Radar Report – Key Trends

Published January 2020

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2
 Introduction

Radar is a global public opinion research program of evidence and insights that is a vital part of
GlobeScan’s contribution to helping influential organizations understand material issues, societal trends
and the expectations people have of them. In uncertain times, leadership organizations need to build trust
with their stakeholders and society and better engage with their external context.
Since 1997, GlobeScan Radar has explored questions such as how concerns about several economic,
environmental and social issues are changing, how people’s preferences and behaviors are evolving over
time, and how well different sectors are seen to be fulfilling their responsibilities to society.
Based on representative surveys of 1,000 people in each of 25 countries, Radar draws upon GlobeScan’s
unique database of over two decades of polling public opinion about their outlook toward societal actors
and the issues affecting them.
We hope these insights help us all to better understand and navigate the present, and to collectively build a
more sustainable and equitable future.

3
Methodology and
Research Design
 Methodology Summary

• Representative online samples

of approximately 1,000 adults
per country in each of
25 countries

• Samples representative of
online population, weighted to
reflect general population
census data

• Online surveying in April and

May 2019

• Where historical data are

shown, questions were
previously asked using an in-
person and telephone
methodology.

5
Key Trends
 Key Trends in 2019

1. Declining legitimacy of established power

2. Erosion of business’ social license to operate
3. A growing wave of environmental concern
4. Growing faith in science and technology
5. The Global South: engaged and optimistic

7
 1. Declining legitimacy of established power

▪ Popular trust in institutions has become more differentiated. National governments, global companies,
and the press are all losing credibility, while NGOs, the UN, and the scientific/academic community are
gaining it.
▪ People in OECD countries tend to be less trusting of all institutions, including national governments.
▪ In many countries, particularly in North America and Europe, there is a growing sense that government
lacks legitimacy. Although opinion varies by country, on average, respondents do not believe that their
countries are governed by the will of the people, nor that their elections are free and fair.
▪ Declining confidence in established power, particularly in the global North, is a potent potential force
for destabilization. With governments increasingly viewed as incapable of solving big challenges like
climate change and social inequality, there is an opening for new citizen movements — or, more
dangerously, new manifestations of localism and populism.

8
 Least-trusted institutions see further decreases in trust,
while those most-trusted have increased ratings
Trust in Institutions, Net Trust,* Average of 17 Countries,** 2001–2019
Global companies, national
80
Science/academic
governments, and the
institutions press/media remain the
66 worst-performing institutions
NGOs
60 in terms of public trust, all
UN with declining ratings
compared to 2017.
42
40
Large charitable Press/media has reached its
32 foundations lowest net trust level since
30
Fellow citizens tracking began in 2001.
20
Global companies The most trusted institutions
— science/academic
0 National government institutions, NGOs, and large
-4 charitable organizations — all
-8
-12 Press/media show an increase in net trust
-20 from 2017 levels.
R19_2_trk

*“A lot of trust” and “Some trust” minus “Not much trust” and “No trust at all”
**Includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea,
Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. These estimates are therefore slightly different from those of net trust for all 25 countries in 2019.
Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.
T2. Please indicate how much you trust each of following institutions to operate in the best interest of society. Would you say you have a
9 lot of trust, some trust, not much trust, or no trust at all in…?
 For all institutions, trust is higher in emerging economies
than in OECD countries
Trust in Institutions, Net Trust,* by Economic Development, 2019

Scientific/academic research institutions 64

70 Trust in institutions like
government, global
NGOs 32
46 companies, and the press
and media is much higher
United Nations 16 in emerging markets than
42 in the OECD countries,
Fellow citizens 19 suggesting a significantly
35 different outlook.

Large charitable foundations 14

41

Global companies -21

16
OECD countries
National government -22
5 Non-OECD countries

Press/media -32
2
R19_2_indem
*“A lot of trust” and “Some trust” minus “Not much trust” and “No trust at all”
OECD countries include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, and USA.
Non-OECD countries include Argentina, Brazil, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa.
T2. Please indicate how much you trust each of the following institutions to operate in the best interest of our society. Would you say you have a lot of trust,
10 some trust, not much trust, or no trust at all in…?
 Perceived governance by the will of the people is
trending down in Europe and North America
Country Governed by Will of the People, “Yes,” Europe and North America, 2002―2019

45 In Europe and North

America, fewer people say
40 that their countries are
35 governed by the will of the
people in 2019 than in
30
previous years.
25
20 In India and China, the
19 Europe* proportion agreeing that
15 they are governed by the
10 North will of the people has been
America trending up since 2002.
5
0
R19_5_line

*Europe includes France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and UK. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously
asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.
11 T5 - Would you say that this country is governed by the will of the people? – “Yes”
 North Americans and Europeans have become less likely
to think that elections are free and fair
Country Elections Are Free and Fair, by Country, 2002–2019
2002 2015 2019
In the USA and Canada,
87 86 and in European
81 countries, the proportion
73 75 who believe their
70 68 66 68 68 67 elections are free and fair
has sharply declined.
56 58 57
54 54
51 In India, Mexico, and
48
45 South Korea, the reverse
is true, with a higher
34
proportion believing this
27 in 2019 than in prior
years.
14

N/A N/A

R19_6_trend

12 T6. Do you feel that elections in this country are free and fair? – “Yes” Not all countries were asked in all years.
 2. Erosion of business’ social license to operate

▪ In parallel with their loss of trust in government, people are also losing trust in large global companies.
Trust in big business has dropped particularly sharply in recent years in North America and Europe.
▪ Other results show that business is not viewed as having the best interest of society in mind. Further,
fewer than half of the global public believe that large companies, and the rich, pay their fair share of
taxes.
▪ Most people agree that governments should require large companies to work toward a better society,
even if it may lead to negative economic impacts. This contrasts with our result that business is slightly
better trusted than government on average. People’s distrust for government, however strong, does not
mean they want business to have a free hand.
▪ These results suggest that big business will face ongoing challenges to its social license, with people
being receptive to regulation, tax reform, and increased minimum wages.
▪ Consumers in Europe and North America are likely to be cynical towards attempts by large companies
to appear responsible and/or purpose-driven.

13
 Trust in business is down in Europe and North America

Trust in Global Companies, Net Trust,* Average of 17 Countries,* 2001–2019

20

Trust in large global companies to

operate in the best interest of
society has declined over the past
four years, particularly in Europe
and North America.

-4

-20

*Includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea,
Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. These estimates are therefore slightly different from those of net trust for all 25 countries in 2019.
Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.

T2. Please indicate how much you trust each of following institutions to operate in the best interest of society. Would you say you have a
14 lot of trust, some trust, not much trust, or no trust at all in…?
 People across the world have become less likely to
agree that companies pay their fair share of taxes
Companies Pay Fair Share of Taxes, “Strongly Agree” and “Somewhat Agree,”
Average of 18 Countries,* 2001–2019
50
Respondents in emerging
markets in Asia and Africa are
45 more likely to agree that
companies pay a fair share of
40
41 taxes than in industrialized
markets in Europe and North
America.
35

30

25

20

*Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Spain,
Sweden, Turkey, UK, and USA. Not all countries were asked in all years. R19_4fg_comp
T4. For each of the following statements, please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree.
– Large companies pay their fair share of taxes in our country. – Companies pay their fair share of taxes on our country, “Strongly Agree”
15 + “Somewhat Agree”
 There is strong and growing support for regulating
corporate responsibility
Governments Should Require Large Companies to Work toward a Better Society,
Agree (“Strongly Agree” and “Somewhat Agree”), Average of 18 Countries,* 2002–2019

70
There is strong and
63 growing agreement that
60 governments should
create laws that require
companies to go beyond
50 their business interests
and contribute to a better
society, suggesting
40 people do not believe
companies will do so on
their own.
30

R19_4d_trk

*Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, UK,
and USA. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked in GlobeScan’s Radar research programme, using an in-person
and telephone methodology.
T4. Please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with each of the following statements – Our
government should create laws that require large companies to go beyond their traditional economic role and work to make a better society, even
16 though this could lead to higher prices and fewer jobs.
 3. A growing wave of environmental concern

▪ Globally, concern about the environment and pollution is on par with concern about terrorism, with
worries about specific environmental issues on the rise on average across the countries studied over
time. In 21 of the 25 countries surveyed, over 50 percent of people now say that climate change is a
“very serious” global problem.

▪ However, the countries with the lowest proportions recognizing climate change as a “serious” global
threat include China, Russia, and the United States — three of the four top emitters of carbon dioxide
as of 2019.

▪ Worries about the environment and climate change are likely to continue to grow, especially as younger
generations tend to be significantly more attuned to these issues than older respondents.

▪ There will likely be increasing participation in citizen movements around environmental issues, many of
them led by youth.

17
 Majorities are very worried about a range of
environmental challenges
Concern about Global Issues, “Very Serious,” Average of 25 Countries, 2019
Terrorism 67
Environment/pollution
Top issues of concern include a
66
range of environmental issues,
Climate change / global warming 62 together with terrorism, corruption,
Corruption 62 and extreme poverty.
Depletion of natural resources 62
Air pollution 60 Concern about terrorism is highest
Single-use plastic waste 60
in Saudi Arabia and African
countries. Concern about corruption
Extreme poverty 58
is particularly high in emerging
Shortages of fresh water 58 economies, and especially in Africa
Loss of biodiversity 56 and Latin America.
Human rights abuses 55
Not enough food to feed people 54
Gap between rich and poor 52
Spread of human diseases 50
Mental health problems 40
Environmental issues
Unequal treatment of women 40
State of global economy 36
Transnational migration 28 R19_1_env

18 T1. For each of the following possible global problems, please indicate if you see it as a very serious, somewhat serious, not very serios,
or not at all serious problem.
 Concerns about environmental issues are increasing

Concern about Environmental Issues, “Very Serious,” Average of 17 Countries,* 2001–2019

80
Environment/pollution Worries about a range
of tracked
70
Depletion of natural environmental issues
65 resources have continued to
60 61 grow over the past
60 Climate change / global
58 warming few years, after
50 Shortages of fresh water
dipping earlier in the
decade.

40 Air pollution

30 Single-use plastic (new)

Loss of biodiversity
20

R19_1a_trk

*Includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Turkey, UK,
and USA. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked in GlobeScan’s Radar research programme, using
an in-person and telephone methodology.
Q1. For each of the following possible global problems, please indicate if you see it as a very serious, somewhat serious, not very
19 serious or not at all serious problem.
 Rising concern about environmental issues contrasts
with stable concern about social issues
Concern about Environmental vs Social Issues,* “Very Serious,” Average of 17 Countries,**
2001–2019
80
While concern about
a range of tracked
70
environmental issues
on average has
62 Environmental issues increased, averaged
60
concern about the
social issues tracked
52 Social issues
50 has remained
relatively constant
over the past decade.
40
*Environmental issues includes
environment/pollution (generally), depletion of natural
30 resources, climate change, shortages of fresh water,
air pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Social issues
includes corruption, extreme poverty, human rights
issues, human migration, spread of human diseases,
20
and gap between rich and poor.

R19_1_SocEnv

**Includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA.
Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.
20 T1. For each of the following possible global problems, please indicate if you see it as a very serious, somewhat serious, not very serios,
or not at all serious problem.
 4. Growing faith in science and technology

• The technology sector is seen as fulfilling its responsibilities to society better than other
sectors. Not only are technology companies rated highest in terms of their fulfillment of
responsibilities to society, 88 percent of respondents believe that technology will help
create a better future, while 90 percent believe science will do the same.

• Young people, particularly those in Generation Z (18-24), have especially strong faith that
science and technology will help create a better future. Around half of this group strongly
agree with this notion, suggesting the focus on science-based solutions will continue to
grow in the future.

• The trend of rising trust in scientific institutions, combined with the decrease in trust in
governments and business, suggests that people are increasingly placing their faith in
science and technology—in objective observers, rather than vested interests—to solve
complicated challenges like climate change. Technology companies, straddling this trust
boundary, are likely to become even more influential.

21
 People across the world, especially younger generations, strongly
believe that science and technology can help us create a better future

Science Can Help Create a Better Future Science/Technology Can Help Create a Better Future, “Strongly Agree,”
Average of 25 Countries, 2019 Average of 25 Countries, by Generation, 2019
Strongly disagree
Somewhat 2
disagree 53
8
Science can help 46
Strongly create better future 40
agree
44
Somewhat
38
agree
Gen Z (18-24)
47 49
Millenial (25-44)
Technology can help 43
Technology Can Help Create a Better Future Gen X (45-54)
create better future 37
Average of 25 Countries, 2019
31 Baby Boomers+ (55+)
Somewhat Strongly disagree
disagree 2
9
Strongly
agree When asked whether they believe that science and technology
40
can help create a better future, people almost universally agree
Somewhat that this is the case. However, young people are markedly more
agree optimistic than older generations.
49

T4. For each of the following statements, please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree.
22 – I believe science/technology can help us create a better future.
 Trust in scientific and academic institutions is increasing

Trust in Science/Academic Institutions , Net Trust,* Average of 17 Countries,* 2001–2019

80

Trust in scientific and academic

66
institutions to operate in the best
60 interest of society has increased over
the past three years, particularly in
emerging markets.
40

20

*Includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea,
Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. These estimates are therefore slightly different from those of net trust for all 25 countries in 2019.
Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.

T2. Please indicate how much you trust each of following institutions to operate in the best interest of society. Would you say you have a
23 lot of trust, some trust, not much trust, or no trust at all in…?
 Technology companies are viewed most positively as
fulfilling their responsibilities to society
Performance of Sector in Fulfilling their Responsibilities to Society, “Among the best” and
“Above average,” Average of 25 Countries, 2019

Technology/computer 47
The global public rate technology and
Food 38 computer companies more highly than other
Pharmaceutical 35 types of companies for fulfilling their societal
Clothing/apparel 33 responsibilities.
Consumer goods 33
Social media 33
Automobile 32
Banks / finance 31
Large retail 31
Media/entertainment 30
Home furnishings 29
Beer 26
Oil/petroleum 25 *Not asked in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.
Payment and credit 25 **Asked only in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, USA, and UK.
Spirit (alcohol)* 21 T8. Please rate each of the following types of companies on how
Mining 20 well they fulfil their responsibilities to society compared to other
types of companies…?
Cannabis** 14
24 R19_8_net
 People increasingly believe that technology and computer
companies are socially responsible
Performance of High-tech/Computer Companies in Fulfilling their Responsibilities to Society,
“Among the best” and “Above average,” Average of 17 Countries,* 2001–2019
50
48 Technology and computer
45 companies continue to see
a positive upward trend in
40 consumer ratings for
meeting their
35 responsibilities to society,
with increase since 2013.
30

25

20

15

10

R19_8_trk

*Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA.
(Indonesia and Turkey not included in averages for Beer and Spirits). Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked in
GlobeScan’s Radar research programme, using an in-person and telephone methodology.
25 T8. Please rate each of the following types of companies on how well they fulfil their responsibilities to society compared to other types of companies…
 5. The Global South: engaged and optimistic

▪ Most people across the 25 countries surveyed have at least considered rewarding a company for socially responsible
behavior, but less than a third report that they have actually done this. Consumers in emerging markets are increasingly
driving ethical consumption, as people in emerging markets are now more likely than those in OECD countries to claim
to have rewarded, as well as considered rewarding, responsible companies.
▪ As emerging market consumers are more trusting of large companies, they are also likely to be more positive and
receptive toward purpose-driven initiatives by large companies and may be more likely to engage in ethical consumption
going forward. In contrast, continued distrust in companies’ motives may be creating a barrier to consumer demand for
more responsible products in industrialized countries and may partly explain the decline in those claiming to have
preferred responsible companies in North America and Europe.
▪ Despite lack of confidence in large global companies, there is continued faith in an open international economic
system. In a continuing trend, globalization is increasingly perceived as having a positive effect on people's interests.
Nearly two-thirds of people across the 25 countries now support a free-market economic system.
▪ The increase in positive views of globalization has mostly taken place in emerging markets, including significant
increases in large countries such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Russia.
▪ However, most of the public also wants their countries to use tariffs and trade barriers to protect jobs and industries.
This belief is stronger in emerging economies.
▪ There is also a pronounced difference in optimism about the future between people in emerging economies, who tend
to be much more hopeful, and those in the OECD markets, where fewer than half believe that future generations will
enjoy a higher quality of life than today.

26
 Consistent with previous years, about a third of consumers
reward companies for socially responsible behavior
Rewarded Companies for Being Socially Responsible, Average of 16 Countries,* 1999–2019
40
Overall, the proportion of those
35 reporting that they have
34 rewarded companies for socially
30 30 responsible behavior has held
relatively constant, at slightly
25 less than one-third, since
tracking began in 1999.
20
In 2019, those who are
15
considering rewarding
10
companies has increased
Rewarded substantially after many years of
5 Considered rewarding near stability at around one-fifth
of consumers.
0

R19_7_trk

*Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA.
Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and telephone methodology.
T7. Over the past year, have you considered rewarding a socially responsible company by either buying their products or speaking positively about the
27 company to others? Would you say you have...?
 Rewarding of socially responsible companies has increased
in large emerging markets, but is down in OECD countries

”Have Rewarded Companies Seen as Socially Responsible,” by Economic

Development, 1999–2019
40 In a dramatic swing from very low
2017 results, emerging markets
35 have seen a large increase in the
34
proportion of those rewarding
30
socially responsible companies.
27
25 Brazilian, Chinese, Indian,
Indonesian, and Nigerian
20 respondents all have double-digit
increases in the proportion reporting
15
rewarding a company, while Russia
10 has a modest 4-point increase.

5 Non-OECD countries

0 OECD countries

R19_7_indem_line

OECD countries include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. Non-OECD countries include Argentina, Brazil,
China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Russia. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an in-person and
telephone methodology.
T7. Over the past year, have you considered rewarding a socially responsible company by either buying their products or speaking positively about the
28 company to others? Would you say you have...? “You have actually done this in the past year”
 People increasingly see globalization as positively
affecting their interests
Views on Globalization, “Positive” Average of 13 Countries,* 2001–2019

70
Since 2011, people across the
66 countries tracked have
60 increasingly viewed globalization,
explained as the increased trade
between countries in goods,
50 services and investment, as having
a positive effect on their interests.
In 2019, this trend hit a new high,
40 with two-thirds indicating that the
effect has been positive or
somewhat positive.
30
In all countries surveyed,
globalization is seen as positive by
20 most respondents, except in
France, where only 36 percent say
that it has a positive effect on their
R19_3_line
interests.
*Includes Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA.
Not all countries were asked in all years.
T3. Thinking of you and your family’s interests, do you think the overall effect of globalization is very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very
29 negative?
 People in emerging markets are also more optimistic
about future generations’ quality of life
Our Children and Grandchildren Will Have Higher Quality of Life, “Strongly Agree”
and “Somewhat Agree,” by Economic Development, 2001–2019
80 There is a pronounced
difference in optimism for
70 70 the future between people in
emerging economies, who
tend to be much more
60
Non-OECD countries hopeful, and those in the
OECD countries, where fewer
50 OECD countries than half believe that future
43 generations will enjoy a
40 higher quality of life than we
do today.
30
However, there has been a
recent uptick in optimism
20
across both OECD and non-
R19_4a_indem_trk OECD countries.

OECD countries include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. Non-OECD countries include
Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Russia. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an
in-person and telephone methodology.
T4. For each of the following statements, please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree
30 – Our children and grandchildren will have a higher quality of life than we do today.
 People in OECD countries tend to be pessimistic about the
future of the world, but emerging markets are more optimistic
World Is Going in Right Direction, “Strongly Agree” and “Somewhat Agree,”
by Economic Development, 2001–2019
60
People in emerging markets
are much more optimistic
50 50 than those in the OECD
Non-OECD countries countries about the direction
of the world. Optimism in the
40 more industrialized countries
OECD countries
remains much lower than in
2001 when tracking began,
30 29 although it has recovered
somewhat after dipping in
20 the wake of the global
recession ten years ago.

10

R19_4b_indem_trk

OECD countries include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, UK, and USA. Non-OECD countries include
Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Russia. Not all countries were asked in all years. This question was previously asked using an
in-person and telephone methodology.
T4. For each of the following statements, please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree
31 – The world is going in the right direction.
 Notes to Readers
The findings detailed in the report are based on online surveys of Countries and Country Groupings
approximately 1,000 adults in each of 25 countries using a stratified Countries included in the 2019 data include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
sample that is nationally representative of the online population. The Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India , Italy, Indonesia, Japan,
Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
survey was carried out between April and May 2019.
Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.
Figures, Charts, and Tables
All figures in the charts and tables in this report are expressed in The countries surveyed for this report have been grouped by region and by
percentages unless otherwise noted. Total percentages may not add economic development to aid in understanding global patterns.
up to 100 because of rounding. In the case of some bar charts, white
space typically represents the portion of respondents who either Regional Grouping
answer “don’t know” or do not answer at all (DK/NA). Asia: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia,
North America: Canada, USA
Japan, Philippines, South Korea
Trend Charts
Where data are available, tracking information from previous years is Latin America: Argentina, Brazil,
Africa: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa
Mexico
provided using trend charts in the body of the presentation of the
report. Trend charts are intended to show selected significant Europe: France, Germany, Italy,
changes over time. Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK, Australia: Australia
Turkey
Tracking Countries
Global averages are not always based on 25 countries, as some Middle East: Saudi Arabia
countries were not asked all questions. Selected tracking information Economic Development Grouping
is shown where data is available. Where historical data is shown, OECD countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
questions were previously asked in GlobeScan’s Radar research South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, USA
program using an in-person and telephone methodology. As research Non-OECD countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia,
methodology was different, comparisons between current and Philippines, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa
previous results are only indicative.
32
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33