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Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Garbage can be seen everywhere and it has a big impact in affecting

the environment. Garbage is one of the reasons why people did not already

smell and feel the fresh air came from the environment. Garbage is commonly

sorted and classified into kinds of material suitable for specific kinds of

disposal.

Man has been creating garbage throughout history, beginning with

bone fragments left over from using animal parts and stone fragments

discarded from toolmaking. The degree to which groups of early humans

began engaging in agriculture can be estimated by examining the type and

quality of animal bones in their garbage. Garbage from prehistoric or pre-

civilization humans was often collected into mounds called middens, which

might contain things such as a mix of discarded food, charcoal, shell tools,

and broken pottery (Perkins, 2011). Most of the garbage accumulates in five

little-explored "patches" found in the doldrums of the Atlantic, Pacific, and

Indian Oceans.

Garbage disposal is a big problem, everywhere. In many parts,

garbage is categorized as biodegradable and non-biodegradable and

accordingly disposed (Watson, 2014). The threat of waste to the environment,

health and safety is huge. And so are the financial and social ramifications,

waste experts said. Pollution runs into rivers and seeps into ground water.
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Flooding is caused by garbage clogging drains, and the atmosphere can be

poisoned by the toxic discharge from trash

The environmental problems of Metro Manila are mostly the effect of

improper garbage disposal. As stated by Alave (2011), a single resident

produces about 0.7 kilograms of trash on average of each day, which is about

130% higher than the global average of 0.3 kilograms per person per day.

Therefore it is right to limit the people’s garbage disposal by implementing a

law that will ban the use of plastics and Styrofoam inside the city. Police

officers and patrols should be strict about this law together with the No

Littering policy. The citizens of the city should be more disciplined. People are

sometimes too stubborn and hard-headed that they will not stop what they are

doing until the time they actually get caught. Hiring and assigning more

officers and patrols around the city to monitor and to charge the violators will

make the people be more disciplined and more obedient in following the law.

The Philippines generates an enormous amount of trash and is the

third worst ocean plastic polluter in the world, according to a 2015 study in the

journal Science.The trash is piling up on land, clogging coastlines, spilling into

the sea, and traveling to remote corners of the globe as the country fails to

meet targets for improved waste management that it signed into law 18 years

ago (Sarmiento, 2018).

The study provides an analysis of the alternative solution of garbage

problem in the seaside of Panabo. The people of the City shall be the

responsiblefor the collection, segregation, recycling of biodegradable,

recyclable, compostable and reusable garbage.The specific objectives of the

project are to obtain the cleanliness and orderliness of the barangay, to

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promote ecological awareness to the residences in the barangay, to provide

the compost pit in order to solve the problem of uncollected waste, to enhance

proper waste disposal and segregation as a key to prevent the problem on

where to put their waste.

Review of Related Literature

Presented on this section are some readings that bear relevance and

support to the investigation undertaken by the researchers. The articles from

various sources like books, magazines, journals, electronic references, and

other reading materials play a significant contribution in making this output.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION/S

Solid Waste Management is defined as the direct generation,

collection, storage, transport, source separation, processing, treatment,

recovery and disposal of solid waste. It is a polite term for garbage

management. It is the response to the world’s stinking and escalating problem

on the garbage. Mounting waste problem has been the core foundation of

hazardous illness and land depletion, not to mention is negative upshot to the

environment. The system of handling trash, be it municipal waste collection,

recycling programs, open dumping, incineration and gasification fall on the

same category. Despite the years of attempting to resolve the mounting waste

problem, the problem still persist (Enriquez, 2011)

As reported by Guzman et al., (2010), solid waste management is one

of the most critical environmental problems today. In metro Manila alone,

approximately 0.6 kilogram per person of garbage is produced with a total

amount of about 6000 to 7000 tons per day. Despite the fact that not all of
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these collection system people seem to be unconcerned with the amount of

solid and semisolid waste they produce.

Proper collection is a solution to the country’s waste problem.

Unfortunately, disposal would not be the most and sole answer to this concern

(Guzman et al., 2010). Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste

does not attract much public attention. From prehistory through the present

day, the favoured means of disposal was simply to dump solid waste outside

the city and village limits (Enger & Smith, 2006).

On the other hand, source reduction is considered to be the solution to

solid waste problem. This means that first and foremost, people should

consider how much waste is generated and in what ways can they reduced it.

Secondly, they should consider how much of the wastes can be diverted from

final disposal into other forms. Related to this, several issues need to be

resolved by the government agencies concerned with the solid waste

management program in the Philippines (Guzman et al., 2010).

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States

produces 11 billion tons of solid waste each year. Nearly half of those

amounts consist of agriculture wastes such as crop residue and animal

manure which are generally recycled into the soil on the farms where they are

produced. They represent valuable resources as ground cover to reduce

erosion and fertilizer to nourish new crops. However, they also constitute the

single largest source of air and water pollution in the country (Cunningham &

Saigo, 2001).
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Solid Waste Management Methods

From prehistory through the present day, the favoured means of solid

waste disposal is simply to dump solid waste outside the city or village limits.

Frequently, these dumps are in wetlands, river or lakes. To minimize the

volume of the wastes, the dump is often burned. These methods are being

used in remote or sparsely populated areas in the world (Enger & Smith,

2006)

According to the Aeckerman (1997), waste management is an

integrated part of the sustainable development. As population continues to

grow and economy expands, there is a need to ensure the waste generated is

properly managed on order to preserve the existing environment for future

generations. Waste management has also been widely recognized especially

in the 1980’s when there was a fear of landfill crisis. Since then, major

development happened in municipal waste management.

Landfill is typically a depression in an impermeable clay layer that is

lined with an impermeable membrane. Each day’s deposit of fresh garbage is

covered with a layer of soil. Selection of modern landfill sites must be based

on an understanding of ground-water geology, soil type, and sensitivity in

local citizen’ concerns. Once the site is selected, extensive construction

activities are necessary to prepare it for use. In some cases, methane

produced by rotting garbage is collected and used to generate electricity. In

2001, about 57 parcent of United States and about 80 percent of Canadian

municipal solid wastes go into landfills, but this method is failing to handle the

large volume of wastes (Cunningham & Saigo, 2001).

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Incineration of refuse was quote common in North America and Western

Europe prior to 1940. However, many incinerators were claimed because of

aesthetic concerns, such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke,

rather than for reasons of public health. Most incineration facilities burn

unprocessed municipal solid waste, which is not as efficient as some other

technologies. About one-fourth of the incinerators use refuse-derived fuel-

collected refuse that has been processed into the pellets prior to combustion

(Cunningham & Saigo, 2003).

Incineration could be a process of burning wastes to generate

electricity. This process is considered harmful to the environment as it adds a

lot of emission to the atmosphere making already fast speed scale of global

warming to escalate even further (Guzman et al., 2010). According to

Cunningham and Saigo (2003), the most fundamental way to reduce wastes

is to prevent it from becoming waste in the first place. Source reduction

means using less material when making a product or converting from heavy

packaging materials to lightweight ones.

Some packaging materials are converted to lightweight aluminium and

plastic and reducing the thickness of packaging, thus reducing the amount of

packaging wastes. In 2003, plastic milk jugs weigh about half of what they

weighted when they were first introduced. On an individual level, one can

reduce amount of wastes generated. Every small personal commitment

accumulates result of a significant reduction of municipal solid wastes.

Solid wastes may be recycled into useful products. Nowadays, as

reported by Guzman et al., (2010), recyclable materials recovered from

municipal refuse. Many municipalities require that those who generate solid
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wastes must separate   and keep bottles, cans, newspaper, cardboards and

other recyclables items. Special trucks pick up these wastes and transfer to

the recycling facilities.

The United States recycle about 23% of its municipal solid wastes

while Canada recycles about 10% of its waste. The goal for Ontario, Canada

is to reduce amount of garbage to the landfill sites by 50% in 2000. Recycling

along with source reduction is a major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling

along with source reduction,is a major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling

initiative has grown rapidly in North America during the past several years

(Cunningham & Saigo, 2005).

In the Philippines, recycling is well established. It is slowly taking-off in

the more parts of Asia. Two of which are in the remote village of Looc on

Panglau Island in the Philippines. Locals now collect plastics for recycling to

supplement their income. Also, schemes are under way to recycle plastic

bottles and cans. The collected material is send to Cebu City by barge. There,

the bottles can are processed. It is important to note that the motivators for

this recycling initiate are mostly financial rather than environmental. These

rural communities are still living in a severe poverty, with the proceeds of sale

used to buy basic foods staples (Alan, 2011). There are two types of

recycling: One is direct in the sense of materials are reused directly like

bottles and refillable beverage containers. The indirect way is when the waste

materials will undergo processing like aluminium cans. With recycling, new

materials are formed out of sates (Guzman & Reyes, 2003 as cited in Anito,

2011).
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Biodegradable wastes can be transformed into fertilizer or soil

conditioner in the form of compost. Compost is a humus-like material that

usually results from the aerobic biological stabilization of the organic materials

in solid wastes. The operation includes preparing the refuse and de grading

organic matter by aerobic microorganism. The refuse is presorted to remove

materials that might have a salvage value cannot be composted, and then it is

ground to improve efficiency of the decomposition process. This can be a soil

conditioner to and a fertilizer for flower heads, vegetables gardens, trees and

shrubs (Guzman et al., 2010).

Composting technology is basic and simple requiring minimum skill and

capital with the joint effort of the government and AWARE Inc., (1996) the

process is further enhanced. Biodegradable wastes can be composted and

turned into organic fertilizer in a process that essentially returns the wastes to

the earth. Food wastes such as peelings, leftover, vegetable trims, fish/fowl,

and entrails, soft shells, garden wastes such as manure and carcases are

compostable and become organic fertilizer through a controlled process of

biological decomposition in about 35 to 45 days. It is a messy and tedious

process, but it is good for the earth and is profitable (Lapid, Ancheta&Villareal,

1996).

In cities that do not have enough land available for landfills, controlled

burning of wastes at high temperatures to produce steam and ash is a

preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion reduces significantly the

volume of wastes to be disposed. Moreover, solid wastes can provide for a

continuously available and alternative source for generating energy through

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combustion. This energy can be channelled into useful purpose (Debashree,

2012).

    As reported by Cunningham ad Cunningham (2006), often, the way

people dispose of waste is to simply drop it in some places. Open,

unregulated dumps are still the predominant method of waste disposal in most

disposals in most developing countries. The giant third world megacities have

enormous garbage problem.

According to Michael Brady (2018) Studies indicate that a higher level

of overall waste production is distinctly correlated with increased rates of

illegal dumping of waste and the increasing number of illegal dumping spots.

The increase in overall waste production is tandem with riches, rapid change

of preferences, and the ever growing population throughout the world.

Additionally, people are becoming more and more consumer oriented than the

past.

Previously, people depended on new and creative ways to use old

stuff, but in the contemporary world the majority of people are in search for

new and better products especially home appliances, clothes and electronics.

The throwing out of old devices and used home appliances has thus lead to

the increase of illegal waste dumping.

Cases of residents in various parts of the world disposing waste

themselves are on the rise. This habit is associated with the avoidance of

paying disposal fees at waste management sites. The people who engage in

such acts are of the opinion that the prevailing waste collection fees are

exorbitant. Therefore, instead of following the rightful channels for disposing

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waste or paying third party waste disposable services, they illegally dispose

the waste in remote locations.

Most people understand and are very much aware of the repercussions

of illegal dumping. Regardless, some individuals simply don’t see the need of

recycling waste or following the rightful waste disposal channel and therefore

go to highly unusual lengths to illegally dispose waste. They do so by

completely avoiding prosecution and detection which means that they

obviously know their act is unlawful.

As a matter of fact, most of the items illegally disposed such as old

appliances, white goods and furniture can be easily recycled or even reused.

So, it can be concluded that most of the people engaging in acts of illegal

dumping simply don’t understand the importance of reuse or the concept of

recycling waste.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the analysis of the alternative solution to

garbage problem in sea side of Panabo. Specifically this study aims to answer

the following questions.

1. What is the level of having a continuously increasing of garbage

problem in the seaside of Panabo?

2. What are the alternative solutions that are needed in order to figure out

the garbage problems in the seaside?

3. Is there a significant relationship solutions that are effective to maintain

cleanliness and garbage-free in the seaside of Panabo?

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Hypothesis

The null hypothesis was tested at 0.5 level of significance that there is

no significant relationship between alternative solutions and garbage problem

that could effectively maintain the cleanliness and garbage-free in the seaside

of Panabo.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The span of time intended for their and skill development is necessary

as part of the industrial practices of their chosen field. The institution offering

education that is adapting the working environment or the replica of the

learners' future working field helps themto become adept of his chosen field.

They will be equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes towards their

field,so it is catering their three faculties of learning namely, cognitive,

affective and psychomotor, but or more on the aspects of psychomotor or skill

development. They will not also find more difficulties if they will be working on

their chosen field. Thus, it helps them to learn best through their experiences

in the replica of the working field. Thus, it proves that their experiences on the

replica of the working environment are their best teacher in their field. These

also serve as a basis for their complete and fruitful vocational education. (The

theory of environmental Habits of Dr. Charles A. Prosser)

This study employs Pongrácz et al., (2004) Theory on Waste

Management which discusses the conceptual analysis of waste, activity upon

waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. The Theory of

Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste

management, and it is founded on the expectation that waste management is

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to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the environment and

promote resource use optimization.

Waste management is affected by two main reasons which are waste

disposal and waste segregation. Without these two, we cannot properly

manage or control the pile of waste in the community. Waste disposal is

affected by application of the self-sufficient principle and discipline. Waste

segregation is also affected by discipline and waste control. These two are

affected by discipline because without discipline the people cannot manage

things successfully and properly (Flores, 2017).

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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Garbage Disposal Factor: Alternative Solutions:

 Behaviour  Reuse
 Discipline  Reduce
 Waste Control  Recycle

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework showing the variables of the study.

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Significance of the Study

The result of this study will provide valuable information and benefits

especially to the following:

Residents.The students will find out that the alternative solutions and

expected to have a compost pit that will help them segregate their waste

properly that can help them to prevent the continuous increasing of the

garbage problem.

Students.This researchwill serve them as a guide who wants to

conduct the same study that will give them knowledge on how to lessen the

garbage in the seaside.

Teachers.This research will help the teachers to implement these

alternative solutions not only in the seaside but also in the schools.

Government.This research will help the officials to understand the

main problem, cause for it and suggestion provided will help to bringdrastic

change in the behaviour of the people in terms of their responsibility of their

garbage.

Society.This research will help the society to identify the reason of the

continuing garbage problem and on how to lessen it.

Definition of Terms

In this study, the researchers will provide a brief definition on the about

the terms that are discussed in conceptual framework through online-

dictionary and operational definition. This will further increase reader’s

understanding regarding the terms which have been used.

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Garbage.It is Waste material or unwanted things that are thrown away.

In this study, garbage acts as an independent variable. It is about the

behaviour of the people.

Alternative Solution.It is a design solution which differs from the

acceptable solutions given in the approved documents. In this study, it is the

ways on how to avoid the increasing amount of garbage.

Seaside.It is a place by the sea, especially a beach. In this study, it is

where the garbage problem most affects.

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Chapter II

METHODS

Research Design

This research will employ a qualitative method. The research used

question that are related to the study. A phenology study is an approach to

qualitative research that focuses on the community of a lived experience

within a group. The fundamental goal of the approach is to arrive at

description of the nature of the phenomenon. Typically, interviews are

conducted with a group of individuals who have first-hand knowledge of an

event, situation or experience (Creswell, 2013).

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at Panabo seawall and park located at

Brgy. Cagangohan. The researcher chooses the place of implementation

because it will give the researchers the needed information of people.

Figure 2. Brgy. Cagangohan, Panabo City

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Research Instrument

The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire to gather

the needed data for student's profile. Preference for the use of the structured

questionnaire is premised of several research assumptions such as a) the

experiences obtained of the residents within the area in having a garbage

problem, b) the challenges encountered in figuring out the problem, and lastly

c) what are the insights of the residents in doing the alternative solutions. In

the end, it encourages open responses to sensitive issues at hand.

Respondents

The respondents of this study were the senior high school students in

UM Panabo College. The student-respondents were the senior high school

student who lives near the seaside of Brgy. Cagangohan. An interview

questions will specifically use and was interview students in sections ABM 1,

2 and HUMSS 1, 2, and 3.

Data Analysis

The data obtain a Qualitative analysis based on the experience of the

participants can be carried out. This type of data is collected through methods

of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and similar

methods. A qualitative interview attempts to understand the world from the

subjects' point of view, to unfold the meaning of peoples' experiences, to

uncover their lived world prior to scientific explanations .

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