Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

Chapter 05
Risk and Return: Past and Prologue
 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. You put up $50 at the beginning of the year for an investment. The value of the investment
grows 4% and you earn a dividend of $3.50. Your HPR was ____. 
A. 4.00%
B. 3.50%
C. 7.00%
D. 11.00%

2. The ______ measure of returns ignores compounding. 

A. geometric average
B. arithmetic average
C. IRR
D. dollar weighted

3. If you want to measure the performance of your investment in a fund, including the timing
of your purchases and redemptions you should calculate the __________. 
A. geometric average return
B. arithmetic average return
C. dollar weighted return
D. index return

4. Which one of the following measure time weighted returns?

I. Geometric average return
II. Arithmetic average return
III. Dollar weighted return 
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I and III only

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

5. Rank the following from highest average historical return to lowest average historical
return from 1926-2008.
I. Small stocks
II. Long term bonds
III. Large stocks
IV. T-bills 
A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, IV, II, I
C. I, III, II, IV
D. III, I, II, IV

6. Rank the following from highest average historical standard deviation to lowest average
historical standard deviation from 1926-2008.
I. Small stocks
II. Long term bonds
III. Large stocks
IV. T-bills 
A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, IV, II, I
C. I, III, II, IV
D. III, I, II, IV

7. You have calculated the historical dollar weighted return, annual geometric average return
and annual arithmetic average return. If you desire to forecast performance for next year, the
best forecast will be given by the ________. 
A. dollar weighted return
B. geometric average return
C. arithmetic average return
D. index return

8. The complete portfolio refers to the investment in _________. 

A. the risk-free asset
B. the risky portfolio
C. the risk-free asset and the risky portfolio combined
D. the risky portfolio and the index

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

9. You have calculated the historical dollar weighted return, annual geometric average return
and annual arithmetic average return. You always reinvest your dividends and interest earned
on the portfolio. Which method provides the best measure of the actual average historical
performance of the investments you have chosen? 
A. Dollar weighted return
B. Geometric average return
C. Arithmetic average return
D. Index return

10. The holding period return on a stock is equal to _________. 

A. the capital gain yield over the period plus the inflation rate
B. the capital gain yield over the period plus the dividend yield
C. the current yield plus the dividend yield
D. the dividend yield plus the risk premium

11. Your timing was good last year. You invested more in your portfolio right before prices
went up and you sold right before prices went down. In calculating historical performance
measures which one of the following will be the largest? 
A. Dollar weighted return
B. Geometric average return
C. Arithmetic average return
D. Mean holding period return

12. Published data on past returns earned by mutual funds are required to be ______. 
A. dollar weighted returns
B. geometric returns
C. excess returns
D. index returns

13. The arithmetic average of -11%, 15% and 20% is ________. 

A. 15.67%
B. 8.00%
C. 11.22%
D. 6.45%

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

14. The geometric average of -12%, 20% and 25% is _________. 

A. 8.42%
B. 11.00%
C. 9.70%
D. 18.88%

15. The dollar weighted return is the _________. 

A. difference between cash inflows and cash outflows
B. arithmetic average return
C. geometric average return
D. internal rate of return

16. An investment earns 10% the first year, 15% the second year and loses 12% the third year.
Your total compound return over the three years was ______. 
A. 41.68%
B. 11.32%
C. 3.64%
D. 13.00%

17. Annual percentage rates can be converted to effective annual rates by means of the
following formula: 
A. (1 + (APR/n))n - 1
B. (APR)(n)
C. (APR/n)
D. (periodic rate)(n)

18. Suppose you pay $9,700 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in three months. What is
the holding period return for this investment? 
A. 3.01%
B. 3.09%
C. 12.42%
D. 16.71%

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19. Suppose you pay $9,800 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in two months. What is
the annual percentage rate of return for this investment? 
A. 2.04%
B. 12.00 %
C. 12.24%
D. 12.89%

20. Suppose you pay $9,400 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in six months. What is
the effective annual rate of return for this investment? 
A. 6.38%
B. 12.77%
C. 13.17%
D. 14.25%

21. You have an APR of 7.5% with continuous compounding. The EAR is _____. 
A. 7.50%
B. 7.65%
C. 7.79 %
D. 8.25%

22. You have an EAR of 9%. The equivalent APR with continuous compounding is _____. 
A. 8.47%
B. 8.62%
C. 8.88%
D. 9.42%

23. The market risk premium is defined as __________. 

A. the difference between the return on an index fund and the return on Treasury bills
B. the difference between the return on a small firm mutual fund and the return on the
Standard and Poor's 500 index
C. the difference between the return on the risky asset with the lowest returns and the return
on Treasury bills
D. the difference between the return on the highest yielding asset and the lowest yielding asset

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

24. The excess return is the _________. 

A. rate of return that can be earned with certainty
B. rate of return in excess of the Treasury bill rate
C. rate of return to risk aversion
D. index return

25. The rate of return on _____ is known at the beginning of the holding period while the rate
of return on ____ is not known until the end of the holding period. 
A. risky assets, Treasury bills
B. Treasury bills, risky assets
C. excess returns, risky assets
D. index assets, bonds

26. The reward/variability ratio is given by _________. 

A. the slope of the capital allocation line
B. the second derivative of the capital allocation line
C. the point at which the second derivative of the investor's indifference curve reaches zero
D. portfolio excess return

27. Your investment has a 20% chance of earning a 30% rate of return, a 50% chance of
earning a 10% rate of return and a 30% chance of losing 6%. What is your expected return on
this investment? 
A. 12.8%
B. 11.0%
C. 8.9%
D. 9.2%

28. Your investment has a 40% chance of earning a 15% rate of return, a 50% chance of
earning a 10% rate of return and a 10% chance of losing 3%. What is the standard deviation
of this investment? 
A. 5.14%
B. 7.59%
C. 9.29%
D. 8.43%

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

29. During the 1926 to 2008 period the geometric mean return on small firm stocks was
______. 
A. 5.31%
B. 5.56%
C. 9.34%
D. 11.43%

30. During the 1926 to 2008 period the geometric mean return on Treasury bills was
_________. 
A. 5.31%
B. 5.56%
C. 9.34%
D. 11.43%

31. During the 1926 to 2008 period the Sharpe ratio was greatest for which of the following
asset classes? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Bond World portfolio return in U.S. dollars

32. During the 1985 to 2008 period the Sharpe ratio was greatest for which of the following
asset classes? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Equity world portfolio in U.S. dollars

33. During the 1926 to 2008 period which one of the following asset classes provided the
lowest real return? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Equity world portfolio in U.S. dollars

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34. Both investors and gamblers take on risk. The difference between an investor and a
gambler is that an investor _______. 
A. is normally risk neutral
B. requires a risk premium to take on the risk
C. knows he or she will not lose money
D. knows the outcomes at the beginning of the holding period

35. Historical returns have generally been __________ for stocks of small firms as/than for
stocks of large firms. 
A. the same
B. lower
C. higher
D. There is no evidence of a systematic relationship between returns on small firm stocks and
returns on small firm stocks

36. Historically small firm stocks have earned higher returns than large firm stocks. When
viewed in the context of an efficient market, this suggests that ___________. 
A. small firms are better run than large firms
B. government subsidies available to small firms produce effects that are discernible in stock
market statistics
C. small firms are riskier than large firms
D. small firms are not being accurately represented in the data

37. When calculating the variance of a portfolio's returns squaring the deviations from the
mean results in ________.
I. preventing the sum of the deviations from always equaling zero
II. exaggerating the effects of large positive and negative deviations
III. a number in units of percentage of returns 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

38. If you are promised a nominal return of 12% on a one year investment, and you expect the
rate of inflation to be 3%, what real rate do you expect to earn? 
A. 5.48%
B. 8.74%
C. 9.00%
D. 12.00%

39. If you require a real growth in the purchasing power of your investment of 8%, and you
expect the rate of inflation over the next year to be 3%, what is the lowest nominal return that
you would be satisfied with? 
A. 3.00%
B. 8.00%
C. 11.00%
D. 11.24%

40. One method to forecast the risk premium is to use the _______. 

A. coefficient of variation of analysts' earnings forecasts
B. variations in the risk free rate over time
C. average historical excess returns for the asset under consideration
D. average abnormal return on the index portfolio

41. Treasury bills are paying a 4% rate of return. A risk averse investor with a risk aversion of
A = 3 should invest in a risky portfolio with a standard deviation of 24% only if the risky
portfolio's expected return is at least ______. 
A. 8.67%
B. 9.84%
C. 12.64%
D. 14.68%

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

42. In the mean-standard deviation graph, the line that connects the risk-free rate and the
optimal risky portfolio, P, is called _________. 
A. the capital allocation line
B. the indifference curve
C. the investor's utility line
D. the security market line

43. Most studies indicate that investors' risk aversion is in the range _____. 
A. 1-3
B. 2-4
C. 3-5
D. 4-6

44. Two assets have the following expected returns and standard deviations when the risk-free
rate is 5%:

   
An investor with a risk aversion of A = 3 would find that _________________ on a risk
return basis. 
A. only Asset A is acceptable
B. only Asset B is acceptable
C. neither Asset A nor Asset B is acceptable
D. both Asset A and Asset B are acceptable

45. Historically the best asset for the long term investor wanting to fend off the threats of
inflation and taxes while making his money grow has been ____. 
A. stocks
B. bonds
C. money market funds
D. Treasury bills

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

46. The formula    is used to calculate the _____________. 

A. Sharpe measure
B. Treynor measure
C. Coefficient of variation
D. Real rate of return

47. A portfolio with a 25% standard deviation generated a return of 15% last year when T-
bills were paying 4.5%. This portfolio had a Sharpe measure of ____. 
A. 0.22
B. 0.60
C. 0.42
D. 0.25

48. Consider a treasury bill with a rate of return of 5% and the following risky securities:
Security A: E(r) = .15; variance = .0400
Security B: E(r) = .10; variance = .0225
Security C: E(r) = .12; variance = .1000
Security D: E(r) = .13; variance = .0625
The investor must develop a complete portfolio by combining the risk-free asset with one of
the securities mentioned above. The security the investor should choose as part of his
complete portfolio to achieve the best CAL would be _________. 
A. security A
B. security B
C. security C
D. security D

49. You purchased a share of stock for $29. One year later you received $2.25 as dividend and
sold the share for $28. Your holding-period return was _________. 
A. -3.57%
B. - 3.45%
C. 4.31%
D. 8.03%

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50. Security A has a higher standard deviation of returns than Security B. We would expect
that ______.
I. Security A would have a higher risk premium than Security B
II. the likely range of returns for Security A in any given year would be higher than the likely
range of returns for Security B
III. the Sharpe measure of A will be higher than the Sharpe measure of B. 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

51. The holding period return on a stock was 25%. Its ending price was $18 and its beginning
price was $16. Its cash dividend must have been _________. 
A. $0.25
B. $1.00
C. $2.00
D. $4.00

52. An investor invests 70% of her wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of
15% and a variance of 5% and she puts 30% in a Treasury bill that pays 5%. Her portfolio's
expected rate of return and standard deviation are __________ and __________ respectively. 
A. 10.0%, 6.7%
B. 12.0%, 22.4%
C. 12.0%, 15.7%
D. 10.0%, 35.0%

53. The holding period return on a stock was 32%. Its beginning price was $25 and its cash
dividend was $1.50. Its ending price must have been _________. 
A. $28.50
B. $33.20
C. $31.50
D. $29.75

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54. Consider the following two investment alternatives. First, a risky portfolio that pays 15%
rate of return with a probability of 40% or 5% with a probability of 60%. Second, a treasury
bill that pays 6%. The risk premium on the risky investment is _________. 
A. 1%
B. 3%
C. 6%
D. 9%

55. Consider the following two investment alternatives. First, a risky portfolio that pays 20%
rate of return with a probability of 60% or 5% with a probability of 40%. Second, a treasury
bill that pays 6%. If you invest $50,000 in the risky portfolio, your expected profit would be
_________. 
A. $3,000
B. $7,000
C. $7,500
D. $10,000

56. You invest $10,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is composed of a risky
asset with an expected rate of return of 15% and a standard deviation of 21% and a treasury
bill with a rate of return of 5%. How much money should be invested in the risky asset to
form a portfolio with an expected return of 11%? 
A. $6,000
B. $4,000
C. $7,000
D. $3,000

 You invest $1,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is composed of a risky
asset with an expected rate of return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20% and a treasury
bill with a rate of return of 6%.

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

57. __________ of your complete portfolio should be invested in the risky portfolio if you
want your complete portfolio to have a standard deviation of 9%. 
A. 100%
B. 90%
C. 45%
D. 10%

58. A portfolio that has an expected value in one year of $1,100 could be formed if you
_________. 
A. Place 40% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
B. Place 55% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
C. Place 60% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
D. Place 75% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset

59. The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset
is _________. 
A. 1.40
B. 0.80
C. 0.50
D. 0.40

60. You have $500,000 available to invest. The risk-free rate as well as your borrowing rate is
8%. The return on the risky portfolio is 16%. If you wish to earn a 22% return, you should
_________. 
A. invest $125,000 in the risk-free asset
B. invest $375,000 in the risk-free asset
C. borrow $125,000
D. borrow $375,000

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61. The return on the risky portfolio is 15%. The risk-free rate as well as the investor's
borrowing rate is 10%. The standard deviation of return on the risky portfolio is 20%. If the
standard deviation on the complete portfolio is 25%, the expected return on the complete
portfolio is _________. 
A. 6.00%
B. 8.75 %
C. 10.00%
D. 16.25%

 You are considering investing $1,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is
composed of treasury bills that pay 5% and a risky portfolio, P, constructed with 2 risky
securities X and Y. The optimal weights of X and Y in P are 60% and 40% respectively. X
has an expected rate of return of 14% and Y has an expected rate of return of 10%.

62. To form a complete portfolio with an expected rate of return of 11%, you should invest
__________ of your complete portfolio in treasury bills. 
A. 19%
B. 25%
C. 36%
D. 50%

63. To form a complete portfolio with an expected rate of return of 8%, you should invest
approximately __________ in the risky portfolio. This will mean you will also invest
approximately __________ and __________ of your complete portfolio in security X and Y
respectively. 
A. 0%, 60%, 40%
B. 25%, 45%, 30%
C. 40%, 24%, 16%
D. 50%, 30%, 20%

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64. If you decide to hold 25% of your complete portfolio in the risky portfolio and 75% in the
treasury bills then the dollar values of your positions in X and Y respectively would be
__________ and _________. 
A. $300, $450
B. $150, $100
C. $100, $150
D. $450, $300

65. The dollar values of your positions in X, Y, and treasury bills would be _________,
__________ and __________ respectively if you decide to hold a complete portfolio that has
an expected return of 8%. 
A. $162, $595, $243
B. $243, $162, $595
C. $595, $162, $243
D. $595, $243, $162

 You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years:

   

66. If you invested $1,000 at the beginning of 2005 your investment at the end of 2008 would
be worth ___________. 
A. $2,176.60
B. $1,785.56
C. $1,645.53
D. $1,247.87

67. The annualized average return on this investment is 

A. 16.15%
B. 16.87%
C. 21.32%
D. 15.60%

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68. A security with normally distributed returns has an annual expected return of 18% and
standard deviation of 23%. The probability of getting a return between -28% and 64% in any
one year is 
A. 68.26%
B. 95.44%
C. 99.74%
D. 100.00%

69. The Manhawkin Fund has an expected return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20%.
The risk free rate is 4%. What is the reward-to-volatility ratio for the Manhawkin Fund? 
A. 0.8
B. 0.6
C. 9.0
D. 1.0

70. From 1926 to 2008 the world stock portfolio offered _____ return and _____ volatility
than the portfolio of large U.S. stocks. 
A. lower; higher
B. lower; lower
C. higher; lower
D. higher; higher

71. The price of a stock is $55 at the beginning of the year and $50 at the end of the year. If
the stock paid a $3 dividend and inflation was 3%, what is the real holding period return for
the year? 
A. -3.64%
B. -6.36%
C. -6.44%
D. -11.74%

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72. The price of a stock is $38 at the beginning of the year and $41 at the end of the year. If
the stock paid a $2.50 dividend what is the holding period return for the year? 
A. 6.58%
B. 8.86%
C. 14.47%
D. 18.66%

73. You invest all of your money in one year T-bills. Which of the following statements is/are
correct?
I. Your nominal return on the T-bills is riskless.
II. Your real return on the T-bills is riskless.
III. Your nominal Sharpe measure is zero. 
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II only
D. I, II and III

74. Which one of the following would be considered a risk-free asset in real terms as opposed
to nominal? 
A. Money market fund
B. U.S. T-bill
C. Short term corporate bonds
D. U.S. T-bill whose return was indexed to inflation

75. What is the geometric average return of the following quarterly returns: 3%, 5%, 4%, and
7%, respectively? 
A. 3.72%
B. 4.23%
C. 4.74%
D. 4.90%

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76. What is the geometric average return over one year if the quarterly returns are 8%, 9%,
5%, and 12%, respectively? 
A. 8.00%
B. 8.33 %
C. 8.47%
D. 8.50 %

77. If nominal rate of return on investment is 6% and inflation is 2% over a holding period,
what is the real rate of return on this investment? 
A. 3.92%
B. 4.00%
C. 4.12%
D. 6.00%

78. According to historical data, over the long run which of the following assets has the best
chance to provide the best after inflation, after tax rate of return? 
A. Long term Treasury bonds
B. Corporate bonds
C. Common stocks
D. Preferred stocks

79. The buyer of a new home is quoted a mortgage rate of 0.5% per month. What is the APR
on the loan? 
A. 0.50%
B. 5.0%
C. 6.0%
D. 6.5%

80. A loan for a new car costs the borrower 0.8% per month. What is the EAR? 
A. 0.80%
B. 6.87%
C. 9.60%
D. 10.03%

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

81. The CAL provided by combinations of one month T-bills and a broad index of common
stocks is called the ______. 
A. SML
B. CAPM
C. CML
D. Total Return Line

82. Which of the following are correct arguments supporting passive investment strategies?
I. Active trading strategies may not guarantee higher returns but guarantee higher costs
II. Passive investors can free ride on the activity of knowledge investors whose trades force
prices to reflect currently available information
III. Passive investors are guaranteed to earn higher rates of return than active investors over
sufficiently long time horizons 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

 You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years. Assume
that the stock pays no dividends

   

83. What is the geometric average return for the period? 

A. 2.87%
B. 0.74%
C. 2.60%
D. 2.21%

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84. What is the dollar weighted return over the entire time period? 
A. 2.87%
B. 0.74%
C. 2.60%
D. 2.21%

Chapter 05 Risk and Return: Past and Prologue Answer Key

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. You put up $50 at the beginning of the year for an investment. The value of the investment
grows 4% and you earn a dividend of $3.50. Your HPR was ____. 
A. 4.00%
B. 3.50%
C. 7.00%
D. 11.00%

Difficulty: Medium
 

2. The ______ measure of returns ignores compounding. 

A. geometric average
B. arithmetic average
C. IRR
D. dollar weighted

Difficulty: Easy
 

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3. If you want to measure the performance of your investment in a fund, including the timing
of your purchases and redemptions you should calculate the __________. 
A. geometric average return
B. arithmetic average return
C. dollar weighted return
D. index return

Difficulty: Medium
 

4. Which one of the following measure time weighted returns?

I. Geometric average return
II. Arithmetic average return
III. Dollar weighted return 
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I and III only

Difficulty: Medium
 

5. Rank the following from highest average historical return to lowest average historical
return from 1926-2008.
I. Small stocks
II. Long term bonds
III. Large stocks
IV. T-bills 
A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, IV, II, I
C. I, III, II, IV
D. III, I, II, IV

Difficulty: Medium
 

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6. Rank the following from highest average historical standard deviation to lowest average
historical standard deviation from 1926-2008.
I. Small stocks
II. Long term bonds
III. Large stocks
IV. T-bills 
A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, IV, II, I
C. I, III, II, IV
D. III, I, II, IV

Difficulty: Medium
 

7. You have calculated the historical dollar weighted return, annual geometric average return
and annual arithmetic average return. If you desire to forecast performance for next year, the
best forecast will be given by the ________. 
A. dollar weighted return
B. geometric average return
C. arithmetic average return
D. index return

Difficulty: Medium
 

8. The complete portfolio refers to the investment in _________. 

A. the risk-free asset
B. the risky portfolio
C. the risk-free asset and the risky portfolio combined
D. the risky portfolio and the index

Difficulty: Easy
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

9. You have calculated the historical dollar weighted return, annual geometric average return
and annual arithmetic average return. You always reinvest your dividends and interest earned
on the portfolio. Which method provides the best measure of the actual average historical
performance of the investments you have chosen? 
A. Dollar weighted return
B. Geometric average return
C. Arithmetic average return
D. Index return

Difficulty: Medium
 

10. The holding period return on a stock is equal to _________. 

A. the capital gain yield over the period plus the inflation rate
B. the capital gain yield over the period plus the dividend yield
C. the current yield plus the dividend yield
D. the dividend yield plus the risk premium

Difficulty: Easy
 

11. Your timing was good last year. You invested more in your portfolio right before prices
went up and you sold right before prices went down. In calculating historical performance
measures which one of the following will be the largest? 
A. Dollar weighted return
B. Geometric average return
C. Arithmetic average return
D. Mean holding period return

Difficulty: Medium
 

12. Published data on past returns earned by mutual funds are required to be ______. 
A. dollar weighted returns
B. geometric returns
C. excess returns
D. index returns

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

13. The arithmetic average of -11%, 15% and 20% is ________. 

A. 15.67%
B. 8.00%
C. 11.22%
D. 6.45%

Difficulty: Easy
 

14. The geometric average of -12%, 20% and 25% is _________. 

A. 8.42%
B. 11.00%
C. 9.70%
D. 18.88%

Difficulty: Medium
 

15. The dollar weighted return is the _________. 

A. difference between cash inflows and cash outflows
B. arithmetic average return
C. geometric average return
D. internal rate of return

Difficulty: Easy
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

16. An investment earns 10% the first year, 15% the second year and loses 12% the third year.
Your total compound return over the three years was ______. 
A. 41.68%
B. 11.32%
C. 3.64%
D. 13.00%

(1.10)(1.15)(1 - .12) = 11.32%

Difficulty: Medium
 

17. Annual percentage rates can be converted to effective annual rates by means of the
following formula: 
A. (1 + (APR/n))n - 1
B. (APR)(n)
C. (APR/n)
D. (periodic rate)(n)

Difficulty: Easy
 

18. Suppose you pay $9,700 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in three months. What is
the holding period return for this investment? 
A. 3.01%
B. 3.09%
C. 12.42%
D. 16.71%

Difficulty: Easy
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

19. Suppose you pay $9,800 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in two months. What is
the annual percentage rate of return for this investment? 
A. 2.04%
B. 12.00 %
C. 12.24%
D. 12.89%

Difficulty: Medium
 

20. Suppose you pay $9,400 for a $10,000 par Treasury bill maturing in six months. What is
the effective annual rate of return for this investment? 
A. 6.38%
B. 12.77%
C. 13.17%
D. 14.25%

Difficulty: Medium
 

21. You have an APR of 7.5% with continuous compounding. The EAR is _____. 
A. 7.50%
B. 7.65%
C. 7.79 %
D. 8.25%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

22. You have an EAR of 9%. The equivalent APR with continuous compounding is _____. 
A. 8.47%
B. 8.62%
C. 8.88%
D. 9.42%

LN[1 + .09] = 8.62%

Difficulty: Medium
 

23. The market risk premium is defined as __________. 

A. the difference between the return on an index fund and the return on Treasury bills
B. the difference between the return on a small firm mutual fund and the return on the
Standard and Poor's 500 index
C. the difference between the return on the risky asset with the lowest returns and the return
on Treasury bills
D. the difference between the return on the highest yielding asset and the lowest yielding asset

Difficulty: Easy
 

24. The excess return is the _________. 

A. rate of return that can be earned with certainty
B. rate of return in excess of the Treasury bill rate
C. rate of return to risk aversion
D. index return

Difficulty: Easy
 

25. The rate of return on _____ is known at the beginning of the holding period while the rate
of return on ____ is not known until the end of the holding period. 
A. risky assets, Treasury bills
B. Treasury bills, risky assets
C. excess returns, risky assets
D. index assets, bonds

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

26. The reward/variability ratio is given by _________. 

A. the slope of the capital allocation line
B. the second derivative of the capital allocation line
C. the point at which the second derivative of the investor's indifference curve reaches zero
D. portfolio excess return

Difficulty: Easy
 

27. Your investment has a 20% chance of earning a 30% rate of return, a 50% chance of
earning a 10% rate of return and a 30% chance of losing 6%. What is your expected return on
this investment? 
A. 12.8%
B. 11.0%
C. 8.9%
D. 9.2%

(0.2)(30%) + (0.5)(10%) + (0.3)(-6%) = 9.2%

Difficulty: Medium
 

28. Your investment has a 40% chance of earning a 15% rate of return, a 50% chance of
earning a 10% rate of return and a 10% chance of losing 3%. What is the standard deviation
of this investment? 
A. 5.14%
B. 7.59%
C. 9.29%
D. 8.43%

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

29. During the 1926 to 2008 period the geometric mean return on small firm stocks was
______. 
A. 5.31%
B. 5.56%
C. 9.34%
D. 11.43%

Difficulty: Medium
 

30. During the 1926 to 2008 period the geometric mean return on Treasury bills was
_________. 
A. 5.31%
B. 5.56%
C. 9.34%
D. 11.43%

Difficulty: Medium
 

31. During the 1926 to 2008 period the Sharpe ratio was greatest for which of the following
asset classes? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Bond World portfolio return in U.S. dollars

Difficulty: Medium
 

32. During the 1985 to 2008 period the Sharpe ratio was greatest for which of the following
asset classes? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Equity world portfolio in U.S. dollars

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

33. During the 1926 to 2008 period which one of the following asset classes provided the
lowest real return? 
A. Small U.S. stocks
B. Large U.S. stocks
C. Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds
D. Equity world portfolio in U.S. dollars

Difficulty: Medium
 

34. Both investors and gamblers take on risk. The difference between an investor and a
gambler is that an investor _______. 
A. is normally risk neutral
B. requires a risk premium to take on the risk
C. knows he or she will not lose money
D. knows the outcomes at the beginning of the holding period

Difficulty: Easy
 

35. Historical returns have generally been __________ for stocks of small firms as/than for
stocks of large firms. 
A. the same
B. lower
C. higher
D. There is no evidence of a systematic relationship between returns on small firm stocks and
returns on small firm stocks

Difficulty: Easy
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

36. Historically small firm stocks have earned higher returns than large firm stocks. When
viewed in the context of an efficient market, this suggests that ___________. 
A. small firms are better run than large firms
B. government subsidies available to small firms produce effects that are discernible in stock
market statistics
C. small firms are riskier than large firms
D. small firms are not being accurately represented in the data

Difficulty: Medium
 

37. When calculating the variance of a portfolio's returns squaring the deviations from the
mean results in ________.
I. preventing the sum of the deviations from always equaling zero
II. exaggerating the effects of large positive and negative deviations
III. a number in units of percentage of returns 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III

Difficulty: Medium
 

38. If you are promised a nominal return of 12% on a one year investment, and you expect the
rate of inflation to be 3%, what real rate do you expect to earn? 
A. 5.48%
B. 8.74%
C. 9.00%
D. 12.00%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

39. If you require a real growth in the purchasing power of your investment of 8%, and you
expect the rate of inflation over the next year to be 3%, what is the lowest nominal return that
you would be satisfied with? 
A. 3.00%
B. 8.00%
C. 11.00%
D. 11.24%

Difficulty: Medium
 

40. One method to forecast the risk premium is to use the _______. 

A. coefficient of variation of analysts' earnings forecasts
B. variations in the risk free rate over time
C. average historical excess returns for the asset under consideration
D. average abnormal return on the index portfolio

Difficulty: Medium
 

41. Treasury bills are paying a 4% rate of return. A risk averse investor with a risk aversion of
A = 3 should invest in a risky portfolio with a standard deviation of 24% only if the risky
portfolio's expected return is at least ______. 
A. 8.67%
B. 9.84%
C. 12.64%
D. 14.68%

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

42. In the mean-standard deviation graph, the line that connects the risk-free rate and the
optimal risky portfolio, P, is called _________. 
A. the capital allocation line
B. the indifference curve
C. the investor's utility line
D. the security market line

Difficulty: Medium
 

43. Most studies indicate that investors' risk aversion is in the range _____. 
A. 1-3
B. 2-4
C. 3-5
D. 4-6

Difficulty: Medium
 

44. Two assets have the following expected returns and standard deviations when the risk-free
rate is 5%:

   
An investor with a risk aversion of A = 3 would find that _________________ on a risk
return basis. 
A. only Asset A is acceptable
B. only Asset B is acceptable
C. neither Asset A nor Asset B is acceptable
D. both Asset A and Asset B are acceptable

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

45. Historically the best asset for the long term investor wanting to fend off the threats of
inflation and taxes while making his money grow has been ____. 
A. stocks
B. bonds
C. money market funds
D. Treasury bills

Difficulty: Easy
 

46. The formula    is used to calculate the _____________. 

A. Sharpe measure
B. Treynor measure
C. Coefficient of variation
D. Real rate of return

Difficulty: Easy
 

47. A portfolio with a 25% standard deviation generated a return of 15% last year when T-
bills were paying 4.5%. This portfolio had a Sharpe measure of ____. 
A. 0.22
B. 0.60
C. 0.42
D. 0.25

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

48. Consider a treasury bill with a rate of return of 5% and the following risky securities:
Security A: E(r) = .15; variance = .0400
Security B: E(r) = .10; variance = .0225
Security C: E(r) = .12; variance = .1000
Security D: E(r) = .13; variance = .0625
The investor must develop a complete portfolio by combining the risk-free asset with one of
the securities mentioned above. The security the investor should choose as part of his
complete portfolio to achieve the best CAL would be _________. 
A. security A
B. security B
C. security C
D. security D

A has the steepest slope; found as:

Difficulty: Medium
 

49. You purchased a share of stock for $29. One year later you received $2.25 as dividend and
sold the share for $28. Your holding-period return was _________. 
A. -3.57%
B. - 3.45%
C. 4.31%
D. 8.03%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

50. Security A has a higher standard deviation of returns than Security B. We would expect
that ______.
I. Security A would have a higher risk premium than Security B
II. the likely range of returns for Security A in any given year would be higher than the likely
range of returns for Security B
III. the Sharpe measure of A will be higher than the Sharpe measure of B. 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Difficulty: Medium
 

51. The holding period return on a stock was 25%. Its ending price was $18 and its beginning
price was $16. Its cash dividend must have been _________. 
A. $0.25
B. $1.00
C. $2.00
D. $4.00

Difficulty: Medium
 

52. An investor invests 70% of her wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of
15% and a variance of 5% and she puts 30% in a Treasury bill that pays 5%. Her portfolio's
expected rate of return and standard deviation are __________ and __________ respectively. 
A. 10.0%, 6.7%
B. 12.0%, 22.4%
C. 12.0%, 15.7%
D. 10.0%, 35.0%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

53. The holding period return on a stock was 32%. Its beginning price was $25 and its cash
dividend was $1.50. Its ending price must have been _________. 
A. $28.50
B. $33.20
C. $31.50
D. $29.75

Difficulty: Medium
 

54. Consider the following two investment alternatives. First, a risky portfolio that pays 15%
rate of return with a probability of 40% or 5% with a probability of 60%. Second, a treasury
bill that pays 6%. The risk premium on the risky investment is _________. 
A. 1%
B. 3%
C. 6%
D. 9%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

55. Consider the following two investment alternatives. First, a risky portfolio that pays 20%
rate of return with a probability of 60% or 5% with a probability of 40%. Second, a treasury
bill that pays 6%. If you invest $50,000 in the risky portfolio, your expected profit would be
_________. 
A. $3,000
B. $7,000
C. $7,500
D. $10,000

Difficulty: Medium
 

56. You invest $10,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is composed of a risky
asset with an expected rate of return of 15% and a standard deviation of 21% and a treasury
bill with a rate of return of 5%. How much money should be invested in the risky asset to
form a portfolio with an expected return of 11%? 
A. $6,000
B. $4,000
C. $7,000
D. $3,000

15x + 5(1 - x) = 11; x = 60%; 0.60(10,000) = $6,000

Difficulty: Hard
 

 You invest $1,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is composed of a risky
asset with an expected rate of return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20% and a treasury
bill with a rate of return of 6%.

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

57. __________ of your complete portfolio should be invested in the risky portfolio if you
want your complete portfolio to have a standard deviation of 9%. 
A. 100%
B. 90%
C. 45%
D. 10%

Difficulty: Easy
 

58. A portfolio that has an expected value in one year of $1,100 could be formed if you
_________. 
A. Place 40% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
B. Place 55% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
C. Place 60% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset
D. Place 75% of your money in the risky portfolio and the rest in the risk free asset

$1100 = x(1000)(1.16) + (1 - x)1000(1.06)

Difficulty: Hard
 

59. The slope of the capital allocation line formed with the risky asset and the risk-free asset
is _________. 
A. 1.40
B. 0.80
C. 0.50
D. 0.40

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

60. You have $500,000 available to invest. The risk-free rate as well as your borrowing rate is
8%. The return on the risky portfolio is 16%. If you wish to earn a 22% return, you should
_________. 
A. invest $125,000 in the risk-free asset
B. invest $375,000 in the risk-free asset
C. borrow $125,000
D. borrow $375,000

Difficulty: Hard
 

61. The return on the risky portfolio is 15%. The risk-free rate as well as the investor's
borrowing rate is 10%. The standard deviation of return on the risky portfolio is 20%. If the
standard deviation on the complete portfolio is 25%, the expected return on the complete
portfolio is _________. 
A. 6.00%
B. 8.75 %
C. 10.00%
D. 16.25%

Difficulty: Hard
 

 You are considering investing $1,000 in a complete portfolio. The complete portfolio is
composed of treasury bills that pay 5% and a risky portfolio, P, constructed with 2 risky
securities X and Y. The optimal weights of X and Y in P are 60% and 40% respectively. X
has an expected rate of return of 14% and Y has an expected rate of return of 10%.

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

62. To form a complete portfolio with an expected rate of return of 11%, you should invest
__________ of your complete portfolio in treasury bills. 
A. 19%
B. 25%
C. 36%
D. 50%

Difficulty: Hard
 

63. To form a complete portfolio with an expected rate of return of 8%, you should invest
approximately __________ in the risky portfolio. This will mean you will also invest
approximately __________ and __________ of your complete portfolio in security X and Y
respectively. 
A. 0%, 60%, 40%
B. 25%, 45%, 30%
C. 40%, 24%, 16%
D. 50%, 30%, 20%

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

64. If you decide to hold 25% of your complete portfolio in the risky portfolio and 75% in the
treasury bills then the dollar values of your positions in X and Y respectively would be
__________ and _________. 
A. $300, $450
B. $150, $100
C. $100, $150
D. $450, $300

Difficulty: Medium
 

65. The dollar values of your positions in X, Y, and treasury bills would be _________,
__________ and __________ respectively if you decide to hold a complete portfolio that has
an expected return of 8%. 
A. $162, $595, $243
B. $243, $162, $595
C. $595, $162, $243
D. $595, $243, $162

Difficulty: Hard
 

 You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years:

   

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

66. If you invested $1,000 at the beginning of 2005 your investment at the end of 2008 would
be worth ___________. 
A. $2,176.60
B. $1,785.56
C. $1,645.53
D. $1,247.87

$1(1.3523)(1.1867)(1 + -.0987)(1.2345) = $1.7856

Difficulty: Medium
 

67. The annualized average return on this investment is 

A. 16.15%
B. 16.87%
C. 21.32%
D. 15.60%

Difficulty: Hard
 

68. A security with normally distributed returns has an annual expected return of 18% and
standard deviation of 23%. The probability of getting a return between -28% and 64% in any
one year is 
A. 68.26%
B. 95.44%
C. 99.74%
D. 100.00%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

69. The Manhawkin Fund has an expected return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20%.
The risk free rate is 4%. What is the reward-to-volatility ratio for the Manhawkin Fund? 
A. 0.8
B. 0.6
C. 9.0
D. 1.0

Difficulty: Medium
 

70. From 1926 to 2008 the world stock portfolio offered _____ return and _____ volatility
than the portfolio of large U.S. stocks. 
A. lower; higher
B. lower; lower
C. higher; lower
D. higher; higher

Difficulty: Medium
 

71. The price of a stock is $55 at the beginning of the year and $50 at the end of the year. If
the stock paid a $3 dividend and inflation was 3%, what is the real holding period return for
the year? 
A. -3.64%
B. -6.36%
C. -6.44%
D. -11.74%

Nominal return on stock:

Real return

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

72. The price of a stock is $38 at the beginning of the year and $41 at the end of the year. If
the stock paid a $2.50 dividend what is the holding period return for the year? 
A. 6.58%
B. 8.86%
C. 14.47%
D. 18.66%

HPR = (41 - 38 + 2.50)/38 = 0.1447

Difficulty: Easy
 

73. You invest all of your money in one year T-bills. Which of the following statements is/are
correct?
I. Your nominal return on the T-bills is riskless.
II. Your real return on the T-bills is riskless.
III. Your nominal Sharpe measure is zero. 
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II only
D. I, II and III

Difficulty: Medium
 

74. Which one of the following would be considered a risk-free asset in real terms as opposed
to nominal? 
A. Money market fund
B. U.S. T-bill
C. Short term corporate bonds
D. U.S. T-bill whose return was indexed to inflation

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

75. What is the geometric average return of the following quarterly returns: 3%, 5%, 4%, and
7%, respectively? 
A. 3.72%
B. 4.23%
C. 4.74%
D. 4.90%

Return = (1.03 x 1.04 x 1.05 x 1.07).25 - 1 = .0474

Difficulty: Medium
 

76. What is the geometric average return over one year if the quarterly returns are 8%, 9%,
5%, and 12%, respectively? 
A. 8.00%
B. 8.33 %
C. 8.47%
D. 8.50 %

Return = (1.05 x 1.08 x 1.09 x 1.12).25 - 1 = .0847

Difficulty: Medium
 

77. If nominal rate of return on investment is 6% and inflation is 2% over a holding period,
what is the real rate of return on this investment? 
A. 3.92%
B. 4.00%
C. 4.12%
D. 6.00%

Difficulty: Medium
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

78. According to historical data, over the long run which of the following assets has the best
chance to provide the best after inflation, after tax rate of return? 
A. Long term Treasury bonds
B. Corporate bonds
C. Common stocks
D. Preferred stocks

Difficulty: Easy
 

79. The buyer of a new home is quoted a mortgage rate of 0.5% per month. What is the APR
on the loan? 
A. 0.50%
B. 5.0%
C. 6.0%
D. 6.5%

APR = .5% x 12 = 6.0%

Difficulty: Medium
 

80. A loan for a new car costs the borrower 0.8% per month. What is the EAR? 
A. 0.80%
B. 6.87%
C. 9.60%
D. 10.03%

Difficulty: Hard
 

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

81. The CAL provided by combinations of one month T-bills and a broad index of common
stocks is called the ______. 
A. SML
B. CAPM
C. CML
D. Total Return Line

Difficulty: Easy
 

82. Which of the following are correct arguments supporting passive investment strategies?
I. Active trading strategies may not guarantee higher returns but guarantee higher costs
II. Passive investors can free ride on the activity of knowledge investors whose trades force
prices to reflect currently available information
III. Passive investors are guaranteed to earn higher rates of return than active investors over
sufficiently long time horizons 
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Difficulty: Medium
 

 You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years. Assume
that the stock pays no dividends

   

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Chapter 05 - Risk and Return: Past and Prologue

83. What is the geometric average return for the period? 

A. 2.87%
B. 0.74%
C. 2.60%
D. 2.21%

[(1.10)(1 + -.0727)(1.0588)]⅓ - 1 = 2.60%

Difficulty: Hard
 

84. What is the dollar weighted return over the entire time period? 
A. 2.87%
B. 0.74%
C. 2.60%
D. 2.21%

0 = -50(100) +
IRR = 0.744%

Difficulty: Hard
 

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