A

Seminar Report

On

Testing and protection of transformer

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

By

Taufeeq Ahmad(1408221029)

Seminar Guide Seminar Coordinator

Mr.Maroof Ali Mr.Alok Agrawal

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ram Ganga Vihar, Phase –II, Moradabad-244001 (U.P)

Session: 2016-17
 MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MORADABAD

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “Testing and protection of transformer“, submitted by

Taufeeq Ahmad (1408221029) in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of B.Tech.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering embodies the work done by him under my guidance.

Signature of the Seminar Guide Signature of the Seminar Coordinator

Mr.Maroof Ali Mr.Alok Agarwal

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Date---------- Date-----------
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deepest sense of gratitude towards my guide Mr.Maroof Ali,

Assistant Professor Electrical Engineering Department, Moradabad Institute of
Technology, Moradabad for his patience, inspiration, guidance, constant
encouragement, moral support, keen interest, and valuable suggestions during
preparation of this seminar report.

My heartfelt gratitude goes to all faculty members of Electrical Engineering

Deptt., who with their encouraging and caring words and most valuable
suggestions have contributed, directly or indirectly, in a significant way towards
completion of this seminar report.

I am indebted to all my classmates for taking interest in discussing my problem

and encouraging me.

I owe a debt of gratitude to my father and mother for their consistent support,
sacrifice, candid views, and meaningful suggestion given to me at different stages
of this work.

Last but not the least I am thankful to the Almighty who gave me the strength
and health for completing my report.

TAUFEEQ AHMAD

(1408221029)

EN 3rd year
 List of content

Content: page no

Certificate (i)

Synopsis (ii)

Acknowledgement (iii)

Abstract (iv)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Definition 1
2. Component 1
3. Working principle 2
4. Construction 3
5. Transformer dot construction 4
6. Classification 5
7. Ideal transformer 5

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL OF TRANSFORMER

1. E.M.F equation 6
2. Ratio of transformer 7
3. Testing of transformer 8
4. Voltage regulation 8
5. Losses in transformer 9
6. Core loss and copper loss 10
7. Efficiency 10

CHAPTER 3. Testing of transformer

1. Types of test 12
2. Transformer winding resistance test 12
3. Transformer ratio test 14
4. Vector group test 15
5. Dielectric test of transformer 16

CHAPTER 4. Testing of transformer II

1. Measurement of insulation resistance 18

2. Impulse test of transformer 19
 3. Measurement of impedance 21
4. Temperature rise test of transformer 23
5. Induced voltage test 25

CHAPTER 5. Protection of transformer

1. Purpose of Protection 26
2. Type’s of protection 26
3. Restrict fault protection 26
4. Buchholz relay protection 29
5. Differential transformer protection 31
6. Earthing and ground protection 32

CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 35

REFERENCES 38
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction
1.1.A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces
an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic
fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric
power applications.

Ideal transformer Fig (1.1) Phasor diagram of ideal transformer fig (1.2)

1.2.COMPONENT OF TRANSFORMER
Transformer consist of two main components
 Core
 Insulation
 Transformer winding

Transformer core: The transformer core is constructed by the soft iron. The core of the
transformer provides the low reluctance path of the flux to flow. The core connect the both
winding of transformer magnetically.

Transformer core fig (1.3)

 This magnetic circuit, know more commonly as the “transformer core” is designed to
provide a path for the magnetic field to flow around, which is necessary for induction of the
voltage between the two windings

1.2.1.Insulation
Insulation in the transformer winding is provide by the paper insulation or the silicon paper
tape. Oil used in the transformer is also work as the insulating oil that is the stable at high
temperature and has the excellent properties. It is used in oil filled transformer

1.2.2.Windings
Transformer windings form another important part of a transformer construction, because
they are the main current-carrying conductors wound around the laminated sections of the
core. In a single-phase two winding transformer, two windings would be present as shown.
The one which is connected to the voltage source and creates the magnetic flux called the
primary winding, and the second winding called the secondary in which a voltage is induced
as a result of mutual induction.
Primary Winding; Primary winding is the winding at which the voltage source is connected.
It is generally carry the N1 numbers of turns.
Secondary winding; Secondary winding is the winding at which the load is connected. It is
generally carry the N2 no of turns.

1.3.Working Principle of Transformer

The transformer action depends on the principle of faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. Let the two winding of transformer called primary winding and secondary
winding have the no of turns Np and Ns. If Vp is the applied voltage of primary winding
then voltage Vs will induced at the terminal of secondary windings. In case if ideal
transformer

If Np>Ns, the primary winding is high voltage winding and secondary winding is low
voltage winding therefore if high voltage is input winding and low voltage winding is output
winding then the transformer is called step down transformer and if the low voltage winding
is input winding and high voltage winding is output winding then the transformer is called
step up transformer. So we can say that same transformer may work as either step up or
down transformer.
 Ideal transformer fig (1.4)

Where; Vp is primary voltage.

Vs is the secondary voltage.
Ip is the primary current.
Is is the secondary current.
Np is the number of turns in primary winding.
Ns is number of turns in secondary winding.
The principle operation can be explained with the help of fig 4.Fig 4 shows an ideal
transformer with no drop in the core as well as copper winding. The steps explaining the
working principle of transformer are given below.
 The AC input is applied to the primary or input winding.
 Due to this voltage a current Ip flows in the primary winding and links to turns Np.
In these turns an mmf (Np.Ip) develops which produce a flux in the primary
winding.
 Assuming no leakage flux through air, this developed a flux flow n the low
reluctance path of iron core which is also linked with secondary winding. Now the
secondary winding also has flux that is of changing nature.
 According to the faraday’s law an EMF is produced due to changing flux in the
secondary winding.
 If the circuit is closed a current Is is flows in the secondary winding and an mmf
(Ns.Is) is equal to mmf (Np.Ip) in the primary winding and a voltage Vs appears
across load.

1.4.Construction
The two coils are wound over a Core of iron piece such that they are magnetically coupled
the two coils are known as the primary and the secondary winding. The coupling between
the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both coils. A core as shown
in fig is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of core. Because of high permeability of
iron the path for the flux is only through the iron and hence the flux links both windings.
 This flux is called main flux. There is also a little leakage flux this term leakage flux denotes
the part of the flux which does not link both the coils and flow through air. In high
frequency transformer ferrite core is used.

Construction of the Transformer fig (5)

1.5.Transformer Construction using Dot Orientation

The first transformer shows its two “dots” side by side on the two windings. The current
leaving the secondary dot is “in-phase” with the current entering the primary side dot. Thus
the polarities of the voltages at the dotted ends are also in-phase so when the voltage is
positive at the dotted end of the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is also
positive at the dotted end.
The second transformer shows the two dots at opposite ends of the windings which means
that the transformers primary and secondary coil windings are wound in opposite directions.
The result of this is that the current leaving the secondary dot is 180 o “out-of-phase” with
the current entering the primary dot. So the polarities of the voltages at the dotted ends are
 also out-of-phase so when the voltage is positive at the dotted end of the primary coil, the
voltage across the corresponding secondary coil will be negative.
Then the construction of a transformer can be such that the secondary voltage may be either
“in-phase” or “out-of-phase” with respect to the primary voltage.

1.6.Classification of Transformer;
The transformer can be classified on different basis like
1. On the basis of output voltage
i) Step up Transformer: The output is more than the input.
ii) Step down Transformer: The output is less than input.
2. On the basis of construction
i) Core type Transformer: The winding are outside to the core.
ii) Shell type Transformer: The core is outside to the winding.
3. On the basis of winding
i) Two winding transformer: The output voltage may not vary with constant
input voltage.
ii) Auto Transformer: The output voltage may vary with constant input voltage.
4. On the basis of AC supply
i) 1-phase Transformer: It is used for 220V supply.
ii) 3-phase transformer: It is use for 440V supply.
5. On the basis of service and load
i) Distribution transformer: It works for variable load.
ii) Power Transformer: It works for constant load.
1.7.Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer to understand the basic concept of the
practical transformer. An ideal transformer possesses the following characteristics.
 The resistance of primary and secondary winding is zero.
 The loss in the core of the transformer i.e, resistance, hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss is zero
 The core of transformer is highly permeable so that it requires very small mmf to set
up the flux in the core.
 Its leakage flux is zero, i.e, the entire flux is confined to the core.

CHAPTER 2
Fundamental of Transformer
2.1E.M.F Equation of Transformer
When an alternating voltage is applied in the primary winding it takes a current called
magnetizing current and a flux is established in the transformer core. The flux linked with
both winding primary as well as the secondary the applied voltage to primary winding is of
alternating nature therefore the flux generated would be of alternating nature and so emf is
produced in the transformer winding as per faraday’s law

Fig (2.1) ideal transformer fig (2.2) Phasor diagram of transformer

Let's say, T is number of turns in a winding, Φm is the maximum flux in the core in

wb

As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, Where φ is the instantaneous alternating

flux and represented as,

As the maximum value of cos2πft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,

To obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e/√2.
This is EMF equation of transformer. If E 1 & E2 are primary and secondary emfs and T 1 &
T2 are primary and secondary

Ratio of transformer parameter:

Now we know that
N p.V s =¿ N .V ¿
s p

Np Vp
=
Ns V s

Ep N p
=
Es N s

We also know in transformer the power transfer in both winding is equal

P p=¿ P ¿
s

V p . I p=V s . I s

V p Is
=
Vs Ip

V p Is Ep N p
= = = =n
V s I p Es N s
Where k is the transform ratio.
turns then, voltage ratio or turns ratio of transformer is,
This constant is called transformation ratio of transformer.
 If N s > N p, n > 1, then the transformer is step up transformer.
 If N s < N p, n < 1, then the transformer is step down transformer.

Voltage Ratio of Transformer

This above stated ratio is also known as voltage ratio of transformer if it is expressed as
ratio of the primary and secondary voltages of transformer.
2.2.Testing of transformer
For confirming the specifications and performances of an electrical power transformer it has
to go through numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at manufacturer premises
before delivering the transformer. Mainly two types of transformer testing are done at
manufacturer premises- type test of transformer and routine test of transformer. In addition
to that some transformer tests are also carried out at the consumer site before commissioning
and also periodically in regular & emergency basis throughout its service life.

Testing of transformer is also perform to find the losses of the transformer and reduce the
losses and improves the voltage regulation of the transformer. With the help of this test we
can also find the all parameter of the transformer like core parameters or winding parameter
and we can also determine the efficiency of the transformer

2.3.Voltage Regulation;

The voltage regulation is also an important characteristic which define the operating
performance between two extreme conditions of the transformer. There is a voltage drop
between no load to full load condition of the transformer these is due to the drop of the
voltage into winding parameter of the transformer.

Therefore the voltage regulation is defined as the net change in the output terminal under no
load to full load condition respectively. The percentage voltage regulation is given by

voltage at no load−voltage at full load

Voltage regulation= * 100 %
voltage at no load

2.4.Losses

In any electrical machine, 'loss' can be defined as the difference between input power and
output power. An electrical transformer is a static device, hence mechanical losses (like
wind age or friction losses) are absent in it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses
(iron losses and copper losses). Transformer losses are similar to losses in a DC machine,
except that transformers do not have mechanical losses.

2.5.Losses in transformer are explained below -

(I) Core Losses or Iron Losses

 Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material
used for the construction of core. Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron
losses.

 Hysteresis loss in transformer: Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization

in the transformer core. This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron,
frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux density. It can be given by, Steinmetz

W h=ηBmax1.6fV (watts)

where,   η=Steinmetz hysteresis constant
             V = volume of the core in m3
 Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the
primary winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with
secondary winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets
linked with other conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which
will result in induced emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This
current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be
dissipated in the form of heat.

 (Ii) Copper Loss In Transformer

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.  Copper loss for the
primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in
primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and
secondary winding respectively. It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the
current, and current depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the
load.

2.6.Efficiency of Transformer
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the
output power divided by the input power. That is efficiency = output / input.

Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have
full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5%. As a transformer being highly efficient, output
and input are having nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure the efficiency
of transformer by using output / input. A better method to find efficiency of a transformer is
using,

Efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1 - (losses / input).

Efficiency of the transformer is define as the ratio of output of the transformer to input of
the transformer.

output power
Efficiency of transformer=
input power
*100%
 output power
n=
output power+ losses
*100%

CHAPTER 3
Testing of Transformer I
In the power transformer testing is the most important to check the healthiness of the
transformer during the operation there may be different types of interrupt can occur like
lighting over loading over heating due to the different type of losses may be occur. To
reduce the losses and improve the efficiency we perform the different type of test.

3.1.Type of Transformer Testing

1) Transformer winding resistance test.
 2) Transformer ratio test.
3) Transformer vector group test.
4) Dielectric tests of transformer.
5) Measurement of insulation resistance.
6) Impulse test of transformer
7) Measurement of impedance voltage
8) Temperature rise test of Transformer.
9) Induced voltage test.

3.2.Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement:

Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to
calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type
test as well as routine test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is
to check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap
changers, high voltage leads and bushings etc.

There are different methods for measuring of transformer winding, likewise

♣ Current voltage method of measureme0nt of winding resistance.

♣ Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance.      
 ♠ Kelvin bridge method of Measuring Winding Resistance.        
 ♠ Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.

3.3.Bridge Method of Measurement of low Winding Resistance

The main principle of bridge method is based on comparing an unknown resistance with a
known resistance. When currents flowing through the arms of bridge circuit become
balanced, the reading of galvanometer shows zero deflection that means at balanced
condition no current will flow through the galvanometer. Very small value of resistance ( in
milli-ohms range) can be accurately measured by Kelvin bridge method whereas for higher
value Wheatstone bridge method of resistance measurement is applied. In bridge method of
measurement of winding resistance, the errors is minimized.
 Fig (3.1)

The resistance measured by Kelvin bridge,

All other steps to be taken during transformer winding resistance measurement in these
methods are similar to that of current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance
of transformer, except the measuring technique of resistance.

Fig (3.2) wheatstone bridge

The resistance measured by Wheatstone bridge,

RA
R=R x
RB
3.4.Transformer Ratio Test:
The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or
voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer.
This test also performed as routine test of transformer. So for ensuring proper performance
of electrical power transformer, voltage and turn ratio test of transformer one of the vital
tests.

The procedure of transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V supply to
HV winding, with keeping LV winding open. The we measure the induced voltages at HV
and LV terminals of transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of transformer. We repeat
the test for all tap position separately.

Procedure of Transformer Ratio Test

1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals
are kept open.
2. Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on
each phase (Phase-phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer
should be raised by one position and repeat test.
4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately

Fig (3.3) for turns ratio

The above transformer ratio test can also be performed by portable transformer turns ratio
(TTR) meter. They have an in built power supply, with the voltages commonly used being
very low, such as 8-10 V and 50 Hz. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a
transformer are connected to the instrument, and the internal bridge elements are varied to
produce a null indication on the detector.
A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the
ratio of induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring
instrument is < 0.1 %
 HV winding volage
Theoretical turn ratio=
LV winding voltage
*100%
This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer turn ratio tested or TTR by the
adjustable transformer as shown in the figure above and it should be changed until a balance
occurs in the percentage error indicator. The reading on this indicator implies the deviation
of measured turn ratio from expected turn ratio in percentage.

measured turnratio−expected turnratio

Deviation in percentage= *100
expected turnratio
%

Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is
an associated high excitation current. Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low
exciting current and no output voltage since open turns in HV winding causes no excitation
current in the winding means no flux hence no induced voltage. But open turn in LV
winding causes, low fluctuating LV voltage but normal excitation current in HV winding.
Hence open turns in LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current, but
very low levels of unstable output voltage. The turn ratio test of transformer also detects
high resistance connections in the lead circuitry or high contact resistance in tap changers by
higher excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the bridge.

3.5. Vector Group Test of Transformer;

The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of
transformers. Hence every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector group
test of transformer at factory site for ensuring the customer specified vector group of
transformer. The phase sequence or the order in which the phases reach their maximum
positive voltages, must be identical for two paralleled transformers. Otherwise, during the
cycle, each pair of phases will be short circuited. The several secondary connections are
available in respect of various primary three phase connection in a the three phase
transformer. So for same primary applied three phase voltage there may be different three
phase secondary voltages with various magnitudes and phases for different internal
connection of the transformer. Let's have a discussion in detail by example for better
understanding.

We know that, the primary and secondary coils on any one limb have induced emfs that are
in time-phase. Let's consider two transformers of same number primary turns and the
primary windings are connected in star. The secondary number of turns per phase in both
transformers are also same. But the first transformer has star connected secondary and other
transformer has delta connected secondary. If same voltages are applied in primary of both
transformers, the secondary induced emf in each phase will be in same time-phase with that
of respective primary phase, as because the the primary and secondary coils of same phase
are wound on the same limb in the core of transformer. In first transformer, as the secondary
is star connected, the secondary line voltage is √3 times of induced voltage per secondary
phase coil. But in case of second transformer, where secondary is delta connected, the line
voltage is equal to induced voltage per secondary phase coil. If we go through the vector
diagram of secondary line voltages of both transformer, we will easily find that there will be
a clear 30o angular difference between the line voltages of these transformers. Now, if we
try to run these transformers in parallel then there will be a circulating current flows
between the transformers as because there is a phase angle difference between their
secondary line voltages. This phase difference cannot be compensated. Thus two sets of
connections giving secondary voltages with a phase displacement cannot be intended for
parallel operation of transformers.

The following table gives the connections for which from the view point of phase sequence
and angular divergences, transformer can be operated parallel. According to their vector
relation, all three phase transformers are divided into different vector group of transformer.
All electrical power transformers of a particular vector group can easily be operated in
parallel if they fulfill other condition for parallel operation of transformers.

Group Connection Connection

Yy0 Dd0

0
(0o)

Yd1 Dy1

1
( 30o)

6 Yy6 Dd6
( 180
 o
)

Yd11 Dy11

11
(-
30o)

Procedure of Vector Group Test of Transformer:

Let’s have a YNd11 transformer.

1. Connect neutral point of star connected winding with earth.

2. Join 1U of HV and 2W of LV together.
 3. Apply 415 V, three phase supply to HV terminals.
4. Measure voltages between terminals 2U-1N, 2V-1N, 2W-1N, that means voltages
between each LV terminal and HV neutral.
5. Also measure voltages between terminals 2V-1V, 2W-1W and 2V-1W.
For YNd11 transformer, we will find, 2U-1N > 2V-1N > 2W-1N 2V-1W > 2V-1V or 2W-
1W . The vector group test of transformer for other group can also be done in similar way.

3.6.Dielectric Tests of Transformer:

Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation test. This test is performed to ensure
the expected over all insulation strength of transformer. There are several test performed to
ensure the required quality of transformer insulation, dielectric test is one of them.
Dielectric tests of transformer is performed in two different steps, first one called Separate
source voltage withstand test of transformer, where a single phase power frequency voltage
of prescribed level, is applied on transformer winding under test for 60 seconds while the
other windings and tank are connected to the earth and it is observed that whether any
failure of insulation occurs or not during the test. Second one is induced voltage test of
Transformer where, three phase voltage, twice of rated secondary voltage is applied to the
secondary winding for 60 second by keeping the primary of the transformer open circuited.
The frequency of the applied voltage should be double of power frequency too. Here also if
no failure of insulation, the test is successful. In addition to dielectric tests of transformer
there are other type test for checking insulation of transformer, such as lightning impulse
test, switching impulse test and partial discharge test.

Procedure:
1. All three line terminals of the winding to be tested are connected together.
2. Other winding terminals which are not under test and also tank of the transformer
should be connected to earth.
3. Then a single-phase power frequency voltage of shape approximately sinusoidal is
applied for 60 seconds to the terminals of the winding under test.
4. The test shall be performed on all the windings one by one.
5. The test is successful if no breakdown in the dielectric of the insulation occurs
during test.
 Fig (3.4) dielectric test
In this transformer testing, the peak value of voltage is measured, that is why the capacitor
voltage divider with digital peak voltmeter is employed as shown in the diagram above. The
peal value multiplied by 0.707 (1/√2) is the test voltage.

The values of test voltage for different fully insulated winding are furnished below in the
table
Nominal system Highest system Rated short duration
voltage rating voltage rating power frequency withstand
for equipment for equipment voltage

415V 1.1 KV 3 KV

11 KV 12 KV 28 KV

33 KV 36 KV 70 KV

132 KV 145 KV 230 / 275 KV

220 KV 245 KV 360 / 395 KV

400 KV 420 KV 570 / 630 KV

Winding with graded insulation, which has neutral intended for direct earthing,
is tested at 38KV

CHAPTER (4)
Testing of Transformer II
4.1.Measurement of insulation resistance test;
Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to
ensure the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

Fig (4.1)

Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer

1. First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.
2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings.
3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank
earth point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and
earth.
4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth
point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.
It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three
phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the
windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also
all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta.
Measurements are to be taken as follows: For auto transformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E,
LV to E. For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E. Three winding
transformer: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E. Oil temperature
should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since the IR value of
transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded at intervals
of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR
value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation.
Absorption coefficient = 1 minute value/ 15 secs. value.
Polarization index = 10 minutes value / 1 minute value.

(Ref: A Guide to Transformer Maintenance by. JJ. Kelly.

S.D Myer)
Transformer Formula
1 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E /
(√KVA)
3 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E (P-n) /
(Star) (√KVA)
3 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E (P-P) /
(Delta) (√KVA)
Where C= 1.5 for Oil filled T/C with Oil Tank, 30 for Oil
 filled T/C without Oil Tank or Dry Type T/C.

Temperature correction Factor (Base 20°C):

Temperature correction Factor
O O
C F Correction Factor
0 32 0.25
5 41 0.36
10 50 0.50
15 59 0.720
20 68 1.00
30 86 1.98
40 104 3.95
50 122 7.85

4.2.Impulse test of Transformer

Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall height. This
lightning stroke on the line conductor causes impulse voltage. The terminal equipment of
transmission line such as distribution transformer then experiences this lightning impulse
voltages. Again during all kind of online switching operation in the system, there will be
switching impulses occur in the network. The magnitude of the switching impulses may be
about 3.5 times the system voltage. Insulation is one of the most important constituents of a
transformer. Any weakness in the insulation may cause failure of transformer. To ensure the
effectiveness of the insulation system of a transformer, it must confirms the dielectric test.
But the power frequency withstand test alone cannot be adequate to demonstrate the
dielectric strength of a transformer. That is why impulse test of transformer performed on it.
Both lightning impulse test and switching impulse test are included in this category of
testing. The lightning pulse is a pure natural phenomenon. So it is very difficult to predict
the actual wave shape of an lightning disturbance.
Connection of Impulse Test:

Fig (4.2) for connection of impulse test

All the dielectric tests check the insulation level of the job. Impulse generator is used to
produce the specified voltage impulse wave of 1.2/50 micro seconds wave. One impulse of a
reduced voltage between 50 to 75% of the full test voltage and subsequent three impulses at
full voltage. For a three phase transformer, impulse is carried out on all three phases in
succession. The voltage is applied on each of the line terminal in succession, keeping the
other terminals earthed. The current and voltage wave shapes are recorded on the
oscilloscope and any distortion in the wave shape is the criteria for failure.

Performance of impulse test;

The impulse test performance can be explain by the response given by

Fig (4.3) Impulse response of lighting

The test is performed with standard lightning impulses of negative polarity. The front time
(T1) and the time to half-value (T2) are defined in accordance with the standard. Standard
lightning impulse Front time T1 = 1,2 μs ± 30% Time to half-value T2 = 50 μs ± 20% In
practice the impulse shape may deviate from the standard impulse when testing low-voltage
windings of high rated power and windings of high input capacitance. The impulse test is
performed with negative polarity voltages to avoid erratic flashovers in the external
insulation and test circuit. Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects.
Experience gained from results of tests on similar units or eventual precalculation can give
guidance for selecting components for the wave shaping circuit. The test sequence consists
of one reference impulse (RW) at 75% of full amplitude followed by the specified number of
voltage applications at full amplitude (FW) (according to IEC 60076-3 three full impulses).
The equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital transient recorder,
monitor, computer, plotter and printer. The recordings at the two levels can be compared
directly for failure indication. For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-
load tap changer set for the rated voltage and the two other phases are tested in each of the
extreme positions.
4.3.Measurement of impedance voltage:
These two tests are performed on a transformer to determine

1. equivalent circuit of transformer

2. voltage regulation of transformer
3. efficiency of transformer. The power required for these open circuit test and short
circuit test on transformer is equal to the power loss occurring in the transformer.

Open Circuit Test on Transformer

The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as
shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variance
of variable ratio auto transformer.

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied voltage
gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV
side. After reaching at rated LV side voltage, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter,
Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.

Fig (4.5)Open circuit test

The ammeter reading gives the no load current I e. As no load current Ie is quite small
compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can
be taken as negligible. Since, voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to secondary
induced voltage of the transformer, the input power during test is indicated by watt-meter
reading. As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here
consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load
condition. But as said earlier, the no load current in the transformer is quite small compared
to full load current, so copper loss due to the small no load current can be neglected. Hence,
the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to core losses in transformer. Let us consider
wattmeter reading is Po.

Where Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer. If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of

transformer.
Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is X

These values are referred to the LV side of transformer as because the test is conduced on
LV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side by multiplying
these values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses
in transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of transformer.

Short Circuit Test on Transformer

The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as
shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variac of
variable ratio auto transformer.

The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variac applied
voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the
HV side. After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading
(Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives
the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in
short circuit test on transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the
transformer, the core losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

fig (4.6)Short circuit test of transformer

Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter
reading. As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output; hence the input power here
consists of copper losses in transformer. Since, the applied voltage Vsc is short circuit
voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite small compared to rated voltage, so core loss
due to the small applied voltage can be neglected. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken
as equal to copper losses in transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.
 Where Re is equivalent resistance of transformer. If, Ze is equivalent impedance of
transformer.

Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is Xe.

These values are referred to the HV side of transformer as because the test is conduced on
HV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to LV side by dividing these
values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the short circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss
in transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of transformer.

4.4.Temperature Rise Test of Transformer:

Temperature rise test of transformer is included in type test of transformer. In this test we
check whether the temperature rising limit of the transformer winding and oil as per
specification or not. In this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise as
well as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical transformer.
1. First the LV winding of the transformer is short circuited.
2. Then one thermometer is placed in a pocket in transformer top cover. Other two
thermometers are placed at the inlet and outlet of the cooler bank respectively.
3. The voltage of such value is applied to the HV winding that power input is equal to no
load losses plus load losses corrected to a reference temperature of 75°C.
4. The total losses are measured by three watt-meters method.
5. During the test, hourly readings of top oil temperature are taken from the thermometer
already placed in the pocket of top cover.
6. Hourly readings of the thermometers placed at inlet and outlet of the cooler bank are
also noted to calculate the mean temperature of the oil.
7. Ambient temperature is measured by means of thermometer placed around the transformer
at three or four points situated at a distance of 1 to 2 meter from and half-way up the
cooling surface of the transformer.
8. Temperature rise test for top oil of transformer should be continued until the top oil
temperature has reached an approximate steady value that means testing would be
continued until the temperature increment of the top oil becomes less than 3°C in one
hour. This steady value of top oil is determined as final temperature rise of transformer
insulating oil.
9. There is another method of determination of oil temperature. Here the test in allowed to be
continued until the top oil temperature rise does not vary more than 1°C per hour for four
consecutive hours. The least reading is taken as final temperature rise of the oil.
 Fig (4.7)
During temperature rise test for top oil of transformer we make the LV winding short
circuited and apply voltage to the HV winding. So for full load rated current flows in the
transformer, the supply voltage required will much less than rated transformer voltage. We
know that core loss of a transformer depends upon voltage. So there will not be any
considerable core loss occurs in the transformer during test. But for getting actual
temperature rise of the oil in a transformer, we have to compensate the lack of core losses by
additional copper loss in the transformer. For supplying this total losses, transformer draws
current from the source much more than its rated value for transformer.

4.5. Winding Temperature Rise Test on Transformer:

1. After completion of temperature rise test for top oil of transformer the current is
reduced to its rated value for transformer and is maintained for one hour.
2. After one hour the supply is switch off and short circuit and supply connection to the
HV side and short circuit connection to the LV side are opened.
3. But, the fans and pumps are kept running (if any).
4. Then resistance of the windings are measured quickly.
5. But there is always a minimum 3 to 4 minutes time gap between first measurement
of resistance and the instant of switching off the transformer, which can not be avoided.
6. Then the resistances are measured at the same 3 to 4 minutes time intervals over a
period of 15 minutes.
7. Graph of hot resistance versus time is plotted, from which winding resistance (R2) at
the instant of shut down can be extrapolated.
8. From this value, θ2, the winding temperature at the instant of shut down can be
determined by the formula given below-

R2
θ2¿ (235+t)-235
R1

Where, R1 is the cold resistance of the winding at temperature t1.

For determining winding temperature rise we have to apply the above discussed indirect
method. That means hot winding resistance is measured and determined first and then from
that value we have to calculate the winding temperature rise, by applying resistance
temperature relation formula. This is because unlike oil the winding of transformer is not
accessible for external temperature measurement.
4.6. Induced Voltage Test of Transformer
The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end
insulation as well as main insulation to earth and between windings-

Fig(4.8)

1. Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited.

2. Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The applied voltage
should be twice of rated voltage of secondary winding in magnitude and frequency.
3. The duration of the test shall be 60 second.
4. The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it
shall be quickly increased up to desired value.
The test is successful if no break down occurs at full test voltage during test.
 CHAPTER 5
Protection
5.1. Protection of transformer

Protection of the transformer is the most important part of the power system it is most
important to prevent the economy loss like money and to prevent the shock to human. It is
most important for protect the power system element.

5.2.Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer

An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current transformer
of the affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flows in the neutral current
transformer, hence the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will
not be actuated for external earth fault. But during internal fault the neutral current
transformer only carries the unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth Fault
Relay takes place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for
internal earth fault of electrical power transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively
cheaper than differential protection scheme. Restricted earth fault protection is provided in
electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. In this
scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical power transformer are connected
together as shown in the figure. Then common terminals are connected to the secondary of a
Neutral Current Transformer or NCT.

Transformers form the heart of all distribution systems. As a member of the Medium
Voltage community, I have to explain Transformer Protection schemes routinely to my
clients. Although I manage to answer most of their questions, some questions make me go
to my library. This article is about answering some of the questions on a particularly
interesting topic.

What is Restricted Earth Fault protection? How is it used in combination with Differential
Protection? I believe many of us must have had these questions in mind and also found
answers at various places. I am only trying to combine the answers to derive a coherent
understanding.

Restricted Earth Fault (REF) means an earth fault from a restricted/localized zone of a
circuit. The term "REF protection method " means not to sense any earth faults outside this
restricted zone. This type of protection is prevalent in Dry group of transformers (Delta
Primary and Star Secondary). The basic scheme for REF Protection is as below
 Fig (5.1)

Under normal conditions, the vector sum of currents in RYB current transformers (CTs) and
NCT equals zero. If there is an earth fault between the CTs then some current will bypass
the CT's and the sum of currents will not be zero. By measuring this current imbalance
faults between the CTs can be easily identified and quickly cleared.
Fault detection is confined to the zone between the two CTs hence the name 'Restricted
Earth Fault'.
REF protection is fast and can isolate winding faults extremely quickly, thereby limiting
damage and consequent repair costs. If CTs are located on the transformer terminals only
the winding is protected. However, quite often the secondary CT is placed in the distribution
switchboard, thereby extending the protection zone to include the main cable.
Now this scheme is similar to differential protection in many aspects. Differential protection
scheme is as below
 Fig (5.2)

Differential protection is to detect phase faults within the TRF on both primary and
secondary sides. Restricted earth fault is to detect earth faults in the zone from secondary
winding to Secondary CTs. The working principle is "Merz-Prize Circulating Current
Principle". In Normal scenario, Current entering and leaving the zone will be same. The CT
arrangement will generate equal and opposite currents which cancel out each other at the
relay. During an internal fault, there shall be a difference between the current entering and
leaving which shall be sufficient to operate the relay.

Please note that the differential relay will operate for earth faults inside the zone only if the
earth fault current is more than the bias setting in the relay. The normal bias setting in a
differential relay is 20%. So, complete earth fault protection is not possible with differential
relay. That is why you need a restricted earth fault relay with sensitive settings like 5%.

Without REF, faults in the transformer star secondary winding need to be detected on the
primary of the transformer by the reflected current. As the winding fault position moves
towards the neutral, the magnitude of the current seen on the primary rapidly decreases and
could potentially not be detected (limiting the amount of winding which can be protected).
As the magnitude of the currents remain relatively large on the secondary (particularly if
 solidly earthed), nearly the entire winding can be protected using REF. REF cannot have an
intentional time delay. They must operate instantaneously in the event of an internal fault.

The above discussion only refers protection in Dry transformers with solidly earthed
systems which are one of the most common schemes. Any other schemes will need separate
study and case-to-case analysis.

5.2. Buchhloz relay

Buchholz Relay Principle

The Buchholz relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz relay function is based on
very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a
minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, break
down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed
in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of
transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz container which
causes fall of oil level in it.

Buchholz relay fig (5.3)

Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch.
The contacts of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime
due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part the
Buchholz container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be
energized. By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of
the relay and by analyzing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer.
More severe types of faults, such as short circuit between phases or to earth and faults in the
tap changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil which strikes the baffle plate and
causes the mercury switch of the lower element to close. This switch energized the trip
circuit of the circuit breakers associated with the transformer and immediately isolate the
faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the circuit
breakers associated with both LV and HV sides of the transformer. This is how Buchholz
relay functions.
 5.3. Buchholz Relay Operation Certain Precaution
The Buchholz relay operation may be actuated without any fault in the transformer. For
instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulated
under the relay cover and thus cause a false Buchholz relay operation.
That is why mechanical lock is provided in that relay so that one can lock the movement of
mercury switches when oil is topping up in the transformer. This mechanical locking also
helps to prevent unnecessary movement of breakable glass bulb of mercury switches during
transportation of the Buchholz relays.

Fig (5.4)
The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe through,
not due to internal fault, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occurs in the event of
external short circuit when over currents flowing through the winding cause overheated the
copper and the oil and cause the oil to expand.

5.3.1.Construction of Buchholz Relay

Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank
to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The
float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the
oil level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The
alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower
element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in
front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when
oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along
with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
 Fig (5.6)
In addition to these main elements a Buchholz relay has gas release pockets on top. The
electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block
5.4.Differential Protection of Transformer;
Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more
than 5MVA. The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other
schemes of protection.

1. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by
Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not in oil then it can not be
detected by Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered by
Buchholz relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz
relay is provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but
Differential Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.
2. The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in side the
differential protection zone of transformer.

5.4.1.Principle of Differential Protection

Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The
differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of
power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the
relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the
transformer.

Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current
Is. If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio I s/1A at the
secondary side of the transformer. The secondary’s of these both CTs are connected together
in such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other. In other
words, the secondary’s of both CTs should be connected to the same current coil of a
differential relay in such an opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in that
coil in a normal working condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs inside
the transformer due to which the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the
 secondary current of both transformers will not remain the same and one resultant current
will flow through the current coil of the differential relay, which will actuate the relay and
inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of current
because of star - delta connection of transformer winding in the case of three-phase
transformer, the current transformer secondary’s should be connected in delta and star as
shown here.

Fig (5.7)

At maximum through fault current, the spill output produced by the small percentage
unbalance may be substantial. Therefore, differential protection of transformer should be
provided with a proportional bias of an amount which exceeds in effect the maximum ratio
deviation.

5.5. Earthing and Grounding protection of transformer

If the earthing transformer on the Delta Side is outsides the Zone of protection the Earth
Fault(E/F)in the delta system outside Current Transformer (CT) locations would produce
current distributions as shown which circulate within the differential CT secondary’s and is
kept out of operating coils. Zig-Zag or inter connected star grounding transformer has
normal magnetizing impedance of high value but for E/F, currents flow in windings of the
same - core in such a manner that the ampere turn cancel and hence offer lower impedance.
In cases where the neutral point of three phase system is not accessible like the system
connected to the delta connected side of a electrical power transformer, an artificial neutral
point may be created with help of a zigzag connected earthing transformer.
 Fig (5.8)

This is a core type transformer with three limbs. Every phase winding in zigzag connection
is divided into two equal halves. One half of which is wound on one limb and other half is
wound on another limb of the core of transformer.

1st half of Red phase winding is wound on the 1st limb of the core and 2nd half of same Red
phase is wound on 3rd limb. 1st half of Yellow phase winding is wound on the 2nd limb of
the core and 2nd half of same Yellow phase is wound on 1st limb. 1st half of Blue phase
winding is wound on the 3rd limb of the core and 2nd half of same Blue phase is wound on
2nd limb. End point of all three winding ultimately connected together and forms a common
neutral point. Now if any fault occurs at any of the phases in delta connected system, the
zero sequence fault current has close path of circulating through earth as shown in the
figure. In normal condition of the system, the voltage across the winding of the earthing
transformer is 1/√3 times of rated per phase voltage of the system. But when single line to
ground fault occurs on any phase of the system, as shown in the figure, zero sequence
component of the earth fault current flows in the earth and returns to the electrical power
system by way of earth star point of the earthing transformer. It gets divided equally in all
the three phases. Hence, as shown in the figure, the currents in the two different halves of
two windings in the same limb of the core flow in opposite directions.

And therefore the magnetic flux set up by these two currents will oppose and neutralize each
other. As there is no increase in flux due to fault current, there is no change of dφ/dt means
no choking effect occurs to impede the flow of fault current. So it can be concluded like
that, the zigzag type earthing or grounding transformer maintains the rated supply voltage at
normal current as well as when a solid single line to ground fault current flows through it.
The rated voltage of an earthing or grounding transformer is the line to line voltage on
which it is intended to be used. Current rating of this transformer is the maximum neutral
current in Amperes that the transformer is designed to carry in fault condition for a specific
time. Generally the time interval, for which transformer designed to carry the maximum
fault current through it safely, is taken as 30 second.
 CHAPTER 6

Conclusion
In the report we have seen that the various test is performed on the transformer during the
construction and after the construction. Some test is perform routine which is called routine
test. For confirming the specifications and performances of an electrical power transformer
it has to go through numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at manufacturer
premises before delivering the transformer .The performance of a transformer largely
depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer
ratio test is an essential type test of transformer. There are several internal connection of
three phase transformer are available in market. These several connections gives various
magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel
operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the phase divergence can not be compensated.
So we perform vactor group test. Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation
test. This test is performed to ensure the expected over all insulation strength of transformer.
Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall height. This
lightning stroke on the line conductor causes impulse voltage. The connection diagram for
open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an
ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown. The connection diagram for
short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an
ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated
frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variance of variable ratio auto
transformer.Temperature rise test of transformer is included in type test of transformer. In
this test we check whether the temperature rising limit of the transformer winding and oil as
per specification or not. In this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature
rise as well as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical transformer

The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end
insulation as well as main insulation to earth and between windings.
 REFERENCE

[1].Dr. bhimbhra, P.S (2014).electrical machinery. Nai sarak,delhi:khanna publishers. P

(2-62). ISBN 8174091734

[2]. Rajput, R.K. (2002). Alternating current s (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications.
p. 107.  ISBN  9788170082224.

[3]. IEEE PES TC (Fall 2011). "Discussion of Class I & II Terminology" (PDF). IEEE PES
Transformer Committee. p. slide 6. Retrieved 27 January 2013.

[4]. Say, M.G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines (5th ed.). London: Pitman. ISBN 0-

273-01969-4.

[5]. Kothari, D.P.; Nagrath, I.J. (2010). Electric Machines (4th ed.). Tata McGraw-
Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-069967-0.
 MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MORADABAD

Department of Electrical Engineering

Testing and Protection of Transformer

Name of Students: TAUFEEQ AHMAD Roll No:1408221029

Name of Guide:Mr.MAROOF ALI

Semester:6 th Session:2016-17

Branch: Electrical & electronic

Synopsis: Transformer is a static device that transfer the electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit. Without change its frequency.

Test perform on transformer.

 Winding resistance test

 Vector group test
 Impulse test
 Voltage ratio test
 Dielectric test

Protection of the transformer

 Bouchholz relay protection

 Earthing and grounding protection
 Restrict fault protection
 Differential transformer protection

Signature of Students Signature of Seminar Guide

Signature of Seminar Coordinator Signature of HOD