Physics

Chemistry

21. The true use of chemistry is not to make gold, but to

prepare medicines. Who said this ?
➠ Paracelsus (1493–1541)

23. First modern text book of chemistry was written by :

➠ Berzelius
24. The reactions in which a single reagent undergoes
both oxidation and reduction are known as
➠ Disproportionation reactions

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 679 / 3

27. The quantitative aspect of dealing with the mass and
volume relation among the reactants and products is
known as :
➠ Stoichiometry

29. A mole is Chemists unit for counting atoms, mole-

cules, ions and other microscopic species. A mole
means :
➠ A collection of 6·022 × 1023 particles

31. The ratio of charge (e) of the electron to its mass was
found to be 1·76 × 108 coulomb/gm (5·28× 1017
esu/gm). It was measured for first time by :
➠ Sir J. J. Thomson (1887)
32. Two liquids which mix in all proportions are called
➠ Miscible
33. The amount of radiant energy in a photon is
proportional to the frequency of the radiation. This
was the observation of :
➠ Max Planck (1900)
34. Bonding in which the bonding electrons are relatively
free to move throughout the three-dimensional
structure, is called
➠ Metallic-bonding
35. The theory of quantum mechanics was independently
and simultaneously formulated by
➠ Werner Heisenberg and Erwin
Schrodinger (1925-26)
36. A substance capable of behaving as either an acid or
a base is called
➠ Amphoteric
37. Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are known as :
➠ Alicyclic hydrocarbons
38. A substance which acts as a proton donor is called
➠ Bronsted-Lowry acid
39. Organic compounds containing atoms such as O, S,
N etc, as part of the ring system are known as :
➠ Heterocyclic compounds
40. A cell used to obtain sodium metal by electrolysis of
molten NaCl, is known as
➠ Downs cell

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 680

de-Broglie Hypothesis When the material particles like neutrons are in
The wave theory of light was capable of explaining thermal equilibrium at absolute temperature T, then they
the phenomena like reflection, refraction, interference, possess Maxwellian distribution of velocities and so their
diffraction and polarisation but it failed to explain photo- average kinetic energy is given by
electric effect and Compton effect. Quantum theory could 1
E = mv 2rms
explain these. Quantum theory says that a beam of light 2
of frequency ν consists of small packets each of energy 3
= kT
hν, called quanta or photons. These photons behave like 2
particles, thus, light sometimes behaves like a wave and where k is Boltzmann’s constant whose value is
sometimes like a corpuscle. 1·38 × 10–23 joule/K. So that
In 1924 de-Broglie proposed that a material particle h
λ =
such as an electron, proton, atom etc. might have a dual 3mk T
nature as light does. According to de-Broglie hypothesis a Davisson and Germer Experiment—This experi-
moving particle, whatever its nature, has wave ment performed by Davisson and Germer is the first
properties associated with it. de-Broglie proposed that experimental proof of the wave nature of material parti-
the wavelength λ associated with any moving material cles. The de-Broglie wavelength for an electron is less
particle of momentum p is ° A crystal lattice in which the atomic distances
than 1 A.
h between layers are of the order of 1 A ° is ideal for the
λ= ,
p purpose of studying the diffraction of electron waves. A
where h is Planck’s constant. nickel crystal C is taken. Electrons are made incident on it
The waves associated with a material particle are as a narrow beam. The incident electrons are produced
called matter-waves or de-Broglie waves and the wave- by an electron gun G. The gun consists of a tungsten
h filament F which is connected to a low tension battery.
length given by λ = is called de-Broglie wavelength. Electrons emitted from the filament F are made to pass
p
through pin holes under suitable accelerating potentials.
If m is the mass and v the velocity of the material
The accelerating potential is provided with the help of a
particle, then
high-tension battery. Ordinarily, we get an electron beam
p = mv of energy 50 eV from the gun.
h
or λ =
mv The resolving power of any microscope increases as the
If E is the kinetic energy of the material particle, then, wavelength used to illuminate the object decreases. Thus,
the electron waves have a smaller wavelength than light
1 p2
E = mv 2 = waves and so an electron microscope reveals much more
2 2m detail. The field ion microscope gives even greater resolution
because the waves associated with the helium ions used
or p = 2m E have an even shorter wavelength.
Therefore, the de-Broglie wavelength is given by
h The electron beam is made to fall normally on the
λ = crystal. The beam is diffracted by the crystal and received
2m E
at an angle θ by a detector D. The intensity of the diffrac-
Diffraction effects have been obtained with streams of ted electrons is measured by the detector as a function of
protons, neutrons and alpha particles, but it is evident from angle θ.
de-Broglie’s equation that the greater the mass of the In the original experiment, the detector was set at an
moving particle, the smaller is the associated wavelength
and so the more difficult detection becomes. Ordinary ob-
angle of 50° to the direction of the incident beam. The
jects have extremely small wavelengths. scattered electron current for different values of voltage V
was noted. The graph between the voltage and the
If a charged particle carrying charge q is accelerated detector current is as shown in figure on next page. The
through a potential difference of V volts, then existence of peak in graph can be explained as due to
Kinetic energy E = q V constructive interference of waves scattered from atoms
in different planes of the crystal. The peak occurs at 54 V.
In that case,
The observed phenomenon is similar to the diffraction of
h X-rays. So the experiment establishes the wave nature of
λ =
2mq V electrons.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 682

 The detector current is maximum when Electron
diffraction
2d sin θ = n λ, rings
where n is the order of diffraction, d is the atomic spacing
Electron gun Thin
between successive crystal planes and θ is the angle at platinum
which strong reflection takes place. The value of d as foil Photographic
determined by X-ray reflection by nickel crystal, comes plate
° The value of θ comes out to be 65°.
out to be 0·91 A. Electron and neutron diffraction phenomenon is now
° commonly used for studying crystal structure like X-rays.
For n = 1, λ = 2d sin θ = 2 × 0·91 × sin 65° = 1·65 A. The electron beams can be conveniently produced and
We know that controlled as compared to X-rays.
h
λ = Study of Crystal Structure—The electrons interact
2me V
with the surface atoms much more intimately. Therefore,
In the given experiment electron diffraction is superior to X-ray diffraction to study
V = 54 volt the surface structure of crystals. The great advantage of
neutron diffraction over X-ray diffraction lies in the fact
6·63 × 10–34 that the neutron diffraction gives better information, for
λ =
(2 × 9 × 10 –31 × 1·6 × 10–19 × 54)1/2 neutrons being neutral particles can penetrate deeper into
° the nucleus. Moreover, neutron diffraction can give
= 1·67 A. information regarding lattice vibrations also and neutron
So, the wavelength determined by two different beam can be produced with very much smaller energy
methods comes out to be the same. This confirms that than is needed for the production of X-rays.
electrons are diffracted in the same way as the de-Broglie
Q. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron
waves. whose energy is 2 electron-volt ?
F Mass of neutron = 1·676 × 10–27 kg
Planck’s constant = 6·62 × 10–34 joule-sec
G
Solution :
Detector current

D h
λ =
θ 2m E
6·62 × 10–34
=
2 × 1·676 × 10–27 × 2 × 1·6 × 10–19
C 54 V = 0·202 × 10–10 m
Voltage V °
= 0·2 A
Fig. : Davisson and Fig. : Variation of detector
Germer experiment current with voltage Electron Lens
It is a device used to focus an electron beam. It is
Calculation shows that electrons accelerated through a analogous to an optical lens but instead of using a
p. d. of about 100V should be associated with de-Broglie refracting material, such as glass, it uses a coil or coils to
waves having a wavelength of the order of 10–10 m. This is produce a magnetic field or an arrangement of electrodes
about the same as for X-rays and it was suggested that the
between which an electric field is created. Electron lenses
conditions required to reveal the wave nature of X-rays might
also lead to the detection of electron waves.
are used in electron microscopes.

Thomson’s Experiment Source of electrons

In this experiment a beam of electrons obtained from

an electron gun is made to fall normally on a thin platinum Condenser lens
foil. The foil is nearly 10 –8 m thick. The foil can also be of Object
aluminium or gold. A photographic plate is placed behind
the foil. Diffraction pattern in the form of concentric rings is Objective lens
obtained on the photographic plate. These rings are
clearly due to the diffraction of waves associated with
electrons. This is because of the randomly oriented Intermediate image
crystals in the foil. From the geometry of the apparatus
the voltage used to accelerate the electrons and the Projector lens
diameter of the electron diffraction rings. The wavelength
associated with the beam of electrons can be determined.
It is observed that the experimental value of wavelength is
Final image
in close conformity with the theoretical wavelength. Thus,
the de-Broglie hypothesis is verified experimentally. Fig. : Principle of Transmission electron microscope

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 683

 de-Broglie wavelength associated with than light; for example, electrons accelerated to an energy
charged particles of 105 electron volt have a wavelength of 0·04 nanometre
(de-Broglie wavelength) enabling a resolution of 0·2–0·5
(1) For electrons ( me = 9·1 × 10–31 kg) nm to be achieved. The Transmission electron micro-
h
λ = scope has an electron beam, sharply focussed by elec-
2mqv tron lenses, passing through a very thin metallised speci-
6·62 × 10–34 men (less than 50 nanometre thick) onto a fluorescent
= m
2 × 9·1 × 10–31 × 1·6 × 10–19 V screen, where a visual image is formed. This image can
12·27 ° be photographed.
= A
V
Note—The potential difference required to have an de-Broglie wavelength associated with
° uncharged particles
electron of wavelength λ A is
150·6 (1) For neutrons (m n = 1·67 × 10–27 kg)
V = (From above equation)
λ2 h 6·62 × 10–34
λ = =
(2) For protons (mp = 1·67 × 10–27 kg) 2m E 2 × 1·67 × 10 –27 E
0·286 ° 0·286 °
λ = A = A
V E (eV)
(3) For deuterons (md = 2 × 1·67 × 10–27 kg) (2) For thermal neutrons at ordinary temperatures
0·202 ° E = kT
λ = A
V h
∴ λ =
(4) For α-particles (mα = 4 × 1·67 × 10–27 kg) 2mk T
0·101 ° 30·835 °
λ = A = A
V T
(3) For gas molecules
Electron Microscope h
λ = m×C
rms
It is a form of microscope that uses a beam of
⇒ For gas molecules at T K
electrons instead of a beam of light (as in the optical
3
microscope) to form a large image of a very small object. E = 2kT
In optical microscopes the resolution is limited by the h
wavelength of light. High-energy electrons, however, can ∴ λ =
3mk T
be associated with a considerably shorter wavelength

SOME TYPICAL SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength Example 3. What voltage must be applied to an
associated with a proton moving with a velocity equal electron microscope to produce electrons of wave-
1 °
to th of the velocity of light. length 0·5 A ?
20
Solution :
Solution :

Example 2. Show that the electrons accelerated Example 4. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength
through a potential difference of V volts will have a of an α -particle accelerated through a potential diffe-
12·27 ° rences of 4000 volt.
wave of wavelength A associated with them.
⎯V
√ Given Planck’s constant
h = 6·62 × 10–34 joule-sec.
Solution :
Mass of proton mp = 1·67 × 10 –27 kg
Electronic charge e = 1·6 × 10 –19 coulomb
Solution :

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 684

 Example 7. What is the energy of gamma photon
° ?
having a wavelength of 1 A

(Given : Planck’s constant h = 6·62 × 10 –34 joule-

sec and speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/sec.)

Solution :

Example 5. Find the energy of the neutron in units

of electron volt whose de-Broglie wavelength is
°
1 A.
(Given : Mass of the neutron = 1·674 × 10–27 kg
Planck’s constant h = 6·60 × 10–34 joule-sec)

Solution :

Example 8. For a moving electron with mass

m = 2m 0, calculate the de-Broglie wavelength in terms
of rest mass m 0 and velocity of light c.
Solution :

Example 6. Energy of a particle at absolute

temperature T is of the order of k T. Calculate the
wavelength of thermal neutrons at 27°C. (Given : Mass
of the neutron = 1·67 × 10–27 kg. Planck’s constant
h = 6·60 × 10–34 joule-sec, and Boltzmann’s constant
k = 8·6 × 10 –5 eV deg–1.)

Solution :

Example 9. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength

of an electron which has kinetic energy equal to
15 eV.
Solution :

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 685

 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Matter waves— neutron (mass m n ), their velo- 13. What is the momentum of an
(A) Are electromagnetic waves cities should be in the ratio— °
electron if its wavelength is 2 A ?
(B) Are transverse waves (electron velocity/neutron velocity)
(Given : h = 6·63 × 1 0–34 joule-
(C) Are longitudinal waves me
(A) One (B) sec.)
mn
(D) Exhibit diffraction (A) 3·22 × 10–20 kg ms–1
mn
2. Neglecting variation of mass with (C) me × mn (D) (B) 23·2 × 10–21 kg ms–1
me
velocity, the wavelength asso- (C) 2·32 × 10–23 kg ms–1
ciated with an electron having 8. Which of the following figures (D) 3·32 × 10–24 kg ms–1
the kinetic energy E is proportio- represents the variation of parti-
14. Calculate the de-Broglie wave-
nal to— cle momentum and associated
de-Broglie wavelength ? length of an α-particle accelera-
(A) E1/2 (B) E–1/2 ted through a potential difference
(C) E (D) E–2 P P of 2000 volt—
(A) (B) °
(A) 3·2 × 10–1 A
3. A proton when accelerated
through a potential difference of °
(B) 5·0 × 10–2 A
V volts has a wavelength λ asso- P °
(C) 2·3 × 10–3 A
P
ciated with it. An α -particle in °
(C) (D) (D) 1·1 A
order to have the same λ must
be accelerated through a poten- 15. The de-Broglie wavelength of an
tial difference of— 9. A beam of monoenergetic neu- ° The energy
electron is 1·224 A.
(A) V volt (B) 4V volt trons corresponding to 27°C is of electron is—
V allowed to fall on a crystal. A first (A) 1 eV (B) 10 eV
(C) 2V volt (D) volt order reflection is observed at a (C) 100 eV (D) 1224 eV
8
glancing angle 30°, calculate the 16. The de-Broglie wavelength of
4. An electron accelerated through
interplanar spacing of the crys- 150 eV electron will be—
a potential difference of V volts
tal—(Given : Planck’s constant h °
(A) 1 A °
(B) 12·27 A
has a wavelength λ associated
= 6·62 × 10–34 joule-sec, Mass of ° °
with it. Mass of proton is nearly (C) 0·5 A (D) 1·5 A
neutron m n = 1·67 × 10 –27 kg,
2000 times that of an electron. In 17. Obtain the de-Broglie wave-
Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1·38
order to have the same λ for length of a neutron of kinetic
× 10–23 joule/degree) energy 150 eV—
proton, it must be accelerated
through a potential difference °
(A) 1·78 A °
(B) 2·18 A (Given : Mass of neutron = 1·675
of— × 10–27 kg)
°
(C) 8·12 A °
(D) 3·12 A
(A) V volt (B) 2000 V volt (A) 3·351 × 10–12 m
V 10. Calculate the de-Broglie wave- (B) 2·331 × 10–10 m
(C) volt (D) 2000 V volt
2000 length of neutron of kinetic (C) 2·335 × 10–12 m
5. In an electron microscope if the energy 54 eV— (Given : Mass of (D) 5·332 × 10–12 m
potential is increased from 20 kV neutron = 1·67 × 10–27 kg)
18. Calculate the de-Broglie wave-
to 80 kV, the resolving power R °
(A) 0·4 A °
(B) 4·0 A length for electrons if their speed
of the microscope will become— is 105 ms–1—
°
(C) 0·04 A °
(D) 0·004 A (Given : h = 6·63 × 10–34 joule-
(A) R (B) 2R
(C) 4R (D) R/2 11. Calculate the de-Broglie wave- sec)
length associated with a proton (A) 7·3 × 10–9 m
6. A proton and an α-particle are
moving with velocity 3 × 107 m/s— (B) 3·7 × 10–9 m
accelerated through the same
potential difference. The ratio of (A) 1·32 × 10–14 m (C) 5·3 × 10–9 m
their de-Broglie wavelengths (D) 5·5 × 10–9 m
(B) 1·14 × 10–14 m
λp/λα is— 19. Calculate the de-Broglie wave-
(C) 1·14 × 10–32 m
(A) 1 (B) 2 length for protons if their speed
1 (D) 4·14 × 10–10 m is 105 ms–1—
(C) 8 (D)
8 12. Calculate the de-Broglie wave- (Given : h = 6·63 × 10–34 joule-
length associated with an elec- sec)
7. One can study crystal structure
tron of 50 eV energy— (A) 39·71 × 10–12 m
by electron diffraction as well as
by neutron diffraction. In order to ° ° (B) 3·97 × 10–12 m
(A) 17·3 A (B) 1·73 A
have the same wavelength λ for (C) 9·37 × 10–12 m
° °
the electron (mass me) and (C) 7·13 A (D) 3·17 A (D) 7·39 × 10–12 m

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 686

20. Electron microscope works on
the principle of—
(A) Particle nature of electrons
(B) Wave nature of light
(C) Quantum nature of light
(D) Wave nature of moving ele-
ctrons

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

(Continued on Page 747 )

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 687

Isothermal Process cylinder of a petrol engine, where there is a compression
and expansion of a gas as a piston goes up and down.
It is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure
and volume of system change but temperature remains C
constant. An isothermal process is carried out either by
supplying heat to the substance or by extracting heat from
it. A process has to be extremely slow to be isothermal. P
B net
Examples of Isothermal Process work
done
D
(1) The temperature of a substance remains constant
during melting. So, the melting process is an isothermal A
process.
(2) When a substance boils, its temperature remains V
constant. So, boiling is an isothermal process. Thermodynamic variables or parameters are the
(3) Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a conducting quantities like pressure, volume and temperature which help
cylinder fitted with a conducting piston. Let the gas be us to study the behaviour of a thermodynamic system.
allowed to expand very slowly. This will cause a very slow
cooling of the gas. But heat will be conducted into the A to B—Gas (air-petrol mixture) is compressed
cylinder from the surroundings. Thus, the temperature of adiabatically by the raising piston. This causes a rise in
the gas remains constant. temperature.
If the gas is compressed very slowly, heat will be B to C—Ignited by a spark, the mixture explodes.
produced. But this heat will be conducted to the The further rise in temperature causes a further rise in
surroundings. So, the temperature of the gas remains pressure.
constant.
C to D—The hot high pressure gas pushes down the
Adiabatic Process piston as it expands adiabatically and the temperature
falls.
It is the thermodynamic process in which pressure,
volume and temperature of the system change but there Thermodynamic process is said to take place if some
is no exchange of heat between the system and the change occurs in the state of a thermodynamic system i.e.
surroundings. A process has to be sudden and quick to be the thermodynamic variable of the system change with time.
adiabatic.
D to E—The warm waste gas is removed and
Examples of Adiabatic Process replaced by cooler, fresh gas mixture, ready for the next
(1) Consider a gas enclosed in a thermally insulated cycle.
cylinder fitted with a non-conducting piston. If the gas is Note—From A to B, work is done on the gas. From C
compressed suddenly by moving the piston downwards, to D work is done by the gas. The shaded area represents
some heat is produced. This heat cannot escape the the net work done during the cycle.
cylinder. Consequently, there will be an increase in the
temperature of the gas. ● Cyclic process is that thermodynamic process in which
(2) If the above gas is suddenly expanded by moving the system returns to its initial stage after undergoing a
the piston outwards, there will be a decrease in the series of changes.
temperature of the gas. ● Non-cyclic process is that process in which the system
(3) Bursting of a cycle tube. does not return to its initial stage.
(4) Propagation of sound waves in a gas. ● Isolated system is that system which is completely
isolated from its surroundings.
(5) Expansion of gases in internal combustion engine.
(6) Expansion of steam in the cylinder of a steam First law of thermodynamics : If some quantity of
engine. heat is supplied to a system capable of doing external
work. Then the quantity of heat (d Q) absorbed by the
Thermodynamical system is an assembly of an system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal
extremely large number of particles (atoms or molecules) so
that the assembly has a certain value of pressure, volume energy (d U) of the system and the external work ( d W )
and temperature. done by the system, i.e.

Indicator diagrams : Pressure-volume graphs are dQ = dU+dW

called indicator diagrams. They can be used to show the Equation of isothermal process : The perfect gas
cycle of changes taking place in an engine. The diagram equation is
below shows in simplified form, what happens in a PV = RT,

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 688

where R is gas constant in an isothermal process, T is Work done in an isothermal process : Consider
constant. Therefore, one mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder having
∴
PV = constant ( R is constant) perfectly non-conducting walls
and a perfectly conducting
That is, the product of the pressure (P) and volume bottom. Let the cylinder be fitted
(V) of a given mass of a perfect gas remains constant in with a frictionless and insulating
an isothermal process. So, Boyle’s law is obeyed in an piston of cross-sectional area A.
isothermal process. Let d W be the work done by the
Isotherm : A graph between pressure and volume of gas when the piston moves up
a given mass of a gas at constant temperature is known through an elementary distance
as isotherm or isothermal of a gas. In the figure below, d x . Let P be the pressure of the
two isotherms for a given gas at two different tempera- gas. Then,
tures T1 and T 2 are shown. d W = P × A × dx Fig. : Work done in
(work = force × distance) isothermal process
or d W = Pd V
T2 > T1 where d V is the infinitesimally small increase in the
P
volume of the gas.
Let Wiso be the total work done by the gas when the
T2
gas expands isothermally from an initial volume V1 to the
T1
final volume V 2.

V ⌠ V2
⎮ Pd V
Fig. : Isotherms of a gas
Then Wiso = ⎮
⌡ V1
Application of first law of thermodynamics to
isothermal process : The first law of thermodynamics RT
But, PV = RT or P =
states V
dQ = dU + dW where T is the constant temperature at which isothermal
The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on expansion takes place.
temperature. In an isothermal process, temperature
remains constant. Therefore ⌠ V2
⎮ RT d V
dU = 0 ∴ Wiso = ⎮
⌡ V1 V
and dQ = dW
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, it does ⌠ V2
⎮ 1d V
= RT ⎮
mechanical work d W and absorbs an equivalent amount ⌡ V1 V
of heat d Q from the surroundings. Similarly, when an
ideal gas is compressed isothermally by doing a V2
or Wiso = RT [1oge V ]
mechanical work d W on it, it rejects an equivalent quantity V1
of heat d Q to the surroundings.
= RT [loge V 2 – loge V 1]
Q. Calculate the work done by an expanding gas.
Solution : V2 V2
or Wiso = RT loge = 2·3026 RT log10
V1 V1

The graph below left shows the expansion of a gas at

constant pressure. The area under the graph gives the work
done by the gas (PΔV). The same principle applies when the
pressure is not constant, as shown below right :

P P
Above, a gas at pressure P exerts a force PA on the area
ea =
piston and moves it a short distance Δx. If the expansion of work
the gas is so small that the pressure does not change : done area
ea
= work done
Work done by the gas = Force × displacement V V
O O
= PAΔx
But, AΔx = ΔV, the increase in volume Let P 1 and P2 be the pressures corresponding to
So, Work done by gas = PΔV the volumes V1 and V2 respectively.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 689

 V2 P1 constant volume. This is equal to change in the internal
Then, P2V2 = P1V1 or = energy of the gas.
V1 P2
P1 d U = Cv d T
∴ Wiso = RT loge But, dQ = dU+dW
P2
P1 In an adiabatic process, no exchange of heat
= 2·3026 RT log 10 between the system and the surrounding is allowed.
P2
∴ dQ = 0
For μ moles of an ideal gas
So, Cv d T + Pd V = 0
V2
Wiso = μRT log e For an ideal gas, PV = RT
V1
Differentiating, P d V + V d P = Rd T
V2
= 2·3026 μRT log 10 Pd V + V d P
V1 or dT =
R
If we consider one gram of an ideal gas, But, Cv d T + Pd V = 0
RT V2
Wiso =
M
log e
V1 ∴ Cv [
Pd V + Vd P
R ]
+ Pd V = 0

where M is the molecular weight of gas or Cv P d V + Cv V d P + RPd V = 0

V2 or (Cv + R) Pd V + C v V d P = 0
or Wiso = r T loge
V1 But, Cp –C v = R
V2 or C p = Cv + R
= 2·3026 r T log 10
V1
∴ Cp P d V + Cv V d P = 0
where r is the principal gas constant, i.e., gas constant Dividing both sides by C v PV, we get
for one gram of gas.
Cp P d V Cv V d P
+ = 0
Equations of Adiabatic Process Cv PV Cv PV
∴ Cp
(i) Adiabatic relation between P and V for ideal
gas : Consider one mole of a gas contained in a perfectly
or γ
d V dp
V
+
P
= 0 [ Cv ]
=γ

non-conducting cylinder fitted with a non-conducting γd V

piston. Let P, V and T be the Integrating, ∫ V
+ ∫ dpP = constant
pressure, volume and tempera-
ture respectively of the gas. Let or γ ∫ 1V d V + ∫ 1Pd P = constant
the gas be compressed adiabati-
or γ log V + log P = constant
cally so that the piston moves
γ
inwards through a distance dx. or log V + log P = constant
Let A be the cross-sectional γ
or log PV = constant
area of a piston. γ
or PV = antilog (constant)
Force acting on the piston = another constant K
Fig. : Work done in
= P×A adiabatic process γ
∴ PV = K
Work done, d W = Force × distance
which is the required relation between the pressure and
= PAdx = Pd V volume of a gas.
where d V is the decrease in the volume of the gas. If P1V1 be the initial and P2V2 be the final pressure
and volume respectively of the gas for an adiabatic
Q. A certain volume of gas suffers an expansion of change, then
0·25 m3 at a constant pressure of 10 3 Nm–2. Calculate γ γ
the work done.
P 1V1 = P2V2

Solution : The work done W = PΔV (ii) Adiabatic relation between volume and
temperature : For a perfect gas
where P = Pressure
PV = RT
ΔV = Change in volume
RT
∴ W = 103 × 0·25 = 250 joule or P =
V
γ
The heat generated due to compression causes a But, PV = K
rise of temperature d T. This heat energy is equal to RT γ
∴ V = K
Cv d T, where Cv is gram molecular specific heat at V

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 690

 γ–1
or RT V = K ∴ dU+dW = 0
γ–1 K or dW = –dU
or TV = = K1 (say)
R
But d U = Cv d T
γ–1
∴ TV = constant where Cv is the molar specific heat of gas at constant
(iii) Adiabatic relation between pressure and volume.
temperature : For a perfect gas, ∴ d W = – Cv d T
PV = RT
Let Wadia be the work done when the gas expands
RT adiabatically from temperature T1 to temperature T2.
or V =
P T2
γ
But PV = K
RT γ
Then, Wadia = – ∫ Cv d T
∴ P
P [ ] = K
T1
T2

or
RT
P γ
γ γ
= K
= – Cv ∫
T1
dT
P T2
γ γ γ = – Cv [ T ] = – Cv [T2 – T 1]
or P1 – · R T = K T1
γ γ K or Wadia = Cv [T1 – T 2]
or P1 – T = γ = K2 (say)
R
γ γ which is the expression for the work done for one mole of
∴ P1 – T = constant an ideal gas during adiabatic process.
An adiabatic is steeper than an isotherm : For an Now, Cp – C v = R
isothermal process, PV = constant where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure
Differentiating, Pd V + V d P = 0 and R is the molar gas constant.
dP P Dividing both sides by C v , we get
or = –
dV V Cp Cv R
dP – =
But represents the slope of isotherm Cv Cv Cv
dV
R
or γ–1 =
∴ Slope of isotherm,
dP
dV ( ) iso
= –
P
V
Cv
R
γ or Cv =
For an adiabatic process, PV = constant γ–1
Differentiating,
γ–1 γ
R
P·γ V dV + V dP = 0 So, Wadia = (T1 – T 2)
γ–1
γ γ– 1
or V d P = – γ PV dV
which is another expression for the work done during
dP γ PVγ – 1 adiabatic process.
or = –
dV Vγ If we consider of one gram of ideal gas.
γP
= – r
V Then Wadia = (T – T 2)
–1 1
dP P
Hence, slope of adiabatic, = –γ
dV V where r is the principal gas constant, i.e., gas constant for
1 gram of gas.
= γ ( )
–
P
V
The work done by an ideal gas during adiabatic expansion
= γ ( )
dP
dV iso
, (or compression) is proportional to the fall (or rise) in the
temperature of the gas.
(From above)
But, γ > 1 Note :
● If the gas expands adiabatically, work is done by the
Therefore, the slope of adiabatic is greater than the
gas. So, Wadia is positive.
slope of isotherm
or an adiabatic is steeper than an isotherm. ∴ T1 > T2
Work done in an adiabatic process : From first law ● So, the gas cools during adiabatic expansion.
of thermodynamics. ● If the gas is compressed adiabatically, work is done
dQ = dU+dW on the gas. So, W adia is negative.
In an adiabatic process, no exchange of heat is ∴ T1 < T2
allowed between the system and the surroundings. So, the gas heats up during adiabatic compres-
∴ dQ = 0 sion.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 691

Comparison of Amounts of Work Done during Also d W = Pd V = P × 0 = 0
Isothermal and Adiabatic Process According to first law of thermodynamics
In the case of expansion, the work done in an dQ = dU+dW
isothermal process is more So, mL = dU
than the work done in an
A Isotherm
adiabatic process as is That is, the internal energy increases by m L during
shown in fig. below. AB is P the melting process.
B
the isotherm and AC, the First law of thermodynamics and boiling process :
corresponding adiabatic.
Adiabatic
C On boiling a liquid, it changes into vapour at constant
The shaded area gives the
temperature called boiling point.
excess of work done in
isothermal expansion over Let a liquid of mass m vaporise. Let Vl and Vv be the
the work done in corre- V volumes of the liquid and vapours respectively.
sponding adiabatic expan- Fig. : Works done in isother-
The work done in expanding at constant temperature
sion. mal and adiabatic expansion
and pressure P.
Isothermal lies above the abiabatic in the case of d W = Pd V = P (Vv – Vl )
expansion. But in case of compression, the adiabatic lies
above the isothermal. Heat absorbed during boiling process,
dQ = mL
In the case of compression, the work done in an
adiabatic process is more where L is the latent heat of vaporisation.
than the work done in an Change in internal energy,
C Adiabatic
isothermal process as d U = Uv – U l
P
shown in figure below. AB B A
where U v and U l are the internal energies of the liquid and
is the isotherm while AC is
Isotherm vapours respectively.
the corresponding adiabatic.
The shaded area gives the First law of thermodynamics states
excess of work done in dQ = dU+dW
adiabatic compression over
the work done in corre-
V ∴ m L = (Uv – U l ) + P (Vv – Vl )
Fig. : Works done in isother-
sponding isothermal com- mal and adiabatic com- or Uv – U l = m L – P(Vv – Vl )
pression. pressions
First law of thermodynamics and melting process : ● The latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal g– 1 or k cal kg– 1
When a substance melts, the change in volume ( d V) is at normal atmospheric pressure.
very small and is negligible. The temperature remains ● The latent heat of vaporisation of water is 540 k cal kg– 1
constant during the melting process. or 540 cal g– 1 under normal atmospheric pressure.
Let a mass m of a substance be melted.
Heat absorbed during melting process d Q = m L From which the gain in internal energy can be
where L is the latent heat of fusion of substance. computed.

SOME TYPICAL SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Calculate the work done in compress-

ing 3 moles of a gas from 4 litre to 1 litre at constant
temperature. (R = 8·3 J mol–1, K–1)
Solution :

Example 2. Keeping the temperature constant at

27°° C one mole of a perfect gas is allowed to expand
from 4 atmospheric pressure to 1 atmospheric pres-
sure. Calculate the work done by the gas.
(R = 8·314 JK– 1 mol– 1)

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 692

 Solution : Example 6. The volume of 1 mole of oxygen at
constant pressure and temperature is 22·4 litre.
Calculate the two specific heats of oxygen.
Solution :

Example 3. Having suddenly compressed the

volume of dry air is reduced to one quarter at
atmospheric pressure. What will be its pressure ?
(γγ = 1·5)
Solution :

Example 4. A gas is compressed adiabatically to

one quarter of its initial volume at 17°° C. Calculate the
resulting temperature. (γγ for gas = 1·5)

Solution :

Example 7. Dry air at 15°° C and 10 atmospheric

pressure is suddenly released at atmospheric pres-
sure. Find out the temperature of air. (γγ for air = 1·41)
Solution :

Example 5. The density of a gas at 27°° C and

105 N-m– 2 pressure is 1·775 kg m– 3 and its specific
thermal capacity at constant pressure is 846 J kg– 1
K – 1. Determine the ratio of specific thermal capacity
at constant pressure to that at constant volume.

Solution :

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 693

 Example 8. At N.T.P. certain gas expands adia-
batically from 1 litre to 2 litre. Change the new
temperature of the gas. (γγ = 1·5)
Solution :

Example 9. A certain mass of air is expanded Example 10. A cylinder fitted with a piston
adiabatically at 0°°C so that its volume gets threefold. contains 0·2 mole of air at temperature 27°° C. The
How much does its temperature fall ? (γγ = 1·4) piston is pushed so slowly that the air within the
Solution : cylinder remains in thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings. Find the work done by the system if the
final volume is twice the initial volume.
Solution :

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The first law of thermodynamics batically. Now which of the follo- 6. Calculate the work done to
is essentially a restatement of wing is true ? compress isothermally 1 g of
the law of— (A) Padia = Piso hydrogen gas at NTP to half of
(A) Conservation of momentum (B) Padia > Piso its initial volume. Gas constant
(C) Padia < Piso R = 8·31 J mol– 1 K– 1. Also find
(B) Conservation of charge the amount of heat evolved and
(C) Conservation of spin (D) Padia << Piso
the change in internal energy.
(D) Conservation of energy 4. A motor tyre pumped to a (A) – 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, 100 J
pressure of 3 atmosphere sud-
(B) 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, 1000 J
2. A certain gas at atmospheric denly bursts. What is the fall in
pressure is compressed adiabati- temperature due to adiabatic ex- (C) – 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, zero
cally so that its volume becomes pansion ? The temperature of air (D) 786·3 erg, 187·21 cal, 500
half of its original volume. before expansion is 27°C. erg
Calculate the resulting pressure
(Given γ = 1·4) 7. Ten moles of hydrogen at NTP
in dyne cm – 2. (Given : γ = 1·4)
(A) 219·2 K (B) 300 K are compressed adiabatically so
(A) 4·0 × 103 dyne cm – 2 (C) 75 K (D) 80·8 K that its temperature becomes
(B) 26·7 × 106 dyne cm – 2 400°C. How much work is done
5. A gram molecule of a gas at
on the gas ? Also calculate the
(C) 2·67 × 106 dyne cm – 2 127°C expands isothermally until
increase in the internal energy of
its volume is doubled. Find the
(D) 2·67 × 108 dyne cm – 2 the gas.
amount of work done and heat
(Given R = 8·4 J mol–1 K –1, γ = 1·4)
3. Two samples of a gas initially at absorbed.
(A) 2·301 × 1010 erg, 500 k cal (A) – 8·4 × 104 J, 8·4 × 104 J
same temperature and pressure
are compressed from a volume V (B) 2·301 × 1010 J, 547·9 cal (B) 8·4 × 104 J, – 8·4 × 104 J
V
to · One sample is compressed (C) 2·301 × 1010 erg, 547·9 cal (C) 8·4 × 104 J, 8·4 × 104 J
2
isothermally and the other adia- (D) 2·301 J, 600 cal (D) – 8·4 × 104, – 8·4 × 104 J

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 694

 8. A certain volume of dry air at NTP adiabatically to half the volume. C
is allowed to expand four times Its equation can be written as—
A
of its original volume under iso- (A) PV5/ 3 = constant B
thermal conditions. Calculate the
(B) PV7/ 5 = constant P
final pressure and temperature. B
(C) PV3/ 2 = constant
(Given : γ = 1·4)
(D) PV4/ 3 = constant
(A) 19 dyne cm – 2, 273°C
13. If internal energy of a gas V
(B) 19 dyne cm – 2, 0°C
decreases by an amount equal to
(C) 19 Nm– 2, 273 K (A) A (B) B
the external work, the gas is
(D) 19 cm of Hg, 273 K undergoing— (C) C (D) D

9. A certain volume of dry air at NTP (A) Adiabatic expansion 18. Four curves A, B, C and D are
is allowed to expand four times (B) Adiabatic compression drawn in the fig. for a given
of its orginal volume under adia- amount of gas. The curves which
(C) Isothermal expansion represent adiabatic and isother-
batic conditions. Calculate the
final pressure and temperature. (D) Isobaric expansion mal changes are—
(Given γ = 1·4) 14. The pressure and volume of a
(A) 10·91 dyne cm– 2, 0 K given mass of a gas at a given
temperature are P and V B C
(B) 10·91 cm of Hg, 156·8 K
respectively. Keeping tempera- D
(C) 10·91 Nm– 2, 273 K P
ture constant, the pressure is A
(D) 10·91 cm of Hg, 200°C
increased by 10% and then
10. A litre of hydrogen at 27°C and decreased by 10%. The volume
106 dyne cm– 2 pressure expands now will be—
isothermally until its volume is V
(A) Less than V
doubled. Find the final tempera- (A) C and D respectively
(B) More than V
ture, pressure and work done. (B) D and C respectively
(C) Equal to V
(Given γ = 1·4) (C) A and B respectively
(D) Less than V for diatomic and (D) B and A respectively
(A) 27°C, 5 × 1010 dyne cm–2,
more than V for monatomic
6·9 × 105 erg 19. Check the correct statement—
(B) 27°C, 5 × 10 5
dyne cm– 2, 15. 1 mole of oxygen is mixed with 1 (A) Heat is a path function, while
mole of argon. The external work internal energy is not
6·9 × 108 erg
done when the mixture is heated (B) Internal energy is a path
(C) – 45·6°C, 1·895 × 105 dyne
at constant pressure through 1°C function, while heat is not
cm– 2, 6·06 × 108 erg (C) Both heat and internal
is—
(D) – 40°C, 2 × 104 dyne cm– 2, energy are path functions
(A) R (B) 2 R
7 × 103 erg (D) Both heat and internal
(C) 3 (D) 4 R energy are not path func-
11. The equation of a certain gas
16. When a gas is isothermally tions
can be written as
expanded so that its volume 20. When a gas expands adiabati-
( )
T7 1/ 5
P2
= constant becomes twice, the rms velo-
city—
cally—
(A) No energy is required for
The specific heat at constant
(A) Becomes twice expansion
volume of the gas is—
(B) Energy is required and it
(in J/mol K) (B) Becomes 2 times
comes from the wall of the
(A) 0·5 R (B) 1·5 R (C) Remains same container of the gas
(C) 2 R (D) 2·5 R (D) Becomes 0·7 times (C) Internal energy of the gas is
12. Consider a hypothetical gas 17. Four processes are shown in fig. used in doing work
whose temperature increases to The one representing adiabatic (D) Law of conservation of
2 times when compressed compression is— energy does not hold

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 695 / 4

 Acidity of X–H Bond in Non-metal ● The acid strength of conjugate acids is in the order as
Hydrides NH4+ < PH4+ < AsH4+

1. The Polarity of the X–H Bond 3. Charge on Acid or Base

● When all other factors are kept constant, acids become ● The charge on molecule or ion can influence its ability
stronger as the X–H bond becomes more polar. The to act as an acid or a base. This is clearly shown when
second row non-metal hydrides, for example, become the pH of 0·1 M solutions of H3 PO4 and H2 PO4–,
more acidic as the difference between electronegativity HPO 42– and PO43– ions are compared
(ΔEN) of X and H atoms increases. H3PO4 : pH = 1·5
H—F : Ka = 7·2 × 10– 4 ΔEN = 1·8 H2PO4 – : pH = 4·4
H2O : Ka = 1·8 × 10– 16 ΔEN = 1·2 HPO 4 2– : pH = 9·3
NH3 : Ka = 1 × 10– 33 ΔEN = 0·8 PO4 3– : pH = 12·0
CH4 : Ka = 1 × 10– 49 ΔEN = 0·4 ● A compound or ion becomes less acidic and more
● HF is strongest and CH4 is the weakest acid among basic as negative charge increases
above four compounds.
Acidity : H3PO4 > H2PO4– > HPO42–
● 0·1 M solution of HF is moderately acidic, H2O is much
less acidic and the acidity of NH3 is so small that the Basicity : H2PO4– < HPO42– < PO43–
chemistry of aqueous solution of NH3 is dominated by ● Similarly for H2SO4
its ability to act as base.
Acidity : H2SO4 > HSO4–
HF (0·1 M) ; pH = 2·1
Basicity : HSO 4– > H2SO4
H2O (0·1 M) ; pH = 7
NH3 (0·1 M) ; pH = 11·1 4. Oxidation State of Central Atom
● Stronger the acid weaker will be its conjugate base or ● There is no difference in polarity, size or charge when
vice-versa. The increasing order of basic nature of we compare oxyacids of the same element such as
conjugate bases is as : H2SO4 and H 2SO3 or HNO3 and HNO2
F– < OH– < NH2– < CH3– H2SO4 ; Ka = 1 × 103 HNO3; Ka = 28
2. Size of Atom, X H2SO3 ; Ka = 1·7 × 10– 2 HNO2; Ka = 5·1 × 10 – 4
● The Ka data for HF, HCl, HBr and HI reflect the fact Acidity of these oxyacids increases significantly as the
that X—H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) becomes oxidation number of central atom becomes larger.
smaller as the X atom becomes larger H2SO4 is much stronger than H2 SO3 and similarly
HF : Ka = 7·2 × 10– 4 BDE = 569 kJ/mole HNO3 is much stronger than HNO 2.
● This trend is easiest to be seen in four oxyacids of
HCl : Ka = 1 × 106 BDE = 431 kJ/mole
chlorine.
HBr : Ka = 1 × 109 BDE = 370 kJ/mole
Oxidation number of
HI : Ka = 3 × 109 BDE = 300 kJ/mole Acid Ka
Cl atom
● The increasing order of acid strength is HOCl 2·9 × 10– 8 +1
HF < HCl < HBr < HI HOClO 1·1 × 10– 2 +3
Similarly H2O < H2S < H2Se HOClO2 5·0 × 102 +5
● The presence of lone pair of electrons on the central HOClO3 1 × 103 +7
atoms of NH3 and PH 3, makes these hydrides Lewis
bases. HOCl is the weakest and HOClO 3 is the strongest acid.
MH3 + H+ ⎯→ MH4+ ● As the oxidation number of Cl atom increases, the
Base Conjugate acid
atom becomes more electronegative. This tends to
● As the size of central atom (N, P) increases, the draw electrons away from oxygen atom which
stability of conjugate acid decreases, i.e., M—H bond surround the Cl atom, thereby making oxygen atom
becomes weaker as size of central atom increases and more electronegative as well. As a result O—H bond
hence basic nature decreases as : becomes more polar and compounds becomes more
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 ……… acidic.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 709

 POINTS TO REMEMBER
● O and N atoms are about the same size, yet H 2O is much ● Liquid ammonia is an amphoteric solvent like water because
stronger acid as compared to NH 3. This is only on account of the auto-ionization of NH3 is as
O is more electronegative and O—H bond is more polar. 2 NH3 NH 4+ + NH 2–
● NH 4+ ion is a stronger acid than NH3 molecule because it is It is just like water
easier to remove H + ion from NH4+ than from NH3 molecule. H 2O H+ + OH–
● PH 3 is a stronger acid than NH3 because the compounds ● H2SO4, a stronger acid, gives proton to HNO3, a weaker acid
than H 2SO4.
become more acidic as the size of central atom holding H
hydrogen atom increases and X—H bond becomes weaker. |
● OH – ion is a conjugate base of H2 O and NH2 – ion is the H—OSO 2—OH + H—O–NO2 → H—O—NO2 + –OSO2OH
+
conjugate base of NH3. H2O is a stronger acid than NH3 and Acid Base Acid Base
hence OH– ion is a weaker base than NH2– ion. ↓
● PH3 is a stronger acid than NH3, which means the PH 2– ion H2O + NO2+
Nitronium ion
must be a weaker base than NH2– ion.
HNO3 is acting as a base.
● The relative strength of Bronsted bases can be predicted
● H2SO4 is a weaker acid than HClO4 and acts as a base to
from relative strengths of their conjugate acids, combined with
accept proton from HClO4.
the general rule that the stronger of a pair of acids always has H
weaker conjugate base. |
● A weaker acid is known to be displaced from its salt by a H—OSO 2–OH + H—OClO3 → –OClO3 + H— O—SO 2OH
+
stronger acid, e.g., acetylene displaces NH3 from its salt Base Acid Base Acid
sodamide. ● A strong acid must be stronger than H 3O+ and strong base
HC ≡ CH + NaNH 2 HNH2 + HC ≡ C Na stronger than OH– ion.
Stronger Stronger Weaker Weaker ● Feeble acids and bases are weaker than H 2O. Example
acid base acid base
acetylene (HC ≡ CH)
Water displaces acetylene from its salt. ● Weak acids are weaker than H 3O+ but stronger than H2O.
H–OH + HC ≡ CNa HC ≡ C–H + NaOH Weak bases are weaker than OH– but stronger than H2 O.
Stronger Stronger Weaker Weaker Most of the organic acids and bases are weak.
acid base acid base CH 3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COO–
Hence acetylene is stronger acid than NH3, but weaker acid Acid Base Acid Base
(Weak) (Weak) (Strong) (Strong)
than H 2O.
CH 3NH2 + H2O OH– + CH3NH3+
H2O > HC ≡ CH > NH3 Base Acid Base Acid
● The decreasing order of acidity of hydrocarbons is as (Weak) Weak (Strong) (Strong)

HC ≡ CH > CH2 = CH2 > CH3–CH3 ● The substance which can act both as acid and base is said to
be ampholytic or amphoteric. For example : Liquid NH3, H2O,
Conversely the decreasing order of basicities of anions HF etc.
resulting from these hydrocarbons is as :
NH 3 + NH3 NH 4+ + NH2–
Acid Base Acid Base
: C2H5 > H2C —
— CH : > CH ≡ C :
H 2O + H 2O H3O+ + OH –
● The concentration of an acid solution is determined by how Acid Base Acid Base
many mole of acid is dissolved per litre and its strength is HF + HF H2F+ + F–
determined by how completely it ionizes. Acid Base Acid Base

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following subs- 4. Which of the following acids is 7. Which of the following acids is
tances is not amphoteric ? strongest ? least ionized in 0·1 M solution ?
(A) HCO3– (B) H2O (A) HF (B) HCl (A) HCN (B) HF
(C) NH3 (D) NH4+ (C) HBr (D) HI (C) H2SO3 (D) H2CO3
2. Which is the strongest acid 5. Which is the weakest Bronsted 8. Which is the weakest Bronsted
among the following ? base ? acid among the following ?
(A) Acetylene (B) Water (A) F– (B) Cl– (A) HF (B) H2O
(C) Ammonia (D) Ethylene – (C) NH3 (D) CH4
(C) Br (D) I –
3. Weak acids are— 9. For the reaction
6. Which of the following sub-
(A) Weaker than H2O
stances has the highest pH for Zn 2+ + X– ZnX +
(B) Stronger than H 3O+ 0·1 M solution ? The k eq is greatest when X – is—
(C) Stronger than H 2O (A) NaH2PO4 (B) Na 2HPO 4 (A) NO3– (B) I –
(D) Always amphoteric (C) Na 3PO4 (D) H3PO4 (C) ClO3 – (D) F–

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 710

10. The correct decreasing order of 19. The conjugate base of ammo- (C) HClO > H3PO4 > H2SO4
basic character is— nium ion is— (D) H3PO4 > HClO > H2SO4
(A) CH3– > OH– > NH2– > F– (A) NH2– (B) NH4+
27. Which can act both as Bronsted
(B) CH3– > – NH2– > OH– > F– (C) NH3 (D) OH– acid and base ?
(C) F– > NH2– > OH– > CH3– 20. Which is the correct order of (A) Cl–
(D) NH2– > CH3– > OH– > F– basic nature ? (B) HCO3–
11. Among HS –, I –, R–NH 2 and NH3, (A) H2O > NH3 > PH3 (C) H3O+
the proton accepting tendency (B) NH3 > PH3 > H2O (D) Both (B) and (C)
will be maximum and lowest (C) NH3 > H2O > PH3
respectively in— 28. Correct increasing order of aci-
(D) PH 3 > NH3 > H2O dity is—
(A) R–NH2 and I –
21. NH3 gas dissolves in H2O to give (A) H3PO4 < HCl < H2CO3 < HI
(B) NH3 and HS –
NH4OH. H2O acts as— (B) H3PO4 < H2CO3 < HCl < HI
(C) I – and HS –
(A) An acid (C) H2CO3 < H3PO4 < HCl < HI
(D) HS – and I –
(B) A base (D) None is correct
12. The electronegativity of chlorine (C) A conjugate base
atom will be highest in— 29. The conjugate acid of azide ion
(D) Amphoteric solvent is—
(A) HOCl (B) HOClO
(C) HOClO2 (D) HOClO3 22. In the reaction (A) NH3 (B) HN3
HClO4 + H2O H3O+ + ClO4– (C) NH2– (D) N2–
13. Which among the following is the
weakest base ? (A) HClO4 is a conjugate acid of 30. Strongest conjugate base results
(A) PO43– H2O from—
(B) H2PO4– (B) H2O is a conjugate acid of (A) Formic acid (B) Acetic acid
(C) HPO 42– H3O+ (C) Ethylene (D) Acetylene
(D) All are equally basic (C) H3O+ is a conjugate base of
31. Liquid ammonia, like water is an
H2O
14. Which of the following factors amphiprotic solvent. Which is the
explains the higher acid strength (D) ClO4– is the conjugate base appropriate auto-ionization equa-
of HI than that of HF ? of HClO4 tion for liquid NH 3 ?
(A) Polarity in H–X bond 23. An aqueous solution of acetic (A) NH3 NH2– + H+
(B) Charge on the molecule acid contains— (B) NH3 + H+ NH4+
(C) Size of atom X (A) CH3COO– and H + (C) 2 NH3 NH4+ + NH2–
(D) Oxidation state (B) CH3COO–, H3O+ and H +
(D) All of these
15. Which of the following is (C) CH3COO–, H3O+ and
CH3COOH 32. Which of the following ions in
incorrect statement ?
aqueous solution gives a neutral
(A) PH 3 is a stronger acid than (D) CH3COOH, CH3COOH and
solution ?
NH3 H+ (A) SO32– (B) NH4+
(B) NO3– is a weaker base than 24. Which is the correct decreasing (C) Na + (D) F–
NO2– order of basic strength ?
33. Which is the correct representa-
(C) PH 2– is a weaker base than (A) CH3–CH2– > NH2– > HC ≡ C– tion of acidic nature of AlCl3 in
NH2–
> OH– water ?
(D) H2O and liquid NH3 are not
amphiprotic solvents (B) HC ≡ C– > CH3–CH2– > NH2– (A) AlCl3 + 3 H2O Al(OH)3
> OH– + 3 HCl
16. The strongest Bronsted base
(C) OH– > NH2– > HC ≡C– (B) [Al (H2O)6] 3+
among the following is—
(A) ClO– (B) ClO2– > CH3–CH2– [Al (H2O)5] 3+ + H2O
(C) ClO3– (D) ClO4– (D) NH2– > HC ≡ C– > OH– (C) [Al (H2O)6] 3+
[Al (H2O)5 OH]2+ + OH–
17. Which is the weakest Lewis > CH3–CH2–
base ? (D) [Al (H2O)6] 3+ + H2O
25. The conjugate base of HPO42–
(A) H– (B) OH– is— [Al (H2O)5 OH]2+ + H3O+
(C) Cl – (D) HCO3– (A) PO43– (B) H2PO4– 34. Amino acid, glycine exists pre-
18. HNO3 in liquid HF behaves as— (C) H3PO4 (D) H4PO3 dominantly in the form of
+
(A) An acid 26. Correct decreasing order of acid NH3CH2COO–. Which is the
(B) A base strength is— conjugate acid of glycine ?
(C) Neither a base nor an acid (A) H2SO4 > HClO > H3PO4 (A) NH2CH2COOH
(D) As a base as well as an acid (B) H2SO4 > H3PO4 > HClO (B) NH2CH2COO–

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 711 / 5

 +
(C) NH3 CH2COOH (C) It is an example of anionic (C) BCl 3 and AlCl3 are both
+ hydrolysis equally strong Lewis acids
(D) NH3 CH2COO–
(D) Bicarbonate ion forms ano- (D) BCl3 and AlCl3 are both
35. Which is the Lewis acid-base ther anion Lewis acids and AlCl3 is
reaction ? stronger than BCl3
(A) Ca + S → Ca2+ + S2– 39. Which of the following reactions
43. The strongest Lewis base among
(B) NH3 + HCl → NH4+ + Cl– will occurs when sodium hydride
the following is—
is dissolved in water ?
(C) NH3 + BF3 → H3N : BF3 (A) CH3– (B) F–
(D) None of these (A) H–(aq) + H2O → H3O– (C) NH2 – (D) OH–
36. According to Lowry and Bronsted (B) H+(aq) + H2O → H3O+ 44. H+ is a—
concept, Cl– ion in aqueous solu- (C) H–(aq) + H2O → OH – + H2 (A) Lewis acid
tion is a— (B) Lewis base
(A) Weak base (B) Strong base (D) None of these
(C) Bronsted base
(C) Weak acid (D) Strong acid
40. Water can act as an acid in pre- (D) None of these
37. Ionic dissociation of CH 3COOH sence of— 45. Cl– is a conjugate base of—
is represented as— (A) HCl (B) NH3 (A) HOCl (B) HOClO
CH3COOH + H2O
(C) C6H6 (D) H2SO4 (C) HCl (D) None of these
H3O+ + CH3COO–
According to Lowry and Brons- 41. Which among the following is the ANSWERS
ted, in this equation we have— weakest base ?
(A) One acid and three bases
(B) One acid and one base (A) C2H5O– (B) F–
(C) Two acids and two bases (C) NO3– (D) CH3COO–
(D) Three acids and one base 42. Which is the correct statement ?
38. An aqueous solution of Na + (A) BCl3 and AlCl 3 are both
HCO3– is alkaline because— Lewis acids and BCl3 is
(A) Bicarbonate ion is alkaline stronger than AlCl3
(B) It is an example of cationic (B) Both BCl3 and AlCl3 are not
hydrolysis Lewis acids

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 712

Introduction ● From sulphonic acids—Fusion of sodium salt of sul-
● Aromatic hydroxy compounds are of two kinds (i) phonic acid with NaOH followed by acidification,
gives phenols
Phenols : in which hydroxy group (groups) is attached
Fuse
to aromatic nucleus (benzene) (ii) aromatic alcohols : SO3Na + 2NaOH ⎯→ ONa + Na2SO3
in which hydroxy group is present in side chain e.g.,
benzyl alcohol, C 6H5CH2OH. Sod. sulphonate Sod. phenoxide

● Phenols are of following kinds : H2SO 4

⎯⎯→ OH
(i) Monohydric phenols—
Phenol
OH CH3 CH3 CH 3 ● From aryl halides (Dow’s method)—(i) This method
has limited application in laboratory preparation of
OH simple phenols.
, , , ,
OH
Phenol o-cresol m -cresol Cl + NaOH
OH
p -cresol
Chlorobenzene
OH 300 – 350°C‚ High pressure
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ OH + NaCl
OH Cu. Salt
,
Phenol

α-naphthol β-naphthol (ii) Aryl halides are first converted into their magne-
sium compound (Grignard reagent) in presence of
(ii) Dihydric phenols— ether, which soon changes to phenol by oxidation
OH and subsequent hydrolysis.
OH
Mg [O]
C6H5Br ⎯⎯→ C6H5MgBr ⎯→ C6H5OMgBr
OH Ether
H O
, OH , ⎯⎯→
2
C6H5OH + HOMgBr
Catechol Resorcinol Phenol
( o-dihydroxy benzene) ( m-dihydroxy benzene)
● Higher homologues from lower ones—This is
OH achieved by heating lower homologue with alcohol in
presence of anhydrous zinc chloride.
CH3
anhy. ZnCl
C6H5OH + CH3OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2
C6H4 + H 2O
OH Phenol OH
Hydroquinone or quinol o- and p-cresols
( p-dihydroxy benzene) ● Raschig process—
Cu/Fe
(iii) Trihydric phenols— C6H5H + HCl + O(Air) ⎯⎯→ C6H5Cl + H2O
OH OH OH 425°C
C6H5Cl + H2O (Steam) ⎯⎯→ C6H5OH + HCl
OH , OH , Phenol
OH ● From decarboxylation of salicylic acid with soda
Pyrogallol HO OH lime—
OH Phloroglucinol
Hydroxy quinol OH ONa OH

Methods of Preparation NaOH‚ CaO

COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ HCl
⎯→
360 K
● From diazonium compounds—When diazonium
Salicylic acid Sod. phenoxide Phenol
sulphates are boiled with water or with solution of
CuSO 4 or steam distilled, phenols are formed ● From cumene—Petroleum is recent commercial
source of manufacture of phenol. Benzene and pro-
+ H O‚ H+ pene obtained from petroleum are made to undergo
N2HSO 4– ⎯⎯→
2
OH + N2↑ + H2SO4
Δ Friedel-Crafts reaction to give cumene. This on
Benzene diazonium Phenol oxidation in presence of a metal catalyst followed by
hydrogen sulphate treatment with acid gives phenol.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 713

 CH3 ● Properties of the nitrophenols
Anhy. AlCl 3 | Name B.P. °C at Solubility in Remark
C6H6 + CH3CH —
— CH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5 —CH—CH3 70 mm g/100 gm H 2O
Cumene o-nitrophenol 100 0·2 Steam volatile due
CH3 to intramolecular
H-bonding.
|
Oxidation Dil. H 2SO 4 m -nitrophenol 194 1·35 Non-volatile in
⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5 —C— O—OH ⎯⎯⎯→ steam
Aerial | p-nitrophenol High (Dec.) 1·69 Non-volatile in
CH3 steam
Cumene hydroperoxide
CH3COCH3 + C6H5OH (A) Properties in which Phenols Resemble Alco-
Acetone Phenol hols (Reactions due to —OH Group)
Properties of Phenols ● Reaction with Na—Sodium phenoxide is formed.
● Phenols usually have high boiling points due to inter- 2C 6H5OH + 2Na → 2C6H5ONa + H2↑
molecular hydrogen bonding. For example b.p. of Phenol Sod. phenoxide
phenol (C6H5OH), mol. wt. = 94, is 453K while that of
● Esterification—With acids in presence of poly-
toluene (C 6H5CH3), mol. wt. 92, is 384 K.
phosphoric acid or toluene sulphonic acid, phenyl
● o-nitrophenol (intramolecular hydrogen bonding) has
esters are formed. However, the yield of ester is poor
much lower b.p. (Steam volatile) than m -and p-nitro- than that obtained from alcohols.
phenols (intermolecular hydrogen bonding.) TsOH
● Phenol on account of corrosive action, produces ArOH + R—COOH ⎯⎯→ ArOCOR + H2O
blisters when comes in contact with skin. It is poi- Phenyl esters are better prepared by action of acid
sonous and is good antiseptic (0·2%) and disinfectant chlorides or anhydrides on phenol.
(1%). Dilute solution of phenol is used for causteriz- –
:OH
ing wounds caused by mad dog bite. C6H5OH + C6H5COCl ⎯→ C6H5OCOC6H5 + HCl
● Phenol is stronger acid than alcohols since phen- Phenol Benzoyl chloride Phenyl benzoate
oxide ion is stabilised by resonance while alkoxide This is Benzoylation or Schotten-Baumann reac-
ion is not. Electron withdrawing groups increase the tion.
acidity while electron releasing groups decrease the –
:
OH
acidity of phenol. The increasing order of acidic C6H5OH + (CH3CO)2O ⎯→
nature is as— Phenol Acetic anhydride
OH OH OH C6H5OCOCH3 + CH3COOH
Phenyl acetate
< < This is acylation reaction.

CH3 NO2 Key Point

p-cresol Phenol p-nitrophenol ● Phenyl esters, when heated with anhy. AlCl 3‚ undergo
OH Fries rearrangement. The acyl group migrates to o- or p-
OH
NO2 position to form phenolic ketones.
O2N NO2
OCOCH OH
< < 3
Anhy. AlCl 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ COCH 3
NO2 NO2
2, 4-dinitrophenol Picric acid
Phenyl acetate o-hydroxyaceto
● Phenol itself is weaker acid than carbonic acid phenone
(H2CO3) and hence does not decompose NaHCO 3 to OH
give CO2. Instead phenols are recovered from
aqueous solution of phenoxides by bubbling CO2.
+
C6H5ONa + CO2 + H2O ⎯→ C6H5OH + NaHCO3
● Acid ionization constants (Ka) for some phenols are
COCH 3
listed below. Higher the value of K a higher is the p-hydroxyaceto
acidic nature. phenone

Name Ka Name Ka ● Formation of Ethers (Alkylation)

Phenol 1·1 × 10–10 o-aminophenol 2·0 × 10–10 Δ
o-cresol 0·63 × 10–10 m-aminophenol 69 × 10–10 C6H5ONa + CH3—I ⎯→ C6H5OCH3 + NaI
m-cresol 0·98 × 10–10 Methoxy benzene
o-nitrophenol 600 × 10–10
p-cresol 0·67 × 10–10 (Anisole)
m-nitrophenol 50 × 10–10
o-fluorophenol 15 × 10–10 Δ
m-fluorophenol 5·2 × 10–10 p-nitrophenol 690 × 10–10 C6H5ONa + C2H5 —I ⎯→ C6H5OC2H5
p-fluorophenol 1·1 × 10–10 Ethoxy benzene
o-chlorophenol 77 × 10–10 { 2‚ 4-dinitrophenol
2‚ 4‚ 6-trinitrophenol
1000‚000 × 10–10
Very large (Phenetole)
m-chlorophenol 16 × 10–10 This reaction is known as Williamson's synthesis. It
p-chlorophenol 6·3 × 10–10
is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 714

 The reduction in presence of molybdenum oxide
Key Points
gives benzene.
● Aryl halides (ArX) are too inert to react with phenol to give MoO
C6H5OH + H2 ⎯⎯→ C6H6 + H2O
esters. However, at high temperature and in presence of
finely divided copper, the reaction is achieved. ● Reaction with phenyl isocyanate—Phenyl urethane
High temperature
C6H5ONa + BrC6H5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ is obtained as a colourless crystalline compound
Cu
which is used for characterisation of phenols.
C6H5OC6H5 + NaBr (Ullmann reaction)
Diphenyl ether C6H5OH + C6H5N — — C—— O → C6H5NH·COOC6H5
● The reaction of halogen substituted acids and halogen
Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phenyl urethane
substituted phenol is important because the products are
Weedicides used in agriculture. ● Reactions of aromatic ring—The —OH group in
Cl phenol is o - and p -directing because it increases
electron density at o - and p -positions due to reso-
Cl OH + ClCH2COOH
nance. Thus phenol undergoes electrophilic substitu-
2, 4-dichlorophenol Chloroacetic acid tion reactions as—
Cl ➠ Halogenation—Like —NH 2 group, —OH group is so
⎯→ Cl O CH2CO OH much activating that it is rather difficult to prevent poly
substitution.
2, 4-dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid (2, 4-D), a weedicide OH OH
3Br ‚ H O Br Br
● Bucherer reaction—Phenolic group is replaced by 2 2
⎯⎯⎯→
amino group by heating phenol with ammonium
sulphite or bisulphite. Phenol
(NH4) 2SO 3/NH3 Br
C6H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5NH2 2, 4, 6-tribromo phenol
150°C
Replacement of phenolic group by amino group can OH OH
also be achieved by heating phenol with double com-
pound of zinc chloride and ammonia at 300°C. 3Br water
2 Br Br
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
ZnCl2/NH3 OH
C6H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5NH2 + H2O OH
300°C
Note : This reaction is not used for preparation of ani- Resorcinol Br
2, 4, 6-tribromo resorcinol
line but finds extensive use in commercial pre-
paration of naphthyl amines from corresponding Note : If it is required to arrest the reaction at mono
naphthols. substitution stage, the reaction should be carried
● Reaction with PCl5 —Replacement of —OH group of out in non-polar solvents like CCl4 and CS 2 and
phenols by halogen atom is rather difficult. When at lower temperature.
treated with PCl 5 or PBr5 halo benzenes are obtained
in small amount and main product being triphenyl OH OH OH
phosphate. Br /CCl
2 4 Br
⎯⎯⎯→ +
(B) Reactions in which Phenols Differ from Alco- or CS2
hols Phenol
● Reaction with ferric chloride—Aqueous solution of Br
phenol on reacting with aqueous solution of FeCl 3 ➠ Sulphonation—This reaction is temperature depen-
gives violet coloured solution probably due to forma- dent. Low temperature favours o-sulphonation while
tion of hexa-coordinated complex. high temperature p-sulphonation.
6C 6H5OH + FeCl3 → [Fe(OC6H5)6] –3 + 3HCl + 3H+ OH
This reaction is used as qualitative test of phenolic
group. SO3 H
( o-phenol sulphonic
● Reaction with zinc—Phenol on distillation with zinc OH acid)
°
C

dust gives benzene.

15

C6H5OH + Zn → ZnO + C6H6 H2SO 4

● Reduction of phenol—When reduced with H2 in pre-
10

OH
°
0

sence of Ni (200 – 250°C) cyclohexanol is formed

C

which is used as a solvent in rubber industry. ( p-phenol sulphonic

OH HO H acid)
H H
Ni H SO3 H
+ 3H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ H
200 – 250°C H H ➠ Nitration—(a) With dil. HNO 3 at 293 K, a mixture of
H H
Phenol 2-nitrophenol (major) and 4-nitrophenol (minor) is
H H
Cyclohexanol formed.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 715

 OH
Key Point
(10%) ● Salicylic acid obtained by Kolbe’s-Schmidt reaction is a
very useful starting chemical for preparation of a number
OH of medicinal compounds.
Dil. HNO 3 NO 2 O CO CH3

20 °C COO H
OH (CH3CO)2O
Conc. H2SO 4 2-Acetoxy benzoic
N O2 acid (aspirin) analgesic
(50%) and steam volatile OH and antipyretic
OH
(b) Nitration of phenol with mixture of conc. HNO 3 CO O H C 6H 5 O H C O O C 6H 5
and H2SO4 gives a poor yield of 2, 4, 6-trinitro- POCl3
phenol (Picric acid). Poor yield is due to the Salicylic Phenol salicylate (Salol)
excessive oxidation side reaction. acid intestinal antiseptic

OH OH OH
CH 3OH COOCH3
HNO3-H2SO 4 NO2
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NO2 Conc. H2SO4
Methyl salicylate (oil of
Phenol wintergreen)
NO2 Use in perfumery and
2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol flavouring agent in food,
(Picric acid) drinks and cosmetics.
Analgesic in rheumatic
OH OH and sciatica pains
HNO3-H2SO 4 NO2
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NO2 ➠ Reimer-Tiemann reaction—(a) The treatment of
OH OH phenol with chloroform (CHCl 3) in presence of NaOH
Resorcinol NO2 at 340K followed by hydrolysis gives o-hydroxy ben-
Styphinic acid zaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) with small amount of p-
(c) The picric acid in good yield can be prepared by hydroxy benzaldehyde.
following reaction : OH OH OH
OH OH OH
CHCl /NaOH
3 CHO
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ +
Conc. H2SO 4 SO3 H 70°C/HCl
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ +
373 K Salicylaldehyde CHO
Phenol (Main) p-hydro-
SO3 H xybenzaldehyde
OH (Minor)

NO2 NO2 Note : o -isomer, due to chelation (intramolecular H-

Conc. HNO3
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ bonding) is more volatile than p -isomer (inter-
molecular H-bonding) and can be separated by
NO2 steam distillation.
Picric acid (b) By using carbon tetrachloride in place of chloro-
➠ Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction—When phenols form a mixture of o-hydroxy and p-hydroxy
are treated with alkyl halides in presence of anhy. benzoic acids is formed.
AlCl3, alkyl phenols are formed. OH ONa OH
OH OH OH CCl4/NaOH COO Na Dil. HCl COOH
Anhy. AlCl3 ⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯→
CH3 + 70°C —NaCl
+ CH3Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
Phenol Salicylic acid
o-cresol ➠ Reaction with formaldehyde—Under different con-
CH3 ditions, different products are formed.
p-cresol
➠ Kolbe-Schmidt reaction— (i) Phenol when treated with formalin in presence of
a dil. acid or alkali at low temperature, p -
ONa OH
hydroxy benzyl alcohol along with small quantity
150°C COONa of o-isomer is formed. This is known as Lederer
+ CO2 ⎯⎯→ Manasse reaction.
5-7 atm
Sod. phenoxide Sod. salicylate OH OH OH
OH NaOH C H 2OH
+ HCHO ⎯⎯→ +
5 days
Dil. HCl COOH
⎯⎯⎯→
—NaCl C H 2OH
Salicylic acid (Main product)

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 716

 (ii) Phenol on condensation with insufficient NaNO /H SO
2 2 4
amount of HCHO in presence of an acid catalyst, HO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
gives a linear polymer called novolak.
Tautomerises
OH OH HO N—
—O O—
— —
— NOH
HCHO CH 2OH
⎯⎯→ p-nitrosophenol Quinonemonoxime
Conc.
OH OH H 2SO 4 C6H5OH

C6H5OH CH2 ⎡⎢ ⎤
⎯⎯→
⎢⎣ HO N—
— — OH+ ⎥
—
⎥ HSO 4
⎦
OH OH Phenol indophenol hydrogen sulphate
(Deep blue)
HCHO CH2 C H 2OH
⎯⎯→ H 2O

(iii) In presence of excess of formaldehyde and using

a basic catalyst like ammonia or strong aqueous HO N—
— —
—O
alkali at higher temperature, a different kind of
Phenol indophenol
condensation occurs. Two kinds of products are (Red)
first formed
NaOH
OH OH
⎡⎢ ⎤
— O⎥
C H 2OH
(a) 2 + 2HCHO ⎯→ + ⎢⎣ –O N—
— —
⎥ Na+
⎦
Sodium salt of phenol indophenol
C H 2OH (Deep blue)
OH ➠ Phthalein reaction—When phenols are heated with
HOCH2 CH2OH phthalic anhydride in presence of conc. H2SO4 or
anhydrous zinc chloride, phthaleins, with characteri-
stic colours, depending on the pH, are formed.
Bis (hydroxymethyl) phenols HO OH
OH

(b) 2 + 2HCHO Phenol Phenol

H H
O
Anhy. ZnCl
2
⎯→ HO CH2 OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
C –H O 2

p, p′-dihydroxydiphenyl methane O
These products undergo slow polymerisation to give
C
a resin called Bakelite, a three dimensional polymer.
O
Phthalic anhydride
CH2
OH HO OH
CH2 CH2 OH

CH2 C
CH2
O
HO CH2
C
CH2
O
Phenolphthalein
➠ Liebermann’s reaction—When a crystal of phenol is Phthalein reaction is a diagnostic test for phenols.
added to a mixture of conc. H 2SO4 and sodium nitrite Phenolphthalein is used an important indicator in
and reaction mixture is warmed, a characteristic blue acid-base titrations.
or green colour is obtained. On dilution with water When treated with alkali, it undergoes an interesting
colour becomes red but again turns deep blue on colour change. It turns red first but on addition of
adding excess of caustic soda. The chemistry of this excess of alkali it turns colourless again. These
reaction is of diagnostic value— changes are shown as—

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 717

 HO OH products is uncertain. However, the following
sequence of reactions is predicted.
OH O
||
C O
NaOH ⎯→
2
+ H 2O
O ⎯⎯→
||
C O
Quinone
O Quinone forms brilliant red addition product with
Phenolphthalein phenol.
(Colourless)
– + C6H5OH + O —
— —
—O
HO O Na

⎯→ OH… O —
— —
— O… HO

C Phenoquinone (Red)
(b) With potassium permanganate :
O
CH(OH)COOH
KMnO 4
C C6H5OH ⎯⎯⎯→ | + 2CO2
[O] CH(OH)·COOH
Phenol
O Mesotartaric
Colourless acid
(c) With a mixture of KClO3 and conc. HCl.
OH O
HO O
KClO Cl Cl
⎯⎯→ 3
HCl Cl Cl
C Phenol
O
– + Chloranil
O Na or Tetrachloroquinone
(d) With alkaline solution of potassium persulphate.
C
OH OH
O
K S O
NaOH ⎯⎯⎯→
2 2 8
Alkaline

+ – OH
NaO O Hydroquinone or quinol
➠ Gattermann’s aldehyde synthesis :
OH
C
– Anhy. AlCl
: OH + HCN + HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
Gas
– +
COONa OH OH
(Red colour) H 2O
⎯→ + NH3
NaOH CH —
— NH CHO
o-hydroxy benzaldehyde
+ – – +
NaO ONa Small quantity of p-hydroxy benzaldehyde is also for-
med.

Points to Remember
C
● Phenol is also known as carbolic acid. It is used as a disin-
fectant in carbolic soaps and lotions and as a preservative
OH in inks.
– +
COONa ● Bakelite is a phenol-formaldehyde thermosetting polymer
which is generally used as an insulator for electrical work.
Trisodium salt
(Colourless) ● 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (Picric acid) is used in dyeing silk and
wool and also used in preparation of explosives. It is effective
Similarly resorcinol and phthalic anhydride give fluo- in treatment of burns.
rescein, which dissolves in dilute alkali to produce ● Phenol finds extensive use in preparation of drugs like,
intense green fluorescence. salicylic acid, aspirin, salol, phenacetin etc.
● The reaction of phenol and phthalic anhydride leads to the
➠ Oxidation—(a) Phenols are much susceptible to formation of phenolphthalein which is used as an indicator
atmospheric oxidation than alcohols, but the nature of in volumetric analysis and as purgative in medicines.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 718

● Phenyl salicylate (salol) is used in toothpastes because it is ● Hydroxy toluenes (cresols) are used in preservation of timber
under the name of creosote oil. Lysol is an emulsion of
a good antiseptic. crude cresols in soap solution.
● Methyl salicylate is main constituent of oil of wintergreen. ● Ehrlich, the founder of chemotherapy discovered Salvarsan
It is obtained by direct esterification of salicylic acid with or 606. It is an effective drug for treatment of trypano-
CH 3OH (Fischer-Speter’s method). It is used in preparation of soniasis. Hydrochloride of salvarsan is used in treatment of
iodex. syphilis and it is also an effective antimalarial. It is prepared
from phenol.
● Certain phenols like eugenol (clove oil), isoeugenol (nutmeg
oil), thymol (thyme and mint oil), vanillin (vanila beans) are NH 2 NH2
found in nature.
HO OH
● Decreasing order of acidic nature of some derivatives of
phenol is as : As = As
(i) 2, 4-dinitrophenol > p -nitrophenol > p-cresol > m-amino- Salvarsan (606)
phenol. ● Neosalvarsan has been found more useful as it is readily
water soluble. It can be used for injection purpose.
(ii) Phenol > p-cresol > m-cresol > o-cresol
● 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (gallic acid) is present in tea NH2 NHCH2 OSO 2 Na
and roots of pomegranate. In combined state it is present in
gall nuts, oak bark and acacia bark. At m.p. it gives pyro- HO OH
gallol. As = As
OH OH Neosalvarsan
● 1, 2, 3-trihydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol) is used in hair dye to
HO Δ HO convert grey hair to black. In gas analysis it is also used for
⎯→ + CO2
HO COOH HO absorbing unpleasant gases.
● Levodopa, 3-(3, 4-dihydroxy phenyl)-L-alanine is a drug
Gallic acid Pyrogallol
used in treatment of perkinsonism.
Gallic acid on exposure to air turns brown to black, thus used
in the manufacture of blue-black ink. Bismuth gallate, under NH2
the name of dermatol is used in treatment of skin infection. |
HO CH2— CH—COO H
● o -hydroxy benzoic acid (salicylic acid) is used in the treat- Levodopa
ment of eczema and other skin diseases and rheumatic
HO
pains.
● Paracetamidophenol (para-acetamol) is actually hydroxy
● Claisen-rearrangement—When allylphenyl ether is heated derivative of acetanilide and is a main antipyretic.
at 573 K, it undergoes rearrangement as
O–CH2—CH = C H2 OH HO NHCOCH3

573 K CH2—CH = C H2
⎯⎯→ Paracetamol
● Phenacetin (acetophenetidine) is ethyl ether of paracetamol.
Allylphenyl ether o-allylphenol
● Elbs-persulphate oxidation : C2 H5 O NHCOCH3

OH OH OH Phenacetin
K 2S2O8‚ KOH OH It is widely used as an analgesic and antipyretic, usually in
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ + combination with aspirin, caffeine and codeine.
● Acid strength of phenol (C6 H 5 OH) with respect to other
Phenol Catechol (Minor) compounds is in following decreasing order :
OH
Hydroquinone or quinol R—COOH > H 2CO3 > C6H5OH > H2O > R—OH
(Major)

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Phenol is acidic in nature and it 3. The fusion of sodium benzene 5. Salicylic acid is—
can react with— sulphonate with NaOH, followed (A) m-hydroxybenzoic acid
(A) Sodium bicarbonate by acid hydrolysis, gives— (B) p-hydroxybenzoic acid
(B) Potassium carbonate (A) Benzene (C) o-hydroxy benzoic acid
(C) Sodium hydroxide (B) Benzoic acid (D) All of these
(D) All of these (C) Phenol
6. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
(D) Sodium salicylate
2. Which of the following com- is present in—
pounds does not contain a 4. Which does not react with phenol (A) Phenol
carboxylic group ? (C6H5OH) ? (B) p-nitrophenol
(A) Anisole (A) Sodium (C) o-nitrophenol
(B) Picric acid (B) Caustic soda (D) m-nitrophenol
(C) Carbolic acid (C) Caustic potash 7. Which of the following com-
(D) All of these (D) Washing soda pounds is the most acidic ?

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 719

 (A) p-nitrophenol (B) Phenyl- n-propane (B) Benzene, dinitrobenzene, m -
(B) p-chlorophenol (C) Isopropyl benzene nitroaniline
(C) p-aminophenol (D) 2, 4-dimethylbenzene (C) Benzene, nitrobenzene,
(D) o-cresol hydrazobenzene
15. Which of the following com-
(D) Toluene, m -nitrobenzene,
8. Which of the following com- pounds is attacked by an electro-
m-toluedine
pounds is formed when phenol phile most easily ?
reacts with PCl5 ? (A) Toluene 22. Phenol is less acidic than—
(A) Chlorophenol (B) Phenol (A) p-methoxyphenol
(B) Chlorobenzene (C) Benzene (B) p-nitrophenol
(C) Triphenyl phosphate (D) Chlorobenzene (C) Carbonic acid
(D) Both (B) and (C) (D) Both (B) and (C)
16. When phenol is distilled with zinc
9. Which of the following reactions dust, the product is— 23. Reimer-Tiemann reaction invol-
does not give phenol or sodium (A) Toluene ves—
phenoxide ? (A) Carbonium ion intermediate
NaOH (B) Benzene
(A) C6H5COCl ⎯⎯→ (B) Carbanion intermediate
(C) Benzoic acid
Alc. KOH
(B) C6H5N2Cl ⎯⎯→ (D) Zinc phenoxide (C) Carbene intermediate
Aqu. KOH
(C) C6H5N2Cl ⎯⎯→ 17. Which compound is formed when
(D) Free radical intermediate
H O 24. C6H5OH + ClCOCH3
(D) C6H5NNCl ⎯⎯→
2 sodium phenoxide is heated with
Δ aq. NaOH
ethyl iodide ? ⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5OCOCH3
10. Which of the following reactions (A) Ethyl phenyl alcohol is called—
converts phenol into salicylic
(B) Phenetole (A) Kolbe reaction
acid ?
(A) Kolbe’s reaction (C) Phenol (B) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
(B) Etard’s reaction (D) None of these (C) Schotten-Baumann reaction
(C) Reimer-Tiemann reaction 18. Which of the following com- (D) Dow’s reaction
(D) Dow’s reaction pounds undergoes nitration most
readily ? 25. Sodium phenoxide when heated
11. A compound which is useful in with CO 2 under pressure, gives—
(A) Benzoic acid
treatment of burns is— (A) Sodium benzoate
(B) Toluene
(A) Creosote oil (B) Benzoic acid
(C) Nitrobenzene
(B) Picric acid (C) Phenol
(D) Phenol
(C) 2, 4, 6-trinitro resorcinol (D) o-hydroxy benzoic acid
(D) Acetyl salicylic acid 19. Cyclohexanol is a—
(A) Primary alcohol 26. Which product is formed when
12. In the reaction sequence phenol reacts with benzene
CCl HCl (B) Secondary alcohol diazonium chloride ?
Phenol⎯⎯→
4
(A) ⎯⎯→ (B)
NaOH (C) Phenol (A) Phenyl hydroxylamine
Sodalime
⎯⎯⎯→ (C) (D) Tertiary alcohol (B) Para aminoazobenzene
Product (C) is— 20. When phenol is treated with (C) Phenyl hydrazine
(A) Sodium salicylate excess of bromine water, which
(D) Para hydroxyazobenzene
(B) Benzoic acid of the following compounds is
formed ? 27. Phenol on reacting with dil.
(C) Phenol HNO3 at room temperature
(A) m-bromophenol
(D) Salicylic acid gives—
(B) o- and p-bromophenol
13. Aspirin is an acetylation product (C) 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol (A) Picric acid
of— (D) All of these (B) m-nitrophenol
(A) m-hydroxybenzoic acid (C) o - and p-nitrophenol
21. In the reaction sequence
(B) p-hydroxybenzoic acid (D) All of these
Zn
(C) o-hydroxybenzoic acid Phenol ⎯⎯⎯→ (X)
Distillation 28. Phenol and ethanol can be dis-
(D) Phenol Conc. H2SO 4 Zn
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ (Y) ⎯⎯⎯→ (Z) tinguished by using—
14. Cumene on oxidation in pre- conc. HNO3‚ 60°C NaOH
(A) Caustic soda
sence of metal catalyst followed The product (X), (Y) and (Z)
(B) Anhydrous AlCl3
by treatment with acid gives respectively are—
phenol. The cumene is— (C) FeCl3
(A) Benzene, nitrobenzene, ani-
(A) o-cresol line (D) All of these

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 720

29. A diazonium salt reacts with (C) Salicylic acid 43. Correct increasing order of acidic
phenol to give an azo dye. This (D) Cyclohexanol nature is—
reaction is termed as— (A) H2O < H2C2 < H2CO3
37. Which statement regarding
(A) Diazotization C6H5OH is correct ? < C6H5OH
(B) Coupling (B) C2H2 < H2O < C6H5OH
(A) It is a carboxylic acid
(C) Both (A) and (B) < H2CO3
(B) It is insoluble in water
(D) None of these
(C) It has higher b.p. than (C) C6H5OH < C2H2 < H 2CO3
30. The Dow process is used for toluene < H2O
conversion of chlorobenzene (D) None of these (D) H2C2 < H 2O < H 2CO3
into—
38. Phenol is a— < C6H5OH
(A) Benzene
(A) Carboxylic acid
(B) Nitrophenol 44. Which of the following will not
(B) Base form phenol or phenoxide ?
(C) Phenol
(C) Alcohol (A) C6H5SO3Na
(D) Chlorophenol (D) None of these
(B) C6H5N2Cl
31. Phenol on reacting with HNO 3 or 39. Which compound gives purple
H2SO4— (C) C6H5COOH
colour with neutral ferric chloride
(D) C6H5Cl
(A) Forms ester solution ?
(B) Gives ether (A) Boric acid 45. Phenol dissolves in aqueous
(C) Does not give ester (B) Phenol NaOH to give sodium phenate,
but on passing CO2 into solution,
(D) Forms toluene (C) Aniline
phenol is thrown out. This
32. Carbolic acid is— (D) Benzoic acid
indicates that—
(A) C6H5OH 40. Phenol is most easily soluble (A) Phenol is weakly acidic, but
(B) H2CO3 in— stronger than H2CO3
(C) HCOOH (A) NaHCO3 solution (B) Phenol is basic
(D) None of these (B) NaOH solution (C) Phenol is amphoteric
(C) Dil. HCl (D) Phenol is weakly acidic
33. Main component of oil of winter
(D) None of these weaker than H2CO3
green is—
(A) Salicylic acid 41. The reaction 46. If salicylic acid is heated with
(B) Methyl salicylate zinc dust, the product formed will
OH
be—
(C) Phenyl salicylate CHO
(A) Phenol
(D) Ethyl salicylate
H2O2 / OH– OH (B) Benzene
34. Phenol on heating at 60°C with a ⎯⎯⎯→
OH (C) Benzoic acid
mixture of chloroform and excess
is known as— (D) Zinc benzoate
of NaOH and on subsequent
acidification gives— (A) Reimer-Tiemann reaction 47. When salicylic acid is treated
(A) 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (B) Liebermann’s nitroso reac- with bromine water, the product
tion formed is—
(B) 2-hydroxy benzaldehyde
(C) Dakin reaction (A) 2, 3, 4-tribromophenol
(C) 3-hydroxybenzoic acid
(D) Lederer-Manasse reaction (B) 3, 4, 5-tribromosalicylic acid
(D) 3-hydroxy benzaldehyde
(C) 3, 6-dibromosalicylic acid
35. Which of the following com- 42. Which will undergo Friedel-Crafts
alkylation reaction ? (D) 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol
pounds gives violet colour with
neutral solution of FeCl 3 ? OH CH3 COOH 48. Chemically salol is—
(A) Benzoic acid (A) Sodium salicylate
(B) Formic acid (B) Acetyl salicylic acid
(C) Salicylic acid (C) Phenyl salicylate
N O2
(D) Acetic acid (D) Methyl salicylate
(I) (II) (III)
36. When phenol reacts with CHCl 3 C H 2C H 3 49. Which of the following properties
in presence of NaOH, salicyl- of benzoic acid and phenol are
aldehyde is formed, if we use similar ?
pyrene in place of CHCl3, the (A) Both are weak acids and do
product is— (IV) not react with NaHCO 3
(A) Salicylaldehyde (A) I and IV (B) I, II, III (B) Both are equally acidic in
(B) Phenolphthalein (C) III and II (D) II and IV nature

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 721

 (C) Both liberate hydrogen on (C) Sodium phenate + CH3I (Continued from Page 708 )
reacting with metallic sodium ⎯→ Anisol
–HI
(D) Both form esters (D) None of these
50. The electrophilic substitution in 56. Phenol on reacting with bromine
phenol takes place at— dissolved in carbon disulphide
(A) Orthoposition (CS2), gives—
(B) Metaposition (A) m-bromophenol only
(C) Paraposition (B) o-bromophenol
(D) Both ortho and para posi- (C) Both o- and p-bromophenol
tions (D) 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol

51. Anisole is the reaction product of 57. When phenetole reacts with HI,
phenol and dimethyl sulphate. which is formed ?
This reaction is termed as— (A) C6H5OH and C2H5I
(A) Coupling (B) C2H5OH and C6H5OH
(B) Esterification (C) C2H5OH and iodobenzene

(C) Etherification (D) Ethane and benzene

(D) None of these 58. Which is not true statement ?

(A) Paracetamol is parahydroxy
52. Which of the following reactions
derivative of acetanilide
is given by phenol ?
(B) Salol is phenyl salicylate
(A) Williamson's reaction
(C) Phenyl esters on heating
(B) Coupling reaction with AlCl3 give cresols
(C) Lederer-Manasse reaction (D) Benzoylation of phenol gives
(D) All of these phenyl benzoate

53. The reaction 59. Phenol gives novolak on react-

OH ing with—
(A) CH3CHO in presence of acid
OH– or
+ HCHO ⎯⎯→
+
at low temp.
H (B) HCHO in presence of acid at
OH OH low temp.
(C) HCOOH in presence of
C H 2O H + NaOH at low temp.
(D) Formalin in presence of
C H 2O H alkali at high temp.
is called— 60. The amount of bromine required
(A) Reimer-Tiemann reaction to convert 1·0 g of phenol into
2, 4, 6-tribromophenol, is—
(B) Sand Meyer reaction
(A) 2·5 g (B) 5·1 g
(C) Lederer-Manasse reaction (C) 10·22 g (D) 15·3 g
(D) Kolbe reaction
ANSWERS
54. A compound ‘A’ when treated
with CH 3OH and a few drops of
H2SO4, gave a smell of winter
green. The compound ‘A’ is—
(A) Succinic acid
(B) Phenol
(C) Salicylic acid
(D) Salicylaldehyde
55. Schotten-Baumann reaction is—
NaOH
(A) Phenol + CHCl3 ⎯⎯→
Salicylaldehyde
(B) Phenol + Benzoyl chloride
NaOH
⎯⎯→ Phenyl benzoate ●●● ●●●

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 722

 16. At 25°C, the dissociation constant
of a base, BOH, is 1 × 10–12. The
concentration of hydroxyl ions in
0·01 M aqueous solution of the
base would be—
(A) 1·0 × 10– 5 mol L– 1
1. 60 gm of a compound on ana- 10. The number of moles of KMnO 4
(B) 1·0 × 10– 6 mol L– 1
lysis produce 24 gm carbon, 4 gm reduced by one mole of KI in
hydrogen and 32 gm oxygen. The alkaline medium is— (C) 2·0 × 10– 6 mol L– 1
empirical formula of the com- (A) One (B) Two (D) 1·0 × 10– 7 mol L– 1
pound is—
(C) Five (D) One fifth
(A) CH2O2 (B) CH2O 17. The function of moderator in a
(C) H2 (D) CH4 11. 2 Ag + 2 H2SO4 → Ag2SO4 nuclear reactor is—
+ 2 H2O + SO2 (A) To produce more neutrons
2. The energy of second Bohr orbit
of the hydrogen atom is – 328 kJ In the above reaction H2SO4 acts (B) To stop nuclear reaction
mol– 1; hence the energy of fourth as a— (C) To increase speed of neu-
Bohr orbit would be— (A) Catalyst tron
(A) – 41 kJ mol– 1 (B) Oxidising agent (D) To slow down speed of neu-
(B) – 82 kJ mol– 1 (C) Reducing agent tron
(C) – 164 kJ mol– 1
(D) Acid as well as oxidant 18. For a first order reaction A → B
(D) – 1312 kJ mol– 1 the reaction rate at reactant con-
12. A solution has a 1 : 4 mole ratio
3. The number of neutrons in the centration of 0·01 M is found to
element 4Be9 is— of pentane to hexane. The vapour
be 2·0 × 10 – 5 mol L– 1 s– 1. The
(A) 3 (B) 5 pressures of the pure hydro-
half -life period of the reaction is—
(C) 7 (D) 9 carbons at 20°C are 440 mm Hg
for pentane and 120 mm Hg for (A) 30 s (B) 220 s
4. Which of the following is the (C) 300 s (D) 347 s
hexane. The mole fraction of
electron deficient molecule ?
(A) C2H6 (B) B2H6 pentane in the vapour phase 19. A colloidal solution is subjected
(C) SiH4 (D) PH 3 would be— to an electric field. The colloidal
(A) 0·200 (B) 0·549 particles move towards anode.
5. 8·2 litre of an ideal gas weight
9·0 gm at 300 K and 1 atm pres- (C) 0·786 (D) 0·478 The coagulation of the same
sure. The molecular mass of the solution studied using NaCl,
13. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) BaCl 2 and AlCl 3 solutions. The
gas is—
(A) 9 (B) 18 For the above reaction the coagulation power is in the order
correct statement is— of—
(C) 25 (D) 36
(A) ΔH < ΔE (B) ΔH = ΔE (A) BaCl 2 > NaCl > AlCl3
6. The correct order in which the
O–O bond length increases in the (C) ΔH > ΔE (D) None of these (B) NaCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3
following is— 14. Equilibrium constants K1 and K2 (C) AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl
(A) O2 < H2O2 < O3 for the following equilibria : (D) NaCl > AlCl3 > BaCl2
(B) O3 < H2O2 < O2 1 K1
NO(g) + O 2 NO2(g) 20. A reaction occurs spontaneously
(C) H2O2 < O2 < O3 2 if—
(D) O2 < O3 < H2O2 K2
and 2NO 2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) (A) TΔS < ΔH and both ΔH and
7. Both ionic and covalent bond is ΔS are + ve
are related as—
present in— (B) TΔS > ΔH and ΔH is + ve and
(A) KCN (B) KCl 1 ΔS is – ve
(A) K2 = 2 (B) K2 = K12
(C) H2 (D) CH4 K1 (C) TΔS > ΔH and both ΔH and
1 K1 ΔS are + ve
8. Which of the following molecules (C) K2 = (D) K2 =
has trigonal planar geometry ? K1 2 (D) TΔS = ΔH and both ΔH and
ΔS are + ve
(A) BF 3 (B) NH3 15. Variation of heat of reaction with
(C) PCl3 (D) IF3 temperature is known as— 21. The pH of the solution obtained
by mixing 40 ml of 0·10 M HCl
(A) Kirchhoff’s equation
9. The pH of pure water at 80° will with 10 ml of 0·45 M of NaOH
be— (B) van’t Hoff’s isotherm is—
(A) > 7 (B) < 7 (C) van’t Hoff’s isochore (A) 4 (B) 8
(C) = 7 (D) None of these (D) None of the above (C) 12 (D) 14

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 723

22. The correct order of acid strength (C) CH3—CH2—C⎯ CH—CH3 (C) Phosphate group
is— || | (D) Deoxyribose group
(A) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 CH2 CH3
2-ethyl-3-methyl-but-1-ene 36. The best method for the separa-
< HClO tion of naphthalene and benzoic
(D) CH3—C ≡ C—CH—(CH3)2
(B) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 acid from their mixture is—
4-methyl-2-pentyne
< HClO4 (A) Distillation
29. C3H9N cannot represent—
(C) HClO4 < HClO < HClO2 (B) Sublimation
< HClO3 (A) 1° amine
(C) Chromatography
(D) HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 (B) 2° amine (D) Crystallisation
< HClO (C) 3° amine 37. The first ionisation potential of
23. 50 ml of H2 SO4 require 10 gm (D) Quaternary ammonium salt Na, Mg, Al and Si are in the
CaCO3 for complete decomposi- order—
30. Which one of the following pairs
tion. The normality of acid is— represents stereoisomerism ? (A) Na < Mg < Al < Si
(A) 2 (B) 0·30 (B) Na < Al < Mg < Si
(A) Structural isomerism and
(C) 4 (D) 0·20 (C) Na > Mg > Al > Si
geometrical isomerism
24. A solution of urea (mol. mass 56 (B) Optical isomerism and geo- (D) Na < Si < Al < Mg
g mol– 1 ) boils at 100·18 °C at the metrical isomerism 38. The major organic product formed
atmospheric pressure. If Kf and (C) Chain isomerism and rota- from the following reaction :
Kb for water are 1·86 and 0·512 K tional isomerism (i) CH3NH2
kg mol– 1 respectively, the above O (ii) LiAlH
solution will freeze at—
(D) Linkage isomerism and geo- ⎯⎯⎯→
4
…
metrical isomerism (iii) H 2O
(A) 0·654°C (B) – 0·654°C is—
31. The main product obtained from
(C) 6·54°C (D) – 6·54°C H
phenol with PCl 5 is— NCH3
25. The isomerism represented by (A) BHC (A)
OH
ethyl acetoacetate is— (B) Hexachlorobenzene H
(A) Keto-enol isomerism NCH3
(C) Chlorobenzene (B)
(B) Geometrical isomerism
(D) Triphenyl phosphate OH
(C) Enantiomerism
O—NHCH3
(D) Diastereoisomerism 32. Which amongst the following is (C)
26. Which one of the following forms the most stable carbocation ?
+ +
micelles in aqueous solution (A) CH3 (B) CH3CH2 (D)
above certain concentration ? NCH 3
CH3 H
(A) Dodecyl trimethyl ammo- + | 39. Which is not present in chloro-
nium chloride (C) CH3—CH (D) CH3—C+
phyll ?
(B) Glucose | |
CH3 CH3 (A) Carbon (B) Calcium
(C) Urea
(C) Magnesium (D) Hydrogen
(D) Pyridinium chloride 33. Hydrolysis of sucrose is—
40. Which functional group partici-
27. The compound known as oil of (A) Inversion pates in disulphide bond forma-
wintergreen is— (B) Hydration tion in proteins ?
(A) Phenyl acetate (C) Saponification (A) Thioester (B) Thioether
(B) Phenyl salicylate (D) Inhibition (C) Thiol (D) Thioacetone
(C) Methyl salicylate 41. The molecular formula of cryolite
(D) Methyl acetate 34. Products of the following reac-
is—
tion—
28. Names of some compounds are (A) Na 2F.AlF6 (B) Na 3AlF6
(i) O 3
given. Which one is not the CH3–C ≡ C–CH 2–CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ (C) Na 3AlF5 (D) Na 2AlF3
correct IUPAC name ? (ii) Hydrolysis
42. The monomer of the polymer;
(A) CH3—CH2—CH2 are— CH3
CH3 (A) CH3COOH + CO2 | CH3
| (B) CH3COOH + HOOC–CH2CH3 CH2—C—CH2—C⊕
—CH—CH—CH2CH3 | CH3
(C) CH3CHO + CH3CH2CHO
| CH3
CH2CH3 (D) CH3COOH + CH3COCH3
is—
3-methyl-4-ethyl heptane
35. The pairs of base in DNA are CH3
(B) CH3—CH —CH —CH3 held together by— (A) H2C = C
| |
(A) Ionic bonds CH3
OH CH3
3-methyl-2-butanol (B) Hydrogen bond (B) CH3CH = CHCH3

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 724

 (C) CH3CH = CH2 by the actinoids than the corres- (C) [Co(NH3)6] 3+
(D) (CH3)2C = C(CH3)2 ponding lanthanoids, is—
(D) [Ni (NH3)6] 2+
(A) More energy difference bet-
43. Aluminium appears like gold ween 5f and 6d orbitals than 49. The most acidic oxide is—
when mixed with— between 4 f and 5d orbitals (A) P2O5 (B) N2O5
(A) 90% Cu (B) 75% Ni (B) Lesser energy difference bet- (C) Sb2O5 (D) As 2O5
(C) 80% Sn (D) 80% Co ween 5f and 6d orbitals than
between 4 f and 5d orbitals 50. H2S gas when passed through a
44. The aqueous solution containing (C) Larger atomic size of acti- solution of cations containing HCl
which one of the following ions noids than the lanthanoids precipitates the cations of second
will be colourless ? (D) Greater reactive nature of the group of qualitative analysis but
(Atomic No. : Sc = 21, Fe = 26, actinoids than the lantha- not those belonging to the fourth
Ti = 22, Mn = 25) noids group. It is because—
(A) Sc 3+ (B) Fe 2+ 47. By passing air over red hot coke (A) Presence of HCl decreases
(C) Ti 3+ (D) Mn2+ the gas obtained is— the sulphide ion concentra-
(A) Coal gas (B) Water gas tion
45. Lithophone is a mixture of— (C) Oil gas (D) Producer gas (B) Solubility product of group II
(A) CuSO 4 + ZnS sulphides is more than that of
48. Which one of the following is an
(B) CaSO 4 + ZnS inner orbital complex as well as group IV sulphides
(C) BaSO4 + CaSO4 diamagnetic in behaviour ? (C) Presence of HCl increases
(Atomic number : Zn = 30, the sulphide ion concentra-
(D) BaSO4 + ZnS Cr = 24, Co = 27, Ni = 28) tion
46. The main reason for larger num- (A) [Zn (NH3)6] 2+ (D) Sulphides of group IV cations
ber of oxidation states exhibited (B) [Cr (NH3)6] 3+ are unstable in HCl

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 725

 (C) A decrease in enthalpy
(D) A decrease in internal
energy
12. Fog is a colloidal system in
which—
(A) Liquid particles dispersed in
1. Two solutions (a) containing (C) m
Z
A → m–4
Z–2
B + 24He gas
FeCl3 (aq) and (b) containing
A and B are isodiapheres (B) Gaseous particles disper-
K4[Fe (CN)6] are separated by
(D) All correct sed in liquid
semipermeable membrane as
shown below. If FeCl3 on reaction (C) Solid particles dispersed in
7. Which curve represents zero
with K4 [Fe (CN) 6] produces blue liquid
order reaction ?
colour of— (D) Solid particles dispersed in
gas
…………

(a) (b) ↑
……………………………… (A) [A] 13. Which arrangement of electrons
FeCl 3 K 4 [Fe(CN) 6] lead to anti-ferromagnetism ?
t →
5 pm (A) ↑↑↑↑
Fe 4[Fe(CN)6], the blue colour will ↑ (B) ↑↓↑↓
be noticed in— (B) [A] (C) Both (A) and (B)
(A) (a) t → (D) None of these
(B) (b)
14. A particular reaction at 27°C for
(C) In both (A) and (B) ↑
which ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0 is found
(D) Neither in (A) nor in (B) (C) [A]
to be nonspontaneous. The reac-
2. Volume of a mixture of 6·02 × 1023 tion may proceed spontaneously
t →
oxygen atoms and 3·01 × 10 23 if—
hydrogen molecules at STP is— ↑ (A) Temperature is decreased
(A) 28·0 litre (B) 33·6 litre (D) [A] (B) Temperature is kept constant
(C) 11·2 litre (D) 22·4 litre (C) Temperature is raised
t →
3. The molal freezing point constant (D) It is carried out in open
of water is 1·86 K molality– 1. If 8. If one mole of monoatomic gas vessel at 27°C
342 g of cane-sugar (C 12H22O11)
are dissolved in 1000 g of water,
( )γ=
5
3
is mixed with one mole 15. The correct order of relative sta-
bility of half filled and completely
the solution will freeze at—
(A) – 1·86°C (B) 1·86°C
of diatomic gas γ=( )
7
5
the filled shells is—
(A) p 3 < d 5 < d10 < p6
(C) – 3·92°C (D) 2·42°C value of γ for the mixture is—
(B) d 5 < p3 < d10 < p6
4. The speed of electron in the first (A) 1·40 (B) 1·50
(C) d 5 < p3 < d10 < p6
orbit of hydrogen atom in the (C) 1·53 (D) 3·07
(D) p3 < d10 < d 5 < p6
ground state is— 9. A certain weak acid has a disso-
[ c = velocity of light] 16. For the reaction A + B → C + D
ciation constant 1·0 × 10 – 4 . The
c c the variation of the concentration
(A) (B) equilibrium constant for its reac-
1·37 1370 of product is given by the curve—
c c tion with a strong base is—
(C) (D) Y
13·7 137 (A) 1·0 × 10– 4 (B) 1·0 × 10–10
↑ Z
Concentration

5. ZSM –5 is used to convert— (C) 1 × 1010 (D) 1·0 × 10–14

(A) Alcohol to petrol W
10. If glycerol and methanol were
(B) Benzene to toluene
sold at same price in the market,
(C) Toluene to benzene
which would be cheaper for pre-
(D) Heptane to toluene X
paring an artifreezer solution for
6. Which among the following is the radiator of an automobile ? Time →
wrong about isodiapheres ? (A) Glycerol (A) X (B) Y
(A) They have the same diffe- (B) Methanol (C) Z (D) W
rence of neutrons and
(C) Both equal 17. Water glass is—
protons or same isotopic
number (D) None of these (A) Another name for sodium
(B) Nucleide and its decay pro- 11. When a solid melts, there is— silicate
duct after α emission are (A) An increase in enthalpy (B) A special form of glass to
isodiapheres (B) No change in enthalpy store water only

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 727

 (C) Hydrated form of glass 23. 0·2 g of an organic compound 30. An orange coloured when solu-
(D) Hydrated silica containing C, H and O, on com- tion acidified with H2SO4 treated
bustion yielded 0·147 g CO 2 and with a substance X gives a blue
18. Which one is correct representa- 0·12 g water. The percentage of coloured solution of CrO5. The
tion for oxygen in it is— substance X is—
2 SO 2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g) ? (A) 73·3% (B) 78·45% (A) H2O (B) dil. HCl
[P SO3]2 (C) 83·23% (D) 89·50% (C) H2O2 (D) Conc. HCl
(A) Kp =
[P SO2]2 [PO2]
24. At 25°C, the solubility of iodine in 31. In the reaction, C 6H5CH3
[SO 3] 2 Oxidation NaOH
(B) Kc = water is 0·35 g/l. If distribution ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ A ⎯⎯→ B
[SO 2] 2 [O2] coefficient of I 2 between CS 2 and Soda lime
[ nSO3]2
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C, the product C is—
water is 600, the solubility of I2 in Δ
(C) Kp =
[ nSO2]2 [nO2] CS 2 in g/l will be about— (A) C6H5OH (B) C6H6
(A) 1714 (B) 210
[ ]
P –1 (C) C6H5COONa (D) C6H5ONa
×
Total moles (C) 569·6 (D) 857
32. In the purification of bauxite by
(D) All correct 25. The reaction described below is— Bayer’s process, the chemical
19. Super halogen is— CH 3 (CH 2)5 used is—
OH– (A) Na 2CO3
(A) F2 (B) Cl2 H3C C—Br ⎯→
(C) Br2 (D) I 2 (B) Cryolite
H
(C) NaOH
20. In the following reaction (CH 2)5 CH 3
(D) A mixture of NaOH and
[Cu (H2O)3 (OH)]+ + [Al (H2O)6] 3+ OH—C CH 3 Na 2CO3
(a) (b) H 33. Toilet soap is—
→ [Cu(H2O)4] 2+ + [Al (H2O)5 (OH)]2+ (A) SE 1 (B) SN2
(c) (d)
(A) A mixture of calcium and
(C) SN1 (D) SE 2 sodium salts of higher fatty
(A) (a) is an acid and (b) is a
26. Chloride ion and potassium ion acids
base
are isoelectronic— (B) A mixture of potassium
(B) (a) is a base and (b) is an
(A) Their sizes are same stearate and glycerol
acid
(B) Cl– ion is bigger than K + ion (C) A mixture of sodium salts of
(C) (c) is conjugate acid of (a)
higher fatty acids
and (d) is conjugate base of (C) K+ ion is relatively bigger
(b) (D) A mixture of potassium salts
(D) Their sizes depend on other
of higher fatty acids
(D) (c) is conjugate base of (a) cation and anion
and (d) is conjugate acid of 34. When concentrated nitric acid is
O
(b) heated it decomposes to give—
27. The polymer H2C CH 2 (A) Oxygen and nitrogen
21. A complex shown below can
exhibit— (B) Nitric oxide
O O (C) Oxygen
CH 2 (D) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen

is obtained when HCHO is 35. Which of the following is an

allowed to stand. It is a white example of zwitter ion ?
solid. The polymer is— (A) Urea
(A) Trioxane (B) Glycine hydrochloride
(B) Formose (C) Ammonium acetate
(C) Para formaldehyde (D) α-alanine
(A) Optical isomerism only (D) Metaldehyde
(B) Geometrical isomerism only 36. When SO2 is passed through
28. The function of flux during the cupric chloride solution—
(C) Both optical and geometrical smelting of the ore is—
isomerism (A) The solution becomes
(A) To make the ore porous colourless and a white pre-
(D) None of these (B) To remove gangue cipitate of Cu 2Cl2 is obtained
22. In the chemical reaction (C) To facilitate reduction
(B) A white precipitate is ob-
Ag2O + H2O + 2e → 2Ag + 2OH– (D) To facilitate oxidation tained
(A) Water is oxidised 29. RMgX on heating with cyanogen (C) The solution becomes colour-
(B) Electrons are reduced chloride gives— less
(C) Silver is reduced (A) R—NC (B) R—Cl (D) No visible change takes
(D) Silver is oxidised (C) R—CN (D) None of these place

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 728

37. Indigo belongs to the class of— respectively. The gas which can (C) CHCl3
(A) Mordant dye most easily be liquefied is—
(A) O2 (B) N2 (D)
(B) Vat dye
(C) NH3 (D) CH4
(C) Direct dye
(D) Disperse dye 42. In presence of peroxide, hydro- 47. Grignard’s reagents add to—
gen chloride and hydrogen iodide (A) C —
—O (B) —C — —
—N
38. 0·5 g of an organic compound do not give anti-Markownikov’s
was Kjeldahlised and the NH 3 (C) C —
—S (D) All of these
addition to alkenes because—
evolved was absorbed in certain (A) Both are highly ionic 48. Which of the following is most
volume of 1N H 2SO4. The resi- (B) One is oxidising and the acidic ?
dual acid required 60 cm3 of N/2 other is reducing (A) Phenol
NaOH. If the percentage of nitro- (C) One of the steps in both the
gen is 56 then the volume of 1N (B) m-chlorophenol
reactions is endothermic
H2SO4 taken was— (D) All the steps are exothermic (C) Benzyl alcohol
(A) 30 ml (B) 40 ml in both the cases (D) Cyclohexanol
(C) 50 ml (D) 60 ml 43. The number of P—O—P bonds 49. Number of σ and π-bonds in
in cyclic metaphosphoric acid is—
39. Equal weights of methane and benzaldehyde is—
(A) Zero (B) Two
oxygen are mixed in an empty (A) 4π-bonds and 13 σ-bonds
(C) Three (D) Four
container at 25°C. The fraction of
44. Which among MeX, RCH2X, (B) 4π-bonds and 8 σ-bonds
the total pressure exerted by oxy-
gen is— R2CHX, R3 CX is most reactive (C) 4π-bonds and 14 σ-bonds
towards SN2 reaction ?
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2
(A) MeX (B) RCH2X (D) 8π-bonds and 10 σ-bonds
1 273 (C) R2CHX (D) R3CX
(C) 2/3 (D) × 50. An organic compound X, on
3 298
45. Which one has the pyramidal treatment with acidified K2Cr2O7
40. Which of the following is the least shape ? gives compound Y which reacts
stable carbanion ? (A) PF 3 (B) CO32 – with I2 and sodium carbonate to
(A) HC ≡ C– (B) (C6H5)3C– (C) SO3 (D) BF 3 form triiodomethane. The com-
(C) (CH3)3C – (D) CH3– pound X can be—
46. Which is not a moth repellent ? (A) CH3OH
41. The values of vander Waals
constant ‘ a’ for the gases O2, N 2, Cl Cl (B) CH3COCH3
(A)
NH3 and CH4 are 1·360, 1·390, (C) CH3CHO
4·170 and 2·253 L2 atm mol– 2 (B) Perchloroethane (D) CH3CHOHCH3

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 729

 In each of the following ques- Reason (R) : Light is formed of iodide solution as compared to
tions, a statement of Assertion (A) material particles. pure water.
is given and a corresponding state- (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Reason (R) : Potassium iodide
ment of Reason (R) is given just 6. Assertion (A) : If there exists solution absorbs iodine forming
below it. Of the statements, mark Coulomb attraction between two compound of potassium in which
the correct answer as— charged bodies, both of them K+ is oxidised to K3 +.
(A) If both A and R are true may not be charged. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
and R is the correct expla- Reason (R) : They will be oppo-
nation of A 12. Assertion (A) : At isoelectric
sitely charged.
(B) If both A and R are true but point of an amino acid, it does not
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
R is not the correct expla- migrate under the influence of an
nation of A 7. Assertion (A) : White light con- electric field.
(C) If A is true but R is false tains the range of colours in light Reason (R) : At isoelectric point
from violet with a wavelength of an amino acid is totally ionized.
(D) If both A and R are false
4 × 10– 7 m to red light with a (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(E) If A is false but R is true
wavelength of 7 × 10– 7 m.
13. Assertion (A) : Mercury metal
PHYSICS Reason (R) : When Young’s starts sticking to the side of the
double slit experiment is carried glass tube on bubbling ozone
1. Assertion (A) : Light is diffracted out with light, multicoloured through it.
around the edges of obstacles fringes are formed.
and the bending is so slight that Reason (R) : In the presence of
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ozone, mercury reacts with glass
it is not easily observed.
8. Assertion (A) : To float, a body to form mercury (II) silicide.
Reason (R) : The wavelength of
must displace liquid whose weight (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
light is very small.
is greater than the actual weight
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) of the body. 14. Assertion (A) : Methanoic acid
changes mercuric chloride to
2. Assertion (A) : Mass and energy Reason (R) : A floating body will
mercurous chloride on heating
are not conserved separately, but experience no net downward
but acetic acid does not do so
are conserved as a single entity force.
under similar conditions.
called ‘mass energy’. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Reason (R) : Methanoic acid is a
Reason (R) : This is because one 9. Assertion (A) : Dark lines are stronger acid than ethanoic acid.
can be obtained at the cost of observed in the spectrum of light
other as per Einstein’s equation (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
produced from the sun rays.
E = mc 2. Reason (R) : Dark lines are due 15. Assertion (A) : Sometimes a
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) to absorption of certain radiations yellow turbidity appears while
by gases in the outer atmos- passing H2S gas even in the
3. Assertion (A) : Coherent sources
phere of the sun. absence of radicals of 2nd group.
generate waves of identical fre-
quencies. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Reason (R) : Group IV radicals
10. Assertion (A) : Two sources A are precipitated as their sul-
Reason (R) : Two coherent phides.
sources of circular wave patterns and B each carrying a sound of
400 Hz are standing a few metres (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
can be produced by passing a
plane wave through narrow slits. apart. When A moves towards B, 16. Assertion (A) : In the electrolysis,
both persons hear the same the quantity of electricity needed
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
number of beats per second. to deposit one mole atom of silver
4. Assertion (A) : The force experi- Reason (R) : Doppler shift in is different from that required for
enced by a charged particle frequency of sound is the same depositing one mole atom of
moving in a magnetic field can whether the observer approaches copper.
not do any work. the source or the source Reason (R) : Atomic weights of
Reason (R) : The force does not approaches the observer with silver and copper are different.
displace the charged particle. same speed.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
17. Assertion (A) : The gelatinous
5. Assertion (A) : With a white light CHEMISTRY white precipitate of aluminium
source the central fringe is dark hydroxide dissolves both in HCl
in Young’s double slit experi- 11. Assertion (A) : Iodine dissolves as well as in concentrated NaOH
ment. more appreciably in potassium solution.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 772

 Reason (R) : Aluminium hydro- 24. Assertion (A) : Coenzyme is a BOTANY
xide is a strongly ionic as well as non-protein group without which
covalent in nature. certain enzymes are incomplete 31. Assertion (A) : In Mucor mucedo
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) or inactive. all of the sporangiophores obtai-
Reason (R) : Coenzymes not only ned from a single germ sporan-
18. Assertion (A) : Nitrogen obtained gium give rise to mycelia which
provide a point of attachment for
by fractional distillation of liquid are of the same mating type. A
the chemical groups being trans-
air is heavier than the nitrogen zygospore germination of this
formed but also influence the pro-
obtained by decomposing nitro- type is known as pure homothal-
perties of the group.
genous compounds. lic.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Reason (R) : Nitrogen obtained Reason (R) : Sexual repro-
from fractional distillation of liquid 25. Assertion (A) : It is the brain, not
duction in a heterothalic species
air is not completely pure. the sense organs, that interprets
of Mucor is not effected by copu-
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) the stimulus.
lation of two multinucleate iso-
Reason (R) : Sense organs are gametangia.
19. Assertion (A) : The methyl
transducers, they transform the
carbanion is pyramidal in shape (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
energy of stimulus to the energy
like the structure of ammonia
of nerve impulses. 32. Assertion (A) : Hershey and
molecule.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Chase turned to blue-green algae
Reason (R) : The carbon atom of
as their experimental material.
methyl carbanion is sp 2 hybridi- 26. Assertion (A) : Jelly fish is not a
sed. Reason (R) : Franklin prepared
true fish which is a vertebrate
an X-ray photograph of DNA that
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) animal with backbone.
showed its certain dimensions.
20. Assertion (A) : Most of the endo- Reason (R) : The name jelly fish
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
thermic reactions are not sponta- is given to invertebrate coelente-
neous under ordinary conditions rate animal, Aurelia, because it is 33. Assertion (A) : The sterile por-
but become so at elevated tem- made up of jelly-like substances. tion of the sporangium in Mucor
perature. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) is called pileus.
Reason (R) : Entropy of the 27. Assertion (A) : Girls have all Reason (R) : In Mucor, the
system increases with increase in their primary oocytes at birth, remainder of the progametan-
temperature. oogenesis begins at puberty. gium is known as the suspen-
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Reason (R) : The first menstrual sor.
cycle is called menopause, and (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
ZOOLOGY the end of menstrual cycles is 34. Assertion (A) : Archegonium is
called menarche. the female sex organ of liverworts,
21. Assertion (A) : Dramatic popula- (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ferns and most gymnosperms.
tion growth has occurred in the Reason (R) : Archegonium is
last 300 years, with more growth 28. Assertion (A) : Morphogenesis
involves change in the shape of multicellular of which the swollen
in less developed countries base, i.e., venter contains egg-
(LDCs) than in more developed the embryo.
Reason (R) : Differentiation is the cell.
countries (MDCs). (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
specialization of cell structure and
Reason (R) : Total fertility rate
function as some genes are 35. Assertion (A) : Transposable
(TFR) is lower in MDCs, due to
turned on and others off. elements can block gene expres-
family planning and access to
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) sion by inserting into a gene.
contraceptives. Infant mortality is
lower in MDCs than LDCs. 29. Assertion (A) : The sympathetic Reason (R) : Transposable ele-
division acts to mobilize the body ments can move and insert into
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
for emergency or quick action— genes, disrupting their expres-
22. Assertion (A) : Capsule of tendon sion.
the ‘fight-or-flight’ response.
is associated with brain. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Reason (R) : It decreases the
Reason (R) : Inherited Rh factor heart rate, respiration rate and 36. Assertion (A) : Daily periodicity
gene is found in Rh – individuals. digestive activity; dilates blood of stomatal movement is not a
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) vessels of the skeletal muscles, characteristic of succulent plant.
23. Assertion (A) : Baroreceptor is and constricts those of the skin. Reason (R) : In succulent plants
the receptor for hydrostatic pres- (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) stomata are closed at night and
sure of blood. 30. Assertion (A) : Neurosecretion is opened during the day.
Reason (R) : Receptors of atrium pivotal in the vertebrate endocrine (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
stimulate the Cardio-acceleratory system. 37. Assertion (A) : Scientists use
centre, helping to regulate blood Reason (R) : Hormones are pro- several approaches when they
pressure. duced by endocrine glands. design experiments in order to
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) make data as valid as possible.

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 773

 Reason (R) : Researchers might most lichens to atmospheric roplast and does not directly
examine hundreds of cells, pollution. require solar energy.
because a large sample size (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
helps ensure meaningful results. 40. Assertion (A) : Cellular respira-
39. Assertion (A) : The energy cap-
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) turing portion of photosynthesis tion includes glycolysis and fer-
38. Assertion (A) : Lecanora is a takes place in thylakoid mem- mentation.
genus of lichens in which the branes and can not proceed Reason (R) : Both glycolysis and
thallus is crustose. without solar energy. fermentation are only aerobic
Reason (R) : Some species of Reason (R) : The synthesis part respiration.
Lecanora are more resistant than of photosynthesis occurs in chlo- (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

(Continued on Page 790 )

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 774

 Physics Chemistry
1. A convex lens is made of two different materials. A 16. The structural-pair geometry of xenon difluoride
point is placed on the principal axis. The number of (XeF2) is linear.
images formed by the lens will be two. —T/F
—T/F 17. The heat of hydrogenation of trans-2-butene is more
than that of cis-2-butene.
2. No net force acts on a rectangular coil carrying a
—T/F
steady current when suspended freely in a uniform
18. A balloon is inflated with He to a volume of 4·5 L at
magnetic field.
room temperature. If balloon is taken to the place
—T/F having temperature of – 10°C, the volume of the
3. In an electric field, the electron moves away from balloon remains unchanged.
higher potential to the lower potential. —T/F
—T/F 19. The electronic configuration of fluorine atom is
4. Birds fly off a high tension wire when the current is 1s 2, 2s 2 2px 2 2py 2 2pz 1, and according to Hund’s rule
switched on. the last electron enters to 2 pz orbital with clockwise
—T/F spin.
—T/F
5. Fuse wire must have high resistance and low melting
20. Phenol is a weaker acid than carbonic acid.
point.
—T/F
—T/F 21. A redox reaction in which reactants containing same
6. In a perfectly elastic collision, the kinetic energy may element in different oxidation states react to give a
not remain constant. species in which the element is in same oxidation
—T/F state is called a comproportionation reaction.
7. The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be —T/F
increased by using a suspension wire of shorter 22. The oxidation of sucrose with conc. HNO3 in
length. presence of V2O5 leads to the formation of 1, 6-
—T/F hexanedioic acid.
8. When a monocycle turns, along the curve, remaining —T/F
vertical at a constant speed, the angular velocity of 23. When one mole electron is passed separately through
the wheel does not change. each of solutions of CuSO4 and AgNO3, the mole ratio
—T/F of Cu and Ag deposited will be 1 : 1.
9. Cathode rays constitute a stream of negatively —T/F
charged particles, called electrons. 24. Colour is shown by a transition metal ion which
—T/F contains all ( n – 1) d vacant orbitals.
10. A piece of red glass is heated till it glows in dark. The —T/F
colour of the glowing piece will be somewhat orange.
—T/F
11. A body, whatever its motion, is always at rest in a
frame of reference which is fixed to the body itself.
—T/F
12. An electron revolves round a nucleus of charges Ze.
In order to excite the electron from the state n = 2 to
n = 3, the energy required is 47·2 eV. Z is equal to 5.
—T/F
13. On reducing the volume of a gas at constant tem-
perature, the pressure of the gas increases.
—T/F 29. SnCl 2 is a crystalline solid while SnCl4 is a volatile
14. X-rays cannot be diffracted by means of grating. liquid.
—T/F —T/F
15. Thermal conductivity of air being less than that of felt, 30. Methyl cyanide is soluble in water while methyl
even then we prefer felt to air for thermal insulation. isocyanide is insoluble.
—T/F —T/F

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 775

 (C) LH = LLi and | EH | > | ELi |
(D) LH < LLi and | EH | < | ELi |

9. Which of the following is/are said

to be diamagnetic species ?
(A) Carbanion
(B) Carbocation
(C) Singlet carbene
(D) All of the above
10. Phenols are more acidic than
alcohols because—
(A) Alcohols do not lose H + ions
(B) Phenoxide ion is stabilized
by resonance
(C) Phenoxide ion does not
exhibit resonance
(D) Phenols are more soluble in
polar solvents

5. A hydrogen atom and a doubly

ionised lithium atom are both in
the second excited state. If LH
and LLi respectively represent
their electronic angular momenta
and EH and ELi their energies,
then—
(A) LH > LLi and | EH | > | ELi |
(B) LH = LLi and | EH | < | ELi |

C.S.V. / August / 2009 / 782