‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫‪GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME GYPSIFEROUS SOILS IN‬‬
‫‪IRAQ‬‬
‫**‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﻤﺤﻴﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺩ ﻋﻁﺎ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭﺕ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴـﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻲ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼل ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺴـﺕ ﺍﻝـﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻝﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺍﺜﻲ ﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻜﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ‪ ، A-C‬ﻭﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ‪ A-B-C‬ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺍﻝـﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴـﺴﺔ ) ‪(Gypsic,Calcic, Argillic‬ﻝﻠﺘـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ ‪ Multistage‬ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Abstract:‬‬

‫‪Ten pedons were selected within three transects covering most main and secondary‬‬
‫‪physiographic units in some of Iraqi gypsiferous soil present which different within‬‬
‫‪gypsum content , development degree and nature of parent material . Morphological,‬‬
‫‪physical and chemical properties reflecting the genesis state of soil series were studied .‬‬
‫‪The results of this study indicated that there was some differences in soil development‬‬
‫‪between the studies pedons even within same physiographic location or between‬‬
‫‪different type of physiographic location due to the effect of local factors and the effect of‬‬
‫‪pedogenesis and geomorphic processes . The results indicated that there were three soil‬‬
‫‪groups according to there degree of development including soil with A-C profile and‬‬
‫‪soils with weak development features and the third group included soils with high‬‬
‫‪degree of development . The results showed that there was an interaction between‬‬
‫‪diagnostic subhorizions (Gypsic,Calcic, Argillic) within the same pedon referring to‬‬
‫‪multistage of formation for these soils during the past time .‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺍﻕ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪(12.5‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ )‪ (%28.6‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ]‪. [1‬ﺍﺸﺎﺭ]‪ [2‬ﺒـﺎﻥ‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ‪ ، ٢٠١٠/٦/٢٤ :‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ‪٢٠١١/٣/٨‬‬
‫*‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ‪ /‬ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫**‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺫ ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺯ ﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﻘﺘﺭﻥ ﺒﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻴﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻴﺴﺘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻓـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪(% ٨٠‬ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ )‪ . (petrogypsic‬ﻤﻴﺯ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ]‪ [3‬ﻭ ]‪[4‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻻﻭل ﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻲ( ‪ primary gypsum‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻴﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﺒﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﻴﺩﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺎﻻﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺠـﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺩﺭﺍﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ )ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ(ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻝﻠﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪.‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ‪ secondary gypsum‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺫﺍﺒﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻴﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺒﻪ ﺒﻔﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺏ ‪ .‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ]‪ [5‬ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻱ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺘﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻭﻴﻐﺴل ﺍﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ ﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺨﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻤﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﺨﺭ ﺒﺄﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﺼل ]‪ [6‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﻻﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ toposequences‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺠﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼل ﺒﺘﻐﺎﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪ ، landscape‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ]‪ [7‬ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺼل ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﻝﻤﻔﺼﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﺼـﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻀـﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭﺕ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺒﺨـﻁ‬
‫)ﺘل ﻋﻴﻁﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ‪-‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪-‬ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ( ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺜل ﺒﺨﻁ)ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ‪-‬ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ‪-‬ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ( ﺍﻤﺎﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺒﺨﻁ)ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻝﺩﺒﻭﻨﻲ‪-‬ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ(ﺸﻜل )‪ .(١‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ‪.‬ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺸﺭﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴـﺎ ﻭﻓـﻕ ﺍﻻﺼـﻭﻝﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ]‪ .[8‬ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻓﻕ ﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﺭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺤﺠـﻭﻡ ﺩﻗـﺎﺌﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ]‪ . [9‬ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺒﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ]‪ [10‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ‪ pyconometer‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ]‪ . [11‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗـﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫]‪. [12‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ]‪ . [13‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ‪ black ,walkely‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ]‪. [14‬ﺼﻨﻔﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ]‪ [15‬ﻭﺍﻝـﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﻴﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ]‪ [16‬ﻭ]‪ [17‬ﻭ]‪ . [18‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨـﻀﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺒﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ‪ (CI) clay accumulation index‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍ ﻝﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ]‪ [19‬ﻭﻫﻲ )ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ %‬ﻝﻠﻁﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ‪ B‬ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ‪( C‬ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ‪. B‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (١‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒـﺎﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻭﻤﺎﺭﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤـﺩﺍﺙ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺒﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ ﺍﻻﻓـﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎﺭﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪(٢‬ﻭ)‪ (٣‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻝﻼﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺠﻠـﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠـﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻘـﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﻝـﺔ‬
‫‪ eluviation‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ‪ illuviation‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ‪ illuvial horizons‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻠﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻠﺱ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺓ)ﺘـل ﻋﺒﻁـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪،‬ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪A-C‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺼل ﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ )ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺩﺒﻭﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫( ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬١) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬
Color

Soil Series and Location Horizons Depth in cm. Texture class Structure
Dry Moist

(433XKW) Ap 0-25 10YR7/4 10YR4/4 L 2msbk

P1 ‫ﺘل ﻋﺒﻁﺔ‬ Btk 25-70 10YR5/6 10YR4/4 CL 2msbk
Cy 70-120 7.5YR7/4 7.5YR 5/4 SL 0m
A 0-20 10YR6/4 10YR4/4 SL 1msbk
(XMW321) Cy1 20-60 7.5YR6/6 7.5YR5/6 SL 1fsbk
P2 ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ‬ Cy2 60-120 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR 5/4 SL 0gr

( ٤٤٣ CKE) Ap 0-12 10YR6/4 10YR4/4 L 2mabk

Btk1 12-60 7.5YR5/6 7.5YR4/4 Sic 3msbk
‫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬P3 Btk2 60-90 7.5YR5/4 7.5YR4/4 Sic 3csbk
Cy 90-150 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR4/4 L 1fsbk
(442CKM) Ap 0-20 10YR6/4 10YR4/4 L 1msbk
P4 ‫ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬ Btk 20-50 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR4/4 CL 2msbk
C1 50-110 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR5/4 SL 1msbk
C2 110-180 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR 5/4 SL 2fsbk
2.5 Y5/2
(423XXW) A 0-28 10YR7/3 10YR4/3 gravel L 1msbk
P5 ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ‬ By 28-80 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR5/4 SL 1f-msbk
Cy 80-120+ 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR 5/3 SL 1m-csbk
(123XKW) A 0-30 7.5YR7/4 7.5YR5/4 SL 1msbk
P6 ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ‬ By 30-65 10YR6/4 7.5YR4/4 SL 1fsbk
Cy 65-100 7.5YR6/4 7.5YR4/4 L 1vfsbk
(XAW321) A 0-22 10YR8/4 10YR6/4 SL 1fsbk
P7 ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ‬
Cy1 22-76 10YR7/4 10YR5/4 SL 1msbk
Cy2 76-120+ 2.5YR7/6 2.5Y5/4 SL 0m
5Y 7/2 5Y 5/2
(423 VKW) A ٠-١٠ 10YR8/3 10YR6/3 L 1fsbk
P8 ‫ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ By1 ١٠-٥٥ 10YR8/6 10YR6/6 SL 1msbk
Bty2 ٥٥-١٠٠ 10YR6/4 10YR 5/4 gravel SL 1msbk
10YR8/4 10YR7/2
١٠٠-١٦٠ 2.5Y7/6 2.5 Y6/4 SL to SCL 3msbk
C1 5Y 7/2 5Y 7/2
(MM11 ‫)ﻤﺜﻨﻰ‬ AP ٠-٣٠ 10YR6/4 10YR4/3 Sic 2msbk
P9‫ﺍﻝﺩﺒﻭﻨﻲ‬ C1 ٣٠-٧٠ 10YR6/4 10YR4/4 Sic 3msbk
C2 ٧٠-١٢٠+ 10YR6/3 10YR4/4 Sic 2msbk
10YR 2/2
(KME 121) A ٠-٤٠ 7.5YR7/6 7.5YR4/4 SL 1fsbk
P10 ‫ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ‬ Cky1 ٤٠-٨٣ 7.5YR7/4 7.5YR6/4 S 0sg
Cky2 ٨٣-١٥٠+ 7.5YR7/4 7.5YR 5/4 S 0m

L: loam , CL: clay loam, SL: sandy loam , SCL: sand clay loam , Sic : silty clay S: sand
1msbk: weak medium subangular blocky.
2msbk: moderate medium subangular blocky.
 3msbk: strong medium subangular blocky.
1fsbk : weak fine subangular blocky.
2fsbk : moderate fine subangular blocky.
3csbk : strong coarse subangular blocky.
1vfsbk : weak very fine subangular blocky.
1f-msbk : weak fine to moderate subangular blocky.
1m-csbk : weak medium to coarse subangular blocky.
Om : structureless massive .
Ogr : structureless granular.
Osg : structureless single grain.

‫( ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬٢) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

‫* ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻝﻤﻔﺼﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺠﺔ‬ ١- ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻡ ﻜﻐﻡ‬

‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‬
% ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‬ (‫)ﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬
٣-‫ﻡ‬ ٣-‫ﻡ‬.
٠,٠٥-٢
‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
< -٠,٠٥
٠,٠٠٢ ٠,٠٠٢
‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
٤٦,٥٩ ٢,٤٩ ١,٣٣ L ١٧٦,٧ ٣٩٩,٦ ٤٢٣,٧ ٠-٢٠ Ap
‫ ﺴﻬل ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬/ ‫ﺍﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻼل‬

٣٧,٨٥ ٢,٥١ ١,٥٦ CL ٢٨٨,١ ٣١١,١ ٤٠٠,٨ ٢٠-٥٠ Btk

‫ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬442 CKM

٣٩,١٧ ٢,٤ ١,٤٦ SL ١٥٢,٣ ١٢٠ ٧٢٧,٧ -١١٠ C1

٥٠
٣٩,٥٩ ٢,٤٥ ١,٤٨ SL ١٦٥,٨ ٦٦,٧ ٧٦٧,٥ -١٨٠ C2
١١٠
٥٥,٣ ٢,٦٤ ١,١٨ L ١٦٨,٩ ٣٤٣,٣ ٤٨٧,٨ Oct-00 A
‫ ﺴﻬل ﺒﺩﺭﺓ‬/ ‫ﺍﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻼل‬

‫ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬423 VKW

٤٥,٥٦ ٢,٤٨ ١,٣٥ SL ١٤٢,٢ ٩١,٤ ٧٦٦,٤ ١٠-٥٥ By1

٣٧,١٤ ٢,٤٥ ١,٥٤ SL ١٧٨,٧ ١٨,٢ ٨٠٣,١ -١٠٠ Bty2
٥٥
٣٢,٧٩ ٢,٤٧ ١,٦٦ SLtoSCL ١٩٦,٣ ٢٥٥,٩ ٥٤٧,٨ -١٦٠ C1
١٠٠
‫‪٤٧,٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٧‬‬ ‫‪١,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١٥,٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٥‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫‪433XKW‬ﺘل‬
‫‪٣٧,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٦٢‬‬ ‫‪CL‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٨,٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٥-٧٠‬‬ ‫‪Btk‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٤٦,٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٩‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪١١٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٨,٢‬‬ ‫‪-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٤٧,٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٣‬‬ ‫‪١,٣٣‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٢,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٤‬‬ ‫‪Dec-00‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬

‫‪443 CKE‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪٣٨,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٦١‬‬ ‫‪SiC‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٦,٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٩,٣‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢-٦٠‬‬ ‫‪Btk1‬‬
‫‪٣٤,٥١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٦٧‬‬ ‫‪SiC‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٧,٣‬‬ ‫‪٤١٢,٣‬‬ ‫‪٩٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٦٠-٩٠‬‬ ‫‪Btk2‬‬
‫‪٣٤,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٦١‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٥,٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٨,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٥,٩‬‬ ‫‪-١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫‪٤٢,٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٤٨‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٥٨,١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٥٩١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫‪XMW321‬‬
‫‪٤٩,٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪١,٢١‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٤٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٥٣,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠-٦٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ‬
‫‪٤٧,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٣٣‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫‪٧٤٣,٦‬‬ ‫‪-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy2‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪٣٩,٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٧‬‬ ‫‪١,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٤,٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠-٣٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫‪123 XKW‬ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫‪٣٦,٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٦٩,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٩٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٦٣٨,٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠-٦٥‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ‬
‫‪٤٣,١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٤١‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٥,١‬‬ ‫‪-١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫‪٥٢,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٦١‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٦٨,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٣٩,١‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٢‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‪ /‬ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫‪XAW 321‬‬
‫‪٤٨,٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٦‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٨٧,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٢-٧٦‬‬ ‫‪Cy1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٤٨,٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٩٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٩‬‬ ‫‪٧٥٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy2‬‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻬ‬

‫‪٣٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٧‬‬ ‫‪١,٦٧‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٤٨‬‬ ‫‪١٣٦,٨‬‬ ‫‪٧١٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠-٤٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪423 XXW KME 121‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‪/‬‬

‫‪٤٧,٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٨‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪٣٣,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٢,٣‬‬ ‫‪٩٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٠-٨٣‬‬ ‫‪Cky1‬‬

‫‪٣٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٥٩‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪١٨,١‬‬ ‫‪٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٧٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪Cky2‬‬
‫‪٤٧,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٦٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٨,٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٨‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻬل‬

‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫‪٥١,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١,١٨‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥,٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪٧٩٧,١‬‬ ‫‪٢٨-٨٠‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫‪٤٦,٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪١٧٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪١٠٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬
‫‪٣٧,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥١‬‬ ‫‪١,٥٨‬‬ ‫‪SiC‬‬ ‫‪٤٥١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٤١٥,٨‬‬ ‫‪١٣٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠-٣٠‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻬل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ ‪/‬‬

‫)ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ‪(MM11‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻬل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫‪٣٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٦‬‬ ‫‪SiC‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠-٧٠‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺩﺒﻭﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔل‬

‫‪٣٦,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪SiC‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٦,١‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٤١,١‬‬ ‫‪-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬

‫‪٧٠‬‬

‫* ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (٣‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻴﺼﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺎﻴﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫‪CEC‬‬ ‫‪١-‬‬ ‫‪at 25C 0 *EC1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪١-‬‬ ‫ﻏﻡ ﻜﻐﻡ‬
‫‪١-‬‬ ‫ﻏﻡ ﻜﻐﻡ‬
‫ﻏﻡ‪ .‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻲ ﻤﻭل ﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪١-‬‬
‫‪١-‬‬
‫ﺩﻴﺴﻲ ﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯﻡ‬

‫‪١٩,٢١‬‬ ‫‪١١,٩٧‬‬ ‫‪٣١١,٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٧,٩٣‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫‪442 CKM‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻼل‪/‬‬
‫ﺴﻬل ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬
‫‪٧,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢,١٤‬‬ ‫‪٤١٢,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠-٥٠‬‬ ‫‪Btk‬‬

‫ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‬
‫‪٣,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٨,٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٣,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠,٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٧,١٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٠-١١٠‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬

‫‪٣,٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٥,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪١٥٢,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٤,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,١١‬‬ ‫‪١١٠-١٨٠+‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬

‫‪٢,٤١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٤١‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٨,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٧,٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٧,١٥‬‬ ‫‪٠-١٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪423 VKW‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻼل‬
‫‪٠,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٦,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٠,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٨,٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٤٧‬‬ ‫‪١٠-٥٥‬‬ ‫‪By1‬‬

‫ﺴﻬل ﺒﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١,٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٥,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٤١,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٩١,٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٧,٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٥-١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪Bty2‬‬

‫‪١,١٥‬‬ ‫‪٤,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٥١٤,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٥,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠-١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬

‫‪١٥,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١٥,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٩,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٨,١٢‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٥‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫‪433XKW‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪/‬‬

‫ﺘل ﻋﺒﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪٤,٧١‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٠,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٧,٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٥-٧٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Btk‬‬
‫‪٠,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٨,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٣,٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٧,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬

‫‪١٨,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٤,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٢,٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,١١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٠-١٢‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٤,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١١,٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٦,٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢-٦٠‬‬

‫‪443 CKE‬‬
‫‪Btk1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪/‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪٢,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٢,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٦,١١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣١‬‬ ‫‪٦٠-٩٠‬‬ ‫‪Btk2‬‬

‫‪٣,٤٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٣,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٦,١١‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٠-١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬

‫‪٨,١٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥١,٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,١٢‬‬ ‫‪٧,٧١‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪XMW 321‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ‬
‫‪٠,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٨,٢٦‬‬ ‫‪١١٣,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٤,٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٧,١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠-٦٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy1‬‬

‫‪٠,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٨,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٦,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٣,٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٦٠-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy2‬‬

‫‪٣,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٩,٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٢١٥,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠,٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٧,٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٠-٣٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪123 XKW‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫‪٠,٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٨٢‬‬ ‫‪١٦١,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٦,٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٠-٦٥‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫‪٠,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٩,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٠,٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٥-١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬

‫‪٤,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٨,٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٦,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٩,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٢‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪XAW 321‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‪/‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪١,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٤,٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٦,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٧,٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٢,٦١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٢-٧٦‬‬ ‫‪Cy1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫‪٠,٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٥,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٨,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٦-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪Cy2‬‬

‫‪٢,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٣,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٩,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٠-٤٠‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪KME 121‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‪/‬‬

‫‪١,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٣,٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٤١٨,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٦٤,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٦,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٠-٨٣‬‬ ‫‪Cky1‬‬

‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٥١١,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٤,٣١‬‬ ‫‪٣,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٣-١٥٠+‬‬ ‫‪Cky2‬‬

‫‪٨,٧١‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٧,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٣١‬‬ ‫‪٠-٢٨‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪423XXW‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻬل‬

‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫‪٠,٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٤,٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٦,١٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٠,٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣٤‬‬ ‫‪٧,١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨-٨٠‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬

‫‪٠,٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٤,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٠,٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٣,٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٠-١٢٠+‬‬ ‫‪Cy‬‬

‫‪١٢,٩١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٥١‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٦,٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٠-٣٠‬‬ ‫‪Ap‬‬

‫‪MM11‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻬل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭ‬

‫)ﻤﺜﻨﻰ(‬
‫ﺒﻲ‬

‫‪٧,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٨,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٤,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٥,٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٧,٤١‬‬ ‫‪٣٠-٧٠‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬

‫‪٣,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٤,٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٧,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٤,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٧,٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٧٠-١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬

‫*‪ : EC 1‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ١ :١‬ﻤﻌﻠﻕ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ /‬ﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل)‪(٣ ، ٢، ١‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻝﻼﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝـﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻝـﺴﻼﺴل‬
‫ﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﺘل ﻋﺒﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻓﺎﻕ ‪Ochric‬ﻭ‪ Argillic‬ﻭ ‪ Calcic‬ﻭ‪ Gypsic‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﻕ ﺸـﻜل )‪، (٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴـﺎﻋﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻝﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴـﺎﻋﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ (٣-‬ﺍﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﺭﺠﻠﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ)ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘل ﻋﺒﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝـﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻘﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻭ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﺭﺠﻠﻴﻙ ﻭﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﺍﺩﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜـﺴﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Paleoclimate condition‬ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻝﻨـﺸﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻲ ‪ By‬ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺼـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ)‪ ٢٨‬ﻭ‪(٣٠‬ﺴﻡ ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ)‪ ٥٢‬ﻭ‪(٣٥‬ﺴﻡ ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ %48.05‬ﻭ‪ (%40.70‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ‪ By1‬ﻭ‪ Bty2‬ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ )‪ ١٠‬ﻭ ‪ ( ٥٥‬ﺴـﻡ ﻭﺒـﺴﻤﻙ‬
‫‪٤٥‬ﺴﻡ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺠﺒﺱ )‪%33.84‬ﻭ ‪ (%39.14‬ﻝﻜﻼ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪-‬ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺝ‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺏ‪-‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (٢‬ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ))ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ ( )ﺏ‪-‬ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ( )ﺝ‪ -‬ﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ(‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (٣‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ Vughs‬ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (٣‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ Planes‬ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ‪ Planes Irregular ortho-joint‬ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (٤‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ Graze planes‬ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ )‪ (٥‬ﻭ)‪(٦‬‬

‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل)‪(٥‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ )ﻤﺨﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺭﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺘل ﻋﺒﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ( ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻭﺍﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫ﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻲ )‪ .(B‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻁﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (CI‬ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪407.4‬‬
‫‪ ( 5451.4 ،603.9 ، 1121.4،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ‪ /A‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ‪ B‬ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝـﺴﻼﺴل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (3.55،1.25،1.90 ،1.63‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻨﺤـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ )‪ (B‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺘﻭﺼـل ﺍﻝﻴـﻪ‬
‫]‪[20‬ﻭ]‪[21‬ﻭ]‪ [18‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻤﻔﺼﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ )‪ (B‬ﺒﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤـﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﻀـﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺴﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻫـﻲ )‪ -191.45‬ﻭ‪(-194.48‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻻﺌل ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻝـﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻼﺴل ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪(١٥٠-١٠٠‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺴﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ‪ B/A‬ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺴﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ 0.91‬ﻭ ‪ (0.67‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻀـﻌﻑ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ )ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺩﺒﻭﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ( ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨـﺸﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻭﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺴـﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺩﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﻁ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Jafarzadeh, A.A, Zinck, J.A."World wide distribution and sustainable management of soil‬‬
‫‪with gypsum" ,ISD Ana sayfasi (2000).‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺯﻨﺠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ " ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ " ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ " ‪ (٦-٤) ،‬ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ ، ١٩٨٦‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ )‪. (١٩٨٦‬‬
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‫‪4- Barazanji ,A.F., "Gypsiferous soils of Iraq" . Ph.D. thesis ,University of Ghent.‬‬
‫‪Belgium(1973).‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﻤﺤﻴﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩﺍﻨﻲ " ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ " ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (٣٣‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ )‪ (١‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪. (٢٠٠٢) ٦٠-٥٥‬‬
‫"‪6- Stolt, M.H.,J.C.Baker and T.W. Simpson ," Soil landscape relationships in Virginia‬‬
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‫‪421.(1993).‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻭﻱ ﻥ ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﺎﻋﻲ" ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺏ‬
‫" ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ )‪. (٢٠٠٣‬‬
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‫ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ‬. ‫ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﺍﺼﻁﻴﻔﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺸﻴﺩ " ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ " ﺩﻝﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻱ‬، ‫ ﺠﻭﻥ‬، ‫ ﺭﺍﻴﻥ‬-١٣
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