1.

Greenhouse Protected Agriculture for High Value Crops

2. Introduction • What is a Green House ? • A Green House is a structure covered with a
transparent material in which various crops are grown under a system of farming know as
Protected Cultivation • The Structure is also referred as Glass House / Poly House, depending
upon the Cladding material used. • Under Green House Technology favorable Micro Climatic
conditions are created suiting to the crops raised. • Green House Protect the Plants from
adverse climatic conditions such as wind , low temperature, rainfall, excessive radiation,
extreme temperature and pests. • Green House Technology facilitates off –season production
of crops to realize higher returns.
3. Advantages of Greenhouses : • Ensures multi-fold increase in crop output compared to
open cultivation • Facilitates year round production of selected crops. • Mitigates impact of
adverse climatic conditions in respect of certain type of Green House • Facilitates substantial
control of pest & diseases . • Facilitates optimum utilization of all inputs. • Facilitates raising of
off-season production of crops. • Aids in Nursery Propagation, Hardening of Plants •
Facilitates High-Tech Cultivation Practices like Hydroponic , Aero-ponics and Nutrient Film
Techniques.
4. Greenhouse type based on shape: • Lean type greenhouse. • Even span type
greenhouse. • Uneven span type greenhouse. • Ridge and furrow type. • Saw tooth type. •
Quonset greenhouse. • Interlocking ridges and furrow type Quonset greenhouse. • Ground to
ground greenhouse. Lean to type Even span type Others
5. 1). Green house type based on Utility • Greenhouses for active heating. • Greenhouses
for active cooling. 2). Green house type based on construction • Wooden framed structure. •
Pipe framed structure. • Truss framed structure. 3). Green house type based on covering
material • Glass glazing. • Fibre glass reinforced plastic (FRP) glazing • i. Plain sheet • ii.
Corrugated sheet. • Plastic film • i. UV stabilized LDPE film. • ii. Silpaulin type sheet.
6.
a) Low cost or low tech Greenhouse • Low cost greenhouse is a simple structure
constructed with locally available materials such as bamboo, timber etc. • The ultra violet ( UV)
film is used as cladding to cover the roof and sides. • Increasing or decreasing the
temperature and humidity mostly by opening side walls. • Suitable for cold climatic zone. •
Suitable for high value vegetable crops during off- Season. Low cost green house with
Casuarina poles
7. Tomato cultivation in Low tech Greenhouse – In side view Out side view – Low tech
Green house
8. b) Medium-tech Greenhouse ( Semi- Automated) Less expensive compared to High-
tech GH. Control possible manually/ Semi- automated. GI material can be used for frame
work. Exhaust fans, thermo- stat to control temp. Cooling pads/ mist system to control
humidity. Sun light control by regulating shade nets. Need more attention in operations.
Suitable for Dry & composite climate zones Medium -tech Greenhouse
9. C.) High- tech Greenhouse ( Fully Automated) Fully automated controls. Less attention
in operations. Uses computer software for controls. More initial cost. More suitable to high end
applications . ( Floriculture, Hydroponics/ Aeroponics) Requires assured availability of power.
Hi-tech green house
10. d). Shade net Greenhouses Suitable for commercial nurseries / vegetable crops during
hot weather . It provides protection from excessive sunlight, heat, cold,  wind, frost, and
hailstorm. It also offers protection from insects, birds etc. Low Cost of construction Shade net
Greenhouse
11. Components of typical Greenhouse
12. Different shapes of the Greenhouse Dome type Quonset Gothic A- Frame Ridge frame
13. Schematic diagram – Semi automatic- Medium cost GH
14. Comparison of different kinds of covering materials
15. Construction Cost
16. Project Study – Cut Roses • Cut Roses Cultivation in 1 ha under Greenhouse
Conditions. • Benefit/ Cost Analysis. Source: NABARD, Model Bankable projects,
(www.nabard.org)
17. Project Components • Fixed cost –Permanent items like Civil structure, equipment,
planting material • Recurring cost –Cultivation expenses, post- harvest expenses, over heads,
Logistics • Projected yield & Income • Estimate the total production expected in different years
and the realization expected through sales. • Benefit/ Cost Analysis • Margin money • 25% of
the total cost that has to be invested by the entrepreneur. • Repayment • Principal and interest
are to be repayable in seven years with a moratorium for the first year on interest and for 2
years on principal.
18. 1). Fixed costs
19. 2). Recurring costsa).CULTIVATION EXPENSES ( Rs/ Ha)
20. b) Post- Harvest expenses ( in Lakhs)
21. C). Over head costs
22. Total Recurring costs – In Lakhs ( 1st – 8th Yrs) PROJECTED PRODUCTION AND
INCOME
23. Cost/ Benefit Analysis( Rs. Lakhs)
24. Repayment( Rs. Lakhs) Note: Costs & Prices vary from place to place.
25. Construction cost : per square meter basis • Sl.No Specifications Cost Rs/m2 • 1 If
double layer polyethylene used 100 • 2. Co2 generation & distribution 150 • 3. Evaporative
cooling 200 • 4 Heating system 100 • 5. Humidification system 100 • 6. Lighting 200 • 7. Night
curtain / Shading system 150 • 8. Drip system 20 • 9. Nutrient application system 100 • 10
Porous flooring 100 • 11. Benches 150 • 12. Structural cost 300 • 13. Miscellaneous 180 •
Average cost of High Cost Greenhouse per square metre Rs. 2000.00
26. Various subsidy schemesNHM ( National Horticulture Mission) Source: National
Horticulture Mission, www.nhm.nic.in ( Scheme validity: up to end of XI plan )
27. APSHM(AP- State Horticulture Mission)www.apshm.ap.nic.in Pattern of Assistance *
Only 50% to 75% shade net is to be used. Maximum ceiling :- 1000 sq. mtrs per beneficiary
under shade net house & Green House.
28. Crop Suitability • Low Cost Greenhouse/ Shade net: • Nurseries of high value
vegetables – Tomato, Chillie etc • Nurseries of high value fruits- Papaya, Strawberries etc •
Ornamental nurseries • Vermiculture
29. Crop Suitability • Medium Cost Greenhouse: • Seed industry – Seed purification,
Screening tests. • Vegetable cultivation – Value crops like Melons, Capsicum, Beans,
Cucumbers, Tomato • Export Floriculture- Rose, Carnations, Gladiolus • Tissue culture-
Hardening of Banana, Straw berry
30. Crop Suitability • High cost Greenhouse: • Hydroponic / Aeroponic cultivation ( Soilless)
• Orchid cultivation • Tissue culture • Mushroom culture – ( Button mushroom) • High value
vegetables: Tomato, Peas
31. Benefits / Risks Risks High initial investments More need for skilled man power Suitable
for limited crops High maintenance cost. Difficult to maintain optimum growing conditions
 Fertilizer deficiencies/ excess Release of toxic gases Power failures Susceptibility to certain
pests( Mites) and fungal diseases. Tall growing tendency of the plants Difficulty in inter
cultivation and land preparation Damages due to high wind gales/ Fire/ Other calamities
Benefits Risks • Off- Season cultivation • Enhanced productivity / Quality • Efficient use of
inputs • Effective control of pests and Diseases • Implementation of tissue culture techniques •
Commercial nurseries of high value crops • Hydroponic/ Aeroponic cultivation of crops

32.

2nd PPT

1. 2. Introduction • In open field conditions, there is no control over the

environmental factors like temperature, light and relative humidity. • The
advent of modern greenhouse technology opened up the avenues to
precisely control the environmental parameters favourable for the
cultivation of a particular crop. • Growing ornamental crops in protected
environment (greenhouse/polyhose) ensures the best microclimate around
the plant so that the plant can exhibit its full potential.
2. 3. What is Polyhouse ? A polyhouse is a specially constructed structure
like a building for growing plants under controlled conditions. It is covered
with a transparent material as such permits entry of natural light. A
polyhouse or greenhouse is actually the same thing. Traditionally the
greenhouses were constructed on wooden frames where glass was used
as a covering material. On the advent of the plastic technology, it became
possible to replace the glass with plastic material. As the polythene
material, being the most popular, the greenhouses came to kwon as
polyhouses in recent times.
3. 4. Advantages of Growing Ornamental Crops in Polyhouse  The
productivity per unit area is very high in polyhouses.  The produced
flowers will be of high quality without any blemishes and are suitable for
export.  Insect, pest and disease control is relatively easy in protected
structures than in open.  Production during off season is possible only
under polyhouses.  Efficient intensive propagation of high value
ornamental crops is feasible in protected structures.  Polyhouses provide
the right environmental conditions for conservation, intensive cultivation
and exploitation of rare ornamental plants.
4. 5. Types Greenhouses  Gothic arch  Curvilinear  Curved eave  Dome
The most important feature of greenhouse is how to design to take
 advantage of sun light in available land position. The basic types of
greenhouses are:  Even-span  Uneven-span  Lean-to  Quonset
5. 6. Even-span Type
6. 7. Uneven-span Type
7. 8. Lean-to Type
8. 9. Gothic arch Type
9. 10. Ridge-and-furrow Type
10. 11. Barrel-vault Type
11. 12. Saw-tooth Type
12. 13. Types Greenhouses To the extent of environmental control, the
existing green house structures can be classified as: • High cost (fully
controlled greenhouse) • Medium cost (partially controlled) • Low cost
(without any controls)
13. 14. Planning and Designing a Low Cost Polyhouse •A greenhouse should
be designed to withstand the load of the covering' material, other
structural components, wind velocity; intensity of rain, hangingweights
included in the polyhouse etc. •Adequate quantity of sunlight for crop
production is required. The structure should require minimum energy to
maintain the desired crop microclimate. •Local climate conditions and
locally available materials must be taken into account to arrive at the
most appropriate greenhouse design. •Therefore, the structure is location
specific and crop specific.
14. 15. Site selection A good site can make all the difference in the functional
and environmental operations of a polyhouse. • The soil should have pH of
5.5-6.5 and EC of 0.5-0.7 Mmhs. • Availability of continuous source of
quality water. • The pH of the irrigation water should be 5.5-7.0 and EC
between 0.1-0.3 Mmhs. • Good supply of electricity. • A ground slope for
drainage is an important factor to divert surface water way from the green
house. • Greenhouses should be located away from the buildings and trees
to avoid obstruction to sunlight. And should be pollution free. • Facility of
good road transport to near markets. • Easy and cheap availability of
labourers. • Communication facility should available at site.
15. 16. Orientation Orientation of the greenhouses could be in any direction
when they are in single spans. Multispan greenhouses should be oriented
in north south direction only, to avoid continuous shading of certain-
portions of the greenhouse by its structural members.
16. 17. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR GREEN
HOUSE : SIZE : 28 X 20 m = 560 Sq. Mt. Particulars Dia/Unit (mm) Length of
Pipe (Mtrs.) Qty. Total (Mtrs.) No. of Pipes Required (6 Mt. Each) Insert
Pipe 40 NB 1.2 30 36 6 Column 50 NB 6 14 84 14 Column 50 NB 4 16 64 16
Bottom Bottom 50 NB 50 NB 8 4 5 18 40 72 5 18 Arches 32 NB 5.7 28 160
28 Contd…2.
17. 18. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION Hockey With Member 40 NB 6 24
144 24 Member 25 NB 2.3 28 32 14 25 NB 2 28 84 10 15 NB 1.06 14 15 3
Tie Bar 25 NB 6 8 48 6 Cross Bracing 25 NB 5 8 40 8 Purline 32 NB 4 80
 320 80 Curtain Pipe 15 NB 6 18 108 18 Runner Aluminum Mtrs. 4 96 384
Zig Zag Springs Plastic coated 2 MM Lumpsum 800   Contd…3.
18. 19. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION Gutter Coil (600 mm 1.0 thick) Kgs.
Lumpsum 180 180   Polyfilm Sq. Mtr. Lumpsum 1300 1300   Shading Net
Sq. Mtr. Lumpsum 400 400   Clamps & Hardware - Lumpsum 560 560  
Door Frame 1 x 2 Mtrs. Lumpsum 1 1   Insect net (40 Mesh) 2.00 Mtr X 100
Mtrs. Lumpsum 200 M2   Fogging & Drip System   Lumpsum 1 1 Source:
Dept. of Horticultre, Govt. of AP
19. 20. MATERIALS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION SPECIFICATIONS FOR GREEN
HOUSE IRRIGATION AREA OF POLYHOUSE 560 Sq. Mtr. Dripline Spacing
1.2 Mtrs. Dripline Spacing 16mm with 0.3 Mtrs. Spacing with 2 LPH
discharge. Sl. No . Material Unit Qty. A. HEAD UNIT     1 Dis. Filter 1.5"
Nos. 1 2 Plastic Ball valve 2" Nos. 1 3 Pressure guage Nos. 1 4 Fertilizer
Injector/Ventury Assembly Nos. 1 5 1" Air release cum vaccum breaker
valve Nos. 1 Contd….
20. 21. MATERIALS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION B supply manifold 1 RPVC 50 MM/ 6
Kg/CM2 Mtrs. 12 2 RPVC 40 MM/ 6 Kg/CM2 Mtrs. 48 3 RPVC & G I fitting
Lumpsum C DRIP MANIFOLD 1 Dripline 2016 X 0.3 Mtrs. X 2 LPH Mtrs.
1000 2 Lateral 16 mm Mtrs. 300 3 Cool Net fogger four way (Anti leak) 75 4
Star Nipple 16 mm Nos. 75 5 Rubber Gromet Nos. 75 6 Reducer 17/16 mm
Nos. 75 7 PPBV 50 mm/PVC ball valve 50 mm Nos. 2 8 PVC sub main flush
valve 2" Nos. 4 9 Pressure regulator 1.5" (Bypass) Nos. 1 Source: Dept. of
Horticultre, Govt. of AP
21. 22. Construction of Low cost Polyhouse 20mts 28mts
22. 23. Construction of Low cost Polyhouse 1. COLUMN 6.0 m, 50 NB ( 60 mm
OD) 2 mm THICK 2. COLUMN 3.8 m, 50 NB ( 60 mm OD) 2 mm THICK. 3.
BOTTOM 8.0 m & 4.0 m, 50 NB ( 60 mm OD) 2 mm THICK 4.
CORRIDOR/HOCKEY 40NB ( 48 mm OD) 2 mm THICK. 5. TOP CHORD 6.4 m,
32 NB ( 42 mm OD) 2 mm THICK. 6. SMALL CHORD 5.7 m, 32 NB ( 42 mm
OD) 2 mm THICK. 7. PURLIN 4.0 m, 32 NB (42 mm OD) 2 mm THICK 8.
GUTTER PURLIN 32 NB (42 mm OD) 2 mm THICK 9. BRACING – 25 NB (33
mm OD) 2 mm THICK. 10. G.I. WIRE 11. CURTAIN OPENING SHOFT 15 NB
(3 mm OD) 2 mm THICK. 12. POLYETHELENE UV STABLIZED 800 GUAGE/
200 MICRONS. 13. INSECT NET / 35% WHITE / WHITE SHADENET ALL
AROUND 3 mts. HEIGHT FROM TOP NET. 14. 50% WHITE / WHITE
SHADENET ON TOP. DETAIL SKETCH AND SPECIFICATIONS OF
FLORICULTURE POLY HOUSE SIZE 20 M X 28 M = 560 M2 3
23. 24. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE 1. AREA: The
Polyhouse of 560 Sq. Mt./ size: 20x28mts Which is the minimum for
growing commercial flowers for local/retail market. 2. DESIGN:
Aerodynamic, galvanized tubular structure and Naturally Ventilated 3.
HEIGHT UNDER GUTTER: Gutters are necessary to drain off the rainwater
and to prevent the rainwater penetration in to the Green House. The height
under gutter should be minimum about 4 Mtrs. The trapezoidal shape
aluminum sheet/ G.I sheet of 1 mm thick and 600 mm wide should be
provided all along the length of the Green House without any joint. 4.
 CENTRAL HEIGHT: 6 Mtrs. A central height of 6 Mtr. with top ventilation
should be provided to manage the temperature. 5.FOUNDATION: The
footing of foundation should rest on undisturbed soil at a depth of about
0.6 Mtrs. and with a diameter of 0.4 Mtrs. below the ground surface. It is
not necessary to build through foundations below the sidewalls and gables
but only concrete (P 1: 3 : 6) point foundation of 0.19 cu. Mtr. below the
vertical stanchions. Foundations has to
24. 25. Construction of Low cost Polyhouse Line diagram for foundation
25. 26. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE
26. 27. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE 5. VENTILATION:
RIdge ventilation, permanent open top vent of 80 cm and two sides
manually operated curtains. Very good ventilation is very important for the
production of quality flowers throughout the year. The area of the
ventilation openings should be more than 19% related to the floor area of
the green house. The air exchange rate should be 50 - 60 times the green
house volume per hour. The rollup ventilation has proved very efficient.
The plastic film is fixed at the gutter and rolled up on a pipe. It is very
important to fix the film exactly on the horizontal pipe at the beginning, so
that the pipe remains horizontal during operation. The horizontal pipe with
the film has to fit tightly at the vertical stanchions and must not move
away from the construction by wind forces.   6. STRUCTURAL FRAME:   
G.I. Pipes of 0.5 to 2.0 inches diameter. Trusses, Columns, beams as
purlins made of G.I. pipes angle iron should have different load bearing
capacities and should remain sound. The structure should withstand a
wind velocity of 100 to 110 Km/Hr. All structure should be assembled by
using nut bolt M 10 and M 6 size and clamps which are cold galvanized. All
G.I. pipes should be ISI marked hard dip galvanized ( “ B “ Class), 2.00 mm
thick.
27. 28. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE A frame polyhouse
structure End view General view
28. 29. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE 8. Cladding Material:
3 Layered UV stabilized PE film with a thickness of 800 gauge 200
microns. Plastic film has to be fastened at the construction and fastened
tightly. 9. Fastening Devices (Polylocks): Suitable Aluminum or steel
devices by use of these devices the film can be quickly fastened and be
removed from the structure. 10. Zig – Zag Springs 2 mm steel plastic
coated/pup coated.   11. SHADENET: Plastic woven net (white/white
colour) Shade percentage – 50%. The shade net has to be supported with
GI wire of 2 mm thickness and the net should be foldable to one side with
the help of a pulley system for smooth operation, 35/white/white shade net
all around 3 Mtrs. Height from top net.   12. INSECT NET: (Rambo Net) :
Plastic net ( 60 Mesh) will be provided under the curtains (permanently
fixed). 13. Irrigation System: Drip and fogging system to be installed from
reputed firms as per specifications.
29. 30. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE
30. 31. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE
31. 32. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLY HOUSE
32. 33. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Beds Aisle Longitudinal layout
of polyhouse beds
33. 34. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Cross beding layout of
polyhouse beds Aisles Beds
34. 35. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Peninsula arrangement of
polyhouse beds/benches Beds/ Benches Aisles
35. 36. Government Assistance to the Farmer 1. Area of Low cost Polyhouse:
560 M2 2. Size of the Polyhouse: 20 x 28 Mts. 3. Total cost of the structure
Rs. 4,30,000/- 4. Subsidy – 50% or maximum of: Rs. 1,82,000/- 5. Farmer
share: Rs. 2,48,000/-
36. 37. Some Conditions of Tripartite Agreement for Availing Subsidy 1. That
the First Party(the company) should complete the structure with in
stipulated time of 30 days from the date of Agreement as per
specifications, design given by Department of Horticulture. 2. That the
First Party (the company) should take up post construction services when
ever the Second Party required, up to one year on free of cost including
materials, and for second year and third year onwards, cost of services
free and material can be charged from Second Party. 3. That the Second
Party (the farmer) is responsible for depositing the non- subsidy amount in
bank within 15 days, if loan is not availed by Second Party. 4. The Second
Party(the farmer) should under go training for 7 days in Training Institutes
(Horticulture Training Centre, Hyderabad / Pune) 5. That the Third Party
(Department of Horticulture ) should obtain agreement bond with
Companies(first party) & Farmer (second Party). 6. If the project in not
completed with in a stipulated time as per guidelines, the Third Party
(Department of Horticulture) has empowered to cancel the project without
any notice. 7. The Third Party is responsible for release of subsidy amount
to the bank after fulfilling all stipulated conditions.
37. 38. INSURANCE -P. Subba Rao, Admn. Officer, Oriental Insurance Ltd  
Oriental Insurance Ltd, offers a package under section-II of ‘Floriculture
insurance scheme’. Under this section all the structures of polyhouse, cold
storage facility, grading hall, packing facility, store room, drip irrigation
facility etc. will be covered against perils like fire, lightning, machinery
breakdown, riot, strike and malicious damage, explosion, terrorist damage
etc. The rate of premium is Rs.1.10/mille/annum (additional premium
@0.30/mille if cover extended to flood risk). -Indian Horticulture ‘2000,
Vol:44, 4-5.
38. 39. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Economic Analysis of a Unit
Farmer: Ch. Trinadha Srinivasa Rao S/o Satyanarayana Rao Vattigudipadu
(V), Agiripalli (M). Krishna Dist. AP Total Extent holding: 5 Acres.
Polyhouse unit Area: 560 Sq. mt. Year of construction: 2005 Crop grown:
Carnations Crop Spacing: 22.5 x 22.5 Cms Total No. of plants: 12,800
39. 40. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Economic Analysis of a UnitI.
Expenditure for construction Cost of construction of the unit: Rs. 4,30,000-
00 Subsidy from Dept. of Horticulture: Rs. 1,82,000-00 Farmer share: Rs.
 2,48,000-00 Total farmers expenditure for construction: Rs. 2,48,000-00
II. Expenditure for planting and maintenance: 1st year: Rs. 1,30,000-00 2nd
year: Rs. 55,000-00 3rd year: Rs. 55,000-00 Total: Rs. 2,40,000-00 Total
farmer’s expenditure for planting & maintenance: Rs 2,40,000-00 Total
Expenses (I+II): Rs. 4,88,000-00
40. 41. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Economic Analysis of a Unit III.
Yield : 1st year: 1,10,000 No’s flower stems 2nd year: 80,000 No’s flower
stems 3rd year: 60,000 No’s flower stems Total: 2,50,000 No’s flower
stems  IV. Marketing: Marketed at local market, Vijayawada, @ Rs. 5 to 7/-
per stem during 3 years V. Returns: Total sale price at minimum rate
(2,50,000 X 5): Rs. 12,50,000-00   Net income (12,50,000-4,88,000): Rs.
7,62,000-00
41. 42. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse
42. 43. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse Companies in Construction of
Polyhouses: • Sriroz Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Pune. • Netafim Irrigation India
Pvt. Ltd., Vododara • Green Field Industries., Bangalore. • Hytasu
Corporation., Hyderabad. • Ginegar Plastic Products Ltd., Bangalore. •
Rajdeep Agri Products Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • srihari Greenhouses Pvt. Ltd.,
Pune • Pooja Greenhouse Industries., Pune.
43. 44. Establishment of Low Cost Polyhouse References: 1. Horticulture
Principles and Practices – George Acquaab. 2. Greenhouse Management
for Horticulture Crops– S.Prasad & U.Kumar. 3. Greenhouse Operations
and Management–Paul V Nelson. 4. Floriculture Today – March, 2003; 10–
15. 5. Floriculture Today – January, 2005;7-10. 6. Floriculture Today –
December, 2006; 56. 7. Indian Horticulture – 2000, Vol-44; 4-5. 8. Annual
Action Plan-2007-08, Floriculture/250/06 of the Dept. of Horticulture, Govt.
of A.P.
44. 45. Future Greenhouse Inside a Floor
1. Greenhouse Protected Agriculture for High Value Crops
2. Introduction • What is a Green House ? • A Green House is a structure covered with a
transparent material in which various crops are grown under a system of farming know as
Protected Cultivation • The Structure is also referred as Glass House / Poly House, depending
upon the Cladding material used. • Under Green House Technology favorable Micro Climatic
conditions are created suiting to the crops raised. • Green House Protect the Plants from
adverse climatic conditions such as wind , low temperature, rainfall, excessive radiation,
extreme temperature and pests. • Green House Technology facilitates off –season production
of crops to realize higher returns.
3. Advantages of Greenhouses : • Ensures multi-fold increase in crop output compared to
open cultivation • Facilitates year round production of selected crops. • Mitigates impact of
adverse climatic conditions in respect of certain type of Green House • Facilitates substantial
control of pest & diseases . • Facilitates optimum utilization of all inputs. • Facilitates raising of
off-season production of crops. • Aids in Nursery Propagation, Hardening of Plants •
Facilitates High-Tech Cultivation Practices like Hydroponic , Aero-ponics and Nutrient Film
Techniques.
4. Greenhouse type based on shape: • Lean type greenhouse. • Even span type
greenhouse. • Uneven span type greenhouse. • Ridge and furrow type. • Saw tooth type. •
 Quonset greenhouse. • Interlocking ridges and furrow type Quonset greenhouse. • Ground to
ground greenhouse. Lean to type Even span type Others
5. 1). Green house type based on Utility • Greenhouses for active heating. • Greenhouses
for active cooling. 2). Green house type based on construction • Wooden framed structure. •
Pipe framed structure. • Truss framed structure. 3). Green house type based on covering
material • Glass glazing. • Fibre glass reinforced plastic (FRP) glazing • i. Plain sheet • ii.
Corrugated sheet. • Plastic film • i. UV stabilized LDPE film. • ii. Silpaulin type sheet.
6. a) Low cost or low tech Greenhouse • Low cost greenhouse is a simple structure
constructed with locally available materials such as bamboo, timber etc. • The ultra violet ( UV)
film is used as cladding to cover the roof and sides. • Increasing or decreasing the
temperature and humidity mostly by opening side walls. • Suitable for cold climatic zone. •
Suitable for high value vegetable crops during off- Season. Low cost green house with
Casuarina poles
7. Tomato cultivation in Low tech Greenhouse – In side view Out side view – Low tech
Green house
8. b) Medium-tech Greenhouse ( Semi- Automated) Less expensive compared to High-
tech GH. Control possible manually/ Semi- automated. GI material can be used for frame
work. Exhaust fans, thermo- stat to control temp. Cooling pads/ mist system to control
humidity. Sun light control by regulating shade nets. Need more attention in operations.
Suitable for Dry & composite climate zones Medium -tech Greenhouse
9. C.) High- tech Greenhouse ( Fully Automated) Fully automated controls. Less attention
in operations. Uses computer software for controls. More initial cost. More suitable to high end
applications . ( Floriculture, Hydroponics/ Aeroponics) Requires assured availability of power.
Hi-tech green house
10. d). Shade net Greenhouses Suitable for commercial nurseries / vegetable crops during
hot weather . It provides protection from excessive sunlight, heat, cold,  wind, frost, and
hailstorm. It also offers protection from insects, birds etc. Low Cost of construction Shade net
Greenhouse
11. Components of typical Greenhouse
12. Different shapes of the Greenhouse Dome type Quonset Gothic A- Frame Ridge frame
13. Schematic diagram – Semi automatic- Medium cost GH
14. Comparison of different kinds of covering materials
15. Construction Cost
16. Project Study – Cut Roses • Cut Roses Cultivation in 1 ha under Greenhouse
Conditions. • Benefit/ Cost Analysis. Source: NABARD, Model Bankable projects,
(www.nabard.org)
17. Project Components • Fixed cost –Permanent items like Civil structure, equipment,
planting material • Recurring cost –Cultivation expenses, post- harvest expenses, over heads,
Logistics • Projected yield & Income • Estimate the total production expected in different years
and the realization expected through sales. • Benefit/ Cost Analysis • Margin money • 25% of
the total cost that has to be invested by the entrepreneur. • Repayment • Principal and interest
are to be repayable in seven years with a moratorium for the first year on interest and for 2
years on principal.
18. 1). Fixed costs
19. 2). Recurring costsa).CULTIVATION EXPENSES ( Rs/ Ha)
20. b) Post- Harvest expenses ( in Lakhs)
21. C). Over head costs
22. Total Recurring costs – In Lakhs ( 1st – 8th Yrs) PROJECTED PRODUCTION AND
INCOME
23. Cost/ Benefit Analysis( Rs. Lakhs)
24. Repayment( Rs. Lakhs) Note: Costs & Prices vary from place to place.
25. Construction cost : per square meter basis • Sl.No Specifications Cost Rs/m2 • 1 If
double layer polyethylene used 100 • 2. Co2 generation & distribution 150 • 3. Evaporative
cooling 200 • 4 Heating system 100 • 5. Humidification system 100 • 6. Lighting 200 • 7. Night
curtain / Shading system 150 • 8. Drip system 20 • 9. Nutrient application system 100 • 10
Porous flooring 100 • 11. Benches 150 • 12. Structural cost 300 • 13. Miscellaneous 180 •
Average cost of High Cost Greenhouse per square metre Rs. 2000.00
26. Various subsidy schemesNHM ( National Horticulture Mission) Source: National
Horticulture Mission, www.nhm.nic.in ( Scheme validity: up to end of XI plan )
27. APSHM(AP- State Horticulture Mission)www.apshm.ap.nic.in Pattern of Assistance *
Only 50% to 75% shade net is to be used. Maximum ceiling :- 1000 sq. mtrs per beneficiary
under shade net house & Green House.
28. Crop Suitability • Low Cost Greenhouse/ Shade net: • Nurseries of high value
vegetables – Tomato, Chillie etc • Nurseries of high value fruits- Papaya, Strawberries etc •
Ornamental nurseries • Vermiculture
29. Crop Suitability • Medium Cost Greenhouse: • Seed industry – Seed purification,
Screening tests. • Vegetable cultivation – Value crops like Melons, Capsicum, Beans,
Cucumbers, Tomato • Export Floriculture- Rose, Carnations, Gladiolus • Tissue culture-
Hardening of Banana, Straw berry
30. Crop Suitability • High cost Greenhouse: • Hydroponic / Aeroponic cultivation ( Soilless)
• Orchid cultivation • Tissue culture • Mushroom culture – ( Button mushroom) • High value
vegetables: Tomato, Peas
31. Benefits / Risks Risks High initial investments More need for skilled man power Suitable
for limited crops High maintenance cost. Difficult to maintain optimum growing conditions
Fertilizer deficiencies/ excess Release of toxic gases Power failures Susceptibility to certain
pests( Mites) and fungal diseases. Tall growing tendency of the plants Difficulty in inter
cultivation and land preparation Damages due to high wind gales/ Fire/ Other calamities
Benefits Risks • Off- Season cultivation • Enhanced productivity / Quality • Efficient use of
inputs • Effective control of pests and Diseases • Implementation of tissue culture techniques •
Commercial nurseries of high value crops • Hydroponic/ Aeroponic cultivation of crops
32. Greenhouse Service Providers in Andhra Pradesh
33. Greenhouse Service Providers in Karnataka
34. Greenhouse Service Providers in TN
35. Greenhouse Service Providers in UP ( Uttar Pradesh)
36. Greenhouse Service Providers in Kolkata
37. Greenhouse Service Providers in Surat
38. Greenhouse Service Providers in Mumbai
39. Greenhouse Service Providers in Pune
40. Greenhouse Service Providers in Delhi
41. Greenhouse Service Providers in Gujarat
42. Greenhouse Service Providers in Punjab ( Ludhiana)
43. Greenhouse Service Providers in Rajasthan Source of suppliers: www.indiamart.com
www.indianyellowpages.com
44. Thank you eFresh India Pvt. Ltd

PPT-3
Greenhouse technology

1. 1. Presented by- Panchali Das 3rd Semester M.Sc.

2. 2. GREENHOUSE  Also called a glasshouse.  It is a building or complex
with protection boundaries in which plants are grown. Commercial glass
greenhouse Miniature greenhouse
3. 3. GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY  Provides a controlled and favorable
environment for crop to grow and yield high in all the seasons.  Saves crop
from excessive cold in winters, from heat in summers and from rain in
monsoon seasons.
4. 4. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO STRUCTURAL SHAPE OF FRAME 
The design of a greenhouse depends upon the latitude of the place and the
requirement of crop.  a) ATTACHED GREENHOUSES i) Lean-to- half
greenhouse,split along the peak of the roof. Advantages Useful where
space is limited Least expensive, availability of water and electricity
Disadvantages Temperature control is difficult Location of windows and
doors on the supporting structure must be kept in mind
5. 5. CONTD..  ii) Even-span - full-size structure that has one gable end
attached to another building. Advantages Provides more usable space and
can be lengthened Can accommodate two to three benches for growing
crops. Better shape for air circulation Disadvantages Most costly option
6. 6. CONTD..  iii) Window-mounted- attached on the south or east side of a
house.  This glass enclosure gives space for conveniently growing a few
plants at relatively low cost.  The special window extends outward from
the house a foot or so and can contain two or three shelves.
7. 7. B) FREESTANDING (DETACHED) STRUCTURES:  Separate structures. 
They can be set apart from other buildings to get more sun and can be
made as large or small as desired.
8. 8. COMPONENTS IN A GREEN HOUSE  Green House components can be
broadly divided into 3 main categories. 1) Structural Design- must provide
protection against damages from wind, rain, heat and cold. 2) Green House
covering- Polyethylene Film and Polycarbonate Panels. 3) Environmental
controls.
9. 9. STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION IN GREEN HOUSE Hot galvanized steel
poles and profiles. It is based on the desired length, width, gutter height,
 spans etc for the green houses. For Poly or Aluminum/metallic lock profiles
connect polythene to metallic construction and gutters. The roof should be
built from strong gothic type arches with narrow spacing for higher
stability of the PE cover and increased resistance to heavy rainfall and
strong winds. For most efficient release of hot air and excess humidity,
ventilation openings are placed in the roof. Opening should be vertical in
order to prevent rainfall from reaching the growing areas.
10. 10. GREENHOUSE COVERING SHOULD HAVE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES…..
UV Filtration: Anti – Fog properties: • These are special strips which
insulate the covering polythene from heat of the steel arches and protect
the PE at the point of contact. • The strip lengthens the life of PE. PE strip
for Insulation: • Net is required for preventing entrance of insects into
green houses with minimum effect on ventilation. • They minimizes the
consumption of pesticides thus reducing the cost and negative effects of
chemicals. Insect Proof Net: For longer duration of PE itself and prevent
harmful radiation from reaching the plants . Accumulation of condensation
and uncontrolled dripping inside the green house are avoided with the help
of a special anti fog coating.
11. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL • Evaporative cooling pad can be
installed in order to reduce temperatures up to 150°C during the dry period
and to increase humidity if necessary. Cooling • Dedicated fans with air
replacement capacity and cooling operation for climate control function
and disease prevention. Electric fan • They are used for the purpose of air
movements in order to prevent diseases and to create a uniform
environment. They are resistant to high humidity and temperatures as well
as to chemicals Air mixers Sensors A fully integrated computer network
constantly monitors and controls the variables in our greenhouses.
12. 12. WHY GREEN HOUSE YIELDS MORE  U.V. film does not allow harmful
U.V. rays to enter the green house thus protecting the crop.  The use of
artificial light allows photosynthesis to continue beyond daylight hours
while the use of artificial heating allows photosynthesis to continue at an
increased rate.  The use of additional carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere inside the greenhouse also allows photosynthesis to continue
at an increased rate. Thus the plants get about 8-10 times more food than
the open field condition.
13. 13. Irrigation System Sprinkler System Water is piped to one or more
central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-
pressure sprinklers or guns. Drip lines Water falls drop by drop just at the
position of roots. Distribution pipes All connector should be made for fast
connection and disconnections. Irrigation is the artificial application of
water to the land or soil. One of the important aspect in a green house is
Irrigation and Fertigation System.
14. 14. FERTIGATION SYSTEM  Fertigation is the application of fertilizers,
soil amendments, or other water-soluble products through an irrigation
system.  It enables both the water movement in the soil and nutrient
supply to be controlled.  This system allows adjustments of fertigation
 program according to both the stages and rate of growth of plants and
changing climate conditions.  The fertilizers are dissolved separately in
tanks and are mixed in a given ratio and supplied to the plants through
drippers.
15. 15. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF Advantages • Manipulation of
Growing season. • Production volume increases more than 10-12 times
than normal production. • Round the year production of most desired crop.
• Disease and pest attack is minimum. • Suitable for rearing/hardening of
tissue culture plants. • Latest technologies can be incorporated to get
maximum benefits. Disadvantages • Initial cost is very high. • Maintenance
cost is high. • Knowledge of various factors are required to effectively
control climate inside the greenhouse.
16. 16.  Plant biotech can play a potential role of increasing agricultural
productivity, bring food security by its contribution to greenhouse
technology.  Plant biotech methods have helped produce plants resistant
to drought, flood, soil infertility, pests, abiotic stress etc. These plants are
grown in greenhouses for hardening.  Tissue culture plays an important
role to improve agronomic traits of many plants. ROLE OFPLANT
BIOTECHNOLOGY
17. 17. GREENHOUSES– WORLDSCENARIO  A French botanist named Charles
Lucien Bonaparte (1803 to 1857), is said to have designed the first modern
greenhouse in Leiden, Holland, which housed medicinal plants.  There are
more than 50 countries now in the world where cultivation of crops is
undertaken on a commercial scale under cover.  Asia, China and Japan
are the largest users of greenhouses.  The development of greenhouse
technology in China has been faster than in any other country in the world.
18. 18. STATUS IN INDIA  In India use of greenhouse technology started only
during 1980’s and it was mainly used for research activities.  Greenhouses
are being built in the Ladakh region for extending the growing season of
vegetables from 3 to 8 months.  In the North-East, greenhouses are being
constructed essentially as rain shelters to permit off-season vegetable
production.  In India greenhouse cultivation is mainly in Maharashtra,
Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir.
19. 19. CONTD..  Cultivation of cabbage, cauliflower, knoll-khol, broccoli,
brussel's sprouts, tomato, brinjal, chilli, capsicum and onion has been
possible because of greenhouse technology in areas such as Leh and
Ladakh.

Ppt4
Presentation on theme: "Greenhouse Management"—
Presentation transcript:

1  Greenhouse Management
Objective: Understand greenhouse structures, production and maintenance.

2  What’s the point of a Greenhouse?

3  What’s the point of a Greenhouse?

The “Greenhouse Effect”- collects and stores heat from the sun (radiant
heat)Provides a protective environment to grow plantsMany detached houses
can be used as connected houses

4  Greenhouse Structures

5  Detached HousesQuonsetLean toEven spanUneven span

6  Detached Houses Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to program and maintain temperatureEasy to ventilate without exposing
the plants to blasts of cold airRequires more energy to heat and coolHigher
initial cost

7  Detached HousesDraw an image and write a brief description of each type of

detached houseGreenhouse How To BookChapter 1- Choosing The Right
StructurePage 1-Detached Housing Options

8  Connected Houses Ridge and furrow Barrel vault Dutch-Venlo

Saran-covered

9  Connected Houses Advantages Disadvantages Requires less land area

Less construction materialsHeat loss is lessSnow build-up in connecting
guttersGutters shade parts of the greenhouse

10  Connected HousesDraw an image and write a brief description of each type

of connected houseGreenhouse How To BookChapter 1- Choosing The Right
StructurePage 2-Connected Housing Options

11  Greenhouse Equipment & Controls

12  Greenhouse Equipment & Controls

Heaters- gas or electricThermostats- controls the temperature, should be at
plant levelTimers-for lights, shade cloth, irrigation, etc.Evaporative cooling
systemsMost effective method for cooling a greenhouseConstructed of thick
corrugated cardboardReduces watering due to higher humidity created by
evaporation from the dripping water in the cool pad

13  Greenhouse Equipment & Controls

Exhaust fans- pulls hot air from the greenhouseVents- located at the opposite
end from the exhaust fan. Vents open to allow fresh air in the
greenhouse.Circulation fans- circulates air in the greenhouse even when the
exhaust fan is not running. Provides a uniform temperature throughout the
greenhouse.Misting system- cools the greenhouse and provides a fine mist for
seeds and cuttings.

14  Greenhouse Equipment & Controls

Overhead irrigation system- waters greenhouse or shadehouses but may not give
the deep watering some plants need.Drip irrigation- tubes with emitters go to
individual pots for water. A very efficient way to water.Lights- provide additional
lighting for plants

15  Greenhouse Equipment & Controls

Draw an image of the environmental controls used in the KHS
GreenhouseGreenhouse How To BookChapter 2- Greenhouse Equipment &
ControlsPage 3-Environmental Controls in the KHS Greenhouse

16  Greenhouse Coverings

17  1. Greenhouse film (polyethylene film)

3-6 mil thickUV treatedInexpensiveLong lastingEasy to replace

18  2. Acrylic panels Energy efficient Impact resistant

Available in a variety of widths and lengths

19  3. Polycarbonate panels Twin wall panels Corrugated panels

Available in a variety of widths and lengthsRelatively expensive

20  4. Solexx panels Flexible Twin wall 3-6 mil thick Opaque
Relatively expensive

21  Greenhouse Coverings Greenhouse How To Book

Chapter 3-Choosing the Right Greenhouse CoveringIn this chapter include a
graphic and description of each type of greenhouse covering

22  Greenhouse Plant Terminology

23  Greenhouse Plant Terminology

AnnualSowMediaFull sunBiennialDirect sowingDeadheadingPart
shadePerennialPinchShadeIndirect sowing
24  Bedding Plant Soils/Media

25  Bedding Plant Soils/Media

VermiculitePerlitePeat mossSandBarkCommercially prepared mix

26  Bedding Plant Soils/Media

Greenhouse How To BookChapter 4-Choosing the Right Soil/MediaIn this chapter
include a graphic and description of each type of bedding plant soil/media

27  Containers

28  Containers Flat Cell pack Peat pots Eco pots Jiffy 7 Plastic pots
Clay potsHanging baskets

29  Containers Greenhouse How To Book

Chapter 5-Choosing the Right ContainerIn this chapter include a graphic and
description of each type of containerIn your description include the pros & cons
of each container

30  Seed Production

31  Seed Production 1Preparing for Seeds2Sow Seeds3Germination

32  Seed Production Greenhouse How To Book Chapter 6-How to Plant Seeds

List the key steps involved in seed productionClassify the steps into 3
categories: Preparing for Seeds, Sowing Seeds, Germination

33  Cutting Production

34  Cutting Production Plants easy to propagate by cuttings

IvyPothosWandering JewHow to properly take cuttings (stem)

35  Cutting Production Greenhouse How To Book

Chapter 7-How to Take CuttingsList plants easy to propagate from cuttingsList
the key steps involved in taking cuttings

36  Bedding Plant Problems

37  Bedding Plant Problems

Cultural DisordersDiseasesPests

38  Bedding Plant Problems 1. Cultural Disorders

Seed germination problemsFertilization problemsUneven growth problemsTall &
spindly growth problemsCauses & Solutions
39  Bedding Plant Problems 2. Diseases
SolutionsUse sterilized soilUse fungicidesImprove air circulationIncrease air
temperature around plantDamping off- seedlings fall over causing the stem to
rotBotrytis- lower leaves are brown, rotting and drying out

40  Bedding Plant Problems 3. Pests

Plants or seedlings missing caused by slugs, snails, or roachesHoles in the
leaves, damaged leaves or missing plant partsAphidsSpider
mitesScaleThripWhitefliesFungus gnatsLeaf
minerCutwormsSlugsCaterpillarsIdentifying features?Control methods?

41  Bedding Plant Problems

Greenhouse How To BookChapter 8-How to Address Bedding Plant ProblemsList
the 4 key Cultural Disorders and the CAUSES & SOLUTIONS for eachDescribe 2
Diseases associated with Bedding Plants. Give a picture for each. Describe a
solution for diseases.For each Pest give a description of identifying features.
Give control method specific to each pest. Provide a picture for at least 3 of the
Pests.

42  Greenhouse Maintenance

43  Greenhouse Maintenance
Structure1. Painting2. Flooring3. DoorsReplace Covering1. Glass cracked2.
Fiberglass3. Torn/damaged filmEquipment Repair1. Heater2. Ventilation3.
Irrigation4. LightingPest Control1. Weeds2. Insects3. Diseases

44  Plant Maintenance