Língua Inglesa
Fonética e
Fonologia
Aula 1
Paula Cristina
Bullio
Phonetics And Phonology In
English
Presentation
• Speaking a determined language → some
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knowledge which is not only linguistic.
• Speakers of a second language → characteristics
of their first language transferred to the second
language.
Introduction
• Phonetics and Phonology in
English
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• Phonetics is the study of sound
in speech. Phonetics focuses on
how speech is physically
created and received.
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• Phonology focus on how
patterns in both speech and
non-verbal communication
create meaning, and are
interpreted.
• In any language we can identify a small number
of regular sounds (vowels and consonants) that
we call phonemes.
• For example, in the words “pin” and “pen” there
are different phonemes, as there are different
consonants in the words “bet” and “pet”.
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TWO T0O TO TO
TO T0O
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M.
English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
• Because English spelling is very confusing, it is
particularly important to learn to think of English
pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than
letters of the alphabet.
Linguistics
Theoretical
Cognitive, Generative, Quantitative, Functional theories
of grammar, Phonology, Morphology,
Morphophonology, Syntax, Lexis, Semantics,
Pragmatics, Graphemics, Ortography, Semiotics
Descriptive
Anthropological, Comparative, Historical, Etymology,
Graphetics, Phonetics, Sociolinguistics
Applied and experimental
Computational, Constrative, Evolutionary, Forensic,
Internet, Language acquisition, Second-language
acquisition, Language assessment, Language
development, Language education, Anthropology,
Neurolinguistics, Psycholinguistics
Phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics: the study of the
production of speech sounds by the articulatory
and vocal tract by the speaker.
• Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical
transmission of speech sounds from the speaker
to the listener.
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• Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception
and perception of speech sounds by the listener.
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• These areas are inter-connected through the
common mechanism of sound, such as wavelength
(pitch), amplitude, and harmonics.
• Phonology is concerned with the systematic
organization of sounds in languages.
• The word phonology (as in the phonology of
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English) can also refer to the phonological system
(sound system) of a given language.
Phonology
• For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive
linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics.
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• Some subfields of modern phonology have a
crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines
such as psycholinguistics and speech perception,
resulting in specific areas like articulatory
phonology or laboratory phonology.
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Phonemes and Graphemes
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M.
English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
• Sound–letter correspondences are the
relationships between sounds (or
phonemes) and letters (or graphemes).
• Knowledge of sound–letter relationships
means knowing, for example, that the /t/
sound is represented by the letter t.
• It also means knowing that the sound /s/
can be represented by more than one letter,
for example, s as in soft and c as in city.
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M.
English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English
Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
• Letters are used to represent sounds in the
language.
• Letter recognition is the ability to recognize
and name the letters of the alphabet.
Instruction that focuses on letter–sound
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relationships is known as phonics.
• The phonemic alphabet (or chart) is
designed to help to develop your awareness
of pronunciation.
• Pronunciation is the physical side of
language, involving the body, the breath, the
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muscles, acoustic vibration and harmonics.
• The pronunciation of words in many languages,
as distinct from their written form (orthography),
has undergone significant change over time.
Pronunciation can also vary greatly
among dialects of a language. Traditional
orthography in some languages, (particularly
French and English).
• However, in other languages, such
as Spanish and Italian, there is a more
consistent—though still imperfect—relationship
between orthography and pronunciation
(phonemic orthography).
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M.
English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
The phonetic alphabet
• Phonetic transcription can provide a
function that orthography cannot →
relationship between symbols and sounds.
• Phonetic transcription allows us to step
outside orthography and examine
differences in pronunciation.
• Phonetic transcription is the visual
representation of speech sounds
(or phones). The most common type of
phonetic transcription uses a phonetic
alphabet, such as the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA).
Transcription
• It is possible to observe that in online
dictionaries or paper ones, we have access
to the phonetic transcription
right after the written
word using the
symbols // to
identify it.
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M.
English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
Phonemic Chart
UNDERHILL, A. Sound Foundations – Learning and teaching
pronunciation, Macmillan, Oxford, 2005
References
• Reading
• Goldsmith, John A. (1995). "Phonological Theory". In John A. Goldsmith. The Handbook of
Phonological Theory. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 1-
4051-5768-2.
• Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jacobs, Haike. "Understanding Phonology", Hodder & Arnold, 1998.
2nd edition 2005.
• Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008). The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-953397-0.
• Halle, Morris (1954). "The strategy of phonemics". Word 10: 197–209.
• Ladefoged, Peter. (1982). A course in phonetics (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
• Martinet, André (1949). Phonology as functional phonetics. Oxford:: Blackwell.
• References
• GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal,
2006
• HARLEY, Trevor A., The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory, 2nd ed.
Psychology Press, 2001
• ROACH, P. English Phonetics and Phonology – a pratical course, Cambridge, CUP, 2009
• UNDERHILL, A. Sound Foundations – Learning and teaching pronunciation, Macmillan,
Oxford, 2005
Língua Inglesa
Fonética e
Fonologia
Atividade 1
Paula Cristina
Bullio
mail male
flower flour fare fair
rode road made maid
wood would no know
bored board there their they’re
hire higher meat meet
past passed site sight cite
weather whether where wear
bare bear bye buy by
way weigh peas peace
heel heal die dye
brake break cruise crews
sell cell whose who’s
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for
Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
