Inverse Laplace Transform

• If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) then

L-1 F(s) =f(t) = e-st ds
• In the partial fraction method F(s) can be written as
( )
( )
F(s) = N(s)= Numerator polynomial ,D(s) =Denominator Polynomial
Now F(s) can expressed as
( )
( )
F(s) =Q(s) +
( )
( )
Where Q(s) is the quotient and is the remainder in which the degree of N’ (s) is less
than D’(s)
• The roots of denominator polynomial are important. They may be simple real roots
,multiple roots and complex and conjugate roots.
Simple Real roots
• If the poles of F(s) are simple ,then F(s) can be expressed as
( ) K K K
( )
• F(s) = = 1 + 2 +….+ n
m1 m2 mn
• K1, K2, K3 …..are called partial fraction coefficient and can be obtained
as
• K1 =(s-m1) .F(s)|s=m1
• K2 =(s-m2) .F(s)|s=m2
• Once when the values of K1, K2, K3 determined then F(s) can be

1 1
expressed in terms of partial fraction.
f(t) = L-1 F(s) = K1 L-1 +K2 L-1 +………
m1 m2
f(t) = K1em1t +K2 em2t +…..
Complex Conjugate Roots
• If F(s) has complex roots i.e complex poles then partial fraction can be
expressed as
K1 K1∗
p 1∗
• F(s) = +
p1
• Where K1* is the complex conjugate of K1 and p1* is complex
conjugate of p1 .
Initial Value Theorem
Final Value Theorem
Laplace Transform of Some Time Function
Exponential Function

Consider the exponential function

f(t)=0 for t<0
f(t) =K e-at for t≥ 0
Where K and a are the constants.
L[Ke-at] = K e−at . e-st dt = K e−(a+s)t dt
K[ e−(a+s)t] 0- ∞ =- [e−∞ -e0 ]
L[K e-at] =
Step Function
Unit Step Function
Ramp Function
Sinusoidal Functional
Laplace Transform of tn
Hyperbolic Sine and cosine Function
Damped Sine and Cosine Functions
•
Laplace Transform of Periodic Function
The laplace transform of a periodic
function with the time period T is
equal to the product of 1/1-e-sT
and the laplace transform of the
first cycle.

( )
L[f(t)] = −sT
1−e
• From the definition of one sided Laplace transform
• L f(t) = f(t) . e-st dt
! ! "!
• f1(t) . e-st dt + !
f2(t) . e-st dt + !
f 3 (t) . e-st dt +………
! ! !
• f(t) . e-st dt + f(t+T) . e-(t+T)s dt + f(t+2T) . e-(t+2T)s dt +………
! ! !
• f(t) . e-st dt + e-sT f(t) . e-st dt + e-2sT f(t) . e-st dt +………
!
• f(t) . e-st dt[1+ e-sT + e-2sT +…….]
!
• f(t) . e-st dt.[ ]
1−e−sT
#
• Lf(t) = .[ ] F(s)
1−e−sT
Solution of Differential Equation
• Consider the second order differential equation
$% $
$& % $&
• y(t) = x(t) + K1 x(t) +K2 x(t)
• K1 and K2 are the constants
• Taking the laplace transform of above equation.
[S2 X(s)-S x(0-) –x1’ (0-) ] +K1 [SX(s) –x1’ (0-)] +K2 X(s) =Y(s)

Y(s)
X(s) = 2
S + K1s+K2
Gate Functions
• A rectangular pulse at t=t1 and
duration of pulse is T having unit
f(t)
height is represented as

• G(T) =u(t-t1)-u(t-t1-T)

t1 t1 +T t
Convolution Theorem
• Let F1(s) and F2(s) are the laplace transform of f1(t) and f2(t).Then the
product of F1(s) and F2(s) is the laplace transform of f(t). Which is the
convolution of f1(t) and f2(t).
L f1(t)= F1(s) , L f2(t)= F2(s)
• Then L[f1(t)* f2(t)] = F1(s) F2(s)
• Where f1(t)* f2(t) indicates convolution of f1(t) and f2(t) .
'
( 1
• f1 (t)* f2(t) = f (г) f2(t- г) d г
• Taking the laplace transform of both side
• L[f1(t)* f2(t)]= f1( г) f2(t− г) d г e-stdг dt
• Put t- г=m ,then dt=dm and t=(m+ г)
• L[f1(t)* f2(t)]= f1(г) f2(m) e-s(m+г) d г dm

• L[f1(t)* f2(t)]= f1(г) f2(m) e-sm e-s г d г dm

&
• = f1(г) F2(s) e-s г d г

&
• =F2(s) f1(г)e-s г d г

• =F2(s) F1(s)
• Thus the Laplace transform of the convolution of two signals is the
product of their respective Laplace transform.
Transform Circuit
• Time domain can also be represented in the frequency domain.
• A transform circuit is the equivalent circuit of the domain in s-domain.
• In transform circuit ,the ideal energy sources are replaced by their
laplace transformed functions.
• Resistance , Inductance and Capacitance are replaced by their
transform impedance or admittances
• The initial conditions of energy storage elements are replaced by
voltage and current sources in transform circuit.
Resistor in S-
S-domain
• Ohm law is given by
i(t) I(S)
• v(t) = Ri(t)
• i(t) =Gv(t)
• Taking the laplace transform
• V(S) = RI(S)
• I(S) =GV(S)
)(*)
+(,)
• Or R=
• The ratio of V(s) & I(s) is known as
transform impedance of the
resistor.
+(*)
)(,)
• G= = Transfer Admittance
Inductor in S-
S-Domain
• v-i relationship of inductor is given by i(t)
$-
$&
• v(t) = L …..(1)
&
/ 0 dt + i(ō) ……..(2)
.
• i(t) =
• Taking laplace transform of above equations
• v(s) = L{sI(s) - i(ō)} ………(3)
L
.
• I(s) = v(s) + i(ō) ………(4)
• If the initial condition is zero then
• v(s) = sL I(s)
)(*)
+(,)
• = sL , Z(s) =sL
• This is transform impedance of inductor
• Z(s) = sL
• In equation (3) the first term represents the voltage across inductor and
second term represents transform of impulse voltage source.
• The transform N/w is shown in fig(a)
• If the initial current is zero then equation(4) becomes
#
1
• I(s) = v(s)
• In eq (4) the first term represents the current in the inductor and second
term represents the transform of constant current source. The transform
N/w is shown in fig (b)
Transform Circuit

Fig(a) Fig(b)
Capacitor in s-
s-domain
• v-i relationship of capacitor is given by
$2
$&
• i(t) = C …..(1)
&
4 0 dt + v(ō) ……..(2)
3
i(t)
• v(t) =
• Taking laplace transform of above equations
• I(s) = C{sV(s) - v(ō)} ………(3)
v(ō)
3
• V(s) = I(s) + ………(4) C
• If the initial condition is zero then
• I(s) = sC V(s)
)(*)
+(,) 3 3
• = ,Z(s) =
• From the eq(3) it is clear that the transform admittance sC is in
parallel with transform current source Cv(ō).
• The transform network is shown in fig below
Transform Circuit

Fig(a) Fig(b)
Laplace transform of Signal Waveforms
• 1.Step Function

• L f(t) = 6(0)e-st V(t)

• = 7(0)e-st

1.e-st =
8
• =

#
9
• F(s) =
t
2.Ramp Function
• L f(t) = :(0)e-st dt
r(t)
• = ; 0.e-st dt

#
• F(s)=
S2
K>0

t
3.Parabolic Function
0; 0<0
; 0>0
• r(t) =< Kt2
r(t)
• For unit parabolic function K=1
0; 0<0
; 0>0
• r(t) =< t2

Kt2
• L f(t) = e-st dt
@
S3
• R(s) =
t
4.Impulse Functions
0; 0≠0
∞; 0=0
• δ(t) =B

• δ(t) = 1 V(t)
• We can say that the impulse
function has zero value 2/T
everywhere except at t=0 the
amplitude is infinite.
• An Impulse function is the 1/T
derivative of a step function i.e
$ $
$& $&
• δ(t) = u(t) L[δ(t)] = L[ u(t)]
# T/2 T
• δ(t) =s. = 1 t
5.Cubic Function Cu(t)
6E: 0 ≥ 0
0 6E: 0 ≺ 0
t3/6
• Cu(t) =B
Cu(t)
• Laplace transform
• L[Cu(t)] = G7(0) e-st dt
• = (t3/6) e-st dt
• =
S4
#
• Cu(s) =
S4
t