required.
CONCLUSION:

In this project we got lots of concept regarding the sound detector which provides sound
detecting process, this can be used as our modern electronic security system, doorbells, at
our homes or offices. This circuit are also similar as cellphone detector, metal detector etc. we
got lots of concept over op-amps and when treating op-amp as a comparator. We got how
gain is produce amplification and how the reference voltage changes the intensity of output is
affected.

APPENDIX:
COST ANALYSIS:

NAME OF THL, NUMBER OF THE COST

SL NO. COMPONENT PRODUCT
I LM74I IC 2 60

2. 8C548 2 40
3. PIEZO-BUZZER I 50

4. CAPACITOR 2 20

5. RESISTOR 6 20

6. LED I 5

7. BREAD BOARD I 80

8. BATTERY I 30

9. BATTERY CAP I 20

10. CONDENSER I 150

MICROPHONE

ll POTENTIOMETER 2 50
12. ON/OFF SWITCH I l5
I2.TOTAL :540
COST
REFERENCE:

l. Principle of electronics- V.K Mehta and M. K. Mehta.

2. Electronic device and circuit- Anil k. Maini and Varsha Agarwal.
3. Semiconductor physics and devices- S.S Islam.
4. Electronics fundamentals and applications- D. Chatopadhyay, P.C. Rakshit.