20th Philippine Mathematical Olympiad

Area Stage, 25 November 2017

PART I. Give the answer in the simplest form that is reasonable. No solution is needed. Figures are
not drawn to scale. Each correct answer is worth three points.

  
1 1
1. Suppose that x and y are nonzero real numbers such that x+ y+ = 7. Find the value
   y x
2 1 2 1
of x + 2 y + 2 .
y x
2. In how many ways can the integers

−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

be arranged in a circle such that the product of each pair of adjacent integers is negative? (Assume
that arrangements which can be obtained by rotation are considered the same.)

3. Let P be a point inside the isosceles trapezoid ABCD where AD is one of the bases, and let P A,
P B, P C, and P D bisect angles A, B, C, and D respectively. If P A = 3 and ∠AP D = 120◦ , find
the area of trapezoid ABCD.

4. Determine the number of ordered pairs of integers (p, q) for which p2 + q 2 < 10 and −2p ≤ q ≤ 2p .
p
5. Let f (x) = 4 sin4 x − sin2 x cos2 x + 4 cos4 x for any x ∈ R. Let M and m be the maximum and
minimum values of f , respectively. Find the product of M and m.

6. A semicircle Γ has diameter AB = 25. Point P lies on AB with AP = 16 and C is on the

semicircle such that P C ⊥ AB. A circle ω is drawn so that it is tangent to segment P C, segment
P B, and Γ. What is the radius of ω?

7. Determine the area of the polygon formed by the ordered pairs (x, y) where x and y are positive
integers which satisfy the equation
1 1 1
+ = .
x y 13
8. Let A be the sum of the decimal digits of the largest 2017-digit multiple of 7 and let B be the
sum of the decimal digits of the smallest 2017-digit multiple of 7. Find A − B.
√
9. Two semicircles, each with radius 2, are tangent to each other, as shown in the figure below. If
AB k CD, determine the length of segment AD.

1
10. The boat is sinking! Passengers must then be saved, but the rescuer must know their count. If the
passengers group themselves into 7, one group will only have 4 passengers. If the passengers group
themselves into 11, one group will only have 7 passengers. If the passengers group themselves into
13, one group will only have 10 passengers. How many passengers are there if the boat carried at
most 1000 passengers?

11. Given an ∈ Z with a10 = 11 and a9 = −143, determine the number of polynomials of the form
10
X
P (x) = an xn
n=0

such that the zeros of P (x) are all positive integers.

12. In how many ways can nine chips be selected from a bag that contains three red chips, three blue
chips, three white chips, and three yellow chips? (Assume that the order of selection is irrelevant
and that the chips are identical except for their color.)

13. Let L1 be the line with equation 6x − y + 6 = 0. Let P and Q be the points of intersection of L1
with the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. A line L2 that passes through the point (1, 0) intersects
the y-axis and L1 at R and S, respectively. If O denotes the origin and the area of ∆OP Q is six
times the area of ∆QRS, find all possible equations of the line L2 . Express your answer in the
form y = mx + b.

14. Find the smallest positive integer whose cube ends in 2017.

15. Let {xk }nk=1 be a sequence whose terms come from {2, 3, 6}. If

1 1 1 2017
x1 + x2 + · · · + xn = 633 and 2 + 2 + ··· + 2 = ,
x1 x1 xn 36

find the value of n.

16. Let S be a subset of {1, 2, . . . , 2017} such that no two elements of S have a sum divisible by 37.
Find the maximum number of elements that S can have.

17. In cyclic pentagon ABCDE, ∠ABD = 90◦ , BC = CD, and AE is parallel to BC. If AB = 8 and
BD = 6, find AE 2 .

18. The edges of a square are to be colored either red, blue, yellow, pink, or black. Each side of
the square can only have one color, but a color may color many sides. How many different ways
are there to color the square if two ways that can be obtained from each other by rotation are
identical?

19. Let bxc denote the greatest$integer %less than or equal to x. If an ban c = 49n + 2n + 1, find the
2017
X an
value of 2S + 1, where S = .
2
n=1

20. A spider and a fly are on diametrically opposite vertices of a web in the shape of a regular hexagon.
The fly is stuck and cannot move. On the other hand, the spider can walk freely along the edges
of the hexagon. Each time the spider reaches a vertex, it randomly chooses between two adjacent
edges with equal probability, and proceeds to walk along that edge. On average, how many edge
lengths will the spider walk before getting to the fly?
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PART II. Show your solution to each problem. Each complete and correct solution is worth ten points.

1. Find all pairs (r, s) of real numbers such that the zeros of the polynomials

f (x) = x2 − 2rx + r

and
g(x) = 27x3 − 27rx2 + sx − r6
are all real and nonnegative.

2. A point P is chosen randomly inside the triangle with sides 13, 20, and 21. Find the probability
that the circle centered at P with radius 1 will intersect at least one of the sides of the triangle.

3. Define a sequence of integers as follows: a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and for k ∈ N, ak+2 = ak+1 + ak . How

many different ways are there to write 2017 as a sum of distinct elements of this sequence?

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Answers to the 20th PMO Area Stage

Part I. (3 points each)

1. 25 11. 3

2. 2880 12. 20
√
3. 6 3 13. y = −3x + 3, y = −10x + 10

4. 17 14. 9073
√
5. 7 15. 262

6. 4 16. 991

7. 12096 17. 338/5

8. 18144 18. 165

√ 7(72017 − 1)
9. 2(1 + 3) 19.
6
10. 634 20. 9

Part II. (10 points each, full solutions required)

1. Find all pairs (r, s) of real numbers such that the zeros of the polynomials

f (x) = x2 − 2rx + r

and
g(x) = 27x3 − 27rx2 + sx − r6
are all real and nonnegative.
Answers: (0, 0), (1, 9)
Solution:
Let x1 , x2 be the zeros of f (x), and let y1 , y2 , y3 be the zeros of g (x).

By Viete’s relation,

x1 + x2 = 2r
x1 x2 = r

and

y1 + y2 + y3 = r
s
y1 y2 + y2 y3 + y3 y1 =
27
r6
y1 y2 y3 =
27

4
 Note that  2
x1 + x2
≥ x1 x2 ⇒ r2 ≥ r
2

y1 + y2 + y3 √
≥ 3 y1 y2 y3
3 r
r 6
3 r
≥
3 27
2
r ≥ r

Hence r = r2 , and consequently x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 = y3 . Moreover, r = 0, 1.

• If r = 0, then f (x) = x2 with x1 = x2 = 0. And since y1 = y2 = y3 with y1 + y2 + y3 = 0,

then ultimately s = 0.
• If r = 1, then f (x) = x2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1)2 with x1 = x2 = 1. And since y1 = y2 = y3 with
y1 + y2 + y3 = 1 then y1 = y2 = y3 = 31 . Therefore s = 9.

Thus, the possible ordered pairs (r, s) are (0, 0) and (1, 9) .

2. A point P is chosen randomly inside the triangle with sides 13, 20, and 21. Find the probability
that the circle centered at P with radius 1 will intersect at least one of the sides of the triangle.
Answer: 75/196
Solution 1: Let ABC be a triangle with sides BC = 13, CA = 20 and AB = 21 and let S be the
set of points P such that the circle ω with radius 1 centered at P intersects at least one of the sides
of ABC. For a fixed side of ABC (say `), ω intersects ` if and only if P lies within one unit from
`. This suggests we construct a triangle A1 B1 C1 such that A1 B1 k AB, B1 C1 k BC, C1 A1 k CA
and the corresponding parallel sides of A1 B1 C1 and ABC have distance 1. Thus, the set S of
such points P forms a region R outside A1 B1 C1 but inside ABC and the probability is then the
ratio of the areas of R and ABC.
Observe that ABC and A1 B1 C1 are similar and hence the ratio of their corresponding sides is
constant, say k > 0. Also, triangle ABC is divided into four regions: the triangle A1 B1 C1 and
three trapezoids A1 B1 BA, B1 C1 CB and C1 A1 AC. The region R then comprises these trapezoids.
We use [P] to denote p the area of region P. Using Heron’s formula with semiperimeter s = 27,
we see that [ABC] = 27(27 − 13)(27 − 20)(27 − 21) = 126. As ABC and A1 B1 C1 are similar,
[A1 B1 C1 ] : [ABC] = k 2 and with B1 C1 = 13k, C1 A1 = 20k, A1 B1 = 21k, we obtain

[ABC] = [A1 B1 C1 ] + [A1 B1 BA] + [B1 C1 CB] + [C1 A1 AC]

1 1 1
126 = 126k 2 + (21k + 21) + (20k + 20) + (13k + 13)
2 2 2
2
= 126k + 27k + 27
11
so 126k 2 + 27k − 99 = 9(k + 1)(14k − 11) = 0 and k = 14 . Therefore, the probability is

[R] [A1 B1 C1 ] 121 75

=1− = 1 − k2 = 1 − = .
[ABC] [ABC] 196 196

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 Solution 2: The additional points in the figure below (not drawn to scale) are precisely what they
appear to be.

We can determine the proportionality constant k between 4A1 B1 C1 and 4ABC by determining
A1 B1 = A2 B2 = 21 − AA2 − BB2 . Since 4AA1 A2 and 4AA1 A3 are congruent right triangles,
then AA1 bisects ∠A. Let α = ∠A1 AA2 . Then tan α = AAA1 A2
2
1
= AA 2
so AA2 = cot α.
1
From Heron’s Formula, [ABC] = 126. Since 126 = 2 (21)(CD), then CD = 12. By the
Pythagorean Theorem, AD = 16 and BD = 5.
Let the bisector of ∠A meet the altitude CD at E. Thus DE AD 16 4
CE = AC = 20 = 5 . Since CE + DE =
16/3
12, then DE = 16 DE 1
3 . This implies tan α = AD = 16 = 3 , and so AA2 = cot α = 3.
Similarly, BB1 bisects ∠B. If β = ∠B1 BB2 , then BB2 = cot β. Extend BB1 to meet CD at F .
10/3
Since DF BD 5 10 DF
CF = BC = 13 and CF + DF = 12, then DF = 3 . This implies tan β = BD = 5 = 3 ,
2

and so BB2 = cot β = 1.5.

A1 B1 16.5 11
Finally, A2 B2 = 21 − 3 − 1.5 = 16.5. Thus, k = AB = 21 = 14 , and so

[ABC] − [A1 B1 C1 ] [ABC] − k 2 [ABC] 75

= = 1 − k2 = .
[ABC] [ABC] 196

3. Define a sequence of integers as follows: a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and for k ∈ N, ak+2 = ak+1 + ak . How

many different ways are there to write 2017 as a sum of distinct elements of this sequence?
Answer: 24
Solution: Note that these ak s are in fact the Fibonacci numbers. Denote by f (n) the number of
distinct ways to express a number as a sum of ak s. Note that 2017 = 1597 + 377 + 34 + 8 + 1 =
a15 + a12 + a8 + a5 + a1 .
We prove the following lemma:

a1 + a2 + · · · + ak = ak+2 − 2

This follows simply from induction. It is true for k = 1; adding ak+1 to both sides and using the
fact that ak+1 + ak+2 = ak+3 gives the result.

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Now, denote by f (n) the number of ways to express n as a sum of distinct ak s; we are looking
for f (2017). Now, note that any such sum must contain either 1597 or 987. If the sum does not
contain 1597, it must certainly contain 987; otherwise, from the lemma, the sum would be at most
1 + 2 + · · · + 610 = 1595. Moreover, if the sum contains 987 (but not 1597), it must also contain
610; otherwise, it will be at most 987 + (1 + 2 + · · · + 377) = 987 + 985 = 1972.
Hence, f (2017) = 2f (420).
By a similar argument, any sum of 420 must contain either 377 or 233. However, this time, it is
perfectly possible for this sum to contain 233 but not 144, since 233 + (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 89) =
464 > 420. We thus have two cases to deal with.
Case 1: If the sum contains 377, then we have to compute f (43). Now, note that as in the
argument from earlier, any sum adding up to 43 contains either 34 or 13+21. Hence f (43) = 2f (9).
Repeating this argument, we get f (9) = 2f (1) = 2. This gives us f (43) = 4.
Case 2: The sum does not contain 377. In this case, the sum must contain 233. We then have to
compute f (187). Any sum adding up to 187 must contain either 144 or 89; moreover, if it contains
89, it must contain 55 as well. Hence, f (187) = 2f (43) = 8 by our previous computation.
Thus, f (420) = 3f (43) = 12, and f (2017) = 24.