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NASA Contractor Report 3324

Satellite Power Systems (SPS)

Concept Definition Study
Volume VII - System/Subsystem
Requirements Data Book

G. M. Hanley

CONTRACT NASs-32475
SEPTEMBER 1980

NASA
 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

NASA Contractor Report 3324

Satellite Power Systems (SPS)

Concept Definition Study
Volume VII - System/Subsystem
Requirements Data Book

G. M. Hanley
Rockwell In term tiona 2
Downey, California

Prepared for
Marshall Space Flight Center
under Contract NASS-32475

NationalAeronautics
and SpaceAdministration
Scientific and Technical
Information Branch

1980
-. m-m.., I .m--1 m---..n -..I. -. m-
 FOREWORD

This is Volume VII - Systems/Subsystems Requirements Data

Book, of the SPS Concept Definition Study Final Report as submit-
ted by Rockwell International through the Satellite Systems
Division. All work was completed in response to the NASA/MSFC
Contract NAS8-32475, Exhibit C, dated March 28, 1978.

The SPS final report will provide the NASA with additional
information on the selection of a viable SPS concept and will
furnish a basis for subsequent technology advancement and veri-
fication activities. Other volumes of the final report are
listed as follows:

Volume Title

I Executive Summary

II Systems Engineering

III Experiment/Verification Element Definition

IV Transportation Analyses

V Special Emphasis Studies

VI In-Depth Element Investigations

The SPS Program Manager, G. M. Hanley, may be contacted on any

of the technical or management aspects of this, report. He may be
reached at 213/594-3911, Seal Beach, California.

iii
__.__...
--...-. -. ..
 CONTENTS

Section Page

1.0 SCOPE/GENEuL REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . l-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . l-1
1.2 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM CONCEPTS . 1 . . . . l-2
1.2.1 Candidate Concepts . . . . . . . l-2
1.3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . l-18
1.4 PROGRAM GROUND RULES . . . . . . . . l-19
2,o FUNCTIONAL FLOW BLOCK DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 SATELLITE . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 2-l
2.1.2 Subsystem Identification . . . . . . 2-l
2.2 GROUND RECEIVING STATION . . . . , . . 2-10
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.2.2 Subsystem Identification . . . . . . 2-10
3.0 SUBSYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-l
3.1 SATELLITE . . , . . . . . . . . 3-l
3.1.1 Power Conversion . . . . . . . . 3-l
3.1.2 Microwave Power Transmission System . . . 3-8
3.1.3 Power Distribution and Control . . . . 3-17
3.1.4 Structures Subsystem . . . . . . . 3-22
3.1.5 Attitude Control and Stationkeeping Subsystem. 3-25
3.1.6 Thermal Control . . . . . . . . 3-31
3.1.7 Information Management and Control . . . 3-33
3.2 GROUND RECEIVING STATION . . . . . . . 3-43
3.2.1 Rectenna . . . . . . . . . . 3-43
3.2.2 Power Distribution and Control . . . . 3-46
3.2.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . 3-50
3.2.4 Converter Stations . . . . . . . 3-53
3.2.5 Data Management and Control . . . . . 3-53
4.0 SUPPORT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . 4-l
4.1 GE0 OPERATIONAL BASE . . . . . . . . 4-l
4.2 MAINTENANCE AND REFURBISHMENT FACILITY . . . . 4-l
4.3 SPS TRANSPORTATIUN SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . 4-l
4.3.1 Transportation System Scenario . . . . 4-2
4.3.2 Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) . . . 4-6
4.3.3 Electric Orbital Transfer Vehicle (EOTV) . . 4-10
4.3.4 Personnel Transfer Vehicle (PTV)/STS-Derived
HLLV . . . . . . . . 4-12
4.3.5 Personnel Orbital Tra&fer Vehicle . . . 4-15
4.3.6 Personnel Module (PM) . . . . . 4-18
4.3.7 Intra-Orbit Transfer Vehicle (IOT;) . . . 4-18
4.4 LEO OPERATIONAL BASE . . . . . . . . 4-19
4.5 CARGO AND PERSONNEL LAUNCH AND RECOVERY FACILITIES . 4-19
4.6 BASE SUPPORT FACILITIES . . . . . . . . 4-19
4.7 LOGISTIC FACILITIES . . . . . . . 4-19
4.8 SPS GROUND RECTENNA FACILITIES . . . . . . 4-19

V
.-.
 -

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1.1-l SPS Program Element Relationship . . . . . . . l-l

1.1-2 Subsystem/Satellite System Relationship . . . . . l-2
1.2-l SPS Conceptual-Configuration (Nov. 1977) . . . l-3
1.2-2 Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-l) (Nov. i977j . . l-3
1.2-3 Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-2) (Nov. 1977) . . : l-4
1.2-4 Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-5) (Nov. 1977) . . . l-5
1.2-5 Solar Thermal Brayton (Boeing) 10 GW . . . . . l-6
1.2-6 Solar Thermal - Rankine (Nov. 1977) . . . . . : l-7
1.2-7 Nuclear - Brayton (Nov. 1977) . . . . . . . . l-7
1.2-8 Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-2) 5 GW (Apr. 1978) . . l-10
1.2-9 Solar Thermal - Rankine (5 GW) (Apr. 1978) . . . . l-11
1.2-10 Microwave Transmission Subsystem - Rectenna (Apr. 1978) . l-11
1.2-11 Rectenna Site Concept (Apr. 1978) . . . . . . . l-12
1.2-12 NASA Reference Configuration (Oct. 1978) . . . . . l-14
1.2-13 Alternate Satellite Concepts . . . . . . . . l-15
1.2-14 System Efficiency Chain . . . . . . , . . l-16
1.2-15 Ground Receiving Station . . . . . . . . : l-17
1.3-l SPS Transportation System - LEO Operations Operational
Program . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
2.1-l SPS Satellite Subsystem Functi&al Relationships . . -: 2-2
2.1-2 Power Generation - Photovoltaic (CR-2) . . . . . 2-2
2.1-3 Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.1-4 ACS - Photovoltaic Attitude RefereAce System . . . . 2-4
2.1-5 ACS - Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal, MW Antenna Pointing
System . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1-6 ACS - Photovol;aic Tank and Engine System . . . . 2-4
2.1-7 Structure - Configuration Monitor - Photovoltaic (CR-2); . 2-5
2.1-8 Thermal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.1-9 Microwave Antenna - Beam Generation and Control . . . 2-7
2.1-10 SPS IMCS Top-Level Block Diagram . . . . . . . 2-8
2.1-11 IMCS Microwave Antenna . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.2-l SPS Ground Receiving Station Sibsystem Functional
Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.2-2 Basic Rectenna Panel Assembly . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.2-3 Panel Dipole/Diode Cluster Layout . . . . . 2-11
2.2-4 Ground Receiving Station Schematic Block D;agrim -
Preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
2.2-5 Power Conversion Station Functional Block Diagram -
Simplified . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.2-6 Panel Installation OperatiAns . . . . . . . 2-14
2.2-7 IMCS Processor Hierarchy - Typical Groind . . . .
3.1-1 System Efficiency Block Diagram . . . . . .
3.1-2 Simplified Integrated Block Diagram - Photovoltaic (CR-2) . 3-3
3.1-3 Assembly Tree - Solar Photovoltaic Power Conversion . . 3-4
3.1-4 Alternate Solar Cell Design . . . . . . . . 3-5

Vii
. . , @.-... ..--..---...--.... . . ...-.-. ._. .._ .. ... _. ..._. .__....,
,._.... ..,,... ..-.._,..-.. ._ ._. . ,, _._._.__.__
_ -.-_

Figure Page

3.1-5 GaAlAs Solar Cell Voltage and Current Characteristics . 3-5

3.1-6 GaAlAs Solar Cell Blanket Cross Section . . . . . 3-6
3.1-7 Solar Panel Power Output - Watts/m2 . . . . . . 3-6
3.1-8 Functional Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.1-9 Satellite Antenna Array Assembly . . . . . . . 3-10
3.1-10 Assembly Tree - Microwave Power Subsystem . . . . 3-11
3.1-11 Klystron Subarray Assembly . . . . . . . . 3-11
3.1-12 Heat Radiators on Array Face . . . . . . . . 3-12
3.1-13 Reference Phase Distribution System . . . . . . 3-12
3.1-14 Klystron Power Requirements (Preliminary) , . . . 3-13
3.1-15 Transistor MIC Amplifier . . . . . . . . . 3-14
3.1-16 Transistor Power Circuitry . . . . . . . . 3-14
3.1-17 Transistor Chip Layout . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.1-18 Power Distribution - Simplified Block Diagram . . . 3-19
3.1-19 Assembly Tree - Power Distribution and Control Subsystem . 3-20
3.1-20 Assembly Tree - Structures Subsystem . . . . . . 3-24
3.1-21 Structure Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
3.1-22 Functional Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . 3-27
3.1-23 Satellite Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . 3-28
3.1-24 Assembly Tree - Attitude Control and Stationkeeping
Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31
3.1-25 Thermal Control Functional Flow Diagram . . . . . 3-32
3.1-26 Klystron Radiator Configuration . . . . . . . 3-33
3.1-27 Assembly Tree - Thermal Subsystem . . . . . . 3-34
3.1-28 IMCS - MW Antenna . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
3.1-29 IMCS - Attitude Control , . . . . . . . . 3-38
3.1-30 IMCS - Power Distribution . . . . . . . . 3-39
3.1-31 Assembly Tree - Information Management and Control
Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
3.2-l Operational Ground ReLeiving Facility (Rectenna) . . . 3-43
3.2-2 Ground Receiving Station Subassembly Relationships . . 3-44
3.2-3 Assembly Tree - Rectenna . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.2-4 Simplified Schematic - Rectenna . . . . . . . 3-45
3.2-5 Rectenna Systems Major Assembly/Component . . . . 3-46
3.2-6 Rectenna Schematic Block Diagram - Preliminary . . . 3-48
3.2-7 Assembly Tree - Power Distribution and Control . . . 3-48
3.2-8 Rectenna Panel Assembly and Installation . . . . . 3-51
3.2-9 Assembly Tree - Structures . . . . . . . . 3-52
3.2-10 Rectenna Array Support Structure . . . . . . . 3-52
3.2-11 Simplified Block Diagram - Converter Station . . . . 3-53
3.2-12 IMCS Hierarchy - Ground Receiving Station . . . . 3-54
4.3-l SPS LEO Transportation Operations . . . . . . 4-2
4.3-2 SPS GE0 Transportation Operations . . . . . . 4-3
4.3-3 Reference HLLV Launch Configuration . . . . . 4-7
4.3-4 HLLV First Stage (Booster) - Landing Configuratio; . . 4-8
4.3-5 HLLV Second Stage(Orbiter) - Landing Configuration . . 4-9
4.3-6 Selected EOTV Configuration . . . . . . . . 4-10
4.3-7 LO2/LH2 SSME Integral Twin Ballistic Booster . . . . 4-13
4.3-8 STS HLLV Configuration . . . . 4-14
4.3-9 Liauid Rocket Booster Main Engine'(SS&-3;) . . . . 4-15
4.3-10 POTV Configuration . . . . . . . . 4-16
4.3-12 Advanced Space Engine . , . . . . . . 4-17
viii
 TABLES

Table Page

1.2-l Solar Photovoltaic Weight Summary . . . . . l-8

1.2-2 Solar Thermal Weight Summary . . . . . . l-8
1.2-3 Nuclear Reactor Concept Weight Summary . . . . l-9
1.2-4 Photovoltaic (CR-2) Satellite Mass Statement -
Point Design . . . . . :. . . l-12
1.2-5 Solar Thermal Satellite Mass Statemeit -
Point Design . . . . . . . . . . l-13
1.2-6 NASA Reference Satellite Mass Properties . . . l-14
1.2-7 Mass Properties - Alternate Concepts . . . . l-17
1.4-l Program Ground Rules . . . . . . . . l-19
1.4-2 General Requirements Describing Overall SPS Program . . l-19
3.1-l Solar Array Functional Requirements . . . . . . 3-2
3.1-2 GaAlAs Solar Cell and Blanket Preliminary Specification . 3-7
3.1-3 SPS Reflector Preliminary Specification (CR-2) . . . 3-8
3.1-4 Solar Array Interfaces . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.1-5 Microwave Antenna - Operating Modes . . . . . . 3-10
3.1-6 Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.1-7 Design and Performance Characteristics . . . . . 3-16
3.1-8 Phase Error Budget . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
3.1-9 Array Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 3-16
3.1-10 Klystron Power Module . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.1-11 Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.1-12 Power Distribution and Control Subsystem -
Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1-13 Design and Performance Characteristics . . . . . 3-21
3.1-14 Structural Subsystem - Operating Mode . . . . . 3-23
3.1-15 Design and Performance Characteristics . . . . . 3-26
3.1-16 Attitude Control and Stationkeeping - Operating Modes . 3-27
3.1-17 Attitude Control Requirements . . . . . . . 3-28
3.1-18 Attitude Control RCS Requirements . . . . . . 3-29
3.1-i9 Stationkeeping RCS Requirements . . . . . . . 3-30
3.1-20 Electric Thruster Requirements . . . . . . * 3-30
3.1-21 Thermal Control Subsystem - Operating Modes . . . . 3-32
3.1-22 Klystron Cavity Radiators . . . . . . . . 3-35
3.1-23 IMCS - Operating Modes . . . . . . . .. . 3-36
3.1-24 Preliminary Data Interface Summary - Photovoltaic
(CR-2) Configuration . . . . . . . . . 3-40
3.1-25 Preliminary Control Interface Summary - Photovoltaic
(CR-2) Configuration . . . . . . . . . 3-40
3.1-26 Hardware Summary . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
3.1-27 Weight/Power/Volume Summary - IMCS . . . . . . 3-42
3.2-l Rectenna Functional Requirements . . . . . . 3-45
3.2-2 Rectenna Preliminary Specifications . . . . . . 3-47
3.2-3 Power Distribution and Control - Operating Modes . . 3-47
3.2-4 Design and Performance Characteristics . . . . . 3-50
3.2-5 Structural Subsystem - Operating Mode . . . . . 3-51

IX
Table Page

4.3-l TPU Transportation Requirements . . 4-4

4.3-2 SPS Program Transportation Req&emeits ,'30-Gear'
Construction Phase . l 4-4
4.3-3 Total Transportation Require&n&, Li-Yek P;ogrk . . 4-5
4.3-4 HLLV Sizing - Ground Rules/Assumptions . , . l . 4-6
4.3-5 HLLV Mass Properties l . . L . ,
. . 4-7
4.3-6 HLLV Weight Statement . . . . . , . . 4-8
4.3-7 HLLV Propellant Weight Sumwary . . . . . . . 4-9
4.3-8 EOTV Sizing Requirements . . . l .
. . 4-11
4.3-9 EOTV Thruster Characteristic; . . l .
. . 4-11
4.3-10 EOTV Weight/Performance Summary , . 1 . . . . 4-12
4;3-11 POTV Weight Summary . . l . . .
. l 4-16
4.3-12 Current ASS Engine Weight , . . . , . . . 4-17
4.3-13 IOTV Weight Summary . . . . . L . . 4-18

X
1.0 SCOPE/GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 1 .O SCOPE/GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This volume of Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study

final report summarizes the basic requirements used as a guide to systems
analysis and is a basis for the selection of candidate SPS point design(s).
Initially, these collected data reflected the level of definition resulting
from the evaluation of a broad spectrum of SPS concepts. As the various con-
cepts matured these requirements were updated to reflect the requirements
identified for the projected satellite system/subsystem point design(s).
Earlier studies (reported in Volumes I - VII, SD 79-AP-0023, dated April 1978)
established two candidate concepts which were presented to the NASA for con-
sideration. NASA, in turn, utilizing these and other concepts developed under
the auspices of other contracts, established a baseline or reference concept
which was to be the basis for future evaluation and point design. This volume
defines the identified subsystem/systems requirements, and where appropriate,
presents recommendations for alternate approaches which may represent improved
design features. A more detailed discussion of the selected point design(s)
will he found in Volume II of this report.

Figure 1.1-l establishes the relationship of the satellite system with the
other elements of the SPS program.

. HLLV
l SlS
l CON

.POTV

Figure 1.1-l. SPS Program Element

Relationship

l-1
 Figure 1.1-2 identifies the various satellite subsystems and the functions
as they apply on the satellite. Equivalent functions are applicable to the
ground receiving station (rectenna) system and will not be expanded here. A
limited discussion of ground receiving station subsystem functions will be
found in the section dedicated to ground receiving station requirements.

r ----
SATELLITE 1 GROUND 7
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM I
L J
-2--
---a-)
I !

l SOLAR CELLS *DC-RF CONV l FWR OISTRIB *CENTRAL l AlTlTUOE .POWER *PROCESSOR *RF-OC
aSOLAR BLANKET *ANTENNA *REGULATION
GIRDER
4ECONOARY
OETERMIN CONVERSION/
l
PHOTOVOLTAIC ;EM;ONTROL
CONVERSION
-POWER
*REFLECTOR *ANTENNA *ENERGY *HEAT OlSTRlBUTlONl
GIMBAL STORAGE .REEFLECTOR REJECTION *DATA BUS CONTROL’
*HEAT CONTROL’
REJECTION’ *POWER *ANTENNA l MW ANTEN- *REMOTE 4NFORYATION
*SECONDARY CONOITIONING NA FIG. *ANTENNA
SYSTEMS ACOUISITION MANAGEMENT’
l SECONDARY STRUCTURE .ROTARY CONTROL &CONTROL
STRUCTURE* *ROTARY JOINT JOINT
CONCEN- *ROTARY JOINTS *SUBMULTI- .
l %ELL
*CONTROL *SOLAR ARRAY PLEXOR
EToR *SECONDARY
.SECONOARY STRUCTURES* .MICRO- l STRUCTURE’
*MECHANISMS CONTROL
STRUCTURE* PROCESSOR
l REACTION
CONTROL *CONTROL*
*UTILITY GRNO
*SECONDARY INTERFACE’
STRUCTURE*
. SECONOARY
STRUCT*
*MAJOR INTERFACES PROCESSING’

Figure 1.1-z. Subsystem/Satellite System Relationship

The ground receiving station is identified in Figure 1.1-2 and is shown

to have an indirect (dotted) relationship to the orbiting satellite. Major
assemblies comprising each subsystem are identified. Unique factors such as
elements of one subsystem that are integrated with another (for example,
thermal radiators, subsystem control, etc.) are also identified. This docu-
ment will also identify supporting subsystems, including the transportation
system and SPS related ground facilities where these elements have been
identified and evaluated.

1.2 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

1.2.1 CANDIDATE CONCEPTS

Initial Candidate Concepts

Many candidate system concepts have been considered since the inception
of this study program. Six satellite concepts were identified for considera-
tion at a briefing in November 1977. These concepts are shown in Figure 1.2-1.
A single rectenna farm concept was assumed, applicable to all satellite concepts,

l-2
 Figure 1.2-l. SPS Conceptual Configuration (Nov. 1977)

Solar Photovoltaic (CR-l). Figure 1.2-2 illustrates the solar photovoltaic

(CR-l) satellite power system concept. The CR-1 system was a planar array and
had an overall planform dimension of 2.0x28.58 km. The depth of the satellite
was 1.17 km. This system required 48.99 km2 of deployed solar cell area and
had a total mass of 37.3~10~ kg, including a 30.7 percent growth factor. The
major advantages of the CR-1 configuration were its simplicity of design; it
did not require reflectors; and its relative insensitivity to misorientation
angles of as much as 43 degrees. The CR-1 configuration would have had the
largest solar cell area and mass in orbit.

Figure 1.2-2. Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-l) (Nov. 1977)

l-3
 Solar Photovoltaic (CR-2). Figure 1.2-3 illustrates the solar photovoltaic
(CR-2) satellite power system concept. The CR-2 system used reflector membranes
to concentrate solar energy on the cells. The satellite had two "Vee" troughs
per wing. The overall planfonn dimensions were 2.75x27.16 km, and the depth
was 1.2 km. This system required 23.76 km2 of deployed solar cell area and had
a total mass of 33.7~10~ kg, including a 30-percent growth factor. The major
advantages of the CR-2 configuration were the reduced requirement for solar
cells and low weight which reduced overall cost. The disadvantages were the
planform of the satellite was higher than for CR-1 and the system was sensitive
to misorientation. A +l degree misorientation of the solar array required an
additional 7.9 percent of reflector surface area. The reflective membranes
for the GE0 environment was not available, and reflectivities of 90 percent
at the beginning of life and 72 percent at the end of life were used in the
design.

Figure 1.2-3. Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-Z) (Nov. 1977)

Solar Photovoltaic (CR-5). Figure 1.2-4 illustrates the solar photovoltaic

(CR-S) satellite power system concept. The CR-5 system had two troughs per wing
and used reflector membranes to concentrate solar energy on the cells. The
satellite had the overall planform dimension of 3.12x32.84 km and the depth was
1.4 km. This system required 10.4 km2 of deployed solar cell area and had a
total mass of 37.4~10~ kg, including a 31.2-percent growth factor. The CR-5
system required the lowest solar cell area. The CR-5 configuration was very
sensitive to misorientation angles of only rl degree. At a geometric concen-
tration ratio of 5, an increase in reflector surface of 43 percent was required
to compensate for a misorientation of kl degree.

l-4
 Figure 1.2-4. Solar Photovoltaic Satellite (CR-51 (Nov. 1977)

Solar Thermal - Brayton. Figure 1.2-5 shows one Boeing concept for a
lo-GW solar thermal SPS. It used four concentrator modules, each composed of
thousands of planar facets which reflect sunlight into a cavity absorber.
Ceramic tubing in the absorber heated pressurized helium to 1379'C (2514'F)
which was supplied to a Bray:on cycle power module comprised of a turbine,
regenerator, cooler, compressor, and electrical generator. Heat rejected
from the cycle was dissipated by means of a NaK loop to a heat pipe/fin
radiator. Microwave power was transmitted from a single antenna at the end
of the satellite.

Solar Thermal - Rankine. Figure 1.2-6 shows a Rockwell concept for a

5-GW solar thermal SPS using a cesium Rankine cycle. The two concentrators
were inflatable, using aluminized plastic film with a transparent canopy.
Sunlight was concentrated on an open-disc absorber (cesium boiler) which pro-
vides cesium vapor at 1038'C (1900'F) to cesium turbines. Exhaust from the
cesium turbines was condensed at 400'F in a tube/fin radiator. Each of the
concentrator modules was hinged to permit seasonal tracking of the sun without
imposing gravity gradient torques on the satellite. The beam connecting the
two modules was offset to locate the rotary joint at the satellite center of
gravity.

Nuclear - Brayton. Figure 1.2-7 illustrates the nuclear-powered satellite

power system concept. The nuclear Brayton powered SPS consisted of 26 power
modules configured in a circular array 2 km in diameter. The antenna was sep-
arated by a distance of 3 km from the power modules. In this manner, reactor
shadow shielding and reactor-close plane separation distance were combined to
reduce nuclear radiation at the antenna to a level acceptable to maintenance
personnel. Each power module generated 344 MW, to provide the required power
at the distribution bus as well as its own housekeeping requirements. Brayton
cycle waste heat was rejected by a square radiator measuring 227 meters (750
feet) on each side (26 required). Each power module was approximately 40 feet
in diameter and 144 feet in length, and contained one nuclear reactor with

l-5
 - 8 tN KWKW,

.SECONO GENERATION NAK HEAT PIPEIAOIATORS

TllRIOCOYPRESSOAl/O .NaK HEAT )ItE KADIATOI

PIESClYY/w4 ,, .;g, I
I,, - 818 l 3M UWaPOWERSAT YOOULE
f I ow IIJ&md
IIIGH PRESSURE
DESIGN

Figure 1.2-5. Solar Thermal Brayton [Boeing) 10 GW

 l INfl.ATAWE
*FACETED
-TENSIONING llEOYTS
l flGUM CONlllOL I

Figure 1.2-6. Solar Thermal - Rankine (Nov. 1977)

Figure 1.2-7. Nuclear - Brayton (Nov. 1977)

shadow shield, fuel reprocessing assembly, and two closed Brayton cycle power
conversion units. The power module could be removed from the radiator for
replacement by remotely operated equipment.

Satellite Mass Properties. Tables 1.2-l through 1.2-3 present the summary
weights for the six initial candidate satellite concepts. The solar thermal
weight summary illustrates the known weight elements for both potassium-(K) and
cesium-(Ce) based Rankine thermal cycles.

l-7
Table 1.2-l. Solar Phqtovoltaic Weight Summary
(GaAlAs Solar Cells) (Nov. 1977)

CR.5 CR.2 CR-1 GROW”

CONCENTRATlON RAT10 10s KG 106 KG l@ KG
--- I
COLLECTOR ARRAY (NON ROT.,
PRIM.,SEC. STRUCTIMECH.
ATTITUDE CONTROL
I103531
9.300
.3m
“::2
0.212
2.un
,375
m.31
25.0
30.0
SOLAR CELLS 3.297 5.990 12.343 24.7
REFLECTORS 2.182 2.052 N/A 15.0
POWER CONOIT. 307 307 ,387 50.0
Wl”E HARNESS/SLIP RING 2.091 2.891 2.469 97.0

ANTENNA l”OTATlNG, 19.7941 9.794 9.794 (23.11

PRIM /XC. STRUCT.IMECH. .268 I 250
CO”LlNG ,200 50.0
PWR COXVERTERS 5.690 20.0
WlRlNGr’SLlP RING SAME SAME UO
WAVEGUIDES 3% 2U.O

IMS EOMTKABLING ,240 ,240 .24a 00.0

PROPELLANTIYEAR .100 ,103 .lcu 0

SUBTOTAL SATELLITE SYST. 28.497 25.599 29.513

GROWTH ALLOWANCE 0.002 0.115 8.754 31.2

TOTAL SATELLITE SYST. 37.379 33.714 37.270

COMPARABLE SILICON CR - i
WEIGHT - 43.589 X l@ KG

Table 1.2-2. Solar Thermal Weight Summary

(Nov. 1977)

BRA-ON OTAssIUY CESSIUI GROW-W

CONVERSION CONCEPT I106 KG, IlDg KG, 1106 KG,
x
COLLECTOR ARRAY ,NON.NOT, 131.1781 (22 559,
PRIM &EC. STRUCTJMECH. 2.217 2.217 2.139 25.0
ATTITUDE CONTROL 203 .2Lm ,203 33.0
SOLAR COLLECTOR 070 I.200 1.109 24.4
SOLAR ABSORBER 2.Sw ,230 ,230 30.0
TURBO EOUlP ,GEN 4.9m 14 loo 5.650 30.0
POWER CONDIT 1.039 1.039 1.039 50.0
WlRE HAHNESS,SLIP RING 1.262 1.262 1.262 la,
RADIATORS 0.850 10.130 10.130 30.0

ANTENNA IROT I 9.794 9.794 9.794 23.1

IMS EGMKAOLING ,249 ,240 ,240 75.0

PROPELLANTIYEAR .rm .lGo .I00 0

SUBTOTAL SATELLITE SY- 32.993 41.312 32.693

GROWTH ALLOWANCE 10.1m 12.565 10.057 30.0

TOTALSATELLITE SYST 43.152 53.878 42.780

1-i
 Table 1.2-J. Nuclear Reactor Concept Weight Summary
(Nov. 1977)

II@ KG, GROWTH x

PRIMARY STRUCTURE 0.351 25.0
SEC. STRUCT. !.I12 250
ATTITUDE CONTROL 0.20 30.0 CONCEPT WEIGHT COMPARISONS
SHEILDING 0.54 30.0
AEACTORS ,201 2.05 300 POWER BASE
“ch&VN’;;fN WEIGHT GROWTH ;:::T
FUELPROCESSING 1.91 Z0.W 300 1106 KG, 1x1 It@ KG1
TURBO EGUIPMENT 3.34 x)0
GENERATORS 1.83 Jo.0 CR-1 28.513 30.7 37.275
RADIATORS 11.94 I 33.0 2 25.599 30.0 33.714
POWER CONDIT. 1.839 50.0 5 2slW 31.2 57.379
WIRE HARDNESS 0.60 1M
RANKINE 20.3Ei 31.2 34.005
ANTENNA 9.00 23.1 CS/STEAY
IMS EOUIP. 0.081 500
NUCLEAR 35.0% 29.0 45.15
IMS CABLING ITS 0179 loo
PROPELLANT/YEAR 010 0
SUBTOTAL 35 052
GROWTH ALLOWANCE 10.411 zB.B
TOTAL SATELLITE SYST. iiziz

‘G&EOUS CORE REACTORIMHD COULD POTENTIALLY REOUCE THIS TO

1.99 X 106 KG - REFERENCE: BTH IECEC PAPER 759010. ,973

AA0 ATOR OPTIMIZATION COVLO POTENTIALLY REDUCE THIS TO

14.95 X 1d KG. CONOENOING STEAM RADIATOR (LOWER TEMPERATURE,

Rectenna. The ground receiver or rectenna transforms the transmitted

radio frequency energy to dc current for distribution into the utility network.
The area covered by a 5-gigawatt (GW) delivered power rectenna rate is shown
for a typical city (Figure 1.2-3). The rectenna formed an ellipse that is
approximately 6x10 km. An additional 4 km in radial length was provided to
the security fence to assure a safe level of radiation outside the fence.

FirstCandidate Selection (April 1977)

The two concepts selected for further evaluation and definition at the
end of the initial study in April 1978 were a photovoltaic (CR-2) approach
and a variation of the proposed Rockwell Solar Thermal satellite. A summary
description of the two selected point designs are given in the following two
paragraphs. Both these concepts are described in greater detail in Volume II
,of the Final Report (SD 79-AR-0023, dated April 1978).

In addition the selected ground receiving station point design which

differs slightly from the previous concept is briefly described below and in
more expanded form in Volume II of this report.

l-9
 Solar Photovoltaic (CR-2). The GaAlAs photovoltaic point design satel-
lite power system concept is shown in Figure 1.2-8. The system utilizes
aluminized reflector membranes to concentrate the solar energy on the cells.
The satellite solar reflectors produce a concentration ratio of CR-2. The
satellite employes the "Vee trough" configuration has three troughs per wing.
The system has an overall efficiency of 6.08% and delivers 5 GW of electrical
energy to the utility company on the ground. The overall planform dimensions
are 3.85x21.3 km, and the depth is 1.69 km. The satellite has a mass of
36.56~10~ kg which includes a 30% growth factor for the mass. The system
requires 30.6~10~ m2 of solar cells and 61.2~10~ m2 of reflector surface.
The solar cells for the point design are GaAlAs cells rated at 20% efficiency
at AM0 and 28'C. The solar array blanket mass is 0.2525 kg/m'.

Figure 1.2-8. Solar Photovoltaic Satellite

(CR-Z) 5 GW (Apr. 1978)

Solar Thermal - Rankine. Figure 1.2-9 shows the Rockwell point design
concept of a 5-GW solar thermal SPS using a cesium/steam Rankine cycle. The
two concentrators are of an inflatable design, using aluminized plastic film
with a transparent canopy. Sunlight is concentrated on an open-disc absorber
(cesium boiler) which provides cesium vapor at 1260°C (2300'F) to cesium
turbines. Exhaust from the cesium turbines is condensed at 593°C (llOO°F)
on the outside of steam boiler tubes which produce steam at 538'C (1000'F)
and 16.6 kN/m' (2400 psia) to a bottoming steam turbine. Exhaust from the
steam turbines is condensed at 204°C (400'F) in a tube/heat pipe/fin radiator.

Each of the concentrator modules is hinged to permit seasonal tracking of

the sun without imposing gravity gradient torques on the satellite. The beam
connecting the two modules is offset to locate the rotary joint at the satel-
lite center of gravity. This permits mounting of thrusters on the rotary
joint and facilitates their orientation during LEO/GE0 orbital transfer.

l-10
 . INFUTAILE *&sonBcR b 159
INDEPENDEI -
l x)0 PSI REFLECTOR FILM STRESS
POWER MOL”...
l 5 KM DIA

Figure 1.2-9. Solar Thermal - Rankine (5 GWJ (Apr. 1978)

Rectenna. The rectenna concept selected for further definition is illus-

trated in Figure 1.2-10. The receiving antenna forms an eclipse with major and
minor axis of 13 km and 10 km respectively. The major axis is aligned along
the N-S geographic line. Figure 1.2-11 illustrates the general site concept
recommended by the study to date.

IECTLHNA SWFORT CONCEPT

RECTENNA MODVLE

Figure 1.2-10. Microwave Transmission Subsystem

- Rectenna (Apr. 1978)

l-11
 /sw’rcn IARD
N0.’
/CONVERTER L RELAY 1DG

-MAINTENANCE AtEA

1 CONTROL CENlEt (2‘03 d,

CONQETE RANT3

’ KtIMElEt fENCE

. RECIENNA IANCL
tiEA ,I0 KY X I3 KM,

1 RECTENNA fMM ACCESS ROL9

‘SWITOI YARD NO. 3

Figure 1.2-11. Rectenna Site Concept (Apr. 1978)

Mass Properties. Table 1.2-4 and 1.2-5 present a summary of the estimated
weight for the two point design concepts.

Table 1.2-4. Photovoltaic (CR-2) Satellite Mass Statement

- Point Design (Apr. 1978)

Keight
Subsystem (Yfllion kg)

collector array
Structure and orchanisms 3.777
Power source 8.831
Power distribution and control 1.166
Attitude control 0.095
Infcrmacion nanagment and control 0.050
Total array (dry) (13.919)

Anrenna section
Structure and mechanisms 1.685
Thenal control l.LO8
Yicrowave power 7.012
Povrr distribution and control 3.:69
Informtion management and control 0.630
Total antenna section (dry) (11..?OL)

Tocal SPS dry weight 28.123

Crovth (30%) 8.:37

Total SPS dry weight with growth 36.560

Propellant per year O.OLO

l-12
 Table 1.2-5. Solar Thermal Satellite Mass Statement
- Point Design (Apr. 1978)

WEIGHT
SUBSISTER (MILLION KG)

tOLLECTOR ARRAY
STRUCTURE AND HECHANISMS I.661
POWER SOURCE 3.120
POWER DlSTRl8UTlON AND CONTROL 4.304
ATTITUDE CONTROL 0.095
THERMAL CONTROL 0.706
INFORIlAT10N MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 0.050
TOTAL ARRAY (DRY) (18.016)

ANTENNA SECTION
STRUCTURE AND HECHANISHS
THERMAL CONTROL :%
HICROUAVE POWER 7:012
POWER DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL 3.469
INFOIWATION MANAGEHENT AND CONTROL 0.630
TOTAL ANTENNA SECTION (14.204)

TOTAL SPS DRY WEIGHT 32.220

GROWTH (30%) 9.666

TOTAL SPS DRY WEIGHT WITH GROWTH (41.886)

PROPELLANT PER YEAR 0.040

NASA Reference Satellite Concept

In October 1978, NASA established a baseline (Reference) concept to be

used in subsequent design and feasibility analysis. The primary approach
selected consisted of solar blankets installed on a multi-trough, plannar
structure with a microwave transmission system for power transfer to Earth
located sites. The initial concept proposed a primary solar conversion ap-
proach utilizing Silicon solar cells with a concentration ratio of one (CR-l)
and an alternate approach using GaAlAs with a concentration ratio of two
(CR-2).

The Silicon cell based concept consisted of 8 cell troughs each containing
16 bays. The GaAlAs concept consisted of 5 troughs by 20 bays. Both concepts
utilized an end mounted, 1 km (nominal) microwave antenna. Both concepts were
normally 5.3x10.4 km, with the Silicon concept containing a greater mass.
(51~10~ kg) compared with GaAlAs (34 10 kg). Figure 1.2-12 illustrates the
GaAlAs version of the reference satellite. Overall system efficiency for the
Silicon based concept is estimated to be 7.06%, while for GaAlAs the efficiency
is estimated to be 6.97%. Power output for these concepts (at utility inter-
face) is estimated at 5.0 GW.

Mass Properties. Table 1.2-6 presents a summary of the estimated mass for
the two reference concepts.

l-13
 i ,050 m

Figure 1.2-12. NASA Reference Configuration (Oct. 1978)

Table 1.2-6. NASA Reference Satellite Mass Properties (Oct. 1978)

GAALASCR = 2 SILICON CR = 1
SUBSYSTEM OPTION OPTION
SOLAR ARRAY 13.796 27.258
PRIMARY STRUCTURE 4.172 3.388
SECONDARY STRUCTURE 0.581 0.436
SOLAR BLANEETS 6.696 22.051
CONCENTRATORS 0.955 -
POWER DISTRIBUTION & CONDITIONING 1.144 1.134
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT k CONTROL 0.050 0.050

ANTENNA 13.382 13.382

PRIMARY STRUCTURE 0.250 0.250
SECONDARY STRUCTURE 0.766 0.786
TRANSMITTER SUBARRAYS 7.178 7.178
POWER DISTRIBUTION IL CONDITIONING 2.189 2.169
THERMAL CONTROL 2.222 2.222
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & CONTROL 0.630 0.630
ATTITUDE CONTROL 0.126 0.126
ARRAY/ANTENNA INTERFACES* 0.147 0.147
PRIMARY STRUCTURE 0.094 0.094
SECONDARY STRUCTURE 0.003 0.003
MECHANiSMS 0.033 0.033
POWER DISTRIBUTION 0.017 0.017
SUBTOTAL 27.327 40.787
CONTINGENCY (25%) 6.832 10.197
TOTAL 34.159 50.984
l ROTARYJOINT. SLIP RINGS. ANTENNAYOKE

Recommended Alternative Satellite Concept

The Rockwell satellite concept as of December 1978 is presented in

Figure 1.2-13. Figure 1.2-13(a) illustrates the Rockwell end mounted antenna
while Figure 1.2-13(b) depicts a satellite with a center mounted antenna con-
cept. Both approaches consist of a 3 bay by 10 bay structure containing the
solar arrays and reflectors. The 30 bay structure is sized to dimensions of
3900 kg by 16000 meters. The center, antenna mounting, structure adds 1900
meters to the overall length of the satellite. The end mounted antenna con-
cepts dry mass is greater by approximately 1.0X106 kg.

1-14
 :h \

Cb)

Figure 1.2-13. Alternate Satellite Concepts (Dec. 1978)

The solar array panel is 600 m wide X 750 m long. Two of these panels
make up a voltage string (45.7 kV). The 600 m width consists of 24 rolls each
25 meters wide. Sizing of the array is based on a solar constant at summer
solstice (1319.5 W/m2), an end of life concentration ratio of 1.83, an operat-
ing temperature of 113°C and the design factors listed in the figure. A
design margin factor of 0.975 is used to match the available area of 27~10~ m2.
Total power at the array output is 9.52 GW. Total transmitted power is 6.79 GW.
System efficiency factors for the satellite as indicated in Figure 1.2-14.

Mass Properties. Table 1.2-7 presents a summary of the mass for the two
alternate concepts.

Ground Receiving Station. The various elements of the initially defined

Ground Receiving Station (GRS) are shown in Figure 1.2-15. The major elements
shown include the basic receiving/rectifying panels (rectenna), the power
distribution and power conversion elements, as well as the various supporting
elements (maintenance, facilities, land, etc.). The estimated efficiency of
the various links of the ground system power chain is shown in Figure 1.2-14.

The rectenna panels are located in the center of the receiving station
and covers a ground area of approximately 80 km2 (approximately 25,000 acres).
An additional 32 km2 (approximately 10,000 acres) is required for the distribu-
tion and conversion stations plus a security perimeter. Received power is
approximately 5.53 GW (at 2.45 GHz). Power available at the utility interface
is approximately 4.6 GW ac.

1-15
 (9.52 GW r ,
SLIP
SWITCH
RING/ -
GEAR
RRUSH (~(8.92 Gw)

I- 0.9381- I
POWER DIST

l- 0.7608
MW ANT
4

\‘.-, ‘.,
I I
GROUND

= POWER GEN, X POWER DIST. X MW ANT. X GROUND

t7 SG = .w9’4 = .906
(13.35%)
b.47%
(93.81%) (76.06%)

(5.6% BASED ON TOTAL INTERCEPTED AREA)

(67.91%)
I NOTE .W514= .932
I

Figure 1.2-14. System Efficiency Chain

 Table 1.2-7. Mass Properties - Alternate Concepts

SUBSYSTEM END-MOUNTED

SOLAR ARRAY (11.884)

PRIMARY STRUCTURE .702
SECONDARY STRUCTURE .55a
SOLAR BLANKETS 6.818
CONCENTRATORS I.037 l-037
POWER DISTRIBUTION G CONDITIONING 2.603 0.882
INFORHATION HANACEHENT C CONTROL 0.050 0.050
ATTITUDE CONTROL 0. Il.6 0.116
ANTENNA (14.532) (14.532)
PRIMARY STRUCTURE 0.120 0.120
SECONDARY STRUCTURE 0.857 0.857
TRANSHllTER SUBARRAYS 7.012 7.012
POWER DISTRIBUTION & CONDITIONING 4.505
THERMAL CONTROL 1.408
INFORMATION HANACEMENT & CONTROL 0.630
SUBTOTAL 26.416 24.557
CONTINGENCY (254) 6.604 6.137
TOTAL 33.020 30.694
I

500 KVAC BUS (TYP .)

(3-PHASE,

OUTER FENCE\~~~~ \‘MONlTOR b. CONTROL FACILITY

CONS1 iRUCllON ACCESS -

ROAD .A.
Y- NOT TO SCALE
(PANEL AREA 10 KMX 13 KM)

Figure 1.2-15. Ground Receiving Station

l-17
 1.3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Figure 1.3-l illustrates the baseline transportation flight operations

designed to deliver cargo and personnel to geosynchronous (GEO) orbit for SPS
construction. Three SPS unique elements of the system are: the Heavy Lift
Launch Vehicle (HLLV), the Electric Orbit Transfer Vehicle (EOTV), and the
Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle (POTV). The HLLV is a two stage parallel
burn launch vehicle utilizing LOX/RP in the 1st stage and LOX/LH;! in the
second stage. Second stage propellants are crossfed from the 1st stage
during 1st stage burn. These stages take off from a vertical position and
land horizontally in a manner similar to that of the Shuttle transportation
system. Each HLLV launch can transport a 0.227~10~ kg (0.500~10~ lb) payload
to low earth orbit (LEO).

A second major transportation element is the LEO-to-GE0 cargo transfer

vehicle, the EOTV. The EOTV consists of a basic solar array structure and
electric (ion) thruster arrays by which as much as 5.2~10~ kg of cargo can be
transferred to a GE0 - located construction site. A maximum EOTV load would
therefore require 23 HLLV missions.

A third vehicle is designed to transport personnel from the LEO staging

area to and from the GE0 site. The vehicle consists of a single chemical
propulsion stage and a separable crew module. The propulsion element is refuel-
ed in GE0 for return to LEO. Acceperation and operation restrictions are
similar to those imposed for manned space vehicles.

Figure 1.3-l. SPS Transportation System - LEO Operations

Operational Program

l-18
I -

1.4 PROGXAM GROUND RULES

Table 1.4-l shows the program ground rules that affected the development
of requirements. Table 1.4-2 shows the general requirements describing the
overall SPS program.

Table 1.4-l. Program Ground Rules

IOC DATE: 2000

PROGRAM SIZE: 2030-300 GU (IO CWYR)
SYSTEM LIFE: 30 YEARS
COSTS : 1977 CONSTANT DOLLARS (7.5% DISCOUNT RATE)
TECHNOLOGY BASE: 1990
SYSTEMS AVAILABLE IN THE 1980’S: SHUTTLE. IUS. 6 OTV

Table 1.4-2. General Requirements Describing Overall SPS Program

Progr-tic Technology
-

ENERGY SOURCE-Solar OUTPUT POWER-Power level is defined as

constant power level (except during solar
CAPACITY-Assume 2 units/year after eclipse) at utility interface (5 GW, nom-
initial buildup to 300 GW inal )

LIFETIHE- 30 years with minimum planned HAXIMLV4 RADIATION LEVELS--Maximum radia-

maintenance (should be capable of extended tion level at rectenna is 23 mW/cm2;
life beyond 30 years with replacement) maximum radiation level at perimeter
fence line is 1 mu/cm2 .
rot-2000
WEIGHT GROWTH-TBD
BUILDUP-Provide 10 GW (nominal)/year
power buildup rate to utility interface TOTAL WEIGHT-All sumnary weight (totals)
will be in t&n of kg/kw,
OPERATIONS-Geosynchronous orbit; O-degree
inclination, circular (35,786~km altitude) ENERGY STORAGE-To support on-board
satellite system operations only
RESOURCES-Minimum use of critical
resources CONSTELLATION-Satellite space, 3 degrees

COMWERCIALIZATION-Compatiblc with U.S. FAILURE CikXTERIA--No single point failure

utility networks may cause total loss of SPS function

DEVELOPMENT-Evolutionary, with provisions STORAGE-One year on-board storage vithout

for incorporating later technology resupply

CONSTRUCTION-Structural material to be
graphite composite.

STARruP/.SHClTDCi#N-!fSD
--

1-19
II

2.0 FUNCTIONAL FLOW BLOCK DIAGRAMS

 2.0 FUNCTIONAL FLOW BLOCK DIAGRAMS

2.1 SATELLITE

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION

The functional flow diagrams as presented in this section are intended to

provide two types of information for the satellite. The first is a simplified
block diagram identifying the basic flow path of the end product, in this case
electrical energy,from the point of origin (power generation) to the interface
where the energy leaves the satellite (microwave antenna). The function flow
diagrams of the ground receiving station are considered in section 2.2. The
flow diagrams also identify the interfaces between the various primary and
support subsystem and the signal flow paths within the various subsystem con-
cepts. The flows are, at the present time, limited to the active paths neces-
sary for vehicle operations. Passive elements or subsystems, e.g., the
structural fasteners and fastening concepts, are not addressed in this section
of the requirements document.

The second type of information provided is a summary of the requirements

imposed by, imposed upon, and/or derived within the various subsystem config-
urations.

Examples of the type of information presented (when available) include

operating temperatures, pressures, flow rates, voltage and current, pointing
limits, etc.

The operating relationship between the various subsystems is illustrated

by the block diagram shown in Figure 2.1-1. Operational control of the satel-
lite is provided by the Information Management and Control Subsystem (IMCS).

The IMCS also provides subsystem processing support for all but the very
special functions. The only specific case of a special function identified
at the present time is the beam programmer element in the microwave antenna
subsystem. The man-machine interface has also been established to be at
computer-generated display/control terminals. The display/control terminals
have not, as yet, been defined -- nor will they be during this contract.

Mechanical interfaces (between structure subsystem and the other sub-

systems) have not been shown to simplify the diagrams.

2.1.2 SUBSYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

The following paragraphs briefly describe details of each of the subsystem

concepts defined to date. Important parameters are summarized where appropriate.
More specific details of each subsystem element is discussed in greater length
in Section 3.0 of this document.

2-l
 DISRIDUlION

INFORMATION MLNAGEMNT AND CON,‘“01

Figure 2.1-1. SPS Satellite Subsystem

Functional Relationships

Power Generation

Figure 2.1-2 presents the basic power generation concepts for the photo-
voltaic concept with a concentration ratio of 2 (CR-2). Switchgear for inter-
segment connections are considered part of the power generation group.

TIE SLIP RINGS

BUS
42.95 K” 12.9 I(”
8,936 Gw t1.925 GW

;: SUMMING&

I
BUS
43.1 I(”
21120 8.96 GW
022
Jv=emv

Figure 2.1-Z. Power Generation - Photovoltaic (CR-2)

2-2
Power Distribution

Figure 2.1-3 presents the functional block diagrams for the satellite
power distribution subsystem. The supplementary power source is required
during eclipse periods to power critical support systems and to sustain
temperature-sensitive subsystem elements such as the MW antenna klystrons.

Figure 2.1-J. Power Distribution

Preliminary power estimates for supplementary power indicates a need for

a l-40 MW/h storage capacity. Although subsystem power conditioning and dc-dc
conversion is shown as being combined into a single unit, these functions are
in actuality composed of many dc-dc converters (or dc-ac converters, if neces-
sary) located throughout the vehicle and/or MN antenna structure. Dc-dc bias
voltage converters are located at two locations on the antenna structure and
supply the 5 high voltages needed to operate the Klystrons. The maximum
number of high voltage dc-dc converters on the antenna is estimated to be 32.

Figures 2.1-4 through 2.1-6 present the subsidiary systems that make up
the attitude control and stationkeeping subsystem for the photovoltaic SPS
satellite concepts. These three systems are the attitude reference (platform)
system, the microwave antenna pointing system (ring drive and gimbal drives),
and the tank and engine systems,

2-3
 ---a

1 AH CON? 1
pENG & 1Ky
*RINGS L
I I
GIW
kINFIG 1

r “1 r
I MGMT I
I -1
L-- J L-Ja-

Figure 2.1-4. ACS - Photovoltaic Attitude Reference System

?? P

ff r--1
r--1 r Iwo 1
I**-1 1 YGNT 1 I
WUIO S-’
IcoFllux I 1-I I I
L w-d LW-.l-- L-w J

Figure 2.1-5. ACS - Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal,

MW Antenna Pointing System

I- - - -1
lA~CONlROLt
1 (*nm \
I --,-I

c
7-7
INK)
I MGMT I
1

r --1 r-- 1

Figure 2.1-6. ACS - Photovoltaic Tank and Engine System

2-4

.
Structure

Figure 2.1-7 presents the only active (instrumentation) portion of the

structures subsystem defined to date. The depicted system monitors the location
of corner reflectors so as to establish the degree of distortion existing in
reflectors, mirrors, and other elements of the entire satellite configuration.
Each of the 35 laser transits is assumed capable of scanning and calculating
the location of at least 100 to 200 reflectors distributed over the surface of
the mirror, solar arrays, and primary support structure.

r
1
13
INFO ‘I
MGNT 1
I MO i
LWNTROLJ
--
--

LUUCIW~
I I
L--J
r-- 1

‘-
I
I I
L--d

Figure 2.1-7. Structure - Configuration Monitor

- Photovoltaic (CR-Z)

Thermal

Figure 2.1-8 presents a general summary of the thermal requirements. As

more information regarding temperature, status, etc., is defined, it will be
added.

Microwave Antenna

Figure 2.1-9 presents the beam generation and control portion of the micro-
wave antenna subsystem. Most of the paths shown operate at frequencies of
approximately 2.45 GHz and are, therefore, either coaxial cable, strip lines,
or waveguides. The beam programmer is a special-purpose dedicated processor
design to accomplish high-speed RF pointing control via the digital diode phase
shifter. External processing is limited to much slower, large element antenna .'
pointing and performance monitoring and control.

Information Management and Control

This subsystem provides for overall satellite operational control, as

well as performing system status monitoring.

2-5
 -
- ‘I

PHOTOVO'LTAIC, GaAlAs, CR = 2

*SOLAR ARRAY

I TBLANKET = ll3"Cl

*POWER DISTRIBUTION

*ROTARY JOINT

*INFORMATION MGMT

T = 60"~
MAX
T = 60°C
MIN
El
*ANTENNA

CAVITY RADIATOR
T = 200°C
COLLECTOR RADIATOR
T = 700°C

Figure 2.1-8. Thermal Requirements

Figure 2.1-10 depicts the overall processor hierarchy appropriate to the

basic photovoltaic (CR-2) configuration.

Figure 2.1-11 presents the typical architecture of the microwave antenna

IMCS system.

2-6
 --
I I- 1
I ro*n I
, wanrtu,
I L- J
I T 30wntnnw

Figure 2.1-9. Microwave Antenna - Beam Generation and Control

Figure 2.1-10. SPS IMCS Top-Level Block Diagram
 MIQOWAVE MICROWAvl
WaOvAVt
ANllNNA
COMNW I
I ANTENNA 1 ___- I ANTENNA I

RoJ

I
N
I
W
I-1
P _ rr
I 7s

RAC - RWOIF ACOUISI?ION AND CONlROL lJNll

SM - suR-hulllPlExER
)LP - buao4nocwoe
,a, - M. U)NlROL UN11

Figure 2.1-11. IMCS Microwave Antenna

 2.2 GROUND RECEIVING STATION

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The functional flow diagrams for the Ground Receiving Station (GRS) are
in many respects similar to those established for the SPS satellite. This
becomes apparent when considering the relationship of the various subsystems
and interfaces as shown in Figure 2.2-l. As on the satellite the Information
Management and Control Subsystem (IMCS) provides primary control and system
monitoring with the man-machine interface primarily used for judgement and
system reconfiguration.

I ,
INFORhWION MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Figure 2.2-l. SPS Ground Receiving Station

Subsystem Functional Relationships

2.2.2 SUBSYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

The following paragraphs briefly describe details of the subsystem concepts

considered to date. Important parametric data are estimated and summarized
where appropriate. More specific details of each subsystem element is discussed
in greater detail in Section 3.0 of this document.

Power Reception

Figure 2.2-2 presents the basic microwave receiving/rectifying element

(rectenna) located at the ground site. The receiver/rectifying elements (di-
poles and rectifying diodes) are symetrically located on the panels as shown
in Figure 2.2-3. Individual diode rectifier outputs are series connected to
produce voltage strings slightly greater than 40 kV.

2-10
 ‘0.3lM WIDE FOOTING. 0.194 Ay3vL GUDL,
0.43 Y YLCW GRMIE (2 FUCES,

Figure 2.2-2. Basic Rectenna Panel Assembly

-7 A/2 = 0.428 M -)
-A----_
em-- -
SQUARE CLUSTER 49 DIPOLES
t --
19.? BEAM AT 3 DB POINT
7A/2 -’ AT 2% POINT
OUTER PERIMETER
(ii& LOOKED AT HEXAGON, LINE)
I f------

INTERCONNECT SCHEME

2 LINKS 2 XgLONG
4 LINES 7/2 k ALL OTHERS A g LONG
4 LINES 7/2 fiA

AVERAGE PATH = 4.2 A I

TO DIODE
I
ADDED LOSS L------- -_
.079 Dn
1.8%
DISTANCE - AVERAGE ELEMENT TO OUTPUT = 3/2 A8

. LOSS AT .015 Da/ A, = .0225 DB = 0.5%.

l POTENTIAL DIFFICULTY - MATCHING LOSSES OF 17 PORT NETWORK

Figure 2.2-3. Panel Dipole/Diode Cluster Layout

Power Distribution

Figure 2.2-4 presents the functional block diagram for the GRS. Power to
supply the various operating systems during periods when the satellite source
is not transmitting power, or during startup periods, is provided by cross-
feeds to other auxiliary power sources not shown in this diagram.

2-11
96 DOUBLE BOXES
EA SECTOR
1M . CUBES
\ 40,000 VDC BUSSES ISOLATION
SWITCHES\
(CONVERTER
I 400 MW
I STATION I 500 KVAC

(lYPlCAL
OF 12
SITES)

2 \
-g-c
Eli
IL \
\
108s ROWS
----- w------------------

FEEDERPOWER (INPUT TO
40,000 VDC BUSSES)
I RANGE 12.1 - 16 MW AT
‘- (300 - 400A) ’
14.8 MW AS MANY FEEDERS
AS REQUIRED TO
APPROACH 16 MW
Figure 2.2-4. Ground Receiving Station Schematic
Block Diagram - Preliminary
lr

Included in the power distribution networks are the voltage feeders run
behind each rectenna panel, the 40 kV dc and 500 kV ac buses as well as the
voltage string isolating motor switches and system protecting switchgear.

Power Conversion Stations

Figure 2.2-5 presents a simplified block diagram of solid state power

conversion stations situated around the perimeter of the rectenna area.
Initial power estimates result in a preliminary count of 12 stations for the
4.61 GW capability of a basic GPS site.

N KVAC N KVAC TRANSFORMERS 500 KVAC

40 KVDC F,LTERS 40 KVDC POWER F I LTERS
z
- INVERTERS

4g
4 4
I I
I
- I
- CONTROL _ _ - - - - - - - -I

Figure 2.2-5. Power Conversion Station Functional

Block Diagram - Simplified

Structure

The basic structure of the rectenna panel is shown in Figure 2.2-2.

Figure 2.2-6 illustrates a typical area of the rectenna farm. Also shown
in Figure 2.2-6 is a panel installation mechanism that can be used during
initial field buildup or to replace defec,tive or damaged panels during mainten-
ance procedures. Details of support facilities, storage areas, and other
required structures have not been established, and will be determined as part
of other, yet to be established, studies.

Thermal

The specifics of thermal control and/or shielding have not, as yet, been
determined. Details will be established by future studies (TBD).

Safety and Security

Elements of security and safety are TBD.

2-13
 Figure 2.2-6. Panel Installation Operations

Information Management and Control

This subsystem provides for overall ground site control as well as all
on site system status monitoring. With the addition of appropriate connnunica-
tion channels the on site IMCS can also provide for off-site safety and
security.

Figure 2.2-7 depicts a possible overall processor hierarchy appropriate

to the needs of the GRS. Note that the selected architecture is similar to
that selected for the satellite. This was done because the basic requirements
(e.g., many parallel operations using relatively simple algorithms and very
large numbers of measurements and controls), are similar.

The basic architecture of the individual subsystems have not been defined
because of the limited details available.

2-14
 I
Group A l Group C Group B
Equipment , Equipment Equipment

PUR CONY STA

SUPERVISORY SUPERVISORY SUPERVISORY
I

PERIMETER
HONITOR
NO. 1
I
I
I

COMPUTER I
I I

I
POWER DISTRIB POWER OISTRIB. POWER DISTRIB. POWER DISTRIB.
I

4 I
THERML THERHAL
GROUP A GROUP C I
CDHPUTER l
BCU

Figure 2.2-7. IMCS Processor Hierarchy - Typical Ground

3.0 SUBSYSTEM
 3 .O SUBSYSTEM

3.1 SATELLITE

The following subsections of this document describe the requirements, the

major assemblies, characteristics, and definitions for the seven satellite sub-
system groups which were developed during the continuing SPS evaluation. These
subsystems (or subsystem groups) are listed below.

l Power Conversion
l Microwave Transmission
l Power Distribution and Control
9 Structure
l Attitude Control and Stationkeeping
l Thermal Control
l Information and Management Control

More detailed discussions/descriptions of the identified subsystems may be

found in Volume II.

3.1.1 POWER CONVERSION

The baseline power conversion subsystem consists of solar cells, blankets,

attachment devices, reflector membranes, and associated attachment devices.
Gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) cells have been selected as the baseline
solar cell. The cell is fastened to a thin-film Kapton substrate with an FEP
adhesive. The photovoltaic power conversion subsystem is designed for a
nominal geometric concentration ratio of 2.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

The functional requirements for the photovoltaic power subsystems are

listed in Table 3.1-l. The system efficiency block diagram is shown in
Figure 3.1-1. Shown in the figure are power levels, efficiencies, degradation
factors and solar cell area requirements. A simplified integrated block dia-
gram for the CR-2 concept is presented in Figure 3.1-2.

Major Assemblies

The major assemblies and components that are required for the photovoltaic
subsystem are shown in Figure 3.1-3.

3-l
 Table 3.1-l. Solar Array Functional Requirements

--- PROGRAMMA'TIC
ENEIGY SOURCE - Solar
CtlPACI'I'y - 9.5 GW (nominal) delivered to power distribution networks
LIFETIME - 30 years with minimum planned maintenance (should be capable of extended life beyond 30
years with replacement)
K-K' DA7'E - 2000
OPERd'TIONS - Geosynchronous orbit; O-degree inclination, circular (35,786 km altitude)
RESOURCES- Minimum use of critical resources
COPlEfERRCIAIJZdTION- Compatible with United States utility networks
DEVEU3PEfENT- Evolutionary, with provi:;ions for incorporatinq later technoloqv

r
-.. _-.- . __
OUTPUT POWER - Power level is defined
MASS GROWTH- 25 percent
as constant
TECHNOLOGY
power level (except during solar eclipse)
J

ENEH(;Y STORAGE - To support on-board satellite system operations only

FdIfJlRE CRITERIA - No single-point failure may cause total loss of SPS function
ENERGY PAYBACK - Less than 3 years
COST - Competitive with ground-based power generation within lifetime of SPS project
STORAGE - One year on-board storage without resupply

Standby (zero power)

Turn on after leaving eclipse and arrays reach equilibrium temp-

edundant operation, auto shutd

*Solar cell/blanket/reflector module

 .999
-I - r=*$@ -I
,
HI VOLTAGE RESONANT
SWITCH _ SWITCH
DC-DC - - KLYSTRONS CAVITY +,
SWITCH _ GEAR GEAR
CONVERTER RADIATOR 1

3 - .999 .96 .592 .85 .96 I

7.07 GW
b 6.79 GW 1
r= .98
I- -l!
I
4.61 GW’
SWITCH Ir?i~TZ;iy I
SWITCH _ POWER
GEAR CONVERSION GEAR - RECTENNA 1 A~~,&YEPEllL\L r]
r= TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY L,,-- J
.998 -96 .997 .89 ,815

Figure 3.1-l. System Efficiency

Block Diagram

SOLAR ENERGY
1
F
O.l*FOR

1
CC

~RCIJI, DISPLAYS
1
1 Ifi

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER CONVERSION

GoAl*l CELLS ZWa *MO WC
SP.SS GW. h
CONTROL

Figure 3.1-2. Simplified Integrated Block Diagram -

Photovoltaic (CR-21

3-3
 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
’ POWER CONVERSION

I I

SOLAR CELLS SOLAR BLANKET CONCENTRATOR

l &A$ CELL l KAPTON BLANKET l KAPTON BLANKET

’ GaAIAs WINDOW l TRANSPARENT THERMAL .* REFLECTIVE BLANKET’
COAT INC
l COYER/SUBSTRATE l ADHESIVE l Al-TACHHENiS AND
TENSIONING DEVICES

l CURRENT COLLECTORS l INTERCONNECTS l SENSORS

l AIR COATING ’ ATTACHHENTS AN0

TENSIONING DEVICES
l SENSORS

Figure 3.1-3. Assembly Tree - Solar Photovoltaic

Power Conversion
Solar Cells. The solar cell used in the SPS design is a GaAlAs cell
having an efficiency of 20 percent at Air Mass Zero (AMO) and 28°C. The cell
consists of the GaAlAs junction, GaAlAs window, cover/substrate, current col-
lectors, and an anti-reflection coating. The basic cell design is the invert-
ed GaAs/sapphire designhaving a weight of 0.252 kg/m'. The various cell
designs and the selected design are shown in Figure 3.1-4. The design cell
has a 2O+m sapphire substrate upon which is grown a 5-pm single crystal GaAs
junction. A 500-g GaAlAs window is then deposited on the 5-urn junction. The
voltage and current characteristics of the cell as a function of operating
temperature are shown in Figure 3.1-5. The cell build up to form a submodule
for the solar blanket is shown in Figure 3.1-6.

Solar Blanket. The solar blanket consists of a 25-urn Kapton membrane

upon which the cells are fastened with a thermosetting FEP adhesive. Also
included in the blanket are the interconnects, transparent thermal coating
as may be required for thermal control, attachments, tensioning devices, and
sensors. The solar cell blankets will be manufactured in blanket form and
the solar cells attached. This assembly will then be rolled up on a drun
type canister. It is postulated that the blankets will be 25 m wide by approx-
imately 750 m in length. The canisters are then transported to orbit where
the blankets are deployed via a roll-out deployment-type operation. The solar
blanket consists of 1 square meter modules that are hooked together in series
and parallel and the voltage, current, power output and a typical layout is
shown in Figure 3.1-7.

3-4
 -

Figure 3.1-6. Alternate Solar Cell Design

.46
50 loo WI MO 25Q
SOUR CELL lEMFE9AlLRE f-0

TODAYS XIMTCELLS
(HUGHER S9S DESIGN S.O.L.
l2=20.4 (Z.W.J.59 04
CR-I; 12x 8X-1.72; I2SC
.W3.1% (Aho 47.6%
V~9-0.69 VOLlS/CELL
V~-x69V/(ILLm.m2v/ch4l
I,&23 M*JCM WIDTHI (10.5.’ MAfCUl
ly+27MA-U.5WCMWlDTM

( b-f01

Figure 3.1-S. GaAlAs Solar Cell Voltage

and Current Characteristics

3-s
 rnlGH1 fMGm.4

7.w

INlERCONNfC75 a.4
&TO, GRID C.ONlACTS

0.03

1.66

4.0

1.7

‘25PM KAPTON 3.4

0lANKEl-l
\ 6 b+POlYMER o.(
1HERMAL COATING 25.25 t.252 KG/M+

Figure 3.1-6. GaAlAs Solar Cell Blanket

Cross Section

II I27nsU II
---.-..
.._.
-,
SOLAR ARRAY DESIGN FAClORS

ENERGY ONTO CELL (CR=1 .q ii1417

OF!5 TEMP I l3C
b
, REFLECTOR,
qrn 438.5
DEkiGN FACTOR t.89 390.w
SOLAR CtLL SEASONAL FACTOR t.968) 377.70
DEGRAD FACTOR (.96) 362.67
SG FAClORt.997) 361.58
MARGINL975) 39.6
SOLAR ARRAY POWER OUTPUT - 352.6 W/M2 X 27.0 (lo6, M2
= 9.52 GW

Figure 3.1-7. Solar Panel Power Output

- Watts/m2

3-6
 Concentrators. Thin reflector membranes are used on the SPS to reflect
the sun onto the solar cell surfaces and obtain a nominal concentration ratio
of 2. The reflector is made of 12.5 pm (0.5 mil) aluminized Kapton. Reflec-
tivity of the reflector was taken at 0.9 BOL and 0.72 EOL. The reflector
membrane has a mass of 0.018 kg/m'. The reflective membranes are mounted on
the structure using attachments and tensioning devices. Tensioning based on
structural limit of the existing beam design (with safety factor of 1.5)
indicates that tensioning of up to 75 psi can be used.

Design and Performance Characteristics

The design and performance characteristics of the photovoltaic system

are presented in Tables 3.1-2 and 3.1-3. Operational parameters, materials
of construction, deployed and planform areas and weights are presented for
the subsystem.

Table 3.1-Z. GaAlAs Solar Cell and Blanket

Preliminary Specification (CR-2)

ITEM CHARACTERISTIC

ARRAY INTERCEPTED ENERGY 69 GW

CELL 5 AT 28’C, AH0 20%
CELL r, AT Il3”C, AH0 18.15%
ARRAY OUTPUT TO DISTRIB. BUS EOL 9.52 GW
ARRAY OUTPUT VOLTAGE 45.7 kV
CELL OLITPUT VOLTAGE AT Il3’C 0.7 v
CELLS IN SERIES 65.000
SOLAR CELL SUEPANEL SIZE 600x750 m
NUMBER OF BAYS PER SPS
ARRAY DESIGN FACTOR &
REFLECTIVITY & DEGRADATION 0.90 BOL. 0.72 EOL
CONCEh’TR,4TION RATIO
GEOI’IETRIC 2
EOL 1.9
EOL 1.86
SOLAR CELL CONSTRUCTION
COVER 20 urn SAPPHIRE
CELL 5 urn GaAlAs
INTERCONNECT 12.5 pm SILVER MESH
SUBSTRATE
ADHESIVE 12.5 urn FEP
FILM 25 urn KAPTON
TRANSPARENT THERHAL COATING 6 urn POLYHER
SPECIFIC WEIGHT 0.2525 kg/m’(0.0516 lb/f?)
DEPLOYED CELL C BLANKET AREA PLANFORH 62.4 km2
SOLAR CELL AREA 27 kd
REFLECTOR SURFACE AREA 54 km2
MASS
SOLAR CELLS 6.818~10~ kg
REFLECTORS 1 .037x106 kg
TOTAL PASS 7.855~10~ kg

3-7
 Table 3.1-3. SPS Reflector Preliminary
Specification (CR-L?)

ILeE

Material Aluminized Kapton

Kapton thickness 12.5 m
Kapton specific gravicp 1.42 (0.013 kg/m')
Aluminized coating thickness 400 angsrrom uni:s
Weight of aluminized coating 96 k&m'
Reflector surface protective film
coating Quartz or calcium r':u,>riie
Reflector subpanel size 600x 750 m
Number of reflector panels 120
Reflector reflectivity/degradation 0.90 BOL. 0.72 EOL
Concentration ratio geometric 2.0
Concentration ratio 1.9 BOL. 1.86 EOL
Reflactor slant angle from horiz. 60 degrees
Operating temperature
Top reflectors -52'C
Inboard bottom reflectors 46°C
Outboard bottom reflectors -73OC
Total area of reflectors 61.2~10" m'
Total weight of reflectors 1.012~106 kg

Subsystem Definition and Interfaces

The subsystem interfaces are shown in Table 3.1-4 for the photovoltaic
conversion subsystem. The major interfaces include the array orientation,
attitude control, IMS and control, energy storage, power distribution,
structure, thermal control, and support operations.

3.1.2 MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The microwave power transmission system (MPTS) consists of a set of dc-

microwave conversion devices, feeding a microwave array and a ground array of
antenna/rectifier assemblies for microwave-dc conversion (rectenna). The
ground array will be discussed in Section 3.2.

The array is phased by means of a pilot beam formed at the rectenna which
is received by the array and used to form the power converter drive signals.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

A functional block diagram of the satellite array assembly is shown in

Figure 3.1-8. The requirements for the various operating modes are listed
in Table 3.1-5.

Figure 3.1-9 shows how the array is formed of mechanical assemblies

supported by two grids of catenaries anchored to the hexagon frame. These
assemblies consist of nine 10.2 m by 11.64 m subarrays. Each subarray is
formed of a variable number of power converter/radiator modules, depending
on the power density required.

3-8
 Table 3.1-4. Solar Array Interfaces
Subsystem Interface Interface Requirement I Value or Comment
r Voltage 45.i kL’
Power distribution
I Power (E.OL) 9.52 Cli
+-- --
-l-kermal
Array Temperature 113°C
I Reflector Temoerature 46°C to -73’C

Misorientation and mis-

alignment angle 0.10 oaximum
Orientation Long axis perpendicular
to orbital plane

Apply forlles to ade-

quately tension array
and reflector up to
Structure 75 psi
Deflections Reflrccor deflections/
misalinnment cO.1';
array deflectionlmis-
alignment <3"

Control and monitoring

of power subsystem TSD

DNA
an

Figure 3.1-8. Functional

Block Diagram

I t
WCWNICY
UmAlloN counu

3-9
 Table 3.1-5. Microwave Antenna - Operating Modes

asing tests
Rectenna tests

a MECHANICAL

'GRAPHITE COMPOSITE COI@RESSION FRAME

'COMPOSITE TENSION WEB
021 Kwp2 RADIATION AT CENTER
050 KW PER KLYSTRON (136,000 KLYSTRONS)
Figure 3.1-9. Satellite Antenna Array Assembly

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-10 illustrates the major assemblies comprising the MPTS.

Figure 3.1-11 shows a high-density module at the array center.

The selected power converters are nominally 50-kW klystrons, mounted in

the center of the resonant cavity radiators (RCR). The klystron collector
radiates both downward in the direction ?f the microwave rectenna as well as

i-10
 . KLYSTRON (I) . WAVEGUIDES
( 1) ~-~?-~~<-~~~~ft~~ ~yij~&y--- ---;
--w---w
l ELECTRONIC
(4) ~~~~TR-O-~-----
-,,,-,,,-,J BEAM STEERING
l SENSORS l REFERENCE
SIGNAL
FEED

(2) L-
r~-k7~Xi7
-- X5 ?%7 7
---,,,,A
l PHASE CONTROL
l WAVE GUIDE PANELS
(3)~~r&Kc7o~Xoi~
-------a
l RiFiRENCE SIGNAL (1) SEE POWER DISTR. d CONTROL
GENERATION (2) SEE THERMAL CONTROL
l SENSORS (3) SEE ATT. CONTROL
(4) z --------,..a
??%Tk’o’iS- - - - y (4) SEE Ih’CS
(5) SEE SXUCTURES

Figure 3.1-10. Assembly Tree - Microwave

Power Subsystem

TYPE PWR DENSITY 1. 21.05 KW/M2

l NO. OF KLYSTRONS/ .5Q 10x5
SUBARRAY
ARRANGEMENT

.PWd MOD SIZE 1.02 x 2.33

l HINGED CONFIG 10.2M x 2.33
.SHIPPING SIZE & WT. 2.35 x 1.02 x 2.33 76.8 KG

Figure 3.1-11. Klystron

Subarray Assembly
to the rear of the radiator, as shown in Figure 3.1-12. Heat pipes remove
heat from the klystron body and transfer it to the RCR face. The pipes lie
between the radiating slots of the RCR.

, HEAT PIPES
MICROWAVE
SLOTS IN RCR

ELECTRONICS
MOUNTING IS0

KLYSTRON COLLEClOR

Figure 3.1-12. Heat Radiators on Array Face

The transmitted signal is formed from the pilot beam by means of the
retroelectronics shown previously in Figure 2.1-9; there is one of these
circuits per subarray. Figure 3.1-13 shows a servo system for transferring
the required reference phase from a central point to a mechanical module,
where it is distributed to the nine subarrays.
f 4

RWRENCE SIGNAL
06lRINllON
TRANMSSICW LINE

RUSE
stwrR

-3
M

DaJuR

Figure 3.1-13. Reference Phase Distribution System

3-12
 Figure 3.1-14 illustrates the power supply system required for each 50-kW
klystron. Note that the "mod anode" is a low-current electrode. It
would be
supplied by a separate circuit capable of varying its potential to control
klystron power.

PtJ0.5w PO 50 KW

/COLLECTOR

P =3.2 KW 1.4-
MOD-ANODE ELECTRON BEAM 0.7’
POWER SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY + 0.47
0.08 A
(REGULATED) ‘(REGULATED)

I COLLECTOR 1
I POWER SUPPLY
(NON-REGULATED) PT = 59 YW
OVERALL EFFICIENCY ? = 84.596

Figure 3.1-14. Klystron Power Requirements (Preliminary)

Figure 3.1-15 is a layout and perspective view of the microwave integrated

circuit (MIC) assembly which forms the transistor amplifier used for the alter-
nate power conversion method. Figure 3.1-16 shows a possible circuit schematic
of a solid state amplifier which consists of a puch-pull emitter follower driv-
ing a common base puch-pull final amplifier. All four transistors are formed
on a single chip as shown in Figure 3.1-17.

Design and Performance Characteristics

The functional requirements for the MPTS system are shown in Table 3.1-6
through 3.1-11. Table 3.1-6 summarizes the system functional requirements;
Table 3.1-7 shows the prime power requirements for the array; Table 3.1-8
shows a phase error budget for the retroelectronics; Table 3.1-9 shows the
array characteristics; Table 3.1-10 shows the characteristics of the klystron
power module; and Table 3.1-11 shows the characteristics of the alternate
transistor power module.

3-13
 TO SECOND DC CONNECTOR
COMBINER OR
ANTENNA

FIVE TO TEN _

HOUSING WITH
SAPPHIRE POWER
DIVIDER/COMBINERS POWER MODULE
CTD, ,rm IBC
AT BOTTOM.

POWER MODULE BASE TEMPERATURE: 275OC TO 285°C (GAUSSIAN)

(PRELIMINARY cA~cuti~10~s) 160Y To 170% (UNIFORM-~~RGE~I ARRAY)

Figure 3.1-15. Transistor MIC Amplifier

Figure 3.1-16. Transistor Power Circuitry

3-14
 DIPOLE

ED THRU)

STRIP
LINE
SLOTS

I , 1 IDIPOLE
NOTE: DIVISION INTO
CELLS NOT SHOWN
Figure 3.1-17. Transistor Chip Layout

Table 3.1-5. Functiqnal Requirements

Power conversion efficiency (dc-RF) 0.85

Array radiation efficiency 0.96
Array beam efficiency 0.85
Atmosphere transmission efficiency 0.98
Rectenna conversion efficiency 0.88
Rectenna aperture efficiency 0.98
Total MTS efficiency 0.593
Harmonic level required, dB TBD
AM noise decrease required, dB/kHz TBD
PM noise decrease required, dB/kHz TBD
Maximum power. density, kW/m' 21
Temperature at back of'array 60"
Array mass TBD

1 3-15
 Table 3.1-7. Design and Performance Characteristics

Voltage Regulation
Device Frea. W) Current A Power (kTJ) (73

Collector 1. 40 0.28 11.2 None

Collector 2 32 0.35 11.2 None
Collector 3 24 0.47 11.2 None
Collector 4 16 0.70 11.2 None
Collector 5 8 1.40 11.2 None
Klystron body 40.0 0.08 3.2 10
i Mod anode 20.0 10
~ Cath. heater 20 v 0.1 10
Solenoid 20 0.5 1
Computer (1) 20 0.1 1
Retroelect. 20 v 0.1 1
Total 59.2 84.5
(1) Not included in determining klystron efficiency.

Table 3.1-8. Phase Error Budget

5OO:l power divider 6"

Ref. 0 dist. link 6"
Zone feeder 6"
Retroelectronics 6"
Klystron 0 shifter loop 3"
Subarray pointing loop 3"
Total RMS phase error = 13"

Table 3.1-9. Array Characteristics

Operating frequency 2.45 GHz
Operating wavelength 12.2 cm
Mechanical module size 34.92x30.62 m
Subarray size 11.64x10.2 m
Subarray beamtiidth 0.73"
Subarray RMS phase error 50-10"
Amplitude weighting 10 dB Gaussian tape]
Amplitude quantitization 10, 1-dB steps
Subarray weighting Uniform
Electronic steering limit, l/8 subarray beamwidth = 0.1" @MS)
Mech. subarray pointing accuracy 0.07" @MS)
Mech. module pointing accuracy 0.07O
Total RMS subarray electronic pointing accuracy O.1°
Polarization Linear
Beam efficiency 0.85
Radiation efficiency (0.2 dB feed + 0.2 dB RCR R loss) 0.96
First sidelobe level -25 dB
Electronic subarray steering accuracy,l/30 (0.73O) = .024"
(Pointing Loss = -.005 dB)

3-16
 Table 3.1-10. Klystron Power Module

Output power, kW 50 Overall efficiency, % 85

Input power, W 0.5 Collector power dissipated, kW 5.0
Gain, dB 50 Body power dissipated, kW 3.3
Basic tube efficiency, % 85.8 Second harmonic level, dB -40
Prime power, kW 58.3 AM noise, dB/kHz -140
Auxiliary power, kW 0.70 PM noise, dB/kHz -130
Total power, kW 59

Table 3.1-11. Transistor

Amp output power, W 120

Gain, dB (two stages) 20
Input power, W 1.2
Collector efficiency .83
Overall efficiency .78
Second harmonic level, dB -40
AM noise, dB/kHz >-140
PM noise, dB/kHz >-130
Number of amplifiers 100
Power module output, kW 12

S~.~&ystem Def .nltion and Interfaces

Subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 2.1-9. The concept/subsystem

illustrated will be identical regardless of which satellite concept is select-
ed for further consideration.

3.1.3 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL

The power distribution and control subsystem (PDS) receives power from
the power generation subsystem, and provides the regulation and switching re-
quired to deliver regulated power from distribution to the antenna system
(Klystrons) and the various subsystems (Attitude Control, IMCS, etc.). During
the ecliptic periods, batteries will be utilized to supply the minimum requir-
ed power to the various subsystems. The feeders, and power cabling of all SPS
subsys terns, are included in the PDS. The grounding, electromagnetic interfer-
ence control, and shielding requirements of the SPS are also included as part
of the PDS. The life expectancy of the PDS is 30 years with the exception of
the energy storage (batteries), which has a life expectancy of 10 years.
Resupply of the PDS will be as needed.

Fu~c~ttpnal~ Remquirements and Block Diagrams

Functional requirements for various operating modes are listed in

Table 3.1-12. A simplified block diagram for the photovoltaic concept is
presented in Figure 3.1-18.

3-17
 Table 3.1-12. Power Distribution and Control-subsystem
- Operating Modes

Mode Assembly i .Function i

Construction
Inter-orbit transportation

Operaticn
EdiF=
lied to subsvstems
Transition (from con-
L-Z strwtion_______
trms3ort.l
-- --
Failurcy - ---
ndstenancti
Cixtckouc

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-19 illustrates the major assemblies comprising the power dis-
tribution and control subsystem (PDS).

Power Distribution. The power distribution subsystem consists of the

main feeders, secondary feeders, summing buses, tie bars, and power interface
cabling for the various subsystems. The main feeders are generally sized to
minimize the combined mass of itself and the solar array mass, considering
power requirements, efficiency, and the variation in resistivity with operat-
ing temperature. The power distribution system utilizes flat aluminum (6001-T6)
feeders where feasible, and round conductors for those subsystems where flat
conductors are not feasible. The flat conductors are not considered part of
the main structure; they will normally be passively cooled by radiation to free
space.

Regulation. The solar array output will be regulated so as to prevent

line surges when switching the solar array power on to the main feeders. The
regulation function is accomplished by selective control of intra-blanket
switching managed by the information management and control subsystem (IMCS).

Power Converters and Conditioners. The power converter and conditioners

convert the existing bus voltages to the subsystem voltage required for the
various subsystem loads. The output tolerances will be based on the using sub-
system interface requirements. The power converters are utilized in the GE0
mode of operation.

Switchgears. Switchgears are used for:

l Isolation of solar array blankets due to systematic

element failure

l Isolation of solar array blankets when performing

maintenance work

8 Prevention of large line transients upon startup and

shutdown and during ecliptic periods

3-18
I SUBSYSTEM LOAD IUS
I-
SLIP RING “*”

SIA SOLAR ARAAY

SWITCH GEAn
k. SOLID STATE CIIK IRKR.
REGULATOR
iT IATTEnV TIE CONTACTOII

TYPICAL
.Q DRLISHES

TO SYSTEM “I” -TO SYSTEM ‘1” KLYSTI Is

DEVICE VOLTAGE KlWEl EGULA.
KW TION

COLLECTOR 1 OKV 11.2

2 22KV 11.2
2 24KV 11.2
4 16 KV 11.2
6 8KV 11.2
KLYSTRON MDV 40KV a2 II
MAIN FEEDERS YOD ANODE ?oKV 1X
CATHODEHEATEI IOV 01 1m

1
SOLENOID 2GV DL ID6
COMPUTEn 1oV 01 10x
RETROELECT 2OV 01 IOI

TOTAL 60 8

Figure 3.1-18. Power Distribution - Simplified Block Diagram

 POWER
DlSTRlBUTlON
& CDNTRDL
SUESYSTE3

DlSTRlSUTlON

l MAIN FEECERS . VOLTAGE l GEAR 9 SENSOR

l SECOf;OARY o CONVERSION l MONITllR

FEEDERS l RECTIFIERS . SOLID STATE

-- _-.-.
l BUSES l CIH. BREAKER 1
l SENSORS . SENSORS

l BATTERY CHARGER . BRUSHES

. BATTERY (1) SEE STRUCT SUBSYSTEM
. SLIP RINGS
(2) SEE INFO. MGMT AND
.* BOOST CONVERTZR l SHOES
CONTROL
. SE&SORS (3) CONTROLLED BY IMCS
r- -I -.- (1) (4) MAJOR INTERFACE W!TH
1-
I _
SECONOARY
STRUCTURE I
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
POWER CONVERS I ON
SUBSYSTEM
*INSTALLATION
Figure 3.1-19. Assembly Tree - Power Distribution and
Control Subsystem
The switchgears will be solid-state to reduce the overall mass of switches.
The voltages and currents being handled by these switches will be monitored
by the INCS to determine their status and to establish a need for the opening
and closing of these switches. The switches are generally held in the closed
state during the steady-state mode of operation. During the startup and shut-
down operations, the switches will be monitored by the IMCS and when certain
voltage levels are reached a command signal will open or close switches as
required.

Energy Storage. Batteries will be utilized during ecliptic periods to

provide the minimum energy required by the various subsystems. The batteries
will be a sodium chloride type, having a density of at least 200 Wh/kg.

3-20
 Rotary Joint. The rotary joint is utilized to transfer energy through
slip rings and brushes from the SPS fixed member to the SPS rotating member
upon which the microwave antenna is located. The power transferred includes
both that required to operate antenna-mounted equipment, as well as that to be
transmitted to the ground.

Control. The PDS control concept is a simple, continuous monitoring system

performed by the on-board IMCS computer system. The IMCS monitors the bus as
well as the converter voltages, currents and temperatures, and compares these
with preset levels stored in the computer(s). In the event of a voltage/current
level disagreement with the preset conditions, the IMCS will initiate a cormnand
signal to regulate the faulted area by opening up or closing the associated
switchgear(

Secondary Structures. Secondary structures consist of mounting brackets,

clamps, and installation structures as needed. It is assumed that a delta of
10 percent of the PDS mass would be sufficient for such purposes.

Design -~-~.
_--- and.-~~
Performance Characteristics

The design and performance characteristics for the power distribution sub-
system are listed in-Table 3.1-13.
Table 3.1-13. Design and Performance Characteristics

-.---- -- V~jor AsseTbly Requirements Technology Issu<

GENERAL
Mass Configuration dependent
MTBF Subsystem dependent
Life 30 years
Efficizzy 88-98% (config. dependent)
Resuppl:- and maintenance As needed
POWERDI~?.IBUTIO?I (PD) Mostly flat conductor Further study is
Mass Configuration dependent required to deter-
Materihl Aluminum 6001-T6 mine feasibility L>f
Insuls:ion l-mm Kapton superconductivity
Efficiczzy 88-98% (config. dependent) for reduction of
Subsyszzx cabling Location and power dependent mass.
ResuppI:- and maintenance As required
Life 30 years or greater
POWERCO!.-:sITER .UTl COXDITIONING
Dens icT 0.197 kg/kW Further analysis is
Voltape Subsystem dependent required to specify
Currecz Subsystem dependent design requirements
Efficii-xy 96-98% and type.
Life 30 years
Resup?::: and nainienance As required
SWITCH GE1-Z
Densic:; Approx. 0.00086 kg/kW Study is required ti
5w Penning discharge tube specify design
Power raring Configuration dependent requiraments.
Voltaj Config. and location dependent
Efficiazcy 99-99.9%
Life 30 years
Resup;::; and maintenance As required
ENERGYSI:~GE (BATTERY)
Densic~ Approx. 200 Wh/kg Further study to
Type Sodium chloride define chargefdis-
Temperature 2oo"c charge cycle, size,
Efficiency 80-95% (turnaround) volume, and instal-
Life lo-20 years lation is required.
Resupllr and maintenance As required

3-21
 Table 3.1-13. Design and Perfdmance Characteristics (Cont.)

SECOKDARYSTRUCTLXE
Mass 1OZ of PDS veig:lt was considered
equired for maunting and

Temperature sensors No. of sensors config. dependent

Current sensors No. of sensors config. dependent
Voltage sensors No. of sensors omfig. dependent
Switch gear control Configuration d+endent
Overcurrent
Overvoltage
Undercurrent
Undervoltage

Slip rings required for SPS 2 positive a-C 2 negative

Operating voltage

cross-section

d/each slip ring

Shoe size
Dimension/shoe
Contact surface area/shoe
Weight/shoe
Shoe travel velocity
Wear rate per year
Current density
Operating teoperature

Sumyscem ueflnitlon ana mterraces

Subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 2.1-2 for the photovoltaic con-
cept. The power required from the photovoltaic power source is 9.55 GW.

3.1.4 STRUCTURES SUBSYSTEM

The primary SPS structure assemblies are made up, basically, of tribeam
girders, tension cables, and joints. The fabrication and assembly of these
structures are accomplished on orbit by beam machines and supporting auxiliary
equipment. These structural elements must individually withstand the forces,
torques, and dynamics imposed by the construction process. Once built up to
an assembly level (e.g., solar array wing, rotary joint, etc.), the structure

3-22
must have sufficient strength and stiffness to withstand forces, torques, and
dynamics generated by the environment (gravity-gradient torques), the attitude
control system (forces and frequencies) and the operational equipment (rotary
joint torques, microwave induced thermal environment, etc.). The level of
strength and stiffness are dictated by other subsystem requirements such as
pointing accuracies and ACS bandwidth frequencies.

The secondary structure consists of the passive interface attachment be-

tween the primary structure and the operational subsystems. The structural
mechanisms consist of active structural subassemblies that articulate, rotate,
or otherwise cause or allow motion between the primary structure and other
subsystem elements or between subsystem elements themselves.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

Functional requirements for various operating modes are listed in

Table 3.1-14. Since the structure is primarily a passive system (the excep-
tion is the figure monitoring system), no block diagrams exist. A simplified
interface diagram is presented in Section 2.1.2.

Table 3.1-14. Structural Subsystem - Operating Mode

1
MODE ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONS

MAINTAIN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF STRUCTURAL

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEH SUBELEMENTS PRIOR TO OVERALL SYSTEM STABIL-
IZATION.

WITHSTAND GRAVITY-GRADIENT/ACS TORQUE INTER-

PRE-INTER-ORBIT
SYSTEII ACTION. DEVELOP f4lNlHUH F.lRST BENDING MODE
TRANSFER REORIENTATION
I FREQUENCY DICTATED BY ACS.

I I WITHSTAND G-LOADS ASSOCIATED ---I

WITH PROPULSION
SYSTEM THRUST LEVEL WHILE MAINTAINING ADEQuATE
INTER-ORBIT TRANSFER SYSTEM
I I RIGIDITY WITHIN POINTING TOLERANCES REQUIRED I
I I FOR POWER CONVERSION. I
WITHSTAND THEWAL
ECLIPSE
I TO EXTREME TEMPERATURE CHANCES.

ANTENNA STRUCTURE POINT UITHIN +0.08’ OF TARGET

SOLAR ARRAY HAINTAIN WIDTH DISTORTION 2 ‘_0.3*
OPERATION

PROVIDE FOR SUBELEMENT SECONDARY LOAD PATHS.

FAILURE/MAINTENANCE SYSTEM WITHSTAND FORCES C TCRQUES INTRODUCED BY
HAINTENANCE OPERATIONS.

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-20 depicts the major structural subsystem assemblies and tabu-
lates the elements that make up each of these major assemblies. An example of
this element breakdown in shown in Figure 3.1-21.

3-23
Figure 3.1-20. Assembly Tree - Structures Subsystem

*BASIC BEAM ELEMENT

Figure 3.1-21. Structure Breakdown

3-24
-DesiEand Performance Characteristics

The design and performance characteristics for the structures subsystem

are listed in Table 3.1-15.

Subsystem Definition and Interfaces

Subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 2.1-7. The only active inter-
face identified to date is the laser transit network, established to determine
the satellite figure for the CR-2 photovoltaic satellite. It is expected that
this network would be applicable to any photovoltaic concept.

3.1.5 ATTITUDE COXCROL AND STATIONREEPING SUBSYSTEM

The attitude control and stationkeeping subsystem (ACSS) is an integrated

system designed to satisfy the contr.01 and stationkeeping requirements for
each of the SPS operational modes. The functional performance requirements
of the ACSS are to provide: vehicle attitude stabilization, solar collector
pointing and figure control (currently passive for the photovoltaic satellite),
and microwave (MW) antenna pointing and figure control, and stationkeeping in
geosynchronous orbit.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagram

Functional requirements for various operating modes are listed in

Table 3.1-16. The functional flow diagram in Figure 3.1-22 illustrate9 the
major ACSS component subsystems and information flow between the components
to satisfy the control and stationkeeping requirements. The ACSS is integrat-
ed with the IMCS which provides the interconnections for all the ACSS elements
and the computational capacity for the control algorithms. The basic informa-
tion for the implementation of the control laws is provided by the sensors.
The control forces and torques are furnished by the ion bombardment thrusters
of the reaction control system (RCS). The MW antenna pointing is achieved
with the rotary joint and antenna gimbal torques.

Satellite Attitude Control Requirements. The attitude control system

shall maintain vehicle stabilization and orientation accuracy in all three
axes. The detailed performance requirements are given in Table 3.1-17. The
coordinate systems used in the photovoltaic concept is shown in Figure 3.1-23.
Attitude control RCS requirements as listed in Table 3.1-18.

Microwave Antenna Pointing Requirements. The MW beam steering is accom-

plished by a combination of mechanical antenna pointing and electronic beam
steering. The mechanical gimbal pointing accuracy requirements must be
> 1 arc-min. The antenna must be stabilized to < 1 arc-min/sec. The antenna
figure control shall be capable of pointing each of the 34.9x30.6-m elements
to an accuracy better than < 6 arc-min. The electronic steering of the MW
beam to provide the vernier pointing accuracy is accomplished in the MPTS.

Stationkeeping. The purpose of the stationkeeping system is to maintain

a geostationary equatorial orbit and spacing with respect to the other satellites

3-25
 c
Table 3.1-15. Design and Performance Characteristics

ANTENNA ROTARY JOINT SOLAR ARRAY

FACTOR STRUCTURE STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

CONSTRUCTION SITE GE0 GE0 GE0

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE BEAM MACHINE BEAM MACHINE BEAM MACHINE

MASS (KG) o.12x106 0.6~10~ o.7x106

MATERIAL COMPOSITES COMPOSITES COMPOSITES

MAX ALLOW OP TEMP ("C) 110/320 108 110

OPERATING STRESS LEVEL u "U TBD u =(5

cc Cn CC cl-l
(Wa) *

FACTOR OF SAFETY 1.5 1.5 2.0

MIN NATURAL FREQ 2.0 TBD lO.O-LEO

(CYCLES/HOUR) I,O-GE0

ORIENTATION NADIR N/A Y-POP

Z-EQUATOR

TOLERANCES (OUT OF PLANE)

ABOUT Y AXIS ko.8" TBD 0.3"
ABOUT X AXIS 1.0"

‘fU = CRITICAL CRIPPLING STRESS; acn = CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

CC
J
Table 3.1-16. Attitude Control and Stationkeeping
- Operating Modes
MODE
I FUNCTIONS

CONSTRUCTION

TRANSITION FROfl
I VEHICLE STABILIZATION
DOCK1 NC
STATIONKEEPING

REORIENT FROM CONSTRUCTION TO

CONSTRUCTION OPNS OPERATIONAL ATTITUDE

ATTITUDE CONTROLLED REFERENCE

ORIENTATION
OPERATIONS

i ANTENNA POINTING
FIGURE CONTROL
STATIONKEEPING

ATTITUDE CONTROLLED TO REFERENCE

ORIENTATION
ECLIPSE
ANTENNA POINTING
(STATIONKEEPING NOT REQUIRED)

f
FAIL-OPERATIONAL REDUNDANCY ON
FAILURE MAINTENANCE ALL ATTITUDE CONTROL FUNCTIONS
MAINTENANCE INTERVAL. -> I YEAR

LEAK CHECKS

1
SOLAR POINTING AND FIGURE CONTROL
CHECKOUT
STATIONKEEPING
DYNAMIC RESPONSE

BODY ATTITUDE
I
I

I
SENSORS
4
* BODY l
DYNAMICS SOLAR COLLECTOR
4 A POINTING

DISTURBANCE _,
ENVIRONMENT

GIMBAL

+ 1 MW ANTENNA b I
FIGURE SENSORS

Figure 3.1-22. Functional Flow Diagram

3-27
 Table 3.1-17. Attitude Control Requirements

PHOTO-
VOLTAIC
PARAMETER CR = 2

ASSEMBLY ORBIT GE0

.~ssy CONTROL (GRAVITY-GRADIENT z-Pop, y-L\
(STABLE)
CONTROL ACCURACY (DEG) io.5
OPERATIONAL ATTITUDE CONTROL
REFERENCE ATTITUDE Y-POP,X-IOF
CONTROL ACCURACY (DEG) -co.1
CONTROL sys BANDWIDTH (CYCLESIHR) 0.5
SATELLITE FIRST BENDING MODE FREQ 21.0
(CYCLESIHR)

Y-POP
x-top

Figure 3.1-23. Satellite Coordinate System

3-28
 -- __..._..... _-..------ .._..-..,.,..
---~

Table 3.1-18. Attitude Control RCS Requirements

in the presence of disturbing perturbations. These perturbation forces include

the effects of earth gravitational anomalies, lunar and solar gravitational
perturbations and the solar pressure force acting on the spacecraft. The
thrusters that provide the forces and torques for attitude control also provide
the necessary thrust for stationkeeping maneuvers.

The equatorial orbit is selected to minimize the impact of orbit inclina-

tion on rectenna size (and cost) requirements. This necessitates latitude
(north-south) control.

The satellite longitude station must be selected within several degrees

of its rectenna longitude in order to prevent an increase in rectenna size
(and cost). The solar pressure induced perturbations are cyclical with an
annual frequency and can be as large as k3.1' if uncorrected. In order to
minimize the SPS space requirement in GE0 and to prevent interference with
other satellites which do not experience as large a solar pressure perturba-
tion as the SPS, it is assumed that this perturbation must be corrected.
Because of the large magnitude of this correction, means of alleviating it
should be investigated further in future studies.

To minimize interference with the large number of other satellites expect-

ed to be using this orbit by the 2000 time frame a stationkeeping accuracy of
+O.l degree in longitude and latitude is adopted. The stationkeeping RCS
requirements are summarized in Table 3.1-18. No stationkeeping thruster fir-
ings should be performed during eclipse periods in order to minimize the
thruster power requirements. Cyclic perturbations with a period less than
or equal to one day need not be corrected.

3-29
 Table 3.1-19. Stationkeeping RCS Requirements

Reaction Control System. The reaction control system (RCS) provides the
necessary forces and torques for attitude control and stationkeeping. For
the photovoltaic concept the RCS consists of four ion bombardment thruster
modules with 16 thrusters at each corner of the vehicle. The argon propellant
is stored cryogenically. A refrigeration system is ncess'ary to maintain the
cryogenic temperatures. The thruster characteristics are given in Table 3.1.20.

Table 3.1-20. Electric Thruster Requirements

1
CHARACTERISTICS VALUE
THRUST 12 N
SPECIFIC IMPULSE 13,OGO SEC
PROPELLANT ARGON
APERTURE 100 CM
OPERATI tlG POWER 1275 K’d

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-24 illustrates the major assemblies comprising the ACSS. The
description of each assembly, as applicable to the photovoltaic option, is
given in the preceding section.

Design and Performance Characteristics

The point design ACSS is described in Volume II.

Subsystem Interfaces

The primary interfaces are the IMCS, the power distribution and control
subsystem, and the structure. The IMCS, which functions as an integral part
of the ACSS, also provides the interface for the ground support system to the
ACSS. Figures 2.1-4 through 2.1-6 show the primary interfaces for the atti-
tube reference system, the MW antenna pointing system, and the tank and engine
system, respectively.

3-30
 I 1

I
ATTITUDE CONTROL
6 STATION KEEPING
SUBSYSTEM
I

II
1
I I I I
ATTITUDE M. W. ANT.
FIG. REACTION PROPELLANT
DETERMINATION CONTROL SUPPLY
CONTROL : I
*FIG. SENSORS *THRUSTERS . TANKS
. FIG. ACTUATORS . DRIVE l LINES

(31 ELEtTRONlCS . HEATERS

. PROPELLANTS

1
C6LilMATORS *VALVES
. ELECTRONICS
I

(1)
r- -1 r--
i SECONDARY’
CRUCTUREA
--- -a-
. INSTALLATION l Al-T.
. TORQUERS DETERMINATION
*ANGLE SENSORS l FIG. CONTROL

(1) SEE STRUCT. SUBSY.

(2)- SEE IMCS
(3) ATT. REFERENCE SYS.

Figure 3.1-24. Assembly Tree - Attitude Control and

Stationkeeping Subsystem

3.1.6 THERMAL CONTROL

The thermal control subsystem continuously maintains temperature levels

within allowable extremes and provides equipment for heat dissipation, acqui-
sition and temperature regulation where required. Both active and passive
systems may be employed and components utilized include selective coatings,
insulations, heaters, radiator networks, and specialized energy transport
devices such as heat pipes. Thermal control impacts almost all satellite
operations supporting power conversion, power distribution, the microwave
generator and power transmission systems, the rotary joint, information man-
agement, primary and secondary structural design, and the ground receiving
station.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

The thermal control subsystem must satisfy functional requirements dur-

ing all satellite operating phases indicated in Table 3.1-21. A simplified
functional flow diagram of the thermal subsystem, indicating its relationship
to other operating subsystems is illustrated in Figure 3.1-25. The klystron
radiator heat pipe assembly is shown in Figure 3.1-26.

3-31
Ta Le 3.141. Thermal Control Subsystem - Operating Modes
Xode I Assemblv I Cunccions ^" --I
I I .
'la-ntain ailcwable tempeiatl~re irveis
and gradients tc restrict structural
:onsfruccion 1 Subsystem 1
deformations/stresses and protect
assemblies. I
Gineain allowable temperature levels
:nter-Orbit Transfer Subsystem and gradients; power required opera-
tion phases. 1
Support steady-state operation for
)peracions Subsystam 1
all assemblies.

Restrxt thermal stresses which could

1 Klystron Radiators/ :
impan microvave transmission. .Xin-
imize heat transfer to rotary joint,
antenna structure, and electronics'
modules. A
Guarantee integrity of all systems
during extended cooling and return cc :
ClipS Subsystem steady
cperacicn
state; assure
of resumption
ccntinucus
after shutdown,
as required. I
Drain fluid as necessa? and provide
P/C* Radiators localized heating if required: smooch I
res.cart to steady-state operation. I
Recover from fluid (hear pipe) freeze-'
Klystron Radiaccrs uD

Reaundanc capability where Possible: '

I e.;.. hear oises.mm&.
Provide '
rapid access to down components.
Leak isolation through application of :

fication by sensors, or possibly by

Ground test vhere possible: leak checkj

leckout Subsystem
verify control response. J
?/C - Power Conversion Subsystem I

TEMP LEVELS

ANTENNA
d TEMP LEVELS
OPERATION

t
NORMAL
OPERATION ECLIPSE
PERTURgATIONT

ACTIVE WASTE
SHOV8RUSH HEAT REJECTION
TEMP LEMLS SYSTEM

STRucTUP.AL
THERMAL DIST
L TEMP LEVELS

CONVERSION PERTURBATIONS

CONDUCTOR
TEMP NORMAL OPERATIONS

Figure 3.1-25. Thermal Control Functional Flow Diagram

3-32
 KLSTRON COllECTOk

Figure 3.1-26. Klystron Radiator Configuration

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-27 illustrates the major assemblies and components comprising

the thermal control subsystem.

Designand Performance Characteristics

Design and performance data for the klystron radiators are presented in
Table 3.1-22.

3.1.7 INFORMATION MANAGEMENTAND CONTROL

The information management and control subsystem (IMCS) provides the

interconnecting elements between and within all the various satellites and
ground-based operational subsystems. The IMCS also provides operational
control of both the satellite and ground systems as well as providing all
subsystem processing support for all but very special functions.

The satellite IMCS consists of the on-board processing equipment [central

processing units (CPU) and memories], the inter- and intra-subsystem data net-
work (data buses), the man-machine interfaces (display/control), and inter-
system communication links, including RF, but excepting those specifically
provided for the control and transfer of primary power, and all elements
provided to accommodate activities related to system security, safety, or any
other operation necessary to the continuing operation of the SPS.

Because of the early stage of program analysis, only those requirements

imposed upon the MCS by a limited number of satellite operations have been
identified. The identified requirements generally are limited to those
associated with the immediate operations of an active satellite. Auxiliary
functions such as ground/space communications, display/control, safety, security,
etc., will be added when data become available.

3-33
 THERMAL
SUBSYSTEM

------e--m--- 7
1
I I 1 ----A -w-m ‘I
r
POWER CONVERSION ANTENNA ROTARY I I
I RECTENNA
(PHoToVOLTAIC) SYSTEMS JOINT
IN-.----.- - - - 1
‘COATINGS l COATINGS . COATINGS l COATINGS
l SENSORS . INSULATION l SENSORS
. KLYSTRON HEAT PIPES
.FINNED CONTAINERS
FOR ELECTRONICS
. SENSORS
l HEATERS

(1)
------- 1
r
I SECONDARY 1
STRUCTURE -1
L ----m-e
. COATINGS
(I) MAJOR INTERFACE

Figure 3.1-27. Assembly Tree - Thermal Subsystem

!
 Table 3.1-22. Klystron Cavity Radiators
(Slaximum Intensity Region)

Total heat load (kW) 3.264

Driver cavities (kW) 0.206
Output cavity (kW) 2.308
Electromagnet (kW) 0.750
Radiator temperature ("C) 198
Radiator area, mine (m2> 2.36
Fin material Aluminum
Fin .efficiency (X) 60
Coating (external) Anodize (soft)
Coating (internal) Anodize (hard)
Heat Pipes - Four high-performance, arterial wick copper/water heat pipes
of 28-in. length each l/2 in. O.D. Twenty-eight axial
groove copper/water heat pipes, 25 inches long, each 3/B in,
O.D. (Container is actually copper liner encased in aluminun
tube). Total heat pipe assembly weight = 6.18 kg.

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

The functional requirements for various operating modes are given in

Table 3.1-23. The relationship of the IMCS to the other major subsystems is
depicted in Figure 2.1-l. Figure 2.1-10 illustrates a representative proces-
sor hierarchy as applied to a solar photovoltaic power-generating satellite
concept. The IMCS hierarchy applicable to the microwave antenna subsystem,
attitude control and stationkeeping subsystem, and power distribution subsystems
is presented in Figures 3.1-28 through 3.1-30, respectively. These hierarchies
are established to the level at which the IMCS and the using subsystem inter-
faces are apparent (e.g., physical/electrical interface).

Table 3.1-24 summarizes the estimated number of data interfaces (not

measurements) that must be accommodated by the IMCS. Note specifically that
the microwave antenna subsystem is by far the major contributor to the deter-
mination of the complexity of the IMCS electrical interface. Table 3.1-25
provides a very preliminary estimate of the control interface that must be
accommodated by the IMCS although the estimates for the other subsystems are
not supported by an in-depth analysis. Again, the microwave antenna system
predominates.

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.1-31 identifies the major assemblies that form the IMCS. six
major assemblies have been identified at this time: (1) processors, (2) bus
control units (BCU), (3) data bus, (4) remote acquisition and control units
(RAC), (5) submultiplexers (SM), and (6) microprocessors (up).

3-35
 Table 3.1-23. IMCS - Operating Modes
Assembiv runct1on \
Xode
Temperature monitor
Conrtluction Subsyse‘em Attitude monitor and control
Safety monitor
Power conversion and distrib.xtion
Nonitor and control
Navigation
Inter-Orbit Transportation Subsysteu Attitude monitor and control
Subsystem monitor
Configuration control
MW pointing, gimbal pointing
control
operations Subsystem Steady-state monitor and control
Eclipse monitor
Shutdown/startup monitor and
Eclipse Subsystem control
Subsystem standby monitor and
control
Orjentacion monitor
Transition Sobsys tern Subsystem monitor and control
Failure detection/isolation
Redundancy management
FaLlurelHaintenance Auto shutdown/restart
Override control
Kaintenance logging

Processors. The satellite Master Control Computer (Figure 3.1-28) will

operate with a 16-32 bit word format and have a 64K-128K word active memory
plus a TBD billion word bulk storage facility. Second- and third-level pro-
cessors (supervisory or local) will be 16-bit word assemblies and be limited
to 16K-32K memories. In special cases, memory capacity may be increased to as
much as 128K words. Assemblies or subassemblies identified as microprocessors
(normally those units incorporated directly within the associated electronics)
will incorporate an 8-bit-wcrk format and use active BK-64K word memories.

Bus Control Unit. The bus control unit (BCU) provides the control neces-
sary for data/command transfer over the subsystem data bus network. The BCU
accepts instructions and data (or commands) from its associated processor and
translates these data from a processor-compatible format to one compatible with
the data network. It also accepts bus-compatible data and converts these data
to processor formats. In addition, the BCU monitors the data traffic--performing
bit and word checks as well as health/status checks.

In addition to data bus control, the BCU will provide a computer-to-computer

link where appropriate.

Data Bus. The data bus network accommodates multiplexed, digital data
transmitted between the BCU and all other remotely located data acquisition and
contra1 devices associated with a specific processor/BCU combination. The bus
link may utilize conventional wire techniques for short runs in low EM1 areas
or fiber-optic technology for long paths or through high EM1 areas. Basic bit
rate within the bus assembly is assumed to be 1.0 Nbps. Included in the data
bus assembly are the data bus coupling devices used to connect the various

3-36
 MASTER
CONIXOL
COMFulfR
Ku

10 OTHR
, slJrERvIsow
CoMNTfIS
c

MlaowLvl
*NltNN*
suffRvIsonY
COM;WCR
KU

I
c
huaow*vT
ANTINNA
COMnmR
Ku
I
MIaOWAVf
*NltNN*
COmFlJltR
x5J

!
3

l&P _ P
I 75
Ku 1 Ku

IAC - ItMOlf ACQlJISIlION MD CONlROL UNll

SM - suI-MJllInfx~n
pr - MlaO-mOCESSOI
IOJ -US. CONlKOL UNIT

Figure 3.1-28. IMCS - MW Antenna

I I
..
RU
I ... UC
1
31’

Figure 3.1-29. IMCS - Attitude Control

 i
I
!

i
i
i
i
:I:
WTEl
DISPIA~
:
CmJnoL .- * AND
COMnllR
KU
CONlIOL Ii
cwm SfclIoN
I
LlGwmG- I
HXIIP*YNT ------ J
I r- ToorHm
II I stlmvlsoIY I
I I I CoMNlES
E
fOHR DlSl’RlblJlIoN ’ POWS DISRIUJllON
sUMMsoIY SUNRVISOW
I f
COYnJlR
KU
cohvu1n
‘Ku
r:
4
I
I I
i!
I I
i
I
I I . I I
KNEI c4SnlmJTloN fOWER DISlRIllJlION
CINtR RIGHT WING RICH1 WlNG i
CDHPulR COMRLIU‘2
KU \ KU I
i
i

Figure 3.1-30. IMCS - Power Distribution

 Table 3.1-24. Preliminary Data Interface Summary -
Photovoltaic (CR-2) Configuration

ANALOG DIGITAL EVENT TOTAL

HI CROWAVE ANTENNA 6x10~ 1X106 2. 1X106 >gx 1o6
OTHER SUBSYSTEMS
STRUCTURE 35 >lOO
ATT. CONTROL 8 STATIONKEEPING 92 I2 1000 ..3000
POWER DISTRIBUTION 1000 100 2000 -3000
INFORYATION HANAGEHENT 719,000 -I9,000
THER%L 16,000 16,000
LIFE SUPPORT TBD Ti3D TBD TBD
SAFETY AND SECURITY TBD TBD TBD TBD

Table 3.1-25. Preliminary Control Interface Summary -

Photovoltaic (CR-2) Configuration

PROPORTIONAL EVENT TOTAL

HI CROWAVE ANTENNA <13.6x104 3oxto4 <44x104

OTHER SL’SSYSTEHS
STRUCTURE -35 Cl00
ATTITUDE CONTROL & STATIONKEEPING >300 c500
POWER DISTRIBUTION >300 >300
INFORYAT ION MANAGEMENT >3000 >3000
THERML
LIFE SUPPORT TBD TBD TBD
SAFETY AND SECURITY TBD TBD TBD

I
BUS RLWJIE
PRuCESSOR CONTROL ACQUISITION
L CONTROL
11.x2
l H*IIDWARE -DATA WS *HARDWARE
- CPU COUPLER - CPU
- MEMORY l IRIDGE - MfMOKY

* SoFlwARE COUPLER l SO+TW~L

l fI8ER o*TIcs

0 - r-m I -w--q (1)

r--- “1
t I sECONJAxY ’
, COMb!OL :
I STRUCTURE 1
L-,--l L s----- J
* IbiSTUUllON
l fUNCTIONS
l ffOCEDURES
(1) SEE STRLKTURAI. SUBSMTEM
0 SLE APP:lCAKE SUSSnTEJ.6

Figure 3.1-31. Assembly Tree - Information Management

and Control Subsystem

3740
remote units (one required per remote) as well as the bridge coupler required
to transfer data across the microwave antenna rotary joints; the latter
element is presently TBD.

Remote Acquisition and Control. The remote acquisition and control (UC)
assembly is the basic interface between the IMCS and the various operating sub-
systems. The RAC provides for data format conversion from the preconditioned
analog, digital or event voltage/impedance levels, and converts these data in-
to 8-big digital, serial, equivalents. The RAC also accepts digital data words
and outputs commands in a format compatible with the receiving subsystems.

Basic conversion (input/output) is assumed to be fl% (e.g., 7-bit and

sign). Voltage ranges and impedances are TBD.

Submultiplexers. The submultiplexer (SM) provides a means of expanding

the capability of the RAC. The SM thus contains all of the capabilities of an
RAC, but can only communicate with a single UC rather than a given data bus.
The number of SPI's that can communicate with an RAC is presently TBD.

Microprocessor. The microprocessor (up) elements provide local, front-

end processing of data obtained from the various using systems. These proces-
sors will handle the bulk of the system's monitoring and control task, sending
raw data up through the computer hierarchy only when the task-levels exceed
preestablished limits, or when detected out-of-tolerance conditions exceed
local control boundaries. These devices are solid state and could normally be
integrated within the user electronics. When necessary, the pp can be located
within the RAC's or SM's to provide local performance monitoring and control.

Subsystem Definition and Interface

The subsystem interfaces for the three major subsystems are indicated in
Figure 2.1-2 through 2.1-11. Table 3.1-26 summarizes the number of IMCS ele-
ments required for a typical photovoltaic configuration. Table 3.1-27 summa-
rizes the physical (weight, power, volume) requirements for this system.

3-41
 Table 3.1-26. Hardware Summary

fUUCTlON -
‘ROTE
MASTER DISPLAY SUPER- IUS muIs.
HARDWARECONTROL AN0 VlSORY REnOTE HICRO- CONTROL AND
ELEMENT COMPUTER COnTROL SUJ-MUX.

SATELLITE 2 I m w - 2 - -
CONTROL

THERMAL - - m
CONTROL 2 5 7 a5 1.352

STRUCT. - I . - - -
ALIGN. 3 3

ATTITUDE I1 2a 148
CONTROL 1 10

POWill . I -
OISTRI6. 2 5 7 as

HI CROYAVE
ANTENNA c 1 14 777 792 787 29,500
CONTROL

TOTAL 2. 1 6 37 777 622 985 31,000

I I

Table 3.1-27. Weight/Power/Volume Summary - IMCS

ION.ROlATlNG
UNIT TOTAL UNIT i TOTAL i UNIT
I UASS MASS VOLUME
hARDWARE ELEMENT 1 OUANTITY 1 IKpl II91 lm3t

YL;STER CONTROL COMPUTER I 2 I 500 l.COO 0.4

_I ]
DISPLAY 6 CONTROL SET 1 200 206 0.9 0.) 0.72
SUPERVISORY COHPUTER 9 14 70 0.07 0.35 0.01
REMOTE COVPUTER 23 14 322 0.07 I 1.61 0.01
YlCROOROCESSOR 5 0.02 0.003
IUS CONTROL UNIT 1 5 150 0.02 0.6 0.005
RCM~~EACO~JISIT~ON~ CONTROL 1 ,l9l9 : 1 990 0.02 3 96 0.005 0.99
SUE ~ULTIPLEXOR L SO0 001 15.0 0 003 45
SUETJlAl 1 1.232 26.42 , 7.44

IOTATI!dG - --~
UAf7ER CONTROL COUPUTER I 2 0.4
DlSPLAY 6 CONTROL SET 09 0%
SUPERVISORY CO*.IPUTER I 1 0 07
REMOTE COVPUTER 1 14 0 07
MICRO PROCESSOR 111 0.02
BUS COSTAOL UYIT 792 0.02
REMOTE ACOUISITION 6 CONTROL 767 0.02
SUE VULTIPLEXOR

CABLE
YON~ROlATING-WIRE 122GAI 1.200 KM 12 O/KM 14.000
FIBER OPTICS ?9 KY 0.141KM 12
ROTAllnC-WIRE 23.000 KM 279,000
Fl6ER OPTICS 350 KM 50
to,., / 191000

3-42
 3.2 GROUND RECEIVING STATION

The following subsections of this document describe the requirements,

major assemblies, characteristics, an'd definitions for the subsystems compris-
ing the ground receiving station(GRS) element of the SPS. An artists illustra-
tion of the ground receiving station complex is shown in Figure 3.2-l. The
major effort to date has been limited to the establishment of the receiving/
rectifying portion (rectenna) and the power distribution network. A limited
evaluation and characterization of the data management and control subsystem
and the data conversion system has been made. A final area lightly touched
upon during the course of the study was a preliminary identification of the
need for a separate beam monitoring system to backup the retrodirective beam
concept. No data for the latter system has been derived. The assembly tree
for the overall GRS is shown in Figure 3.2-2.

STORAGE 6 MAINT.

USER POWER TRANS.

ERTZ)

A --

MONITOR 6 COMROL FACILITY

KMX 13

Figure 3.2-l. Operational Ground Receiving Facility (Rectenna)

- Typical

A separate study activity, under task 2 of the primary SPS study, was
made to evaluate the system control requirements. The results of this latter
study is documented in Section 8.0, Volume V of the final report.

3.2.1 RECTEXNA

The rectenna subsystem consists of microwave receiving elements (dipoles),

rectifiers, regulators and isolating motorswitches (Figure 3.2-3). The dipoles
are fabricated using a multilayer (sandwich) construction of copper and dielec-
tric insulators formed into panels. A rectification element consisting of a
GaAs diode and filters is added to convert the received microwave energy into
dc. Conversion efficiency is estimated to be 89%.

3-43
 GROUND
RECEIVING
STATION

I I I I I
1
POWER
POWER THERMAL
RECTENNA DISTRIBUTION
CONVERSION CONTROL
AND CONTROL

DATA SAFETY
STRUCTURES COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT AND
AND CONTROL SECURITY
I

Figure 3.2-2. Ground Receiving Station Subassembly Relationships

I
r I I 1
ANTENNA RECTIFIERS REGULATORS SWITCHING

- DIPOLE CONFIG. * DIODES * TYPES * MOTOR SWITCHES

- DIELECTRIC * FILTERS * LOCATION . SENSORS
* COATINGS - MATERIALS * MATERIALS - INTERCOhNECTS
* FABRICATION * SENSORS ’ SENSORS
* MODULARITY . IHTERCONNECTS ’ INTERCONNECTS
- SENSORS
- INTERCONNECTS

Figure 3.2-3. Assembly Tree - Rectenna

Functional Requirements and Block Diagrams

The functional requirements for the rectenna subsystem are listed in

Table 3.2-l. A simplified schematic block diagram is presented in Figure 3.2-4.

Major Assemblies

The major assemblies and components that are required for the rectenna
subsystem are shown in Figure 3.2-5.

Antenna. The antenna is a multilayer copper/dielectric sandwich panel as

shown in Figure 3.2-5. The total antenna system consists of 580,500 panels
each 9.33X14.69 m. These panels areinturn made up of twenty 0.74x9.33 m sub-
panels mounted on a supporting structure (see structure subsystem). Total
surface area (in GRS) is 79.56 km'.

3-44
 Table 3.2-l. Rectenna Functional Requirements

'ROGRAMMATIC
ENERGY SOURCE - HICRO!4AVE AT 2.45 GHz
CAPACITY - 5 GW (NOIIIIIAL) DELIVERED TO ~tiz DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
LIFETIdE - 3G YEAAS WITH MlN;tll;M PLAHIIEC t’4 I’4TEN;rNCE
, (S:-IO!JLD CE CAPASLE CF EXTEE!DED LIFE BFYOND
30 YEARS WITH REPLACEMENT)
IOC DATE - 2000
OPERATIONS - ANYWHERE WITHIN OR IMHEDIATE~Y ADJACENT TO CONTINENTAL U.S.A.
RESOURCES - tllNlHUH USE OF CRITICAL RESC,?.,ES
COMt4ERClALlZATlON - COHPATl8LE WITH UNIT:: STATES UTILITY NETWORKS
DEVELOPHENT - EVOLUTIOZARY, WITH PROVISlC’.S FOR INCORPORATING LATER TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY
OUTPUT POWER-POWER LEVEL IS DEFINED AS C:‘;STANT POWER LEVEL (5 GU, MAX), EXCEPT DURING SOLAR
ECLIPSE
ENERGY STORAGE-NONE
FAILURE CRITERIA-NO SINGLE-POINT FAILURE “:Y CAUSE TOTAL LOSS OF SPS FUNCTION
ENERGY PAYBACK-LESS THAN THREE YEARS
COST-COMPETITIVE WITH HYDROCARBON OR HY::::LECTRIC POWER GENERATION CONCEPTS WITHIN LIFETIME
OF SPS PROJECT

9PERATION
MODE ASSEMBL'! FUNCTION
CONSTRUCTION SUBSYSTE” NONE
OPERATIONS SUBSYSTE’ STEADY-STATE OPERATION
OPEN ISOLATION SWITCHES
ECLIPSE SUBSYSTE”
CLOSE ISOLATION SWITCHES
FAI LURE,“fiH~TENANCE SUBSYSTE’ VOLTAGE CHECKS: SWITCH STATUS
CHECKOUT SUBSYSTE” FAIL-SAFE CHECKS; CONTROL RESPONSE

ANTENNA ’ INPUT FILTER ’ DIODE ’ OUTPUT FILTER

Figure 3.2-4. Simplified Schematic - Rectenna

Rectifier. The rectifier assembly consists of a GaAs diode and input/

output filters. An illustration of a possible diode configuration is shown
in Figure 3.2-5. The equivalent schematic of the rectifie;/filter circuit
is shown in Figure 3.2-4. The outputs of the rectifier circuit are series
connected to output 40+ kV.

Regulators. The regulation assembly accepts the voltage from the series
.. . .. ._
connected rectenna diodes and adjusts the voltage output to the power distribu-
tion feeders to a value consistant with positive current flow.

3-45
 Cu Clad
Mylar

Dielectric

Hard Su’face>ARRAY ‘CROSS SECTION

( im) tiAS SUBSTRATE’

GaAs EPIIAYER .\
\J------- , PtCr OR NICHROME MXtDA)
Au (2 I LEAKAGE 5 A AT 21C”C
Im’Y)mA-38lmA
V,.O.lV
AREA - 10-3 CM2

COULD ALSO BE SNAP-ON

HOWEVER, SNAP-ON HAS SERIOUS
DEGRATldN PROBLEhIS - ESPECIALLY
‘(111) QAs IS ALSO A CANDIDATE WITH MOISTURE.
FOR SCHOl-fKY BARRIER DIODES
DIODE CONCEPT
Figure 3.2-5. Rectenna Systems Major Assembly/Component

Switching. The motor switches provide for no load isolation of each

independent voltage string.

Design and Performance Characteristics

The design and performance characteristics of the.rectenna subsystem are

presented in Table 3.2-2.

Subsystem Definition and Interfaces

The subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 3.2-3. Details of the inter-
face are TBD.

3.2.2 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL

The power distribution and control subsystem receives power from the
rectenna subsystem and provides the switching required to deliver the power
to the power conversion stations, and then delivers the power station outputs

3-46
 Table 3.2-2. Rectenna Preliminary Specifications
I TER CHARACTERISTIC

INTERCEPTED ENERGY (GU)

FREQUENCY (GHz) z:
RECiENNA EFF I C I ENCY (%) as
CLUSTER OUTPUT TBD
VOLTAGE STRING OUTPUT (KV) 40+
RECTENNA OUTPUT ENERGY (GW) 4.93
NUMBER OF DIODES 330X106
RECTENNA SUBPANEL SIZE (tl) 0.735x9.33
PANEL DlttENSIONS (ti) 14.69x9.33
NUMBER OF PANELS IN RECTENNA 580,500
PANEL AREA (Ml’) 79.56
RECTENNA CDNFIGURATION ELL I PSE
RECTENNA DIMENSIONS (KM) 10x13
RECTENNA GROUND AREA (KJI’) 102.5

to interconnected utility interfaces. The feeders, and power cabling as well

as internal transmission towers and cabling are included. Power transmission,
(high tension cabling), ,from the designated interface at the perimeter of the
ground receiving station are the responsibility of the power utility. The
grounding, electromagnetic interference control, and all shielding requirements
are also included. The life expectancy of the power distribution system is
30 years. The responsibility for auxiliary power systems used to maintain
critical subsystems is TBD.

Functional Requirements and Diagrams

Functional requirements for various operating modes are listed in

Table 3.2-3. A specified schematic block diagram for the ground receiving
station is presented in Figure 3.2-6.

Table 3.2-3. Power Distribution and Control

- Operating Modes

II- MODE 1 ASSEHRLY 1 FUNCTION

CONSTRUCTION N/A N/A

OPERATION SUBSYSTEM STEADY-STATE OPERATION
ECL I PSE SUBSYSTEM STARTUP/SHUTDOWN, BACKUP POWER
TO CRtTtCAL SUBSYSTEtIS
FAILURE/ SUBSYSTEM REDUNDANT OPERATION. AUTO SHUT-
&AlHTENANCE DOWN
CHECKOUT SUBSYSTEM CONTINUITY, INSULATION RESIST-
ANCE SWlTCHtNG RESPONSE

Major Assemblies

Figure 3.2-7 illustrates the major assemblies comprising the power dis-
tribution and control subsystem.

Power Distribution. The power distribution assembly consists of the main

feeders, secondary feeders, 40 kV dc and 500 kV ac buses, tie bars and power
interface cabling for the various operating subsystems. The main feeders are
sized to handle gradually increasing current loads starting at the center of

3-47

L
96 DOUBLE BOXES
EA SECTOR
1M . CUBES
40,000 VDC BUSSES ISOLATION
\
3 EMSECTOR

\ ’
1088 ROWS

_------------------
FEEDER POWER (INPUT TO
40,ow VDC SUSSES) -
RANGE 12.1 - 16 MW AT
’ ‘W (300 - 400A) AS MANY FEEDERS
14.8 MW
AS REQUIRED TO
MASS IN QUADRANT (FEEDERSONLY) SO,ooO KG (200,~ KG FOR ENTIRE FARM) APPROACH 16 Mw

Figure 3.2-6. Rectenna Schematic Block Diagram - Preliminary

POWER
DISTRIBUTION
AND CONTROL

I I
I-
I
POWER SWITCHING I
DISTRIB, I
l- - ----

. MAIN FEEDERS . GEAR . 40-KV DC TOWERS

. SECONDARY . SOLID STATE . 500-KV AC TOWERS
FEEDERS . SENSORS . INSTALLATION
. BUSES
. SfNSORS
. IN\tAlCATION

Figure 3.2-7. Assembly Tree - Power Distribution and Control

3-48
the rectenna array and continuing to the perimeter. The feeders are grouped
in each quadrant of the array to permit systematic maintenance and to avoid
catastropic system failures. The main feeders utilize TBD cm round aluminum
cables, uninsulated, mounted on insulated standoffs or in insulated raceways.
Other feeders, tie lines, buses, etc., are sized to handle maximum estimated
loads, at specified voltages. All cables are passively cooled by radiation
to local environment.

Switching. Switchgears are used for:

l Isolation/selection of various power feeders as a result of

changes in power demand or as the result of systematic element
failures.

8 Isolation/selection of power conversion stations as load demand

varies or due to systematic failure.

l Isolation of loads as satellite power capability varies due to

predicted (eclipse, maintenance, etc.) power reductions or due
to unpredicted (systematic failures) power reductions.

The switchgears may be solid-state or electromechanical. The voltages and

currents being handled by these switches will be monitored by the IMCS to deter-
mine their status and to establish a need for the automatic opening of these
switches (circuit breaker function). Switch closure will be based upon fault
status and power demand. During shutdown operations the system will be monitor-
ed and when certain conditions are reached a command signal will automatically
open or close selected switches as required.

Control. The power distribution control concept is based upon a continuous

monitor function performed by the station resident IMCS. The IMCS also formats
concise system display summaries to permit efficient transfer of information to
the system operators. Where control discussions must be made at a rate beyond
that possible through human intervention, preprogrammed control sequences will
be initiated to establish desired system configuration. Primary system control,
except for emergency situations, is vested in human operators.

Included in the general category of control are the functions associated

with the man-machine interface, i.e., display and control.

Secondary Structures. Secondary structures consist of mounting brackets,

clamps, raceways, as well as all other secondary installation devices as need-
ed. It is assumed that a delta of TBD percent of the subsystem mass is reason-
able.

Transmission Towers. The 40 kV dc and 500 kV ac power buses are supported

by suspension towers around the perimeter of the rectenna area but within the
outer station perimeter fence. The 40 kV dc supports consists of four 18 meter
high, tapered, steel poles. The 500 kV ac towers are standard 70 meter towers
similar to those used for cross-country transfer of power from sources such as
Hoover Dam or TVA.

3-49
Design and Performance Characteristics

The design and performance characteristics for the power distribution

subsystem are listed in Table 3.2-4.

Table 3.2-4. Design and Performance Characteristics

Halor Assembly I Keqllireme"ts Technology Ishug.

re
(:ENERAL
Hllss Configuration dependent
HTBF Subsystem dependent
Life 30 ycors
Efficiency 88-98% (config. dependent)
Resupply and maintenance As needed
POWER DISTRIBUTION (PD) Mostly round conductor
Mass Conf igurot ion dependent
Material Aluminum 6001-T6
Ipsulation TBD
Efficiency 88-98X (config. dependent)
Subsystem cabling Locat ion and power dependent
Resupply and maintenance As rcquircd
Life 30 years or greater
3wr'rctt (:I:AZH
Ih-llaI1y Al’lwux. 0. DOlJtlh kJ;/kW
‘rypc SatI Id .ut:lI~’
I’lwur rc11 I nv. (:011i lJ:llWl
~1111
Ihhpl’ll~hl~
VII I t ;&xc- (:I1111lg. i,ll,l Illl.ilL 1,lll dvl”~ll’I’wL
El I II, Iwwy ‘J’l-‘VI . ‘J%
I.ll’C III Y(*:,I’H
l~csupply and m;llntenance As rPl(l! I red

SECONDARY STRUCTURE
Mass TBD% of PDS weight was considered
to be required for mounting and
installat ion.
CONTROL
Temperature sensors No. of sensors config. dependent
Current sensors No. of sensors config. dependent
Voltage sensor‘5 No. of sensors config. dependent
Switch gear cor.trol conflguratfon dependent
Overcurrent
Overvoltage
Undercurrent
Undervol tage

Subsystem Definition and Interfaces

Subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 3.2-6 for the power distribution
subsystem approach selected for ground receiving station. Power handling cap-
acity is estimated to range up to 5.0 Gtl.

3.2.3 STRUCTURES

The GPS structure assemblies considered in this report are primarily those
associated with the support of the rectenna panels, plus the secondary elements
already discussed in Section 3.2.2. Included in this subsystem are concrete
footing, steel primary and secondary support structure, bracing and the various

3-50
connection fittings. A more detailed description of the installation activ-
ities and procedures is presented in Volume V of this report.

An artists representation of the basic element, the rectenna, is shown

in Figure 3.2-8.

Figure 3.2-8. Rectenna Panel Assembly and Installation

The remaining structural elements; buildings, fencing, storage areas,

etc., have not been considered at this time.

Functional Elements and Block Diagrams

Functional requirements for the various operating modes are listed in

Table 3.2-5. Since the structure subsystem is primarily passive no block
diagrams are available.

Table 3.2-S. Structural Subsystem - Operating Mode

I MODE ASSEIIBLY FUNCTION

CONSTRUCTION SUBSYSTEM WITHSTAND WINDLOAD TO 90 PSI

OPERATION SUBSYSTEt! WITHSTAND WINDLOAD 2 90 PSI
ECLIPSE SUBSYSTEII N/A
FAILURE/ SUBSYSTEM WITHSTAND SYSTEM LOADS UNDER
MAINTENANCE TBD FAILURE CONDITIONS
I.

3-51
Major Assemblies

Figure 3.2-9 depicts the major structural subsystem elements.

STRUCTURES

PANEL SECONDARY
FACILITIES
SUPPORT STRUCTURE

* CONCRETE l FENCING l INSULATORS

. I-BEAMS . HAINT. YARDS . BRACKETS
- CROSS-SUPPORTS l LOGISTICS . MISCELLANEOUS
l FASTENERS
l SUPPORT RODS

Figure 3.2-9. Assembly Tree - Structures

Design Characteristics

The initial design for the panel structural and base support elements
are illustrated in Figure 3.2-10.

’ NOT TO SCALE

Figure 3.2-10. Rectenna Array Support Structure

Subsystem Definition and Interfaces

Subsystem interfaces are shown in Figure 3.2-9 and 3.2-10.

3-52
3.2.4 CONVERTER STATIONS

The converter stations accept 40 kY dc power and output 500 kV ac or dc.

The initial concept utilizes a solid-state inversion/step-up concept typified
by an existing dc-ac conversion station located in Sylmar, California. The
block diagram of the subsystem is shown in Figure 3.2-11.

N KVAC N KVAC TRANSFORHERS 500 KVAC

40 KVOC POWER FILTERS
FILTERS 4o KVDC
c w
- I NVERTERS

-w
4 4
I I
I
- I
- CONTROL - - - - - _ - _ - -I

Figure 3.2-11. Simplified Block Diagram - Converter Station

Specific design details of this subsystem was not derived during the
preceeding study and must await clarification in a future study effort.

3.2.5 DATA MANAGEMENTAND CO;\ITROL

The data management and control hierarchy for the ground complex is out-
lined in Figure 3.2-12. The primary approach, pyramidal, is similar to that
selected for the satellite. Similar, but not necessarily space qualified,
devices would be used to implement the ground data system. A description of
the various devices is given in Section 3.1.7.

Data on measurements and control are TBD.

3-53
 I
Group A I Group C
Equipment Equipment
I
T
SUPERVISORY SUPERVISORY I SUPERVISORY
I

------l’ L
I I I I1
I
I
I I

BEAM
I
i UTILITY
INTERFACE I
BEAM
MONI TOR MONI TOR
I CONTROL
COtiPUTER COIIPUTER
COHPUTER I
A I I

I I
PERIHETER E INTRUSION PERI METER
MONITOR
I
HONITOR I MONITOR
NO. I COMPUTER NO. 2
COMPUTER BCU I COHPUTER
I
I I
L
1 1 I I r I 1 1

1
I I I 1 I I 1 -I 1
THERMAL THERMAL THERMAL THERMAL THERMAL
GROUP A GROUP A I GROUP C I GROUP B GROUP B
COMPUTER I COMPUTER 2 COMPUTER COMPUTER 2 COtiPUTER I
BCU I BCU
KU BCU BCU
I I
Figure 3.2-12. IMCS Hierarchy - Ground Receiving Station
 -

4.0 SUPPORT SYSTEMS

 4.0 SUPPORT SYSTEMS

4.1 GE0 OPERATIONAL BASE

0-D)

4.2 MAINTENANCE AND REFURBISHMENT FACILITY

(TBD)

4.3 SPS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The SPS program will require a dedicated transportation system and, in

all probability, a dedicated launch facility for vertical launch HLLV opera-
tions.

The major elements of the SPS transportation system consist of the

following:

. Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV)-SPS cargo to LEO

l Personnel Launch Vehicle (PLV)-personnel to LEO (Growth STS)
l Electric Orbit Transfer Vehicle (EOTV)-SPS cargo to GE0
l Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle (POTV)-personnel, LEO to GE0
l Personnel module (PM)-personnel carrier, earth to LEO to GE0
l Intra-Orbit Transfer Vehicle (IOTV) -on-orbit cargo transfer

Two HLLV configurations are required- a two-stage vertical takeoff hori-

zontal landing (VTO/HL) HLLV with a payload capability in the order of
225,000 kg for the operational program, and an interim Shuttle transportation
system (STS) derived HLLV for precursor operations. The latter vehicle util-
izes the same elements as the PLV except that the orbiter is replaced with a
payload module and a recoverable engine module.

The PLV is used to transfer the SPS construction crew from earth to LEO.
This vehicle is a growth Shuttle version in which the solid rocket booster
(SRB) is replaced with a reusable liquid rocket booster (LRB). The PM is
designed to fit within the existing orbiter cargo bay.

The EOTV is employed for cargo transfer from LEO to GEO, and utilizes the
same power sources and construction techniques as the SPS. The configuration,
payload capability, and trip time are established on the basis of overall SPS
program compatibility.

4-l
 The POTV is the propulsive element required to transfer the PM and its
crew/passengers from LEO to GEO. The POTV is a single, chemical rocket stage
and is sized to fit within the cargo bay and payload capability of the PLV.

The PM is capable of transporting a 60-man construction crew from earth

to LEO to GE0 and return. The PM is also sized to fit within the PLV payload
envelope.

The IOTV, defined in concept only, is a chemical rocket stage, manned or

remotely operated, and is capable of on-orbit transfer of approximately
225,000 kg of cargo over a distance of 10 km.

4.3.1 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SCENARIO

Transportation system LEO operations are depicted in Figure 4.3-l. STS

derivatives are employed for crew transfer from earth to LEO. The STS-HLLV
is employed early in the program for space base and precursor satellite con-
struction and delivery of POTV propellants. This element of the operational
transportation system is phased out of the program with initiation of first
satellite construction, or sooner. The SPS HLLV delivers operational phase
cargo and propellants to LEO, which are transferred to the EOTV by means of
the IOTV for subsequent transfer to GEO.

LEO STAGING EON TO GE0

Figure 4.3-l. SPS LEO Transportation Operations

4-2
 Transportation system GE0 operations are depicted in Figure 4.3-2. Upon
arrival at GEO, the SPS construction cargo is transferred from the EOTV to the
SPS construction base by IOTV. The POTV with crew module docks to the con-
struction base to effect crew transfer and POTV refueling for return flight to
LEO. Crew consumables and resupply propellants are also transported to GE0
by the EOTV.

Figure 4.3-2. SPS GE0 Transportation Operations

Transportation system requirements are dominated by the vast quantity of

materials to be transported to LEO and GEO. Tables 4.3-1, 4.3-2, and 4.3-3
summarize the mass delivery requirements, and numbers of vehicle flights, for
the baseline transportation elements. All mass figures include a 10% packaging
factor. Table 4.3-l summarizes transportation requirements for construction of
the first satellite. Table 4.3-2 is a summary of requirements during the total
satellite construction phase (i.e., the first 30 years). The average annual
mass to LEO during this phase is in excess of 130 million kilograms with more
than 750 HLLV launches per year. Table 4.3-3 presents a total program summary
through retirement of the last satellite after 30 years of operation. Mass
and flight requirements are separated between that required to construct the
satellites and that required to operate and maintain the satellites.

4-3
 Table 4.3-l. TFU Transportation Requirements

MASSx 106 KG HICLELEF.LIGHTS

i=
PLV HLLV Ic I
LEO GE0
.
POTV - LEO4 GE0

SATELLITECONST.MAINl. 8
PACKAGING 37,12 37012 45 163.5 45 6.5 164 164
CREWCONSUMABLES
8 PKG, 0,98 0.94 4.3 0,2 4 4
POTVPROPELLANTS
8 PKG, 2.91 1.46 12,8 0,3 13 6
EOTVCONST,, MAINT, 8 PKG, 7020 - 15 31.7 32
EOTVPROPELLANTS
8 PKG. 4.79 - 21.1 21
IOTV PROPELLANTS
8 PKG. 0.13 0,06 046 1
-- - ,- 235
TOiAL 53813 39,58 60 234-O
VEHICLEREQUIREMENTS
TFU FLEET 2 15 14 6 4
CARGO CARRIER/ENGINE
GROWTH
SHUTTLEVEHICLES- PERSONNEL (PLV) MODULE AND LAUNCH VEH
PRECURSO:
REQUIREMENTS:
*LEO BASE
*SPACE CONSTR, BASE 72 FLIGHTS 129 FLIGHTS
l EOTV TEST VEHICLE
1 VEHICLE ~. ~. 2 VEHICLESm.-.-

Table 4.3-2. SPS Program Transportation Requirements,

30-Year Construction Phase

MASSx lo6 KG VEHICLEFLIGHTS

PLV HLLV POTV EOT'J IOTV
AEn r,E@ LF" GE0
SATELLITECONST.8 MA1NT.n 3,099,3 3.099.3 3187 13.653 3051 599,5 13.653 13,653
CREWCONSUM.4BLES 74.9 71.7 - 33cl - 13.9 330 316
POTVPROPELLANTS 21606 108.3 - 954 - 20.9 954 477
EOTVCONST,8 MAINTENANCE 38.4 31,2 - 169 - 6.0 169 137
EOTVPROPELLANT 492.3 2,o - 2.169 - 0.4 2.169 9
IOTV PROPELLANT 10,5 408 - 47 -
] o.gl-TT2/-+
TOTAL 3,932,O 3,317,3 3187 17,322 3051 642 31,935

VEHICLEFLIGHT LIFE 100 300 100 I 20 200

VEHICLEFLEEl' REQUIREMENTS - - 32 58 31 32 160

4-4
 Table 4.3-3. Totdl Transportation Requirements, 60-Year Prog.ram

I i,
MASS x IO6 KG I VEHICLE FLIGHTS r ll
POTV EOTV IOTV
LEO 1 GE0
SATELLITE
CONSTRUCTION 1220 425.1 9682 9682
OPERATIONS& YAINTENANCE 3660 348.7 7943 7943
CREWCONSUMABLES
CONSTRUCTION 139 c 5.6 139 126
OPERATIONS& YAINTENANCE 86.8 86.0 - / 382 - 16.6 382 379
POTV PROPELLANTS I
CONS'lWJCTION 82.7 41.4 - 364 - 8.0 364 182
OPERATIONS& MAINTENANCE 267.6 133.8 - 1180 - 25.9 1180 589
EOTV CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION 28.2 24.2 - 124. - 4.7 124 107
OPERATIONS& MAINTENANCE 22.2 19.0 - 98; - 3.7 98 84
EOTV PROPELLANTS
CONSTRUCTION 340.3 2.0 - 1499 - 0.4 1499
OPERATIONS& MAINTENANCE 304.0 - - 1339 - 1339 -g
IOTV PROPELLANTS
CONS'I'RlJCTION 7.2 3.3 - 32 - 0.6 32 15
OPERATIONSLlrMAINTENANCE 6.6 3.0 - 29 - 0.6 29 13
SUMMARY
CONSTRUCTION 2687.7 2297.4 1340 11,640 1220 444 11,840 lQ121
OPERATIONS& MAINTENANCE
-P-.--L. 2490 4 20.14.tj 3694 10971 3660 396 10,971 9,008
TOTAl. 5178.1 4342. 2 5034 22p1 1 4H80 840 22,811 19,129
VEllIC1.E FIJXT
C0NSTItUCFION 14 39 12 22 110
--A-- Ol'l~llA'I'IONS k LIAINTF:NANCI:
-_ __-_-___. - 37 37 :17 2n IOn
TWAI, !i I 7(i *I!) 42 2I0
4.3.2 HEAVY-LIFT LAUNCH VEHICLE (HLLV)

The primary driver in establishing HLLV requirements is the construction

mass to orbit. Other factors include propellant cost/availability and envir-
onmental suitability. As stated previously, an interim STS-derived HLLV will
be required to satisfy SPS precursor operations (schedule limited)' and,
because of its similarity to the PLV, will be defined along with that vehicle,
Basic HLLV requirements are summarized in Table 4.3-4.

Table 4.3-4. HLLV Sizing-Ground Rules/Assumptions

~ . TWO-STAGE MRTICAL TAKEOFF/HORIZONTAL LANDING (VTOMLI

. FLY BACK CAPABILITY BOTH STAGES - ARES FIRST STAGE OMY
. PARALLR BURN WITH PROPEUANT CROSSFEED
l LOXIRP FIRST STAGE - LOX+ SECOND STAGE
‘,!I P, GAS GENERATORCYCLE ENGINE - FIRST STAGE (I, (VACI - 39 SEC.1
l HI P, STAGED CONlBUSTlON ENGINE - SECOND STAGE (Is (VACI . 46 SEC.1
. STAGING MLCCITY - HEAT SINK BOOSTER CCMPATIRLE
. ClRCA lpQ0 TECHNOLOGY BASE - BACIMMC WEIGHT REDUCTION DATA
l ORBITAL PARAMETERS - UII KM 0 3L#’
l PAYl.OAD CAPABILITY - ZZI x Id KG UP’45 KG DOWN
l THRUSTMEIGHT - 130 LlFlOFFl3.D MAX
. 15% WEIGHT GROWI’I ALLOWANCUD./PL AV MARGIN

The HLLV utilizes a parallel burn mode with propellant cross-feed from
the first-stage tanks to the second-stage engines. The first stage employs
high chamber pressure gas generator cycle LOX/HP fueled engines with LHz
cooling and the second stage employs a staged combustion engine similar to
the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) which is LOXjLHz fueled.

The HLLV configuration is shown in Figure 4.3-3 in the launch configur-

ation. Both stages have common body diameter, wing and vertical stabilizer;
however, the overall length of the second stage (orbiter) is approximately
5 m greater than the first stage (booster). The vehicle gross liftoff weight
(GLOW) is 15,730,OOO lb with a payload capability of 510,000 lb to the refer-
ence earth orbit. A summary weight statement is given in Table 4.3-5. The
propellant weights indicated are total loaded propellant (i.e., not usable).
The second-stage weight (ULOW) includes the payload weight. During the booster
ascent phase, the second-stage LOX/LH2 propellants are crossfed from the booster
to achieve the parallel burn mode. Approximately 1.6 million pounds of propel-
lant are crossfed from the booster to the orbiter during ascent.

The HLLV booster is shown in the landing configuration in Figure 4.3-4.

The vehicle is approximately 300 feet in length with a wing span of 184 feet
and a maximum clearance height of 116 feet. The nominal body diameter is
40 feet. The vehicle has a dry weight of 1,045,500 lb. Seven rocket engines
are mounted in the aft fuselage with a nominal seal-level thrust of 2.3 million
pounds each. Eight turbojet engines are mounted on the upper portion of the
aft fuselage with a nominal thrust of 20,000 lb each. A detailed weight state-
ment is given in Table 4.3-6; the vehicle propellant weight summary is projected
in Table 4.3-7.
4-6
Figure 4.3-3. Reference HLLV Launch Configuration

Table 4.3-5. HLLV Mass Properties

(U06)
I !s -lb
GLOW 7.14 15.73
BLOW 4.92 10.84
WP2 4.49 9.89
ULOW 2.22 4.89
WP2 1.66 3.65
Payload 0.23 0.51

4-7
.
 *CROSS FEED, DUAL DELTA
DRY WING, L/D -7.5

RP.1 TANK
ROCKET ENGINES. 7 REQ’D
TOTAL THRUST. 71.441.9~33 N(S.L,

AIR BREATHER
FLYBACK
ENGINES - 8 fwaa

Figure 4 - 3-4 - HLLV First Stage (Booster)

- Landing Configuration

Table 4.3-6. HLLV Weight Statement

kgxlO-’ (IbxlO-')

SUBSYSTEn ZNO STAGE IS.1 STAGE

FUSELAGE 103.41 (227.98) 130.73 (288.22)
WING 39.20 ( 86.41) 78.17 y;.;;;
VERT:CAL TAIL 5.70 ( 12.5;) 7.11
CANARD 1.39 ( 3.07) 2.21 ( 4187)
TPS 52.59 (115.94) s
CREU COHPARTHENT 12.70 ( 28.00)
AVIONICS 3.86 ( 8.50) 3.40-1 7.50)
PERSONNEL 1.36 ( 3.001 .*
ENV I RONMENTAL 2.59 ( 5.70) .a
PRIM POWER 5.44 ( 12.00) .*
HYDRAULIC SYSTEH 3.86 ( 8.50)
ASCENT ENGINES 26.93 ( 59.38) 67.&148.70;
KS SYSTEM 9.59 ( 21.15) l *

LAJIDING CEAM 18.38 ( 40.51)

PRDPULS I ON SY STEHS l 44.99*'( 99.18)
ATTACH AND SEPARATION 4.59 ( 10.12)
APU 0.91 ( 2.00)
FLYBACK ENGINES s 28.55 ( 62.95)
FLYBACK PROPULSION SVSTEII m 18.39 ( 40.54)
SUBSYSTEM 25.76 ( 56.80)
DRY WEIGHT 286.99 (632.71) (909.12)
CRObI-iH MARCIH (15%) 43.0s ( 94.91) (136.37)
TOTAL INERT WT. 330.04 (727.62) (1045.49)
l \NCLllDED IN FUSELAGE UEIGHT
l *lTEHS INCLUDED IN SUBSYSTEKS

4-8
 Table 4.3-7. HLLV Propellant Weight Summary
(X106)
-I- ~~FIRS STAGE SECOH STAGE
A KG LB KG

USAELL 9.607 4.358 3.481 I.579

CROSSFEED I .612 a.732 (1.612) (0.731)
TOTAL 8liRWED 7.995 3.626 5.093 2.310
RESIDUALS 0.040 0.018 0.020 0'. 009
RESERVES 0.045 0.020 0.024 0.011
ncs 0.010 0.005 0.018 0.008
ON-ORBIT - 0.095 0.043
DO1L-OFF s 0.010 0.005
FLY-BACK 0.187 0.085 w

-TOTAL LOA:ED 9.889 4.486 3.648 I.655

The HLLV orbiter is depicted in Figure 4.3-5. The vehicle is approximately

317 feet in length with the same wing span, vertical height, and nominal body
diameter as the booster. The orbiter employs four rocket engines with a nominal
sea-level thrust of 1.19 million pounds each. The orbiter makes an upowered
reentry and landing.

*CROSS FEED, DUAL-DELTA

DRY WING, l/D -7.5

ROCKET ENGINES -4 REQ’D

TOTAL TH(AUST - 21.129.050 N C3.L.I

12.900 DIA

Figure 4.3-S. HLLV Second Stage (Orbiter)

-Landing Configuration

4-9
 The cargo bay is located in the mid-fuselage and has a length of approxi-
mately 90 feet. The detailed weight statement and a propellent summary for the
orbiter are included in Tables 4.3-6 and 4.3-7, respectively.

The vehicle relative staging velocity is 2127 m/set (6978 ft/sec) at an

altitude of 55.15 km (181,000 ft) and a first-stage burnout range of 88.7 km
(48.5 nmi). The first-stage flyback range is 387 km (211.8 nmi).

4.3.3 ELECTRIC ORBITAL TRANSFER VEHICLE (EOTV)

The EOTV depicted in Figure 4.3-6 is based upon a rigid design which can
accommodate two "standard" solar blanket areas of 600.m by 750 m from the
MSFC/Rockwell baseline satellite concept. The commonality of the structural
configuration and construction processes with the satellite design is noted.
Since the thrust levels will be very low (as compared to chemical stages), the
engines and power processing units are mounted in four arrays at the lower
corners of the structure/solar array. Each array contains 36 thrusters; however,
only 64 thrusters are required to fire simultaneously. The additional thrusters
provide redundancy when one or more arrays cannot be operated due to plume
impingement on the solar array. Up to 16 thrusters, utilizing stored electrical
power, are used for attitude hold only during periods of occultation. The atti-
tude determination system is the same as the SPS, mounted at the extremities of
the six vertical beams. Payload attach platforms are located so that loading/
unloading operations can be conducted from "outside" the lightweight structure.

EOTV DRY WT. - l.lrd KG

EOTV WET WT. - l.761@ KG
ii,yLOAli WT. - 5.IFI@ KG

Figure 4.3-6. Selected EOTV Configuration

4-10
 Primary EOTV requirements are summarized in Table 4.3-8. The orbital
parameters are consistent with SPS requirements and the delta-V requirement
is taken from previous SEP and EOTV trajectory calculations. A 0.75% delta-V
margin is included in the figure given.
Table 4.3-8. EOTV Sizing Requirements

l LEO ALTITUDE - 487 101 e 31.4. INCLllUTlON

l SOLAR INERTIAL ORlEHTATlOn
l UUNCN ANY TIME OF YEAR
l 5700 H/SEC AV REQUIREMENT
. SOUR INERTIAL ATTITUDE HOLD ONLY DURING OCCULTATION PERIODS
l 50’ PLUME CLEAMNCE
l NUHDLR OF THRUSTERS - HlNlHltE
l 20% SPARE THRUSTERS - FAILURES/THRUST DIFFERENTIAL
l PERFORJWJCE LOSSES DURING THRUSTING - 5t
l ACS POWER REQUIRWENT - HAXItiUH OCCULTATION PERIOD
l ACS PROPELLANT REQUIREHENTS - 100% DUTY CYCLE
-.25t MIGHT GROWTH ALLOWAWE

The solar array has a total power output of 33.5 megawatts. Line losses
of 6% and an end-of-life cell degradation of 15% yield a net power to the
thruster arrays of 268.1 megawatts. The power storage system is sized on the
same basis as the SPS, 200 kilowatt-hours per kilogram weight.

The GaAlAs cells are assumed to be self-annealing of electron damage

occurring during transit through the Van Allen belt. A lifetime degradation
in performance of 15% is consistent with basic SPS criteria.

EOTV thruster characteristics are summarized in Table 4.3-9.

Table 4.3-9. EOTV Thruster Characteristics

. MXIIWH OPERATING TEHPERATURE - 19DO. K

~ . TOTAL VOLTAGE - 8300 VOLTS
. GRID VOLTAGE - 2000 VOLTS ItAXlHUH
. REAM CURRENT - la87 AHP
. SPECIFIC IHPULSE - 8213 SEC
. THWSTER DIMETER - 76 CM
. THRUST/THRUSTER - 69.7 NEWON
. NUMER OF THRUSTERS - 144 (INCLUDES 25% SPARES)
. HM!HUH 9F 64 THWJSTEPS OPERABLE SI.W:TAI~EOUSLY

The EOTV weight and performance summary is presented in Table 4.3-10.

The transfer propellant weight of 666,660 kg is the maximum that can be con-
sumed by the thrusters during the transit time of 1290 days up (100 days
thrusting) and the resulting return trip time of approximately 30 days (22 days
thrusting).
4-11
 Table 4.3-10. EOTV Weight/Performance Summary (kg)

SOLAR ARMY 588.196

CELLS/STRUCTURE
PObER CONOlTlONlNC
THRUSTER ARMY (4) 96.685
THRUSTERS/STRUCTURE
CONDUCTORS
BEAlwCInML~
PROPELLANT T&WCS
ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEH 106.872
POWER SUPPLY
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
PROPELLANT TAJWS
EOTV INERT UEIGHT 871,753
25% GROWTH 217,938
TOTAL INERT UElCltT I .089,691
PROPELLANT WEIGHT 666,660
TRANSFER PROPELMT
ACS PROPELLANT
EOTV LOADED WEIGHT 1.756.351
PAYLOAD WEIGHT 5.171.318
LEO JEPARTURE MIGHT
PROPELLANT COST DELIVERED (t/KG P/L)

The EOTV dry weight (including growth) is approximately 1.09 10 kg and

has a payload delivery capability to GE0 of 5.17x106 kg with a 10% return
payload capability to LEO.

The estimated cost of $4.72/kg-payload reflects propellant costs only

delivered to LEO.

4.3.4 PERSONNEL TRANSFER VEHICLE (PTV)/STS-DERIVED HLLV

The PLV and STS-derived HLLV are growth versions of the Shuttle transporta-
tion system (STS). The growth version of the PLV, Figure 4.3-7, is achieved by
replacing the existing recoverable solid rocket boosters (SRB) with a pair of
recoverable liquid rocket boosters (LRB). The existing orbiter and external
tank are used in their current configuration. The added performance afforded
by the LRB increases the orbiter payload capability to the reference STS orbit
by approximately 54%, or a total capability of 45,350 kg (100,000 lb).

The STS-HLLV (Figure 4.3-8),employed in the precursor phase of SPS, is

derived by replacing the STS orbiter on the PLV with a payload module and a
reusable propulsion and avionics module (PAM) to provide the required orbiter
functions. The PAM may be recovered ballistically or, preferably, as a down
payload for the PLV. These modifications yield an STS-HLLV with a payload
capability of approximately 100,000 kg.

The LRB has a gross weight of 395,000 kg, made up of 324,000 kg of propel-
lant (278,000 kg of LO2 and 46,000 kg of LHz), and 71,000 kg of inert weight.
The overall length of the LRB is 47.55 meters with a nominal diameter of
6.1 meters.

4-12
 8oosTm (EACH):
Glass UT n 87lU LI
PROP. UT - 7lSK 18
IHERl YT = 1561: LB

LAlJttCHCONFlGURATlON
PAVLOAO l IOOK LB tLOY‘= 3.6761 LO

I56 FT.
-1
t0.U Fl WA
1

\LANOIffi ROCKETS

\ KS

PARACWE STOYAGE' ~EHGINE COVER

(OPEN)

Figure 4.3-7. L02/LH2 SSME Integral Twin Ballistic Booster

 REUSABLEENGINE
PO0
\

LIFTOFF WEIGHTS
(lo3 kg)
PAYLOAD 100.0
EXTENALTANK 738.3
LRB (2) 790.0
REUSABLEPOD 13.7
TOTAL 1642.0

Fi'gure 4.3-8. STS HLLV Configuration

 The LRB utilizes a derivative of the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME).
The only difference between the LRB engines and the SSME is in nozzle expansion
ratio, 35 in lieu of 77.5 to 1. The SSME-35 and its characteristics are
depicted in Figure 4.3-9.

THRUST, LBF 459.000fS.L.1

503.000(VAC.1
EXPANSION AREA RATIO 35:l
CHAMBER PRESSURE. PSIA 3230
MIXTURE RATIO 6.0:1

SPECIFIC IMPULSE, SECONOS 406 (S.L. I

US WAC.)

ENGINE WEIGHT. LBF 6340

SERVICE LIFE. HOURS 7.5
STARTS 55
ENVELOPE: LENGTH. INCHES 146
DIAMETER. INCHES
POWERHEAD 105
NOZZLE EXIT 63

Figure 4.3-g. Liquid Rocket Booster Main Engine (SSME-35)

4.3.5 PERSONNEL ORBITAL TRANSFER VEHICLE (POTV)

The POTV is the propulsive element used to transfer the personnel module
(PM) from LEO to GE0 and return. The POTV concept uses a single stage to trans-
port the PM and its crew and passengers to GEO. After initial delivery of the
POTV to LEO by the STS or SPS-HLLV, the propulsive stage is subsequently refueled
in LEO (at the LEO station) with sufficient propellants to execute the transfer
of the PM to GEO. At GEO, the stage is refueled for a return trip of crew and
passengers to LEO. The HLLV delivers crew consumables and POTV propellants to
LEO and the EOTV delivers the same items required in GEO. The PM with crew/
personnel is delivered to LEO by the PLV.

The POTV configuration is shown in Figure 4.3-10, and a weight summary is

given in Table 4.3-11.

The POTV utilizes two advanced space engines whose characteristics are
given in Figure 4.3-11 and Table 4.3-12.

Since the POTV concept utilizes an on-orbit maintenance/refueling approach,

an on-board system capable of identifying/correcting potential subsystem prob-
lems in order to minimize/eliminate on-orbit checkout operations is required.

4-15
 2ASE
ENGINES

a-

’ 60 MAN CREW MODULE 16,000 KG

l SINGLE STAGE 01’4 36,000 KG

(GE0 REFUELING)

. BOTH ELEMENTS CAPABLE OF GROWTH STS LAUNCH

Figure 4.3-10. POTV Configuration

Table 4.3-11. POTV Weight Summary

Subsystem Weight (kg)

.--~
Tank (5) 1,620
Structures and lines 702
Docking ring 100
Engine (2) 490
Attitude control 235
Other 262
Subtotal 3,409
Growth (1OZ) 341
Total inert 3,750
Propellant 32,750
Total loaded 36,000
~~__~ -

4-16
 THRUST (LB) 20,000

CHAMBER PRESSURE (PSIA) 2000

EXPANSION RATIO 400

MIXTURE. RATIO 6.0

SPECIFIC IMPULSE (SEC) 473.0

DIAMETER (IN.) 48.5

LENGTH (IN.)

NOZZLE RETRACTED 50.5

NOZZLE EXTENDED 94.0

Figure 4.3-11. Advanced

Space Engine

Table 4.3-12. Current ASE Engine Weight

I Fuel boost and main pumps 74.5

Oxidizer boost and main pumps 89.8
Preburner 12.4
Ducting 25.0
Combustion chamber assembly 62.8
Regen. cooled nozzle (e= 175:l) 58.4
Extendable nozzle and actuators (E = 4OO:l) 122.0
Ignition system 6.1
Controls, valves, and actuators 74.0
Heat exchanger 14.0

Total (lb)* 539.0

I3 *Based on major component current measured weights.

4-17
4.3.6 PERSONNEL MODULE (PM)

A construction sequence has been developed which requires a crew rotation

every 90 days for crew complements in multiples of 60. The PM is synthesized
on this basis. A limitation on PM size is established to assure compatibility
with the PLV cargo bay dimensions and payload weight capacity (i.e., 4.5 m
17 m and 45,000 kg).

The PM shown in Figure 4.3-10 assumes a command station to monitor and

control POTV/PM functions during flight. This function is provided in the
forward section of the PM as shown. Spacing and layout of the PM is comparable
to current commercial airline practice. Seating is provided on the basis of
one meter, front to rear, and a width of 0.72 meter. .PM mass was established
on the basis of 110 kg/man (including personal effects) and approximately
190 kg/man for module mass. The PM design has provisions for 60 passengers and
two flight crew members.

4.3.7 INTRA-ORBIT TRANSFER VEHICLE (IOTV)

On-orbit mobility systems are syntehsized in terms of application and

concept only. On-orbit elements considered here are powered by a chemical
(LOX/LH ) propulsion system. At least three distinct applications have been
identified: (1) the need to transfer cargo from the HLLV to the EOTV in LEO,
and from the EOTV to the SPS construction base in GEO; (2) the need to move
materials about the SPS construction base; and (3) the probable need to move
men or materials between operational SPS's. A "free-flyer" teleoperator
concept is assumed.

Sizing of the IOTV is based on a minimum safe separation distance between

EOTV and the SPS base of 10 km. The assumed transfer time is in the order of
two hours (round trip), which equates to a AV requirement on the order of
3 to 5 misec. A single advanced space engine (ASE) is employed with a specific
impulse of 473 set (see Section 4.3.5 for complete engine description). The
pertinent IOTV parameters are summarized in Table 4.3-13.

Table 4.3-13. IOTV Weight Summary

SUBSYSTEM WE I GHT (kg)

ENGINE (1 ASE) 245

PROPELLANT TANKS IS
STRUCTURE AND LINES s 15
DOCKING RI tJG 100
All- I TUDE CONTROL 50
OTHER 100
SUBTOTAL 525
GROWTH (10%) 53
TOTAL I NE RT 57
PROPELLANT 30::
TOTAL LOADED 878

4-18
 4.4 LEO OPERATIONAL BASE

(TBD)

4.5 CARGO AND PERSONNEL LAUNCH AND RECOVERY FACILITIES

(TBD)

4.6 BASE SUPPORT FACILITIES

(TBD)

4.7 LOGISTIC FACILITIES

(TBD)

4.8 SPS GROUND RECTENNA FACILITIES

(TBD)

4-19
 1. Report No. 2. Government Accuion No. 3. Recipient’8 Catalog No.
NASA CR-3324
4. Title and Subwle 5. Repon Date
September 1980
SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS (SPS) CONCEPT DEFINITION STUDY
6. Performing Organization Code
VOLUME VII - SYSTm/SUBSYSTEM REQUIREMENTS DATA BOOK

7. Author(s) 6. PerforminOOrganizationRepon No.

G. M. Hanley SSD 79-0010-7
10. Work Unit No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Rockwell International
11. Concracc or Grant No
12214 La kewood Boul evard
NAS8-32475
Downey, CA 90241
13. Type of Rcpon and Period Gwercd
2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Contractor Report
Notional Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency code
Washington, D. C. 20546
5. Surqalemcntary Notes
Marshall Technical Monitor: C. H. Guttman
Volume VII of Final Report

This volume of the Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition

Study final report summarizes the basic requirements used as a guide to
systems analysis and is a basis for the selection of candidate SPS
point design(s). Initially, these collected data reflected the level of
definition resulting from the evaluation of a broad spectrum of SPS
concepts. As the various concepts matured these requirements were update
to reflect the requirements identified for the projected satellite
system/subsys tern point design(s). Earlier studies (reported in Volumes
I -VII, SD 79-AP-0023, dated April 1978) established two candidate conce]
which were presented to the NASA for consideration. NASA, in turn, util:
these and other concepts developed under the auspices of other contracts,
established a baseline or reference concept which was to be the basis fol
future evaluation and point design. This volume defines the identified
subsystem/systems requirenents, and where appropriate, presents
recommendations for alternate approaches which may represent improved
design features.

‘. Kav Words &q9ested by Author(r)) 16. DMribution Statement

Sys tern Requirements Unclassified - Unlimited
Subsys tern Requirements
Sys tern Description
Subsys tern Description
Satellite Power System I Subject Category 44
1 kcurucy Oawf. (of this report1 20. Securlcy Clawf. (of this pagel 21. No. of Pw 22. Price
Unclassified Unclassified 128 A07

For sale by the Nafional TechnIcal InfocmatlonService. Sprqfleld. Vlrglnla 22161

NASA-Lang1ey > 1980