Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X

An Investigation on Fire Safety of Air-

conditioned Shopping Centers at Dhaka City
Saniya Tabassum1, Sabbir Ahmed2, & Taqir Mahmood Romeo3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of architecture, Stamford University Bangladesh, Bangladesh
2&3
Lecturer, Department of architecture, Stamford University Bangladesh, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Shopping is an important and essential routine of urban life. Day by day
the need for organized shopping centre is gaining importance in our
society. The current trend in Dhaka is to accommodate various functions
such as office, hotels, apartments etc. along with the shopping facilities
within the same structure. These have increased the potential danger of fire
hazard in these mixed uses, multi-storied and usually introvert building
type. At present a lot of high-rise Shopping Centers have sprung up all
over the city. Among them a big numbers of high-rise Shopping Centers
have a doubtful facility to fight with fire. The present study intends to
examine the deplorable conditions regarding fire safety and high risk
environment that exists in the high-rise shopping centers of Dhaka city.
This study is based on the literature review focusing on basic concept
about fire. Some shopping centers have been taken as a sample for survey
to enquiry whether they meet the requirements and regulations for fire
safety or not and what extent they are risky in question of fire.

Key Word: Fire Safety, Shopping Center

1 INTRODUCTION

T
he word „shopping centre‟ can be extended as the place where shops are placed
combined and where people can buy things. But in respect of culture, climate, socio-
economic condition of different nations and countries the shopping centre may be
called as Mall, Market, Bazaar [Bengali name of open market] etc. In our society, the
comparative advantages of location, administrative, economic and other functional factors
have contributed towards a substantial increase in shopping activities. As a result, in
recent years shopping centers and ribbon like retail developments in Dhaka city have
boomed often in the most unplanned and indiscreet manner along most of the roads of the
city. Thus, they are one of the key physical structures which contribute to give shape the
Dhaka city as an uncontrolled urbanization, as they are growing haphazardly with no
respect to urban theory, viability, climate and finally without legislation albeit meager.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The trend of haphazard growth of market places and shopping centers has transformed
the „Tilottoma City‟ into the „City of Shops‟. Shopping centre in Bangladesh has

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
experienced an unprecedented growth over the last decade and a half. Before a decade,
people are used to shopping on Chawk bazaar[ at old Dhaka], New Market and Gausia
market[shopping center at Mirpur Road] etc. But the uncontrolled development,
compelling changes in land-use, mostly precipitated by the rapid growth of population in
the capital city Dhaka, various industrial and economic activities, short supply of land etc.
have resulted in enhanced demand for compact planning of shopping centers. Now
shopping centers, along with the shopping facilities, simultaneously serves the civic,
cultural and social community needs, thus making significant contributions to the
enrichment of the society. This compact and usually introvert building type have
increased the use of electrical equipments. A growing number of shopping centers are
now air-conditioned along with escalator and elevator facilities. Moreover, the use of
decorative materials that are highly combustible has become more popular in the modern
shopping centers. These centers attempt to accommodate various functions at upper floors
of their multistoried structures but without any consideration for the separation of service
facilities and safety measures. Although adequate safety and security including fire
measures are prerequisites for enjoying a hazard free shopping environment; collectively
they remain the most neglected issue in the context of total urban development in Dhaka
city. Therefore, in the absence of safety awareness among users, any type of fire
prevention, precaution and control measures about fire are not adopted by the concerning
authority. All these contribute to the danger of fire hazards and accident in shopping
centers. Today no shopping centre in the developed world could be responsibly designed
or executed without any special regard to design for safety and security in all its aspects
[The Daily Star, 2006]. On the other hand, shopping centers of Bangladesh have failed to
incorporate the factor of fire safety in the overall design process.

Figure 01: Fire in Bashundhara City Shopping Mall

Bashundhara City Shopping Mall [Fig 01] is one of the largest shopping mall complexes in
Asia. Fire[13th of March 2009 ] totally burned down the top five floors of the 21-storey
office tower, which housed the corporate office of Bashundhara Group, one the biggest
conglomerates of the country [Shaif A., 2009]. The ten-storied shopping complex was not
touched by fire. Fire in the Bashundhara City shopping mall was not the first one in a
high-rise building of our country. In February 2007, a massive fire burnt down all the
offices in the 11-storey BSEC building, including the offices of private TV stations NTV
and RTV. A lot of questions were asked at that time, but somehow they were forgotten
over time. It can be doubted whether lessons were learned from that accident, as we saw a
repeat of that at Bashundhara City [Shaif A., 2009].

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
Fire in this large shopping mall has raised many questions regarding safety precautions of
high-rise buildings that have sprung up all over the city and the ability of the fire-fighting
forces to cope up with the rapid vertical expansion of the capital city Dhaka.

1.2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The present study intends to examine the deplorable conditions regarding fire safety and a
high risk situation that exists in air-conditioned [Focus on shopping at mixed-used
multistoried building] shopping centers of Dhaka city studying some selected samples to
get an overview. Methodology of the Study is based on the data that has been collected
through field survey to get the live experience, photographic information, observational
study as well as questionnaire survey and architectural detail documents and secondary
data from the literature review. Interviews with the people were also a help to get
information on what has been going. All the secondary data has been collected through a
detail literature review and by interpreting the data.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CAUSES OF FIRE IN SHOPPING CENTERS
Most fires in multi-storey shopping centers are caused by the increased use of electrical
and mechanical equipment which cause:
 Ignition of combustible materials by heating equipment.
 Ignition of flammable liquids and gases from leaking pipes and ducts by electrical
energy etc.
 Defective or improperly installed and operated electrical and heating equipment and
services.
 Wiring faults, friction and static sparks.
The most common causes of fire in public buildings like shopping centers are-
 Smoking materials and matches.
 Defective and improperly operated heating equipment.
 Careless disposal of ash and waste products.
 Repairs and alteration hazards.
 Exposure from other buildings from fire.
 Increased use of combustible materials for decoration in modern shops.
 Fire develops easily in enclosed air-conditioned area, etc.
Besides these Narrow staircases, lack of regular fire drills and security measures, improper
storage facilities, lack of sign and symbol, improper security systems, etc. are some of the
important causes of the recurring tragedy for panic and injury.

2.2 TYPES OF FIRE HAZARD

Fire hazards in shopping centers may be either-External or Internal. External hazard
means the risk of fires spreading to adjoining or nearby buildings. In the case of shopping
centers of Dhaka city, external hazard could be a risk of fire spreading adjoining or nearby
building as the shopping arcades do not provide the minimum setback from the adjoining
building. Therefore externally fire may spread through windows or openings.
Internal hazard includes -The fire load, the ease with which the combustible materials are
set on fire, the rate of burning, the ability of materials to emit noxious fumes when heated
and encourage the burning of other materials.

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2.3 SAFETY MEASURES

2.3.1 Fire prevention: Safe installation and routine checking of electrical systems, the
provision and maintenance of fire fighting equipments, Buildings, with noncombustible
construction and surface finishes, the dumping of flammable rubbish, etc. are important
issues for fire prevention.

2.3.2 Fire precaution: Objectives of fire pre-cautions:

o Measures should be taken so that the possibilities of fire occurring are lessened.
o The provision of adequate facilities to enables the occupants of the buildings to escape
safely and quickly in case of fire. Containment of fire within the buildings and to
reduce the chances of fire spreading to adjoining Buildings [Mahfuz, M., 2013].

2.3.3 Fire control: The measures for fire control have to be provided at the design phase
and during the time of building construction. The various measures are:
o Compartmentalization: It is a way of keeping a fire relatively small by dividing up a
building into fire-tight cells or units by means of fire resisting walls and floors. It is,
therefore, necessary for the multistory building so that the threat develops more
slowly. It is essential that the compartment shall survive a burn out of its combustible
contents without the collapse of the fire resisting separating elements
o Refugees: In multistory buildings it would be difficult to provide a place of safety at
the ground level. Moreover, it is impractical to evacuate completely the buildings like
shopping centers that house thousands of people of the time required, and in such
cases it is better to provide a place of safety within the building. Such “refuges” are
constructed so that they are free from smoke and fire.
o Fire alarm and Detection: In case of fire, the most primary necessity is to detect fire
and to raise the fire alarm. To reduce the loss of life and property it is obviously
important to detect the location of fire as early as possible, therefore the alarm should
be raised manually or automatically, to warn both the people and the fire fighters.
o Smoke vents and screens: Experts has pointed that, now a day‟s rather than flame is
the primary threat to life in case of a fire incident. Because smoke creates the panic [
and animal like stampeding that widely excited people crush each other to death]
situation among the fire effected people by obstructing visibility. Most of people by
fire in buildings have fears not to find an exit because of smoke, and have letter been
poisoned by carbon-monoxide gas or suffocated by oxygen deficiency. Therefore, if
the escape routes remain completely clear from smoke then the people would not be
panicked.
o Other fire extinguishers: Fire extinguishers should be chosen depending on the
severity of the fire. The common extinguishers can be both portable and fixed.
Portable fire extinguishers can be divided into five groups[Extinguisher service- GWF
Services] namely:
 water extinguisher
 carbon dioxide extinguisher
 vaporizing liquid extinguisher
 dry powder extinguisher
 foam extinguisher

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X

2.4 MEANS OF ESCAPE

It is the first and chief need and the one with the most impact on building design.
When designing escape routes or accessing their efficiency the following factors should be
kept in mind:
o 2.5 minutes for evacuation time is recommended by the fire grading committee (UK).
o Sufficient numbers of exit with adequate capacity should be located with convenient
paths of access and adequate lighting of exits.
o During the length of fire hazard all the exits should be protected from fire and smoke.
o Escape routes are desirable to be direct, unobstructed, and clearly signed.
o The exits should be same width to that of the corridors. The possible discharge rate
should be the determining fact for the exit width rather than the total number to be
discharged.
o All doors in the escape route should open in the direction of escape and should not be
lockable [Fire Doors Bristol]. Final exit doors may be secured with panic bolts.
o The openness of the escape path affects the speed of movement and may be 12.5
meters per minute in corridors and 18 meter per minutes in unconfined spaces. This
permits travel distance of 30 meter and 45 meters respectively (that is speed x
evacuation time = travel distance). Travel distance is the actual distance traveled by a
person from any point within the floor area to the relevant exit that is protected
doorway and rather depending on a single plan dimension it must be directly related
to occupancy and the use of the floor area.
o Materials which might constitute a fire hazard should not be contained even
temporary in any part of a protected escape route.
o In multistoried shopping centers along with low rise structures, the alternative escape
is a must and that should be located in the opposite direction of the main route in case
the main exit is blocked by smoke or fire.
o It is not advisable to depend on fire brigade because modern traffic conditions and
congestion may well delay their arrival.

2.5 LEGISLATION RELATING TO SHOPPING CENTERS

In the face of all the existing potential dangers, the Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakhaya
[RAJUK] has been unable to give the matter of fire safety due importance. RAJUK has very
meager rules for fire prevention, protection and control in buildings. For buildings above
six stories it requires owners:
 To install with instructions for fire extinguishers in open on each floor.
 To provide instructions for quick evacuation of the building with a fire alarm system.
With regard to the Emergency Escape Path RAJUK requires that:
 It should be within 25 meters from any place
 Its lobby should be separated from the lift lobby
 It should be connected to the ground floor.
Recent addition in RAJUK legislation‟s regarding Fire Safety in Shopping Centers:
 No shopping centre should be located within 200 m of a busy traffic node to avoid
congestion at the entry point.
 Setback rules: any shopping complex will have a setback of 1.25 m from the road front only.
 If the back and side walls of a building accommodate openings, then a maximum
setback will be 1.25 m.

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
 If a shopping centre is located in residential area, then a minimum setback will be 1.5
m from the adjacent residence.
 If a shopping arcade has roads on more than one side, then a minimum setback will be
1.5 m from the secondary roads.
 The RAJUK has refereed for adequate fire alarm, garbage provision, loading-
unloading, etc. but without specifying any standard for different building types.
 Fire Alarm should be installed in each floor of a building of more than six storey height.
 Shopping centers of 7-9 storeys should provide at least one lift and of 10-15 storeys at
least two lifts should be provided.
The capital‟s building authority has virtually no instrument to make even these
ridiculously paltry rules effective. Needless to say, the building owners and users violate
almost all the rules, making their buildings potential time-bombs for a fire disaster.

3 CASE STUDY

Table 01: List of Surveyed Shopping Center

3.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION FROM THE SURVEYED BUILDING:

3.1.1 Basement: The following situation are observed in almost all cases of surveyed
building:
 Careless disposal of waste products in the basement [Fig 02]that increase the risk of
ignition of fire
 Absence of daylight in the basement parking which will make fire-fighting difficult.
 In many cases People employed for the maintenance make their living are at
Basement.[Fig 03]
 At Navana Tower and Karnafuli Garden City, Generator and in all other cases
locations of A.H.U and maintenance room are at basement.

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Fig 02: disposal of waste products [Eastern Plaza] Fig03: Used by the occupants [Twin Tower]

3.1.2 Lift and stair and Fire Escape: All the shopping centers are providing escalator and
elevator for beauty but these are not working in hazardous situation. They do not have
notices or signs placed near the entrance, advising passengers on the use of Escalator and
Elevator to avoid accidents in case of any danger. Escape route and position of stair and
lift are analyzed below [Table 02]

Karnafuli Garden city

Plan Findings
 Stair 01 is used by the apartment and remained
locked at shopping levels. The staircase 02 for
market is not protected from fire and smoke as
it is not compartmented.[Fig 04]
 Lift lobby not separated from main lobby[Fig 05]
 Escape route is too long for evacuation.

Fig 04: Open Stair Fig 05:open lift lobby

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
Twin Tower
Plan Findings
 The only stair also used as fire exit and at
ground floor exit space used as security
room [ Fig 06].
 Lift lobby not separated from main lobby
 Escape is too long for evacuation in time.
And it is not easy to find the stair as it is
at one corner of the building

Fig 06: stair and fire exit

Navana Tower
Plan Findings
 One stair [01] remains closed all the time and another
one [02] act as fire exit but the door remained locked
at ground level.
 Lift lobby is not separated from main lobby and also
enclosed by shops and their display [Fig 07].

Fig 07:The lift and stair is enclosed by shops display

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
Eastern Plaza
Plan

Findings
 Lift lobby is not separated from
main lobby and the stair 01 is not
compartmentalized.
 Stair 02 [Fig 08] reaches at ground
floor but it is at the end point of the
building.
 Staircases are not easily visible for
quick escape in case of emergencies
 The shopping centre is too deep for
external fire fighting.
Fig:08: Open stair will be a carrier of fire and smoke

Bashundhara City
Plan Findings
At Bashundhara City all stairs lead to basement
parking and act as fire exit and these remained
under lock and key almost all the time, which
will causes hazard during the fire [Fig 09]. In all
cases adjacent lift lobby is not
compartmentalized.

Fig 09: Fire exit controlled by security guardand

remain closed at Parking level

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
North Tower
Plan Findings
 There is only one stair for the whole building.
Its width is 3‟ and act as fire exit. It remains
lock all the time.[Fig 10]
 Outside of the fire exit [escape route] remains
occupied by wash and maintenance area.

Fig 10: Closed Fire exit and its out side

3.1.3 Drop Ceiling: Combustible gypsum boards used as a suspended ceiling material in
each shopping mall which increase the risk of fire [Fig 11].

Figure11: Gypsum Board

Figure 12: Use of Fire Safety Signs and Symbols

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
3.1.4. Safety signs and symbols: Most of the centers surveyed the "No Smoking“, Fire Exit
signs displayed; only 5% have not displayed the sign[Fig 12].

3.1.5. Fire Fighting Equipment: Almost all shopping centers are well equipped with a good
number of Fire extinguisher and hydrants systems [Table 03, 04]. Fire extinguishers kept in
front of elevator, escalator, stair, toilet, and other public gathering space. Smoke detector and
fire alarm provided almost 60% shopping centre most of them are ceiling mounted .Sand
bucket present only few of the shopping center. We observed the use of fire fighting system of
Bashundhara City is best but in case of fire we find that almost all are inactive, which raised a
questioned that what is the situation of maintenance of all other cases.

Figure 13: Fire Fighting Equipments

4 OVERALL FINDINGS
From the overall analysis, it is very clear that Risk of fire and fire fighting system is not
properly addressed in our country.So that means of escape is not properly work in almost all
cases.Besides this, fire fighting equipments found more or less in almost all building.But they
are not maintained properly. Bashundhara City shopping Mall, which is in the best position of
almost all shopping center of Dhaka City regarding resign and presence ofenough fire fighting
equipment is observed in this building. Fire-fighters took more than six hours to bring the fire
under control, even though the building was said to be equipped with the most modern fire-
fighting equipment. However, Fire in this tower raised a lot of questions about the
maintenance of the building.Besides these, a lack of proper monitoring of safety precautions in
high-rise structures, as well as the fire-fighting capabilities of the Fire Brigade in our country is
also observed in this case. Lack of proper equipment and lack of exposure to latest training
methods of the Brigade are now being discussed at many quarters.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
Today the shopping centers in Dhaka city are facing the dire need for appropriate fire
safety measures, fulfillment of which may not be completely achieved at a time but
gradual application of solutions may be possible.In light of the tremendous progress and
advancement made in the UK and other developed countries with respect to fire
prevention and control in a shopping centre, the formulation of a design criteria for
Bangladesh may included the following aspects:
Escape Route:
 Generally the larger a building will be the more number of accesses should be
provided all around it, to ensure immediate escape and enable fire services to fight
fire within a dense surrounding.
 The routes should be sufficiently protected from fire and Check that escape routes are
not blocked by storing combustible materials.
 Check that escape routes are clearly indicated by exit signs.
 All escapes should have sufficient artificial and emergency lighting.
Stair and Lift Lobby: With regard to fire safety design of staircases following measures
should be consider:
 Stair should have a direct link with ground level and should not leads to basement.
 Basement should have at least two stairs, unless they are very small.
 Although artificial lighting is a necessity in shopping centers, daylight should be
ensured at least staircases.
 Spiral stairs in shopping centers, where large mixed gathering are expected, should be avoided.
 The staircase and the lift core, while considered as means of escape, should be
compartmentalized with fire resisting materials. and should be at clearly visible location.
 For multi-storey premises, staircases should not be more than 61 m apart and the
route to an alternative protected staircase and exit must not pass through the
enclosure of another.
 Stair should follow the standard (tread + riser = 17 in minimum).
 Landings should follow the standard (1.5 x stair width) practice.
 External staircases should not be suggested for escape, as they would become
hazardous, in the rainy season.
Fire Fighting Equipment:
 It is essential that fire detection and fire warning systems should be properly
designed, installed, and maintained.
 Routine checks of firefighting equipment should be carried out.
 The fire-warning signal should be distinct from other signals, which may be
accompanied by clear verbal instructions. It must be familiar with the shopkeeper.
 All the shopkeepers and security guards should be involved in regular fire drills at
least once a year, and they should be trained in the use of fire fighting appliances.
Other Consideration
 At the planning stage, sufficient foresight is needed regarding site selection.
 Within the shopping centers loading and unloading docks should be designed so as to
facilitate smooth running of the different operations
 Setback rules should be implemented and to implement it, effective legislation and
means to enforce them should be developed.
 Regular supply of water is must, in public buildings, to facilitate early fire fighting activities.

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 3, No 2 (2014) ISSN 2305-915X
 Most of the incidents in shopping centers result from short-circuit and unsafe wiring.
Therefore, proper wiring as well as regular and continued supply of electricity should
be ensured in shopping centers.
 Basically traffic congestion is a function of land use, so the mushroom growth of
shopping centers should be controlled under a comprehensive and integrated land
use transportation planning in the context of total environmental impact assessment.
 Fire Brigade of our country should need the exposure of latest training methods and
should be well-equipped with proper equipment and facilities.

5 CONCLUSION
Now it is very urgent to make our people aware about fire hazard. To meet the current
challenge, it is high time that government officials and all the concerned authorities take
appropriate measures to ensure adequate safety for people at high-rise shopping center.
There is a need to develop consciousness among owners, architects, engineers and users
that, there is genuine because for concern about the prevailing situation in legislation
regarding fire prevention. Rules should be enacted to enforce design and administrative
actions for fire prevention, precaution and control in different building types, including
shopping centers. Our Building Codes should address the fire hazard in a more specified
form and it is necessary to integrate code requirements with other design strategies to
achieve a balanced design that will provide the desired levels of safety.

REFERENCES
[1] Ahmed, N., 1992, Industrial Architecture for Developing Countries. New Delhi: Vikash
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
[2] Amernic,J., 2008, Fire Safety Disaster, Canadian Health Care Facilities, vol 28(3), ed.
Ammie Silverdood.
[3] Archive.the dailystar.net/new design
[4] Butcher, E.G. and Purnell, A.C. 1983, Designing for Fire Safety. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
[5] Extinguisher Service-GWF Services, source: http://gesservices.com/extinguisher_
serv.htm[ accessed on 24.01.2014]
[6] Fire Doors Bristol:Complete Fire Security. Source: http://firealarmsinbristol.com/fire-
doors/4560544036[ accessed on 24.01.2014]
[7] Hossain, N., 1995, Establishment of Design Criteria for Fire Safe Shopping Centres in
Dhaka City. Unpublished M.Arch Dissertation.
[8] Mahfuz,M., 2013, Safety Layout Plan of a Ready-made Garments Factory, Textile Learner, Dept
of Textile Engineering, World University, source: http://textile learner.
blogspot.com/2013/07/safety-layout-plan-ready-made-garments[accessed on 25.01.2014]
[9] Sharif,A., 2009, Fire on Bashundhara City:A crude Awakening, March 13, source:
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on 24.01.2014]
[10] Sinnot, R., 1985, Safety and Security in Building Design. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company.

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to develop their knowledge, to publish their analysis oriented scientific researches in
international Journals, books, the task of organizing workshops, seminars, conferences,
training, personality development programs and allied services.
In addition to research activities, ABC provides a good number of scholarships to the poor and
meritorious students at various levels of education throughout the world. It plays an important
role in the field of research by funding research projects and publishing the research papers.
This consortium will unquestionably become the mouth-piece of the dark horses and
unacknowledged scholar whose endowed and commendable contributions shall be provided
an outlet keeping in mind the greater good of the larger society of the world.
ABC runs the following international referred journals for creating a platform to share the
thoughts of professionals, scholars and academicians throughout the world.
ABC Publications (ABC Journals)
 Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement (4A Journal)
 Asian Business Review (ABR)
 Asian Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering (AJASE)
 Global Disclosure of Economics and Business (GDEB)
 ABC Journal of Advanced Research (ABC-JAR)
 International Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry and Theoretical Physics (IJRSTP)
 American Journal of Trade and Policy (AJTP)
 Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature (AJHAL)
 Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (MJMBR)
 Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment (APJEE)
 Engineering International (EI)
 ABC Research Alert (Online)
Each journal home page provides specific information for potential authors and subscribers.
Open access policy, the quick review process, rich editorial boards and quality publications
have already made ABC Journals unique. ABC Journals are published under the direct
supervisions of renowned academicians of the world.
Collaboration in Conference: ABC considers high-quality conference papers for publication.
Please contact us for detailed information.
Collaboration in Publishing: If you like to start writing a book, propose a new journal
or advertise in ABC journals, please feel free to contact us.

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