Anna University Examinations, Dec.

2014
B.TECH - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CH2402 –TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

1. How do the viscosities of liquids and low density gases depend on temperature?
The viscosity of gases at low density increases with increasing temperature, whereas the
viscosity of a liquid decreases with increasing temperature.

2. Compare Newton’s law of viscosity with fourier law of heat conduction?

S.No Types of transfer Heat Momentum
1 Driving Force Temperature Velocity difference
difference
2 Flux equation Jh= -K (dT/dx) Jm =-µ(dVx/dy)
3 Phenomenological Thermal coefficient Dynamic Viscosity
coefficient
4 Unit of Flux J/m2 s Kgm/s/m2 s
5 Governing law Fourier law of heat Newton’s law of viscosity
conduction

3. Write down shell momentum balance equation.?

Ans: Shell momentum balance over a small imaginary three dimensional element fixed in
the flowing fluid space is given by:
[rate of momentum in]–[ rate of momentum out]+[sum of the forces acting on the element]
= 0 Momentum may enter or leave by convective as well as molecular transport

4. Define Prandtl number?

A simple semi empirical method of handling energy exchange in polyatomic gases was
developed by Euchen. His eqn. for thermal conductivity of a polyatomic gas at low density
is
k = [Cp + (5/4)(R/M)] µ. This gives a simple method of estimating the Prandtl number Pr =
Cp µ / k a dimension less quantity of importance in convective heat transfer..

5. What is Navier-Stokes equation?

The general equation of motion as deduced for application to an incompressible [constant
 ] and constant viscosity and simplified using equation of continuity becomes Navier
Stokes’ Equation. It is given as follows:
 (Dv / D t) = - . p + µ 2 v +  g

6. Define Reynold’s stress?

In the case of Turbulent flow we come across the turbulent momentum flux tensor τ(t) with
components
These quantities are known as the Reynolds stresses.

7. Explain the usefulness of analogy?

Analogy provides us facility to determine the required parameter of any of the transport
operation through any other transport operation. Since the friction factor f, Jh and JD factors
are related in a simple manner, it is enough to evaluate any one of them and then correlate
the required quantity through the corresponding factor.

8. What do you mean by Prandtl mixing length?

Prandtl assumed the fluctuating components of the velocities to be sinusoidal and derived
the time average of the product of the fluctuating terms as 

 
Here l is the 'mixing length'.  In terms of 'l' the eddy diffusivity and viscosity can be
established as 

 
The mixing length is not obvious.  It is usually established through measurement of
turbulent shear stress and velocity gradient.  For simple flows, with or without adverse
pressure gradient, with blowing or suction the mixing length is established from
experiments as

9. Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions?

Homogeneous reaction is defined as any of a class of chemical reactions that occur in a
single phase .Heterogenous reaction is defined as any of a class of chemical reactions in
which the reactants are components of two or more phases (solid and gas, solid and liquid,
two immiscible liquids) or in which one or more reactants undergo chemical change at an
interface, 

10. Define Prandtl aanalogy?

In the turbulent core the transport is mainly by eddies and near the wall, that is laminar sub-
layer, the transport is by molecular diffusion. Therefore, Prandtl modified the above two
analogies using universal velocity profile while driving the analogy
 PART- B
11.a)Explain Newton’s law of viscosity and obtain the expression for kinematic
viscosity?

Let us consider two parallel plates located in a continuous media of fluid. These
plates may be separated by a small distance ‘Y’ Let us consider that both these
plates are initially at rest.
At, t = 0 the lower plate is set in motion. At the final state of steady motion, a
constant force ‘F’ is required to maintain the motion of the lower plate. This force
may be expressed as follows: [Laminar flow]
F/A =  [V/Y] {(F/A) = -  [(0 – V) / (Y – 0)]}
[1]

i.e. The force per unit area is proportional to the velocity decrease in the distance
y; the constant of proportionality is  called Viscosity of the fluid. This can be
expressed in a an explicit form: The fluid in the layer immediately next to the wall
is kept in that steady state of motion by the lower plate which is at Y = 0. This
layer in turn keeps the layer above that in motion and so on. Or the shear stress
exerted in the x-direction on a fluid surface of constant y by the fluid in the region
of lesser y is designated as yxand the x-component of the fluid vector is
designated.

Thus yx = -  [dvx /dY] [2]

This states that the shear force per unit area is proportional to the negative of the
local velocity gradient; this is known as Newton’s law of Viscosity, and fluids that
behave in this fashion are termed Newtonian Fluids. All gases and most simple
liquids are described by Eqn.[2] Fluids that do not obey this simple law(primarily
pastes, slurries and high polymers) are called non-Newtonian Fluids.
Another way the eqn. [2] can be interpreted. In the very neighborhood of the
moving surface at y=0 the fluid acquires certain x-momentum. This fluid, in turn,
imparts some of its momentum to the adjacent layer of liquid causing it to remain
in motion in the x-direction. Hence x-momentum is transmitted through the fluid in
the y-direction. Consequently, yxmay also be interpreted as the viscous flux of x-
momentum in the y-direction.
It can be seen from eqn.[2] that the viscous momentum flux is in the direction of
the negative velocity gradient., i.e. the momentum tends to go in the direction of
decreasing velocity. In other words, the momentum travels “downhill” in the sense
that it coasts from a region of higher velocity to a region of lower velocity. [ e.g.
like a sled going downhill from a region of high elevation to a region of low
elevation or heat flows from a hot region toward a colder one] A velocity gradient
can thus be thought of as a “driving force” for momentum transport.
11. ii)Derive the equation for molecular theory of viscosity of liquids?
A rigorous kinetic theory of the transport properties of monatomic liquids was
developed by kinkwood and co-workers. However this theory does not lead to easy
to use results. An older theory developed by Byring and co – workers, although less
well grounded theoretically, does not give a qualitative picture of the mechanism of
momentum transport in liquids and permits rough estimation of the viscosity from
other physical properties.

In a pure liquid at rest the individual molecules are constantly in motion.

However, because of the close parking, the motion is largely confined to a vibration
of each molecule within a “cage” formed by its nearest neighbors. This cage is
represented by an energy barrier of height in which is the molar free energy
of activation for escape from the cage in the stationary fluid. According to Eyring, a
liquid at rest continually undergoes rearrangements, in which one molecule at a
time escapes from its “cage” into an adjoining “hole”, and that the molecules thus
move in each of the co – ordinate directions in jumps of length a at a frequency 
per molecule. The frequency is given by the rate equation,
 =KT/h.exp (-G0+/RT) (1)

in which, k and h are Boltzmann and Planck constants N is the avagadro

number and R= NK is the gas constant.

In a fluid i.e. flowing in the x – direction with a velocity gradient dv x/dy, the
frequency of molecular rearrangement is increased. The effect can be explained by
considering the potential energy barrier as distorted under the applied stress so
that,

-G+ =-G0+  (a/)(yxV/2) (2)

Where is the volume of a mole of liquid and is an approximation with the

applied shear stress or against the applied shear stress. + is the frequency of
forward jumps and - is the frequency of backward jumps. From (1) and (2),

 = KT/h exp (-G0+/RT) exp {ayxV/(2RT)} (3)

The net velocity with which molecular in layer A slips ahead of those in layer B is
just the distance traveled per jump (a) times the net frequency of forward jumps
(+ - - ), is`
xA-xB=a (+--) (4)

The velocity profile can be considered to be linear over the very small distance
between the layers A and B, so that
-dx/dy =(a/f)(+--) (5)

Combining (3) & (5),

-dx/dy=(a/f) KT/h exp (-G0+/RT) exp {+ayxV/(2RT) - exp {-ayxV/(2RT)}

=(a/f) [KT/h exp (-G0+/RT)]{2 sinh (ayxV)/(2RT)}

This predicts the non-linear relation between the shear stress (momentum flux) and
the velocity gradient that is non- Newtonian flow.

11.b)Explain with a neat figure the effect of temperature and pressure on

viscosity?

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:

A fluid which obeys Newton’s law of Viscosity is called Newtonian Fluid. The
relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient is given by:
 yx = - µ [d v x / dy]
This shows that there is a linear relationship between shear stress and the velocity
gradient. Draw the graph [sketch] between shear stress yx , and velocity gradient -
[d v x / dy] and show how the Newtonian fluids plot is straight line passing through
the origin with viscosity µ as its slope.

According to Newton’s law of viscosity given by: yx = - µ [d vx /dy] , a plot of

yx shear stress and the velocity gradient -(dv x /dy) for a given fluid should give a
straight line through the origin. Those fluids that do not follow this law are called
non-Newtonian fluids. For these fluids, the steady state behavior can be expressed
by a generalized form:
yx = -  [d v x / dy] where  may be expressed as a function of either [d v x / dy]
or yx.
 Newtonian fluids: The fluids which obeys the Newton’s linear law of viscosity
[ =  (du/dy)] is said to be Newtonian fluids. Gases and most liquids are Newtonian.
 Non-Newtonian fluids: For this fluids  (du/dy). Such fluids are classified as
 Bingham plastics: This fluid does not flow at all until threshold shear stresses,
denoted by‘o’, is attained and then flow linearly at shear stresses greater than ‘o’. Sewage
sludge is the better example for such fluids.
 Pseudo plastic fluid: For this fluid the ‘’ vs. ‘du/dy’ behaviour is concave upward
at low shear and becomes nearly linear at high shear. These fluids are said to be ‘Shear rate
thinning’.Rubber later is an example of such fluids.
 Dilatant fluid: For this fluid the ‘’ vs. ‘du/dy’ behaviour is concave downward at
low shear and almost linear at high shear. These fluids are said to be ‘Shear rate thickening’.
Quicksand and sand-filled emulsions are example of such fluids.

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:

Those fluids that do not follow the Newton’s law of viscosity are called non-
Newtonian fluids. For these fluids, the steady state behavior can be expressed by a
generalized form:
yx = -  [d v x / dy] where  may be expressed as a function of either [d v x / dy]
or yx.
12. A).Derive the equations for shear stress distribution and velocity distribution
for the flow of a falling film on an inclined flat plate.Derive the maximum
velocity,average velocity, thickness of the film and the force acting on the flat surface
by shell balance method?

Consider the flow of a fluid along an inclined flat surface as shown in the figure .
We consider the density and viscosity of he fluid to be constant. Attention is to be
focused on a region of length L, sufficiently far from the ends of the wall that the
entrance and exit disturbances are not included in L., i. e. in this region the velocity
component vz does not depend on z. we set up a z-momentum balance over a
system of thickness x, bounded by the planes z=0 and z=L, and extending a
distance W in the y-direction. The various components of the momentum balance
are then

{rate of z-momentum in across surface at x} ---- (LW)(xz) |x

{rate of z-momentum out across surface at x+ x} ---- (LW)(xz) |x+x

{Rate of z-momentum in across surface at z=0} --- (W x vz) (vz)|z=0

{ Rate of z-momentum out across surface at z=L} ---- (W x vz) (vz)|z=L

{gravity force acting on the fluid } ----- (L W x) (g cos)

When these terms are introduced into the momentum balance equation and on
dividing by (L W x) and taking the limit as x  0 we get a differential equation
as:

(d/dx) (xz) = g cos --- [1]

This is the differential equation for momentum flux xz. It may be integrated to give
xz = g x cos + C1
B. C. 1 at x = 0 xz = 0 (at the liquid-gas interface)
Thus we have
 xz = g x cos

If the fluid is Newtonian then we can introduce the Newton’s law of viscosity
xz = -  (dvz/dx)

To get: (dvz/dx) = -(g cos/ ) x

This eqn is integrated to give
vz = -(g cos/2 ) x2 + C2
We have the boundary condition that at x =  , vz= 0
On application of the BC to evaluate the integration constant C 2 and its substitution
into Eqn, for vz above we get the velocity profile as
g2cos
vz= ---------------  1 – (x/)2
2
12.b. Derive the equation for the temperature distribution and the effectiveness of a
simple rectangular cooling fin.The wall temperature is Tw and the ambient
temperature is Ta.Write all the basic assumptions made for the simplified model.Draw
a neat figure?

Heat transfer efficiency of a cooling Fin:

Such fins are used to increase the area available for heat transfer between metal
walls and poorly conducting fluids such as gases. A simple rectangular fin is
sketched below. A reasonably good description of the system may be obtained by
approximating the true physical situation by a simple model:

True Situation Model

1 T is a function of both x and z, but the T is a function of z alone
dependence on z is more important

2 A small quantity of heat is lost from the No heat is lost from the end or from the
fin at the end(area 2BW) and the edges
edges ( area 2BL + 2BL)
 3 The heat transfer coefficient is a The heat flux at the surface is given by q
function of position = h(T – Ta), in which h is constant and T
= T(z)

A thermal energy balance on a segment z of the bar gives

qz|z * 2BW - qz|z+ z * 2BW – h(2W z) (T – Ta) = o

division by 2BW z and taking the limit as z approaches zero gives

- (dqz /dz) = (h/B) (T – Ta)

Insertion of Fourier’s law (qz = - k dT/dz) in which k is the thermal conductivity of

the fin metal gives for constant k
(d2T/dz2) = (h/kB) (T – Ta).
This equation is to be solved with the boundary conditions:

BC 1: at z = 0, T = Tw ; BC 2: at z = L, (dT/dz) = 0

We can now introduce the following dimensionless quantities:

 = (T – Ta) / (Tw – Ta) = Dimension lesstemperature

 = z/L = dimension less distance
N = ( hL2 /kB) = dimension less heat transfer coefficient

The differential equation can be restated in terms of the dimension less quantities:
(d2/dz2) = N2with |=0 = 1 and (d/d)|=1 = o
This differential equation of the dimension less parameters may be integrated to
give hyperbolic functions. When the two integration constants are determined we
get,
 = Cosh N - (tanh N) sinh N
This may be rearranged to give  = CoshN(1-  )/cosh N

It should be emphasized that this expression is reasonable only if the heat lost at
the edges is negligible. The “effectiveness of a fin” is defined by:
(heat which is actually dissipated by the fin surface)
 = ----------------------------------------------------------------
[ heat which would be dissipated if(without change in h)
The fin surface were held at Tw ]
The theoretical value of  for the problem considered here is then

0 W0 L h (T – T0)dz dy 0 1 d

  = ------------------------------ or  = ----------- = tanh N / N
0  0  h (TW – T0)dz dy 0
W L 1
d

13.a.Derive the equation of continuity with a neat figure and write its application ?

Equation of continuity: (/t)= -[(/x) (vx )+ (/y) (vy) +(/z) (vz)]

This describes the rate of change of density at a fixed point resulting from the changes in the mass
velocity vector ‘v ’ . This may also be written as:

(/t) = - ( . v )

Here ( . v ) is called the divergence of v , sometimes called as div v . It is to be noted that

the vector v is the mass flux and its divergence is the net rate of mass flux per unit volume. It
simply states that the rate of increase of density within a small volume element is equal to the net
rate of mass influx to the element divided by its volume.
It can be modified into: (D/Dt) = -  ( . v)
The equation continuity in this form describes the rate of change of density as seen by an observer
‘floating along’ with the fluid.
A very important special form of equation of continuity is that for a fluid of constant density as:
( . v ) = 0

Although no fluid is truly incompressible very frequently in engineering practice the assumption of
constant density results in considerable simplification and almost no error.

For constant density and constant viscosity, the equation of motion can be simplified using the
Equation of Continuity ( . v ) = 0 to get:

 (Dv/Dt) = -  p+ 2v + g
This is called the Navier-Stokes equation applicable for incompressible fluids of constant viscosity.
For flow systems in which viscous effects are relatively unimportant the equation motion reduces
to:
 (Dv/Dt) = -  p+ g

This is the famous Euler’s equation

13.b.Derive the equation for shear stress and velocity distribution for the flow of Newtonian fluids
though annulus by the application of Navier stoke equation?

Consider a system of fluid flowing through an annulus of inner radius ‘KR’, outer
radius ‘R’ and Length ‘L’. The density of the fluid is constant and the flow is steady
and laminar.

(i) Draw the picture of an annular pipe set up with ‘R’ as the inner radius of the
outer pipe and ‘kR’ as the outer radius of the inner pipe. [Fig. 2.4-1 on Page 51, TP
By Bird et. al.]
(ii) Select a thin cylindrical shell of thickness r within the annular space and write
a momentum balance over this shell. On taking limit obtain the differential equation
the following differential equation:
(d/dr)(r rz) = [(Po – PL)/L] r
On integration we get: rz = [(Po – PL)/2L] r + (C1/r)
From physical facts we can say that there will be a maximum in the velocity curve
at a plane say r = R and modify the equation.
BC 1: at r = kR, vz = 0 ; BC 2: at r = R, vz = 0
Obtain the momentum flus and velocity distribution as follows:
 rz = [(Po – PL) R/2L] {(r/R) – [(1 – k2)/(2 ln(1/k))] (R/r)}
vz = [(Po – PL) R2/4 L] { 1 - (r/R)2 – [(1 – k2)/(ln(1/k))] ln(r/R)}

14.a.)Derive the equation that describe the time smoothed equation of continuity
and motion for an incompressible fluid?

Time smoothed equation of continuity of A

Time smoothed equation of motion of A

14.b)For the turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube,the curve fit function Vx/Vx
max= (1-(r/R))(1/n) is useful.Derive the equation for the ratio of average velocity to
maximum velocity?

Let L and R be the length and radius of the tube. Let s = R – r be the
distance from the tube wall and assume that l = k 1 s. For axial flow in tubes,
Prandtl’s mixing length relation becomes
rz(t) = + k12(R – r)2(-dvz/dr)2 = + k12 s2 (dvz/ds)2 --------[1]

The equation of motion for this situation of vz = vz(r) can be written as:

0= [(P 0 - P L )/L] – [(1/r)(d/dr)(rrz) ------ [2]

in which rz = rz( l ) + rz(t)
This can be integrated with the boundary conditions :rz = 0 at r=0 to give:

rz = [(P 0 - P L ) R /2L] . (r/R) = 0 [1 –(s/R)] -----[3]

in which 0 is the wall shear stress (at s=0). In the turbulent core (i.e. for most
values of s)
rz(l) will be negligible with respect to rz(t); in other words momentum by molecules
is small compared to that by eddy motion. Equations [1] and [3] maybe combined
to get

 k12 s2 (dvz/ds)2 = 0 [1 –(s/R)] ------[4]

Prandtl’s simplification is that s/R is negligible compared to 1. which leaves with us:

(dvz/ds) =  (1/k1) v * (1/s) ------[5] Here v* = (0 /) {has dimensions of

a velocity}. Equation [5] is integrated from the outer edge of the buffer layer s =
s1 to any position s, to get:
vz – vz,1 = (1/k1) v * ln(s/s1) s  s1 ------[6]

or in dimensionless variables v+ = (vz/v*), s =(sv*/)

v+ – v1+ = (1/k1) ln(s+/s1+) ------- [7]

Deissler has found from experimental velocity distribution data that the best value
of k1 is 0.36; and has also found that the outer edge of the buffer zone can be
conveniently chosen as:
s1+ =26 (where v1+ = 12.85). With these values recommended by diessler Eqn.[7]
becomes

v1+ = (1/0.36) lns+ + 3.8 ---- [8]

This logarithmic distribution has been found to to give a rather good description of
velocity profiles in turbulent flow at Re> 20,000 (except, of course, near the tube
wall).

15.a)Explain the importance of analogies in chemical engineering field?

Usefulness of analogy:

Analogy provides us facility to determine the required parameter of any of the transport operat
through any other transport operation. Since the friction factor f, J h and JD factors are related i
simple manner, it is enough to evaluate any one of them and then correlate the required quan
through the corresponding factor.
15.a.ii) Derive the equation of Reynold’s analogy between momentum and heat
transfer?

The basic laws of momentum transfer and heat transfer can be expressed in similar
forms. Let us consider. For illustration, a fluid in laminar motion through a circular
pipe. (Fig. b The wall of the pipe is maintained at a higher temperature and the
fluid gets heated as it flows through the pipe. Also the radial transport of
momentum in the pipe occurs from a faster moving layer to a slower moving layer
according to Newton’s law of viscosity.

 = - µ(dvx/dr) --- [1]

Where  is the shear stress (also called the momentum flux), µ is the viscosity, and
v(r) is the radial distribution of velocity in the pipe.(v x is the axial velocity and is a
function of the radial position the x-axis is the axis line of the pipe) Equation [1]
may be rewritten as:

 = - µ/ [d/dr](v) = -  [d/dr](v) --- [2]

The quantity (v) [(kg.m/s.m3]is the volumetric concentration of x-moentum (or the
momentum in the axial direction),  [=] (µ/) is the momentum diffusivity, also
known as the kinematic viscosity. This equation physically signifies that:
Momentum Flux = (Momentum diffusivity)(Gradient of concentration of
momentum) ---[3]
Let us now consider the case of heat transfer to the fluid from the wall. The
radial flux at the wall is given by the Fourier’s law.
q = k(dT/dr) ---- [4]
Because T increases with ‘r’, the negative sign is not used on the right hand side.
The equation can be rewritten as:
q = (k/ CP)(d/dr)[  CP T] =  [d/dr](  CP T) ---- [5]

Here  Is the thermal diffusivity, and  CP T (KJ/m3) is the volumetric concentration

of heat energy.
Hence, Heat Flux = (Thermal diffusivity) (Gradient of concentration of heat
energy) --- [6]
The flux equations [2] and [5] and their physical representation by Eqn.[3] and
Eqn.[6] show the similarity of the basic laws of momentum and heat, i.e.  and 
have identical units [ m2/s
However, the transports of momentum or heat (or mass) n a turbulent medium
are not governed by the above simple laws. Randomly moving tiny elements, called
eddies, act as the carriers of momentum, heat or mass) in a turbulent medium. In
fact, the movement of eddies or ‘eddy exchange’ is primarily responsible for
transport in the regions of a medium where the intensity of turbulence is high. But
in the region close to the wall, the fluid motion is almost laminar, and diffusional
transport dominates.
Reynolds originally put forward a simple way of expressing the momentum or heat
flux in a turbulent medium. His argument is that the laws of diffusional transportas
given by Eqns[2] & [5] are still applicable in turbulent flow, but the contribution of
the eddy exchange should be incorporated in terms of separate parameters. The
resulting modified transport ‘laws’ in a turbulent medium are given as follows where
M and H stand for the ‘eddy diffusivities’ of momentum and heat respectively.
Turbulent transport of momentum ‘  ’ is given by:

 = - (  + M )(d/dr)( v) ----- [7]

Turbulent transport of heat ‘ q ‘ is given by:

q = (  + H )(d/dr)(  CP T) ---- [8]

(Let us note that if the heat transport is from the fluid to the wall then, the right
hand side of Eqn.[8] shall include a negative sign because the radial temperature
gradient is negative)
Eqn.[7] written for r = R (i.e. at the wall) , gives the shear stress. Thus we have

- ( + M ){(d/dr)( v)}r=R = W = ½ f  V2 ---- [9]

Or - [d v/dr] r=R = [W / V ( + M )] = {fV /2( + M )} ----[10]

The right hand side of Eqn.[9] follows from the the definition of Fanning’s friction
factor ‘f ’, the wall shear stress W and the ‘mean fluid velocity’ V in the pipe. Eqn.
[10] gives the dimensionless velocity gradient at the wall. V = v /V [dimensionless
velocity]

Similarly Eqn.[8] can be written at r=R for the wall heat flux and for the wall
temperature profile. Thus,
(  + H ){(d/dr)(  CP T)}r=R = qw = h(Tw – Tm) ---- [11]

Or, [d T/dr] r=R = [h / CP ( + H )] ; T = T /( Tw – Tm ) ----[12]

Where ‘qw ’ is the wall heat flux; ‘h’ is the heat transfer co-
efficient;

‘T ’ is the dimensionless temperature; Tm is the mean fluid temperature

The analogy between momentum and heat transfer in pipe was first quantified
by Reynolds on the specific assumptions that :
a) The gradients of the dimensionless velocity and the dimensionless temperature
at the wall are equal and

b) (  + M ) = ( + H )

Then from Eqns.[10] &[12] we have

{f V /2( + M )} = [h / CP ( + H )] ----[13]

By condition b) and rearrangement we get

Nu/(Re*Pr) = St = f/2 = [h/ VCP] ---- [14]

[hD/k] hD
--------------------- = f/2 (for mass transfer) ------ = [C BW/CT] = f/2 ----
[14A]
[Cp/k][dV/] U

hD [CBW/CT] = [h/ CP] ---- [14B]

This is called Lewis equation and at low concentration reduced to:

hD = [h/ CP] ----[14C]

Eqn. [14] is called the Reynold’s analogy and can be used to determine the heat
transfer co-efficient if the friction factor ‘f’ is known.

15.b.Derive the Colburn analogy between momentum and heat transfer in turbulent
flow?

consider the case of convective heat transfer to a fluid flowing in a tube under
turbulent flow conditions. The Chilton –Colburn analogy analogy equation is as
below:

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.80 (Pr)0.33 ---- [1]

From this equation we get(by dividing both sides by (Re * Pr)

Nu
--------- = St = 0.023 (Re) - 0.2 (Pr) - 0.67 ---- [2]
Re* Pr

Or St (Pr) 0.67
= 0.023 (Re) – 0.2
---- [3]
St (Pr) 0.67 is called the J.H. factor. Over a range of Reynolds number of 5,000 –
20,000 for flow in smooth pipes, the empirical relation is given as:

f = 0.046 (Re) – 0.02

---- [4]

From Eqns.[3 & 4] JH = f/2 ---- [5]

The mass transfer analog is:

(St.) (Sc) 0.67 = JD factor = 0.023 (Re) – 0.2 = f/2
---- [6]

(St.) here is the Stanton number for mass transfer. J H and JD factors when plotted
against Reynolds number give curves identical in nature to friction factor and
Reynolds number plot.
Since, JH and JD factors are nearly qual, mass transfer coefficient can be calculated
from hat transfer coefficient with the help of equations [5 & 6] as:

hD = (h/ Cp)*(CT/CBM) (Pr/Sc)0.67 ------- [7]

CT is the total molal concentration.