1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Coffee is widespread throughout the tropics with more than 70

species, all of them originating from Africa. Economically important

today are the Arabica (Coffea arabica, 64% of the world production) and

Robusta (Coffea canephora, Robusta, 35%) types, cultivated worldwide

on an estimated area of 10.3 million hectares. Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia,

Indonesia and Ethiopia are the most important producers. The crop is

produced and exported by more than 60 countries and ranks as one of

the top cash crops in the developing world (Jurgen Pohlan & Janssens,

n.d.). Before shipment, coffee is dried and a coffee moisture meter is

used to measure coffee bean moisture. Coffee must be dried from

approximately 60% moisture content to 11-12% moisture content. Coffee

is typically dried on large patios made of asphalt or cement and then

transferred to mechanical dryers. The coffee on the drying patios is

shifted every 30-40 minutes and is shaped into long rows of no more

than 5 cm height. Next to each row is open ground, which is warmed and

dried by the sun, the coffee is then shifted into the dry portion of the

patio, and the section where it was previously dried is now allowed to dry

under the sun. This helps accelerate the coffee drying process and
 2

prevents fermentation and moldy beans from developing. This method is

widely used in Brazil, but less widely used in Guatemala or Costa Rica

where the coffee is more often piled perpendicularly to the old piles.

Drying coffee solely by patio takes 6-7 days for washed coffee, 8-9 days

for pulped naturals (semi-washed), and 12-14 days for natural (dry-

processed) coffees. This is why coffee beans are typically dried on a patio

until they reach a moisture content of 15% and are then transferred to

mechanical dryers. Once the coffee reaches 25% moisture content or

less, it can be piled at night and covered with cotton cloths to allow the

coffee to breath. If it rains, these piles can also be covered with plastic.

Coffee should not be covered with burlap sacks since this will impart a

distinct burlap flavor and aroma to the coffee (“Coffee Drying”, 2016).

Since the export market pays significantly higher prices, many

coffee farmers are interested in producing coffee of sufficient quality for

this market. Inconsistencies and poor practices during processing and

drying of coffee were noted in a coffee producing area in the highlands

(Daniels, 2009). Since coffee quality depends on environmental

conditions, careful processing, and sufficient drying, these

inconsistencies may disqualify a product with potential for export.

The picking and drying of coffee

berries affect the final quality of the coffee. Majority of the farmers
 3

revealed that they strip coffee berries (ripe and unripe were harvested in

one time). This practice is contrary to the “Pick Red Campaign” of the

Philippine Coffee Board (2015). Red cherries are easier to pulp than

green ones. They also revealed that drying is depending on the available

facilities. Because of the absence of drying facilities, often times they dry

coffee berries in an open area allowing the sunlight to reduce moisture;

however, coffee berries are left in the open area for 24 hours which

sometimes absorb rains. These processes of drying degrade the quality of

coffee beans which result to lower price (Rodolfo, et al, 2016).

As they have been

engaged into the coffee farming for years, Philippine coffee farmers are

also adopting the same methodology in the drying process of their

produce as other coffee producing countries are doing.

Large scale coffee

farmers, who are in the industry, that have enough capitalization are

able to purchase/acquire sophisticated and modern coffee mechanical

drying equipment while the small-scale farmers cannot. The utilization of

an economical and affordable means of a coffee mechanical drier best

suits the small scale farmers’ requirements. There might be a mechanical

dryer available in the market, however, this is still expensive on the part

of these small-scale coffee farmers. As far as the observation of the

researchers are concerned, the need of an innovation or assembling of an

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economical coffee mechanical drier utilizing a cheaper source of energy

available in the locality where these coffee farmers operate is a necessity

for them in order to lessen their drying expenses thus, increasing their

profits. The study

aims to design and fabricate a mechanical coffee bean dryer for small

scale farmers to provide a more economical and convenient drying. It

would also provide coffee farmers a means to dry coffee beans in the

absence of the sun during unwanted weather conditions.

Conceptual Framework

Coffee production is the industrial process of converting the raw

fruit of the coffee plant into the finished coffee. The coffee cherry has the

fruit or pulp removed leaving the seed or bean which is then dried. While

all green coffee is processed, the method that is used varies and can have

a significant effect on the flavor of roasted and brewed coffee. Coffee

production is a major source of income for 12.5 million households, most

in developing countries. By adding value, processing the coffee locally,

coffee farmers and countries can increase the revenue from coffee.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production, August 17, 2019)

Common and traditional coffee drying processes will also be

assessed based on the available documents/mechanical drying

equipment innovated in comparison to general and standard drying

 5

practices and processes adopted by coffee processing plants.

Since there is no available device in measuring the

moisture content of the coffee beans, the researchers will use an

approximate method in determining the moisture content of the coffee

beans. Since the researchers are located in the

low lands, the researches will focus and use the kind of coffee produced

in the locality. The effectiveness of innovating affordable

and economical mechanical drier for coffee processing, will find the study

useful. It is also the intention of this study to incorporate common and

traditional drying practices geared towards improved coffee drying

processes that might enlighten coffee processing plant owners as to the

economical way of coffee bean drying. The researchers will be more

enhanced with the practices and processes of post-harvest coffee

processing and will be useful for conducting research and studies in

other aspects of coffee bean processing aside from the ones produced by

small scale coffee farmers. The research paradigm adopts

the IPO (Input-Process-Output) scheme and is shown in Figure 1.

The input box contains the level of

technical performance in terms of: efficiency, functionality and reliability,

level of technical soundness in terms of: assembly and genuineness of

materials and level of social acceptability in terms of: affordability, ease

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of operation, maintenance cost and usefulness of the coffee bean dryer

for small scale coffee farmers.

The Process Box contains the Design, Assembly, Technical

Performance Testing, and the Development of the Coffee Bean

Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.

The Output Box contains the output of the project

study which is Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

To develop a
prototype of: Coffee
Bean Dryer for Small
Scale Coffee
Farmers:
1. What is the level  Designing and
of technical Fabrication of
performance of the Coffee Bean
Coffee Bean Dryer Dryer for Small  Prototype of
for Small Scale Scale Coffee Coffee Bean
Coffee Farmers in Farmers Dryer for
terms of:  Assembly of Small Scale
1.1 Efficiency; Coffee Bean Coffee
1.2 Reliability and Dryer for Small Farmers
1.3 Safety of Scale Coffee  Development
Operation? of the Coffee
Farmers
2. What is the level Bean Dryer
Technical
of technical for Small
soundness of the performance
testing for the Scale Coffee
Coffee Bean Dryer
Coffee Bean Farmers
for Small Scale
Coffee Farmers in Dryer for Small
terms of: Scale Coffee
2.1 Assembly; Farmers
2.2 Genuineness
of materials?
3. What is the level
of social
acceptability of
the Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small
Scale Coffee
Farmers in terms
of:
3.1 Affordability;
3.2 Ease of
operation;
3.3 Maintenance
cost and
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FEEDBACK
Figure 1. The Research Paradigm
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to develop a better means of drying harvested

coffee beans produced by small scale coffee farmers:

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of technical performance of the Coffee Bean

Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in terms of:

1.1 Efficiency;

1.2 Reliability;

1.3 Safety of Operation?

2. What is the level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean

Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in terms of:

2.1 Assembly;

2.2 Genuineness of materials?

3. What is the level of Social acceptability of the Coffee Bean

Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in terms of:

3.1 Affordability;

3.2 Ease of operation;

3.3 Maintenance cost;

3.4. Usefulness?
 9

Assumptions of the Study

1. The level of technical performance of the Coffee Bean Dryer for

Small Scale Coffee Farmers is Satisfactory.

2. The level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for

Small Scale Coffee Farmers is moderately sound.

3. The level of social acceptability of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small

Scale Coffee Farmers is moderately acceptable.

Significance of the study

The Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers will benefit

the following:

Local Coffee Farmers. The results of this project study will help

this group especially in areas where traditional drying process (sun

drying) is still practiced in drying coffee beans in a more efficient and

convenient way.

Coffee Drying Companies. It is the intention of this project

study to incorporate common and traditional drying practices geared

towards improved coffee drying processes that might enlighten coffee

drying companies as to the economic aspect. This project study will give

the strategy and ideas available for improvement in coffee drying

companies.
 10

Administrators of NPCMST. This study will help promote the

institution if the project will go to market as a product.

Faculty of College of Mechanical Engineering. This study can be

used as their future reference and as a model for other subjects

particularly mechanical major subjects.

Mechanical Engineering Students. This study can be used as

their reference when conducting a similar study.

Researchers. The results of this study will give them necessary

data for innovations.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a basis for

assessment and evaluation for development. Furthermore, this can help

future researchers as their reference material in their academic

purposes.

Scope and Delimitation of the Project study

This project study will be limited on the design and

development of a Coffee Bean Dryer that will provide Coffee farmers a

means to dry Coffee Beans in the absence of the sun during unwanted

weather conditions. This project study will be conducted at Allangigan,

San Juan, La Union from July 2019 to March 2020. It will be evaluated

by sixty one (61) respondents which consists of two (2) panelists, two (2)

mechanical instructors and two (2) electrical instructors of the NPCMST,

 11

twenty (20) coffee farmers and seventeen (17) 2nd year mechanical

engineering students and eighteen (18) 5th year electrical engineering

students of the College of Engineering of Northern Philippines College for

Maritime, Science and Technology (NPCMST) Lingsat, San Fernando City,

La Union.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined:

Affordability. It refers to the cost of the prototype that is not too

high or too expensive for people of limited means.

Assembly. This refers to the overall proper fixation of the parts of

the prototype.

Coffee Bean. This refers to the post-harvest product being used in

this study.

Design. This refers to the plan or drawing of the coffee bean dryer

for small-scale coffee farmers together with the evaluation of the function

of its different parts.

Coffee Bean Dryer. This refers to the designed coffee bean dryer

which is furnace – equipped and has an output capacity of approximately

5kg. of coffee bean.

Design and Fabrication of Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers. This refers to the design and development of the

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Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers which was evaluated in

terms of a) level of technical performance; b) level of technical soundness

and c) level of social acceptability.

Dry Process. This is the oldest method of processing coffee. The

entire cherry after harvest is first cleaned and then placed in the sun to

dry on tables or in thin layers on patios. In this project study, dry

process is done through the heat coming from the firewood/charcoal

which is blown by a fan inside the basin where the coffee beans are

placed.

Ease of Operation. This refers to the effort of the user to operate

the prototype at ease.

Efficiency. This pertains to the operation at a desired level of the

coffee bean dryer to dry coffee beans especially during unwanted weather

conditions and in the absence of the sun as compared to the traditional

sun drying.

Fabrication. This refers to the process that uses material selection

and the development of the coffee been dryer for small scale coffee

farmers.

Functionality. This is the ability of the prototype to dry coffee

beans
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Genuineness of Materials. This refers to the originality of the

materials used in the study.

Level of social acceptability. This refers to the machine’s quality

of being accepted by users. The level of acceptability is measured in

terms of affordability, maintenance cost, and ease of operation.

Level of technical performance. This refers to the key technical

goals needed to be met by the design and fabrication of coffee been dryer

for small scale coffee farmers. The level of technical performance in this

study is measured in terms of efficiency, functionality, reliability and

usefulness.

Level of technical soundness. This refers to the physical

characteristics and acceptable appearance of the study

Maintenance cost. This is the cost needed to keep the machine in

good condition and good working.

Moisture Content. This is usually expressed as moisture quantity

per unit weight of the wet solid or gross weight of the body.

Portability. This refers to the quality of machine that is easy to

carry and transport.

Reliability. This refers to the consistency of the prototype to be

patronized by the users.

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Small scale Coffee Farmers. This refers to the group of local

coffee farmers especially in the highlands who practice traditional coffee

bean drying process.

Safety of Operation. This refers to the condition where machine

parts are well assembled for the protection of the user.

Usefulness. It is the condition of our prototype to have a practical

use and easy operation.

Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This project study will use the combination of the descriptive and

developmental methods of research. The descriptive method of research

is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the

phenomena to describe ''what exists" with respect to variables or

conditions in a situation (http://education-portal.com/academy,

September 13, 2018). The researchers opted to use this kind of research

considering the desire to obtain first hand data from the respondents so

as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations

regarding the level of technical performance, level of social acceptability

and level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers.
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The developmental research method is the systematic study of

designing, developing and evaluating instructional programs, process,

and products that must meet criteria of internal consistency and

effectiveness. In this project study, the developmental research design

was used to the development of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers

Respondents and Locale of the Study

The respondents of this project study were the five (5) faculty

members of Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and

Technology (NPCMST) consisting of two (2) Mechanical Engineers, three

(3) Electrical Engineers, Head of TechVoc, seventeen (17) Second Year

Mechanical Engineering Students from the College of Engineering of

Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and Technology

(NPCMST), eighteen (18) Fifth Year Electrical Engineering Students from

the College of Engineering of Northern Philippines College for Maritime,

Science and Technology (NPCMST) and twenty (20) Coffee Farmers in

Santol, La Union and Sigay, Ilocos Sur. The following table below (Table

1) shows the distribution of respondents of this study.

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Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Respondents n

Second Year ME Students 17

Fifth Year EE Students 18

Electrical Engineer 3

Mechanical Engineer 2

Head of TechVoc 1

Coffee Farmers 20

Total 61

Where: n = number of respondents

Instrumentation
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The researchers used a questionnaire to gather data on the level of

technical performance, level of social acceptability and level of technical

soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers. The

first part consists of questions to determine the level of technical

performance of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in

terms of efficiency, reliability and safety of operation. The second part

consists of questions to determine the level of social acceptability in

terms of affordability, maintenance cost, ease of operation, portability

and usefulness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.

The third part consists of questions to determine the level of technical

soundness in terms of assembly and genuineness of materials of the

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.

Validity of the Questionnaire

The initial draft of the questionnaire will be presented to the

Research Panel to ascertain the validity of the questions made. The

comments and suggestions of the Research Panel will be considered in

the revision of the questionnaire for the final draft.

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Mean Descriptive
Indicators Rating Equivalent

1. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items

relative to the acceptable manifestations of the 4.63 Very Highly Valid
level of technical performance of the Coffee
Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
2. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items
relative to the acceptable manifestations of the 4.50 Very Highly Valid
level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
3. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items
relative to the acceptable manifestations of the 4.70 Very Highly Valid
level of social acceptability of the Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
4. Precision and clarity of the indicators/ item
to elicit the appropriate response as basis in 4.86 Very Highly Valid
obtaining relevant and accurate data.
5. Use of correct and appropriate grammar 4.59 Very Highly Valid
and syntax.
6. Use of appropriate and acceptable
structures in terms of style, format, 4.54 Very Highly Valid
 19

appearance and length of the questionnaire to

sustain the respondents and to enthusiasm in
the diligently answering the entire
questionnaire.

Grand Mean 4.67 Very Highly Valid

\0Table 2. Validity of the Questionnaire

The grand mean being 4.67 signifies that the questionnaire was Very

Highly Valid.

Data Analysis

To determine the level of technical performance, level of social

acceptability and the level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean

Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers, weighted mean will be used.

Weighted mean is the average mean wherein every quantity to be

averaged has a corresponding weight.

Statistically, the weighted mean is calculated using the formula:

 20

∑ ( x∗w)
Χ = i=1 n

∑w
i=1

Where:

Χ = weighted mean

x = rating

w = weight

Categorization of Data

Level of Technical Performance

Point Value Mean Range Descriptive Equivalent

5 4.20 - 5.00 Very Highly Satisfactory (VHS)

4 3.40 - 4.19 Highly Satisfactory (HS)

3 2.60 - 3.39 Satisfactory(S)

2 1.80 - 2.59 Fair (F)

1 1.00 - 1.79 Poor (P)

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Level of Social Acceptability

Point Value Mean Range Descriptive Equivalent

5 4.20 - 5.00 Very Highly Acceptable(VHA)

4 3.40 - 4.19 Highly Acceptable (HA)

3 2.60 - 3.39 Moderately Acceptable (MA)

2 1.80 - 2.59 Fairly Acceptable (FA)

1 1.00 - 1.79 Not at All Acceptable (NAA)

Level of Technical Soundness

Point Value Mean Range Descriptive Equivalent

5 4.20 - 5.00 Very Highly Sound(VHS)

4 3.40 - 4.19 Highly Sound (HS)

3 2.60 - 3.39 Moderately Sound (MS)

2 1.80 - 2.59 Sound (S)

1 1.00 - 1.79 Not at All Sound (NAAS)

A. Design and Development of the Project

To have a better look and idea on the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small

Scale Coffee Farmers, the researchers drafted and designed a model of

the prototype. The measurements of the parts are estimated by the

researchers. Shown in figure below:

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Figure 1. Model of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Farmers
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Sections of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers

Figure 2. Structural Plan

Figure 3. Basin Opening Details

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Figure 4. Longitudinal Section

Figure 5. Cross Section

Dryer Dimensions
 25

Airflow Diagram of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee
Farmers

Figure 6. Air Flow Diagram

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Figure 7. Block Diagram

Basic Operations of the

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers

The process would begin by supplying charcoal or firewood into the

furnace (0.2m x 0.2m x 0.2m) that would provide heat to the proposed

Mechanical Dryer for coffee beans (5kg) with stirrer. A metal plate (0.18m

x 0.18m x 0.01m) is placed on the top of the furnace that would transfer

heat in the duct (0.4m) through the process of conduction. An exhaust

tube (0.0127m. dia.) would serve as a passage way for exhaust gases that

might contaminate the hot air gas to be fed to the mechanical dryer. The

hot air gas would be delivered by a fan (0.1524m) to the drying basin

(0.275m. radius). It would then be constantly stirred until the desired

moisture content of the coffee bean is attained. The Mechanical Coffee

bean dryer is designed with a stirrer to provide even drying of coffee

beans and a charcoal furnace as a heat source of the Dryer.

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Materials

The researchers went through canvassing of materials which are

needed to assemble the coffee dryer. The following are the materials to be

used:

1. Angle Bar (1in. x 1in.)- It is used as a frame and a strength member of

the prototype.

2. Flat Sheet – It is used in making ducting, basin, cover and the

furnace.
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3. Adopter (220V-12V) - It serves as the power supply for the mechanism

and the fan motor

4. Exhaust Fan (6m.) – It is used to deliver the heated air to the drying
basin

5. Copper Wire – It is where the electric power passes through.

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6. GI pipe (0.5”) - Serves as passage of smoke from the furnace.

7. Flat Bar (1in.) – It is used as a strength member of the prototype and

holds the exhaust fan to the ducting.

8. Corrugated Steel Bar (8mm.) – Used as a stand of the prototype and

holder of the cover

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9. Thermometer – It is used to measure the heat of the basin

10. Charcoal / Firewood – serves as the source of heat for the drying

process

11. Rivets – Use to connect the G.I. sheets

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12. Welding Electrodes – It is used to weld the metals of the prototype

13. Paint – It is used to give the prototype color and prevent from rust.
 32

Table 3. Cost of Labor and Materials

Amount
Item Quantity(pc.) Unit price (Php)

Angle Bar 1 200.00 200.00

GI Flat 1 540.00 540.00

Sheet(1.5mm)

Corrugated 1 140.00 140.00

Steel Bar
(8mm)

GI Pipe 1 105.00 105.00

(0.5'')dia.

Welding ¼ 130.00 25.00

Rod/kg

Paint 1 73.00 73.00

Rivets 1 80.00 80.00

Flat Bar 1 275.00 275.00

(2.54mm)

Exhaust Fan 1 780.00 780.00

(15.24mm)

Inverter 1 150.00 150.00

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Subtotal 2368.00

Labor Cost 35% of the Total Cost 710.40

Grand Total Cost 3078.40

Based on the material cost and labor cost of the researchers, the

proposed price upon procurement of the device will sum up to 3698.25

PhP.

Tools and Equipments

The researchers used the following tools in the Coffee Bean Dryer

for Small Scale Coffee Farmers

1. Side Cutter – used in cutting the wires and sharp edges of the coffee

dryer

2. Welding Machine - used in assembling the coffee dryer.

 34

3. Riveter – Used in assembling the parts of the basin and the ducting

4. Oxy-acetylene - Used in soldering the metals of the dryer.

5. Metal Plate Sheet Cutter Cutting Scissors – Used in cutting flat sheet
used in the ducting and the basin of the dryer.
 35

6. Hand Drill – Used in making holes for riveting

7. Angle Grinder - Used to cut the metals and smoothen the sharp edges
of the dryer.

8. Pliers – Used to hold the flat G.I. flat sheet while fabricating for safety
purposes.
 36

9. Paint Brush – Used to apply paint into the dryer

10. Dowel Rod - Used for joining together the pieces of metals.

11. Level Bar – Used to check if the dryer is in level for the coffee beans
to be uniformly dried.
 37

12. Welding Gloves – Used while welding for the welder to be safe and to
work at ease

13. Welding Mask - Used to protect the face of the welder to prevent from
heat and the light coming from the welding

14. Safety Goggles – Used to protect the eyes while grinding, cutting
metals and drilling
 38

15. Safety Gloves – Used to protect the hands to avoid any injury

16. Safety Coverall – Used to protect the body while working

B. Fabrication of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee

Farmers

Step by Step Procedure in the Construction of the Prototype of the

 39

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee

Farmers
1. For the Basin

1.1 Measure the designated sizes, 0.55m for the diameter of the
base of the basin

1.2 Make a 1.5-inch hole for the stirrer

1.3 Cut the sizes measured (0.60m for the cover and 0.3m for

the height of the basin)

 40

1.4 Assemble the basin with the cover

1.5 Make a hole for the thermometer and hot air exit

1.6 Install the stand 0.2m long

 41

2. For the Ducting

2.1 Measure 0.4m x 0.2m to G.I. flat sheet for the ducting

2.2 Make holes 0.5inch for the G.I. pipe that will serve as
exhaust.

2.3 Cut a G.I. flat sheet 0.2m for the furnace

 42

2.4 Assemble the ducting

2.5 Connect the ducting to the basin

2.6 Install the G.I. pipe into the ducting

 43

2.7 Connect the furnace “0.2m x 0.2m x 0.2m” below the ducting

3. For the Accessories

3.1 Install the stirrer with the electric motor

3.2 Install the 6in exhaust fan

 44

3.3 Install the inverter for the electric motor

3.4 Paint the Mechanical Coffee Bean Dryer

 45

Figure 8. Prototype of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee

Farmers

A. Cover – used to protect the coffee beans

B. Basin – used as a reservoir for the coffee beans

C. Duct – serves as a passage way for the heated air

D. Furnace – where the fuel is burned and ignited

E. Exhaust Fan – used to push the hot air inside the basin

F. Exhaust Tubes – used as passage way for the smoke emitted in

the furnace
 46

Table 4. Timeline of the Assembly of Coffee Bean Dryer for Small

Scale Coffee Farmers.

Date and Time Activity Person Labor Cost

Responsible
October 30, 2016 Buying, collecting The Based on the
and cutting of Researchers agreement of the
required materials laborer and the
for the prototype. contractors, the
total expenses
on material
November 9, Constructing, The
costs multiplied
2019 assembling and Researchers
by 50%
welding the coffee
dryer.
December 21, Constructing, The
2019 assembling, painting Researchers
and installation of
ducting with the
basin.
 47

January 23, Testing of the Coffee The 3, 078.40 (0.50)

2020 Bean Dryer for Small Researchers Php
Scale Coffee = 710.40 Php,
Farmers. Labor Cost

Ethical Considerations

The study was conducted in accordance with the research protocol

set by the concerned institution. Moreover, the researchers assure that

the idea and design used in the study is original and not adopted to any

preceding research materials or products available in the market.

Furthermore, the participants were properly informed of the objectives

and/or purposes of the study indicated in the cover letter of the

questionnaire and that the researcher must obtain first the participants'

consent before conducting all and any form of gathering information

needed for the study.

Thus, the participants were not subjected to coercion, physical,

emotional and other forms of harm. The data gathered was treated with

utmost confidentiality as well as to promote integrity of the sources or

references used in the study.

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Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Problem No. 1

What is the level of technical performance of the Coffee Bean Dryer

for Small Scale Coffee Farmers?

Table 5. Level of Technical Performance of Coffee Bean Dryer for

Small Scale Coffee Farmers.

Indicators Mean Descriptive Equivalent

Rating

1. Efficiency

1.1 It dries up coffee beans at a desirable 4.67 Very Highly Satisfactory

level and at a desired length of time.
 49

1.2 It can dry up to maximum of 5kg 4.75 Very Highly Satisfactory

coffee beans at a desired length of time.

1.3 It dries the coffee beans in a faster 4.71 Very Highly Satisfactory
way compared to the traditional sun
drying.

Sub mean 4.86

2. Reliability

2.1. It can be used as a substitute to the 4.75 Very Highly Satisfactory

traditional sun drying.

2.2. It can be used during rainy seasons. 4.71 Very Highly Satisfactory

Sub mean 4.60

3. Safety of Operation

3.1. The machine parts are well 4.75 Very Highly Satisfactory
assembled and durable for the protection
of the user.

3.2. The machine can be simply operated 4.71 Very Highly Satisfactory
and comes with an operations manual.

Sub mean 4.43

Grand mean 4.63 Very Highly

Satisfactory

Table 5 presents the level of technical performance of the Coffee

Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers. On item 1, “Efficiency”

obtained the highest mean score of 4.86 described as Very Highly

 50

Satisfactory. This implies that the prototype consumes wood but it

produces enough heat necessary for drying coffee beans and a faster way

to dry coffee beans compared to traditional sun drying. The prototype

dried the coffee beans in 5 hours compared to sun drying that consumes

6-8 days

Meanwhile, item 2 on “Reliability” obtained a mean score of 4.60

described as Very Highly Satisfactory. This implies that the prototype

can be used as mechanical coffee bean dryer and traditional sun drying

substitute. Item 3 on “Safety of Operation” obtained a mean score of

4.43 described as Very Highly Satisfactory. This implies that the

prototype parts are well assembled and durable for the protection of the

user and does involve simple operation.

As a whole, the level of technical performance of the prototype

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers has a grand mean of

4.63 described as Very Highly Satisfactory. This implies that the

prototype is working effectively and efficiently.

Problem No. 2

What is the level of Technical Soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer

for Small Scale Coffee Farmers?

Table 6. Level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for

Small Scale Coffee Farmers.

Indicators Mean Descriptive Equivalent

Rating

1. Assembly
 51

1.1 The materials are welded and 4.67 Very Highly Sound
soldered properly.

1.2 The coffee bean dryer is well built 4.43 Very Highly Sound
and painted.

Sub mean 4.54

2. Genuineness of materials

2.1. The parts are purchased with best 4.75 Very Highly Sound
quality.

2.2. The parts are durable. 4.71 Very Highly Sound

Sub mean 4.44

Grand mean 4.48 Very Highly Sound

Table 6 presents the level of Technical Soundness of the Coffee

Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers. Item 1 on “Assembly”

obtained the highest mean record of 4.54 described as Very Highly

Sound. This implies that the prototype is well built and the parts are
 52

welded and soldered properly. Item 2 on the “Genuineness of materials”

has a mean score of 4.44 described as Very Highly Sound. This implies

that the prototype parts are purchased with the best quality and are free

of corrosion.

As a whole, the level of technical soundness of the Coffee

Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers obtained a grand mean of

4.48 described as Very Highly Sound. This implies that the prototype

parts are original and well assembled.

Problem No. 3

What is the level of Social Acceptability of the Coffee Bean Dryer for
Small Scale Coffee Farmers?

Table 7. Level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean Dryer for

Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
 53

Indicators Mean Descriptive Equivalent

Rating

1. Affordability

1.1 Components and parts installed in 4.67 Very Highly Acceptable

the machine are available commercially at
low price

2. Ease of Operation

2.1 The cost needed to keep machine in 4.56 Very Highly Acceptable
good working condition is expensive.

3. Maintenance Cost

3.1 The machine is easy to operate. 4.46 Very Highly Acceptable

3.2 It can be operated single - handedly 4.75 Very Highly Acceptable

4. Usefulness

4.1 It can be used during unwanted 4.46 Very Highly Acceptable

weather conditions.

4.2 It serves as an emergency dryer. 4.75 Very Highly Acceptable

Grand mean 4.70 Very Highly Acceptable

 54

Table 7 presents the level of social acceptability of the Coffee

Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers. Item 1 on “Affordability”

obtained a mean score of 4.67 described as Very Highly Acceptable.

This implies that the prototype’s components and parts are available

commercially at low cost. Item 2 on “Ease of Operation” obtained a mean

score of 4.56 described as Very Highly Acceptable. This implies that the

prototype is easy to operate. Item 3 on “Maintenance Cost” obtained a

mean score of 4.67 described as Very Highly Acceptable. This implies

that the cost needed to keep prototype in good working condition is

inexpensive. Item 4 on “Usefulness” obtained a mean score of 4.88

described as Very Highly Acceptable. This implies that the prototype

can be used for drying coffee beans as a substitute to traditional sun

drying.

As a whole, the level of social acceptability of the Coffee Bean Dryer

for Small Scale Coffee Farmers has a grand mean of 4.70 described as

Very Highly Acceptable. This implies that the prototype is very highly

acceptable to the consumers.

 55

TESTING RESULTS
Comparative results on the performance of the Coffee Bean Dryer
for Small Scale Coffee Farmers over traditional sun drying.

Drying Method Drying Outcome

Time

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers 5 hours Dried Coffee Beans
and 35
minutes

Sun drying 6-8 days Dried Coffee Beans

Based on the readings above, the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale

Coffee Farmers and the traditional sun drying can dry coffee beans but
the

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers can dry coffee beans at

a faster range of time.

 56

Chapter 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This project study aimed to design and fabricate a Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers. Specifically, this project study
answered the following questions: 1.) What is the level of technical
performance of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in
terms of 1.1) Efficiency; 1.2) Reliability; and 1.3) Safety of Operation? 2.)
What is the lever of Technical Soundness of Coffee Bean Dryer for Small
Scale Coffee Farmers in terms of: 2.1) Assembly; and 2.2) Genuineness
of materials? 3.) What is the Level of Social Acceptability Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers in terms of: 3.1) Affordability; 3.2)
Ease of operation; 3.3) Maintenance Cost; and 3.4) Usefulness? The
descriptive developmental research design was used utilizing a
questionnaire to gather data from sixty-one (61) respondents. Weighted
mean was used to analyze the data gathered.
The study revealed that the level of technical performance of the
Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers was found to be Very
Highly Satisfactory. The level of technical soundness of the Coffee
Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers was found to be Very Highly
Sound. The level of social acceptability of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small
Scale Coffee Farmers was found to be Very Highly Acceptable.
 57

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the researchers arrived to the

following conclusions:

1. The Very Highly Satisfactory level of technical performance of the

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers implies that the

prototype is working effectively and efficiently.

2. The Very Highly Sound level of the Coffee Bean Dryer for Small

Scale Coffee Farmers implies that the prototype is well assembled with

material strength in optimum condition.

3. The Very Highly Acceptable level of the social acceptability of the

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers implies that it can be

patronized by consumers especially coffee farmers.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions made, the following recommendations

were derived:

1. Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers is recommended to

be used in homes especially in rural areas where traditional sun drying

is being practiced.

2. Future researchers could make a similar project study with the

following improvement and development:

2.1 Modification of the cover by installing a glass on it that will be

used to check or monitor if the coffee beans were already dried.

2.2 Installing a thermometer on the prototype to monitor the

 58

heat inside the basin.

2.3 Installing a smoke minimizer on the furnace to lessen the

smoke emission of the prototype.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books
Daniels, N. (2009) “Variations in Coffee Processing and Their
Impact on Quality and Consistency” pages 96 – 103.
Jurgen Pohlan, H. A., & Janssens, M. J. J. (n.d.). “Growth and
Production of Coffee”. SOILS, PLANT GROWTH AND CROP
PRODUCTION, vol. 3, pages 26-35
Rodolfo, R. A., Calsiyao, I. S., Duclayan, R. M., & Himson, J. A.
(2016) Coffee Farmers Socio-Economic Status, Problems
Encountered and Potential Intervention for the Enhancement
of the Coffee Industry in Balbalan, Kalinga, Philippines.
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research,
vol. 4(1), page. 582.
Varadharaju, N., Karunanidhi, C.,& Kailappan. (2001) COFFEE
CHERRY DRYING: A TWO LAYER. Drying technology,
19(3/4), page 709.

B. Internet Services
Coffee Drying. (2016). Coffeeresearch.org. Retrieved 15 December
2016, from http://www.coffeeresearch.org/agriculture/drying.htm
De Sousa, J. and Roberto, C. D. “New Technologies for the
Drying of Coffee”, Hygienic Coffee Drying, (N.D) Available online.
http://www.ico.org/projects/Good-Hygiene-
Practices/cnt/cnt_fr/sec_3/docs_3.2/New%20Technologies.pdf
(October 22, 2016)
Gautz L., Smith, V. E., & Bittenbender, H. C. (March 2008).
“Measuring Coffee Bean Moisture Content”.
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/EN-3.pdf
Kape Umali Store - Kape Umali - Philippine Supplier of Coffee
Beans, Machines, Barista Training. (2016). Kape Umali -
Philippine Supplier of Coffee Beans, Machines, Barista Training.
Retrieved 15 December 2016, from https://kapeumali.com/coffee-
store/
 59

Appendix A

Letter to the Respondents

Northern Philippines College for Maritime Science and Technology

Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union

February 3, 2020

Dear Respondents,

The undersigned are presently undertaking a project study entitled,

Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers as a requirement
for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.

In this regard, the undersigned earnestly request you to accomplish

appropriately the attached questionnaire herein. Please feel free to
answer the questions as honestly as possible and rest assured that all
information you provide will be treated with high confidentiality and that
these will be treated solely to suit the purpose of this project study.

We will highly appreciate with deep gratitude your full support and
participation in this endeavor. God bless and thank you very much.

Yours truly,

(Sgd.) JEREMY L. DINGLE

(Sgd.) ROCKWELL C LOBINGCO

(Sgd.) NOEL M. MARZAN

(Sgd.) JOSE LORENZO A. REFELINO

(Sgd.) MICHAEL JOHN S. UBUAN

(Sgd.) REYSTER A. VALDRIZ

Researchers
 60

Noted by: (Sgd.) Engr. Ariz A. Galvez

Research Adviser

Appendix B

Letter to the Validators

Northern Philippines College for Maritime Science and Technology

Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union

February 3, 2020

Dear Validator,

Greetings. The undersigned are currently undertaking a project study

entitled, Coffee Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers as a
curricular requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering.

In this regard, the undersigned earnestly request your generous

assistance in this endeavor by considering the validity of the researcher
made questionnaire herewith attached for your kind pursual. Certain
that with your expertise and advocacy toward quality and excellence in
research, your assessment of the questionnaire will contribute
immeasurably to the worthiness and success of this academic pursuit.
God Bless and thank you very much.

Attachments:
Questionnaire
Questionnaire on Validity

Yours truly,

(Sgd.) JEREMY L. DINGLE

(Sgd.) ROCKWELL C LOBINGCO
(Sgd.) NOEL M. MARZAN
(Sgd.) JOSE LORENZO A. REFELINO
(Sgd.) MICHAEL JOHN S. UBUAN
 61

(Sgd.) REYSTER A. VALDRIZ

Researchers
Noted by: (Sgd.) Engr. Ariz A. Galvez
Research Adviser

Appendix C

Validity of the Questionnaire

I. Direction: Put a check mark (√) on the column that corresponds to
the descriptive value of your choice.

Scale Value Descriptive Equivalent

5 Very Highly Valid (VHV)
4 Highly Valid (HV)
3 Moderately Valid (MV)
2 Fairly Valid (FV)
1 Not Valid (NV)
Validator's Ratings
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items
relative to the acceptable manifestations of the
level of technical performance of the Coffee
Bean Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
2. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items
relative to the acceptable manifestations of the
level of technical soundness of the Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
3. Comprehensiveness of the indicators/ items
relative to the acceptable manifestations of the
level of social acceptability of the Coffee Bean
Dryer for Small Scale Coffee Farmers.
4. Precision and clarity of the indicators/ item
to elicit the appropriate response as basis in
obtaining relevant and accurate data.
5. Use of correct and appropriate grammar and
syntax.
 62

6. Use of appropriate and acceptable structures

in terms of style, format, appearance and
length of the questionnaire to sustain the
respondents and to enthusiasm in the
diligently answering the entire questionnaire.

Appendix D
Questionnaire
A PROTOTYPE OF COFFEE BEAN DRYER FOR SMALL SCALE
COFFEE FARMERS
I. Direction: Put a check mark (√) on the column that corresponds to
the descriptive value of your choice.
Scale Value Descriptive Equivalent
5 Very Highly Satisfactory (VHS)
4 Highly Satisfactory (HS)
3 Satisfactory (S)
2 Fair (F)
1 Poor (P)

1. Level of Technical Performance

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
VHS HS S F P
1. Efficiency
1.1 It dries up coffee beans at a desirable
level and at a desired length of time.
1.2 It can dry up to maximum of 5kg
coffee beans at a desired length of time.
1.3 It dries the coffee beans in a faster
way compared to the traditional sun drying.
2. Reliability
2.1. It can be used as a substitute to the
traditional sun drying.
 63

2.2. It can be used during rainy seasons.

3. Safety of Operation
3.1. The machine parts are well
assembled and durable for the protection of
the user.
3.2. The machine can be simply operated
and comes with an operations manual.

II. Direction: Put a check mark (√) on the column that corresponds to the
descriptive value of your choice.

Scale Value Descriptive Equivalent

5 Very Highly Sound (VHS)
4 Highly Sound (HS)
3 Moderately Sound (MS)
2 Fairly Sound (FS)
1 Not at All Sound (NAAS)
2. Level of Technical Soundness

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
VHS HS MS FS NAS
1. Assembly
1.1. The materials are welded and
soldered properly.
1.2. The coffee bean dryer is well built
and painted.
2. Genuineness of materials
2.1. The parts are purchased with best
quality.
2.2. The parts are durable.
 64

III. Direction: Put a check mark (√) on the column that corresponds to
the descriptive value of your choice.

Scale Value Descriptive Equivalent

5 Very Highly Acceptable (VHA)
4 Highly Acceptable (HA)
3 Moderately Acceptable (MA)
2 Fairly Acceptable (FA)
1 Not at All Acceptable (NAA)
3. Level of Social Acceptability
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
VHA HA MA FA NAA
1. Affordability
1.1. Components and parts installed in
the machine are available commercially at
low price.
2. Ease of operation
2.1. The cost needed to keep machine in
good working condition is inexpensive.
3. Maintenance Cost
3.1. The machine is easy to operate.
3.2 It can be operated single-handedly.
4. Usefulness
4.1. It can be used during unwanted
weather conditions.
4.2. It serves as an emergency dryer.

Comments/Suggestions:
 65

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
THANK YOU!

CURRICULUM
VITAE
66
 67

Dingle, Jeremy L.
Alangigan, San Juan, La Union
0945-148-5620
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 –
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
CICOSAT COLLEGE 2014 - 2015
Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Primary
Nadsaag Elementary School 2009 -
2010 Nadsaag, San Juan, La Union

Personal Information

Date of Birth : March 2, 1999

Place of Birth : Alangigan, San Juan,
La Union Age : 20
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship :
Filipino
 68

Lobingco, Rockwell C.
Ramot, Santol, La Union
0921-761-7456
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 -
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
Santol Vocational High School Liguay Annex 2014 –
2015 Puguil, Santol, La Union
Primary
Liguay Elementary School 2010 -
2011 Puguil, Santol, La Union

Personal Information

Date of Birth : December 10, 1997

Place of Birth : Paranaque, Metro
Manila Age : 22
-Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship :
Filipino
 69

Marzan, Noel M.
Calliat, Balaoan, La Union
0998-230-7696
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 -
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
Sinapangan National High School 2012 - 2013
Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Primary
Sinapangan Sur Elementary School 2007 -
2008 Tal – lipugo, Balaoan, La Union

Personal Information

Date of Birth : March 20, 1996

Place of Birth : San Fernando City, La
Union Age : 23
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Married
Citizenship : Filipino
 70

Refelino, Jose Lorenzo A.

102 Honeymoon Road, Baguio City
0995-165-1408
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 -
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
Saint Louis High School - Philex 2011 -
2012 Philex Mining Corp., Padcal, Tuba, Benguet
Primary
Philex Mines Elementary School Inc. 2006 -
2007 Philex Mining Corp., Padcal, Tuba, Benguet

Personal Information

Date of Birth : July 18, 1994

Place of Birth : Padcal, Tuba,
Benguet Age : 25
Gender : Male
Civil Status
: Single Citizenship
: Filipino
 71

Ubuan, Michael John S.

San Elias, Sigay, Ilocos Sur
0975-873-4699
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 -
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
The Sisters of Mary School 2012 -
2013 Adlas, Silang, Cavite
Primary
San Elias Elementary School 2008 -
2009 San Elias, Sigay, Ilocos Sur

Personal Information

Date of Birth : January 1, 1996

Place of Birth : San Elias, Sigay,
Ilocos Sur Age : 23
Gender : Male
Civil Status
: Single Citizenship
: Filipino
 72

Valdriz, Reyster A.
Nadsaag, San Juan, La Union
0939-387-1549
[email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 2019 -
2020 Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and
Technology Inc. Lingsat, San Fernando City, La Union
Secondary
San Juan National High School 2013 -
2014 Ili Norte, San Juan, La Union
Primary
Nadsaag Elementary School 2008 - 209
Nadsaag, San Juan, La Union

Personal Information

Date of Birth : May 1, 1998

Place of Birth :Nadsaag, San Juan,
La Union Age : 21
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship :
Filipino