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7.1 Solutions: Notes

1. The document discusses solutions to problems involving symmetric matrices. It provides theorems and examples to determine if a matrix is symmetric or not. 2. Symmetric matrices are equal to their transpose, while non-symmetric matrices are not equal to their transpose. 3. Orthogonal matrices have the property that their transpose is also their inverse. The document gives examples of determining if a matrix is orthogonal or not.

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88 views2 pages

7.1 Solutions: Notes

1. The document discusses solutions to problems involving symmetric matrices. It provides theorems and examples to determine if a matrix is symmetric or not. 2. Symmetric matrices are equal to their transpose, while non-symmetric matrices are not equal to their transpose. 3. Orthogonal matrices have the property that their transpose is also their inverse. The document gives examples of determining if a matrix is orthogonal or not.

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Angliski testovi
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7.

1 SOLUTIONS

Notes: Students can profit by reviewing Section 5.3 (focusing on the Diagonalization Theorem) before
working on this section. Theorems 1 and 2 and the calculations in Examples 2 and 3 are important for the
sections that follow. Note that symmetric matrix means real symmetric matrix, because all matrices in the text
have real entries, as mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. The exercises in this section have been
constructed so that mastery of the Gram-Schmidt process is not needed.
Theorem 2 is easily proved for the 2 × 2 case:
a
If A = 
c
b
d 
1
(
, then λ = a + d ± (a − d ) 2 + 4b 2 .
2
)
If b = 0 there is nothing to prove. Otherwise, there are two distinct eigenvalues, so A must be diagonalizable.
d − λ 
In each case, an eigenvector for λ is  .
 −b 

3 5
1. Since A =   = AT , the matrix is symmetric.
5 −7 

 −3 5
2. Since A =   ≠ AT , the matrix is not symmetric.
 −5 3

2 2
3. Since A =   ≠ AT , the matrix is not symmetric.
4 4

0 8 3
4. Since A =  8 0 −2  = AT , the matrix is symmetric.
 3 −2 0 

 −6 2 0
5. Since A =  0 −6 2  ≠ AT , the matrix is not symmetric.
 0 0 −6 

6. Since A is not a square matrix A ≠ AT and the matrix is not symmetric.

379
380 CHAPTER 7 • Symmetric Matrices and Quadratic Forms

.6 .8
7. Let P =  , and compute that
.8 −.6 

.6 .8 .6 .8  1 0


PT P =  = = I2
.8 −.6  .8 −.6   0 1

.6 .8
Since P is a square matrix, P is orthogonal and P −1 = PT =  .
.8 −.6 

1/ 2 −1/ 2 
8. Let P =   , and compute that
1/ 2 1/ 2 

 1/ 2 1/ 2  1/ 2 −1/ 2   1 0
PT P =   = = I2
 −1/ 2 1/ 2  1/ 2 1/ 2  0 1

 1/ 2 1/ 2 
Since P is a square matrix, P is orthogonal and P −1 = PT =  .
 −1/ 2 1/ 2 

 −5 2
9. Let P =  , and compute that
 2 5

 −5 2   −5 2   29 0
PT P =  = ≠ I2
 2 5  2 5  0 29 

Thus P is not orthogonal.

 −1 2 2
10. Let P =  2 −1 2  , and compute that
 2 2 −1

 −1 2 2   −1 2 2 9 0 0
P P =  2
T
−1 2   2 −1 2  = 0 9 0  ≠ I 3
 2 2 −1  2 2 −1 0 0 9 

Thus P is not orthogonal.

 2/3 2/3 1/ 3
 
11. Let P =  0 1/ 5 −2 / 5  , and compute that
 5 /3 −4 / 45 −2 / 45 

2 / 3 0 5 / 3  2 / 3 2/3 1/ 3  1 0 0
  
PT P =  2 / 3 1/ 5 −4 / 45   0 1/ 5 −2 / 5  = 0 1 0  = I 3
 
 1/ 3 −2 / 5 −2 / 45   5 / 3 −4 / 45 −2 / 45  0 0 1

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