Assignment-2
Course: Electrical Machines
Topic(s): Magnetic Circuits
1. A mild steel ring has a mean diameter of 160 mm and a cross sectional area of 300
mm2 . Given the relative permeability to be 1120, calculate
(a) The mmf to produce a flux of 400 µwb
(b) The corresponding value of the reluctance.
Solution:
(a) d = 160mm = 0.160 m
l = πd = 0.5026 m
Area, A = 300 × 10−6 m2
µr = 1120
µ = µ0 µr = 4π × 10−7 × 1120
Reluctance, R = l/µA = 1.19 × 106 AT/Wb
Flux = 400 µWb
MMF = Flux × R = 476.13 AT
(b) Reluctance, R = l/µA = 1.19 × 106 AT/Wb
2. A mild steel ring has a mean circumference of 500 mm and uniform cross sectional
area of 300 mm2 . The relative permeability of the mild steel to remain constant at
1200.
(a) Calculate the mmf required to produce a flux of 500 µwb.
(b) An air gap, 1.0mm in length is now cut in the ring, determine the flux pro-
duced if the mmf remains constant.
Solution:
(a) l = 500 × 10−3 m
Area, A = 300 × 10−6 m2
µr = 1200
µ = µ0 µr = 4π × 10−7 × 1200
Reluctance, R = l/µA = 1.1 × 106 AT/Wb
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Flux = 500 µWb
MMF = Flux × R = 552.621 AT
(b) MMF = 552.621 AT
Air gap length, l g = 1 × 10−3 m
Reluctance of air gap, R g = l g /µ0 A = 2.65 × 106 AT/Wb
Total Reluctance, R T = R + R g = (1.1 + 2.65) × 106 = 3.75 × 106 AT/Wb
Flux, φ = MMF/R T = 147.4µWb
3. A steel ring has a mean diameter of 15 cm, a cross sectional area of 20 cm2 and a
radial air gap of 0.5 mm cut in it. The ring is uniformly wound with 1500 turns of
insulated wire and a magnetizing current of 1 A produces a flux of 1 mWb in the
air gap. Neglect the effect of magnetic leakage and fringing.
(a) Calculate the reluctance of the magnetic circuit (AT/Wb)
(b) Calculate the relative permeability of the steel
Solution:
(a) d = 15 × 10−2 m
l = πd = 0.471 m
Area, A = 20 × 10−4 m2
Air gap length, l g = 0.5 × 10−3 m
Number of turns, N = 1500
Magnetizing current, i = 1 A
Flux, φ = 1 mWb
MMF = N × i = 1500 AT Reluctance of the magnetic circuit, R T = MMF/φ =
1.5 × 106 AT/Wb
(b) Reluctance of air gap, R g = l g /µ0 A = 1.98 × 105 AT/Wb
Total Reluctance, R T = R + R g = R + 1.98 × 105 = 1.5 × 106
Reluctance of steel ring, R = l/µ0 µr A = 1.3 × 106 AT/Wb
Hence, µr = 144.157
4. A hysteresis loop is plotted against a horizontal axis which scales 1000A/m = 1cm
and a vertical axis which scales 0.2T = 1cm. The area of the loop is 9 cm2 and the
overall height is 14 cm.
(a) Calculate the hysteresis loss in Joules per cubic meter per cycle
(b) Calculate the maximum flux density (in T)
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(c) Calculate the hysteresis loss in watts per kilogram, assuming the density of
the material to be 7800 kg/m3 at an input frequency of 50 Hz.
Solution:
(a) Hysteresis loss, Ph = Area enclosed by the curve = 9 × 1000 × 0.2
= 1800 J/m3 /cycle
(b) Maximum flux density, Bmax = Total height of the curve /2 = 14 × 0.2/2 =
1.4 T
(c) Hysteresis loss in W/kg = 1800 × 50/7800 = 11.54 W/kg
5. A long straight conductor, situated in air is carrying a current of 500 A the return
conductor being far removed.
(a) Calculate the field strength in A/m at a radius of 80 mm
(b) Calculate the flux density (in mT) at a radius of 80 mm.
Solution:
Current, i = 500 A
Radius, r = 80 × 10−3 m
(a) Field strength, H = i/2πr = 500/(2π × 80 × 10−3 ) = 994.72 A/m
(b) Flux density, B = µ0 H = 1.25 mT
6. In a certain magnetic circuit having a length of 500 mm and a cross sectional area
of 300 mm2 , an mmf of 200 AT produces a flux of 400µwb.
(a) Calculate the reluctance of the magnetic circuit in AT/Wb.
(b) Calculate the relative permeability of the core
Solution:
(a) l = 500 × 10−3 m
Area, A = 300 × 10−6 m2
MMF = 200 AT
Flux , φ = 400 µWb
Reluctance, R = MMF/φ = 500000 AT/Wb
(b) Reluctance of steel ring, R = l/µ0 µr A = 500000 AT/Wb
Hence, µr = 2652.58
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7. Each of two air gaps of a moving coil instrument is 2.5 mm long and has a cross
sectional area of 600 mm2 . If the flux density is 0.08 T, calculate the total energy
stored in the magnetic field of the air gap in milli Joules (round off your answer
upto 1 decimal).
Solution:
Total Air gap length, l = L g1 + L g2 = (2.5 + 2.5) × 10−3 m
Area, A = 600 × 10−6 m2
Flux density, B = 0.08 T
Reluctance, R = l/(µ0 A) = 6.631 × 106 AT/Wb
MMF = Flux × reluctance = ( B × A)× reluctance = 318.3 = N I
Energy = 0.5 × LI 2 = 0.5 × ( LI ) × I = 0.5 × ( N × Flux ) × I
as N × Flux = L × I
Therefore, Energy = 7.639 mJ
8. The flux density in air at a point 40 mm from the centre of a long straight conductor
A is 0.03 T. Assuming that the return conductor is a considerable distance away,
calculate the current.
Solution:
Radius, r = 40 × 10−3 m
Flux density, B = µ0 H = 0.03 T
Field strength, H = B/µ0 = 23873.24 A/m
H = i/2πr = i/(2π × 40 × 10−3 ) = 23873.24 A/m
Hence, i = 6000 A
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