Scientific Journals

Zeszyty Naukowe
of the Maritime University of Szczecin Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
2017, 49 (121), 19–27
ISSN 1733-8670 (Printed) Received: 30.01.2017
ISSN 2392-0378 (Online) Accepted: 06.03.2017
DOI: 10.17402/196 Published: 17.03.2017

Energy saving procedures for fishing vessels by

means of numerical optimization of hull resistance

Tomasz Abramowski, Karol Sugalski

Maritime University of Szczecin
1-2 Wały Chrobrego St., 70-500 Szczecin, Poland
e-mail: {t.abramowski; k.sugalski}@am.szczecin.pl

corresponding author

Key words: CFD, hull shape optimization, fishing boat, hull resistance, OpenFoam, simulation
Abstract
This paper presents the general method for hull shape optimization of fishing boats with the objective of re-
ducing resistance. In particular, it presents an example of the results of the application of resistance-reducing
devices such as the ducktail, the cylindrical bulb and the streamlined bulbous bow. The resistance was deter-
mined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For the purpose of flow simulation, the OpenFoam system,
distributed under an open source license, was used. The turbulent, unsteady flow with free surface liquid around
the analyzed hulls was computed and investigated for potential resistance reduction. Ultimately, the calculation
results were generalized by the parameterization of dimensionless geometric variables for the shape of a bul-
bous bow and were given in a form suitable for practical application in the hull design process.

Introduction The subjects of the optimization process are typ-

ical fishing vessels of types: K15, STOREM4, B25,
The objective of this paper is to present a proce- KB21, B410, B403, B280, B275 and B368. Their
dure for optimization of hull shape with the objec- principal characteristics are given in Table 1. Only
tive of reducing the energy requirements of the pro- select examples of calculations have been presented
pulsion systems of representative fishing vessels in this paper; nevertheless, the described synthet-
operated within the Polish fishing fleet. The research ic procedure and generalization of the results offer
was carried out as part of the EU project Conduct- potential for practical application. The detailed tech-
ing expert studies on plans for restructuring and nical characteristics of the fishing vessels studied
modernization of the Polish fishing fleet, based on can be found in the literature (Foltyn, 1978; Blady,
selected fishing vessels in order to reduce the neg- 2002).
ative impact on marine ecosystems, funded by the The proposed procedure was separated into par-
European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. tial tasks; their completion, and the detailed results,
Reducing the energy requirements of the pro- allowed us to formulate general conclusions relat-
pulsion system was achieved through modifications ed to the modification of the shape of the boats’
that can potentially result in minimization of the hulls. Some of the tasks ware ancillary such as the
hull resistance and, consequently, the effective pow- recovery of the technical documentation for fish-
er consumption (Fyson, 1985; Gulbrandsen, 2012). ing boats already in operation for several decades;
These are significant technical characteristics of the their accomplishment was however necessary for
fishing boats that have a considerable impact on the the analysis and served to determine and manage
overall energy requirements of the fishing vessels the input data, the range of variation of parameters,
during their operation. boundary conditions and design variables.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 49 (121) 19

 Tomasz Abramowski, Karol Sugalski

Table 1. Summary of all fishing vessels’ principal characteristics that were the subject of investigations
Description Lc [m] Lpp [m] B [m] Tav [m] H [m] L/B [–] B/T [–] V [kts] Fn [–]
15 17.8 16.9 5.0 2.0 2.4 3.4 2.5 8.0 0.319
STOREM4 17.5 16.2 5.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 2.1 8.5 0.346
B25 24.6 21.9 6.6 2.3 3.4 3.3 2.9 8.0 0.351
KB21 21.0 19.0 6.0 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.7 10.0 0.376
B410 25.8 23.0 7.2 2.7 3.5 3.2 2.7 11.0 0.376
B403 25.8 23.0 7.2 2.7 3.5 3.2 2.7 11.0 0.376
B280 26.8 23.5 7.4 3.0 3.7 3.2 2.5 10.0 0.338
B275 29.8 26.4 8.2 3.2 6.2 3.2 2.5 10.7 0.342
B368 17.6 15.0 5.2 2.0 2.4 2.9 2.6 9.0 0.381

Similar problems related to the application of Executing simulation runs, results analysis,
computational fluid dynamics for optimization of post-processing
propulsion characteristics of ships and general opti- IV. Determination of the propulsion power
mization of marine vessels have been the subject Numerical grid reconstruction for wake analysis
of previous discussion (Peri, Rossetti & Campana, Wake calculation
2001; Jacquin et al., 2002; Abramowski, Szelangie- Calculation of propulsion factors, thrust deduc-
wicz, & Żelazny, 2010; Cepowski, 2010; Szelangie- tion and propulsion power, propeller redesign
wicz, Abramowski & Żelazny, 2010; Abramowski, V. Design proposals for hull shape and devices to
2013). The calm water resistance is a subject of con- reduce effective power
sideration in the presented research. Further infor- Identification of geometrical constraints
mation on the behavior of ships and their resistance Development of detailed designs
characteristics in waves can also be found (Cepow- Development of numerical surfaces and final pro-
ski, 2009). posals for geometries
VI. Generalization of the research work results, final
The general procedure and steps parameterization of the proposed changes for all
fishing vessels.
The entire optimization procedure was formally Each research step listed above was supposed to
separated into the following tasks: provide a design solution, information or constraints
I. Analysis of the operational performance charac- on further steps of the optimization process. The
teristics of the fishing vessels and their geometrical deliverables are summarized in Table 2. This paper
properties discusses chosen results and conclusions of stages I,
Identification of important characteristics for the II, III, V and VI from the above.
operating conditions of fishing vessels
Table 2. Description of the deliverables for the research tasks
Analysis of the existing technical documentation
with regard to the operating conditions Research
Deliverables
task
Identification of geometric parameters essential
I Set of geometric variables and constraints
for optimization tasks for optimization process
II. Preparation of the digital geometry of hulls of II Digital form of hull surfaces subject to further
fishing boats suitable for manipulations manipulations and optimization
Digitization of existing blueprints of sections, III Bare hull resistance values and effective power
waterlines and buttocks IV Propulsion power factors
Development of 3D surfaces representing hull V Final results of geometrical changes given
geometries in digital form
Definition of sets of design modifications for VI Parameterized data inputs for the hull shape design
numerical flow analysis
III. Running flow simulations for the determination Digital description and geometry
of hull resistance and effective power developments
Selection of numerical methods and physical
models Prior to numerical modeling of flow using com-
Construction of numerical grids and calculation putational fluid dynamics, the three-dimensional
domains surrounding the hulls CAD model should be generated which will be later

20 Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin 49 (121)

 Energy saving procedures for fishing vessels by means of numerical optimization of hull resistance

used to build the computational domain. In the pres- The smaller patches can be further divided and patch-
ent study it was necessary to develop models accord- es in the bow region, side region, deck, etc. can be
ing to the documentation supplied in the form of the defined.
blueprints (for boats B25 and B280) and the design The symmetry plane projection, of a certain
documentation of individual frame structures (con- patch denoted by index k creates sub-region Dk such
struction drawings, e.g. fishing vessels of the B410 that the bonding of all sub-regions gives a region
series) and general arrangements (Foltyn, 1978). D. If the shape of a patch is described by function
The objectives are as follows: yk = fk(x, z), {x, z} ∈ Dk, the entire shape of a hull
1. Digitization of available blueprinted drawings in can be explicitly expressed by the following sum of
the form of bodylines and construction sections; the functions:
2. Development of three-dimensional surfaces rep- y   f k x, z  k x, z  (1)
resenting a hull shape. k
Development of three-dimensional surfaces, was where: κk = (x, z) – characteristic function of a patch,
completed using functions available in computer expressed as follows:
programs with implemented B-Spline and NURBS
algorithms developed for this purpose. Digital forms 1 for x, z  Dk
k   (2)
of the shapes of the hulls are based on providing 0 for x, z  Dk
coordinates (in the adopted system) of an adequate
number of points on the surface of the hull to ensure Function y = f  (x, z) is a spline function merged
geometries are generated with sufficient accura- along boundaries of neighboring patches such that
cy. This is particularly important when using the the smoothness and convexity of a hull is ensured.
so-called computer aided and analysis group of sys- The division of a hull’s surface into a number of
tems CAx (CADesign, CAManufacturing, CAEngi- patches allows for the local modification of the
neering), including numerical methods used in the geometry without influencing that of neighboring
analysis of hydrodynamics phenomena occurring regions.
around the hull (boundary element method and finite The curvature of B-Spline is defined by the bro-
volume method) or mechanical strength analysis ken curve of control points and respectively NURBS
(finite element method). surfaces are defined by the 3D mesh of control
Due to the complex shape of a hull, it is difficult points. The NURBS surface manipulation and mod-
to describe the entire surface using just one analyti- ification can be performed in a straightforward way
cal expression. Therefore, the surface of the hull is since each control point affects the shape to a limited
divided, by boundary lines, into smaller components extent. B-Splines and NURBS surfaces have the fol-
called patches which eases analytical description. lowing properties:

Figure 1. Example of definition of hull surface by the mesh of NURBS control points, B25 fishing boat

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 49 (121) 21

 Tomasz Abramowski, Karol Sugalski

• control points can be placed arbitrarily; hull shapes prior to further analysis of propulsion
• in the case of NURBS surfaces, the control points properties.
are non-uniform which means that a different
weight can be assigned to any and each of the Method assumed for flow simulation
control points.
The value of the weight influences the shape (e.g. To perform the calculations described below, the
higher values attract the surface locally); therefore, OpenFoam system, on an open source license was
a change in the value of the weight of a control point used. The governing equations for the flow model-
can change the curvature without the necessity of ling were the Reynolds equations, RANSE (RANSE
changing the control point position. – Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations). For
An example of a hull surface defined by a mesh the unsteady, turbulent and incompressible flow
of control points is given in Figure 1. In accordance case, the equations have the following form in ten-
with the research program, the NURBS definitions sor notation:
for all vessels were developed based on the avail-
U i U i
able documentation. In the latter steps, the shapes   U j 
were subjected to modification with the aim of gen- t x j
erating less resistance and reducing effective power P   2U i   u u  
requirement.  Fi       i j  (3)
xi  x j x j   x j 
Examples of the renderings of representative    
hull designs are given in Figure 2. The next step where:
is to numerically represent the geometries of the Uij – U vector components of averaged flow
a) velocities,
P – pressure,
μ – dynamic viscosity,
u' – fluctuation parts of velocities,
Fi – mass forces.
Since the closed control region of the flow is
always considered in the simulation, the continuity
equation must be fulfilled, for the considered case:

u v w
b)   0 (4)
x y z

Equations (3) and (4) are the system of coupled

equations of averaged, incompressible turbulent flu-
id flow. There are 10 unknowns to be solved: three
components of the velocity vector [U], the pressure
P and additionally six derivatives of the velocity
c) fluctuation parts, called the turbulent stress tensor or
Reynolds stress tensor Rij. This arrangement of equa-
tions does not create a closed system. This is due
to the introduction of a speed averaging procedure
that eliminates the turbulent fluctuations of the Na-
vier-Stokes equations but at the same time introduc-
es additional unknowns in the form of the Reynolds
stress tensor. In this case, the RANS equation should
be supplemented with additional equations coupling
turbulent stress tensor velocities averaged over time.
For this purpose, the two-equation turbulence model
k–ε was applied. The defined objective of optimiza-
Figure 2. a) rendering of developed surfaces of B25 fishing tion requires proper modeling of free surface effects,
vessel, b) the shape of B280 fishing vessel, c) the shape of which was ensured here by the volume of fluid meth-
B410 fishing vessel od, unlike the problems presented by Abramowski

22 Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin 49 (121)

 Energy saving procedures for fishing vessels by means of numerical optimization of hull resistance

(Abramowski, 2005) where free surface effects

could be neglected and the water-air boundary could
be modelled as a rigid surface.
The OpenFoam solver (OpenCFD Ltd ESI
Group, 2016) used in the research is based on the
discretization of equations using finite volume meth- Figure 3. The side view example of a generated mesh. The
od of discretization. The finite volume method is the denser grid was applied in the free surface region
method most commonly used to solve problems of
fluid mechanics, in particular for incompressible,
turbulent cases. Due to the editorial restrictions of
the journal it is not possible to present here a com-
plete description of the model; further details relat-
ing to the procedure of modeling flows by means of
computational fluid dynamics can be found in works
by Peyret & Taylor (Peyret & Taylor, 1983) and Ber-
tram (Bertram, 2000).
For the meshing procedure of the domains,
the native sub-programs, such as blockMesh and
snappyHexMesh, implemented in OpenFoam were
applied. These programs allow grid generation for Figure 4. The cross view of a generated mesh. Hexagonal
complex geometries and simultaneous grid refine- elements are present in the region where phase separation
ment in critical areas like sharp corners and free is supposed to occur
surface regions. Adequately fine grid arrangement
in the regions where a free surface is expected to A numerical solution of flow is obtained on a grid
occur and change its coordinates, as is presented in covering only a selected area of an actual field flow
this research, is essential for the proper modeling of (computational domain); therefore, it is necessary to
wave resistance. introduce artificial boundary limits on the area and
BlockMesh is used to prepare a basic grid, which specific physical conditions on the surface of the
is the background for the target geometry imported hull, the free surface of the water, inlet, outlet and
from CAD software. SnappyHexMesh creates a grid far field conditions were defined. The placement of
consisting of unstructured grid elements, though it the first grid point was chosen so as to keep the value
relies on the presence of a previously created sim- of y+ below 200.
ple domain geometry. It usually has a rectangular Due to the nature of the flow (high Froude num-
shape with domain dimensions already defined and ber), an obvious first choice of modification, to
the geometry of the target object around which the
flow is to be computed in STL format (stereo_lithog-
raphy). The STL format is one of the basic formats
for file import/export operations between various
programs for graphic design. The prevailing shape
of computational cells in the OpenFOAM system is
hexagonal. The process of grid generation begins
by creating a grid background and inserting it into
the snappyHexMesh module, the program then starts
making the grid background denser along the edge
of the geometry of the object in accordance with
the degree of grid accuracy specified by the user.
The next step is to remove redundant cells from the
user-defined spaces within and outside of the object.
This is followed by a mesh refinement step. Follow-
ing the above procedure, the total number of mesh
elements was around 1.1–1.3 million cells for each
hull design chosen for calculation. Sample results of Figure 5. An example of developing shape modifications for
discretization are shown in Figures 3 and 4. testing – varying the length of a cylindrical bulb

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 49 (121) 23

 Tomasz Abramowski, Karol Sugalski

improve the resistance characteristics of the hulls, and a full scale vessel, relatively good dynamic sim-
is changing the shape of the bulbous bow. This ilarity gives rise to small errors when translating
approach is also justified by the fact that the pro- results from the model scale to the full scale. Trans-
posed changes in shape are supposed to be applied to lation calculations of resistance were carried out in
boats that are already in service, for which the pos- accordance with the standard ITTC (International
sibility of changing global characteristics (i.e. length Towing Tank Conference) procedure.
or breadth) are very limited. Example results of calculations are provided
Figure 5 presents one of several analyzed bulb below. They determine the impact of tested bulbs on
shape applications and its systematic variation of the hull resistance and, consequently, the effective
length for testing. The impact of a “ducktail” device power requirement of a fishing vessel. In addition,
was the subject of other investigations. the results of the ducktail device on B25 type boat
resistance are presented. The results of calculations
Chosen calculation results for the B410 series vessel, involving the testing of
the effect of some bulbs on the resistance value, are
The models were tested numerically at 1:5 scale. shown in Table 3.
For large and fast transport ships, such a scale can- The lowest power value was obtained in the case
not be achieved due to the limitations to the first of modification No. 2 (effective power reduction of
grid point location arising from high local Reynolds 16%) and for the modification No. 1 (effective pow-
numbers. In the presented case, such a scale was er reduction of 14%). Modification No. 2 included
possible due to the nature of the vessels’ operation the application of a streamlined and smooth bulbous
(small fishing boats) and relatively lower associat- bow, whereas modification No. 1 included applica-
ed Reynolds number. As a result, a reduction of the tion of an elongated cylindrical bulb. Both modifica-
number of elements of the grid was possible. Due to tions are suitable for use in practice; however, mod-
a small change in the dimensions between a model ification 2 requires greater investment (CAPEX).

Table 3. Chosen results of calculations for B410 series vessel – application of a bulbous bow
Froude number, Fn 0.335 0.367 0.335 0.367 0.335 0.367
Speed 2.3 m/s 2.53 m/s 10 knots 11 knots 10 knots 11 knots
Total resistance, Total resistance, full scale, Effective power,
model scale, [N] ITTC procedure,[kN] [kW]
Basic hull 272.2 363.4 33.6 45.1 172.6 254.8
Modification No.1 226.5 310.8 27.8 38.3 142.7 216.7
Modification No.2 226.7 304.3 28.1 37.9 144.5 214.2

Figure 6. Modifications to bulbous bow; left: modification No. 1, right: modification No. 2

Table 4. Chosen results of calculations for B25 series vessel – ducktail application
Basic Ducktail Absolute Relative
hull application difference reduction [%]
Total resistance, model scale, Vm = 1.84 m/s, [N] 82.0 74.4 7.59 9.26%
Total resistance, full scale, speed 8 knots, [kN] 10.13 9.21 0.914 9.03%

24 Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin 49 (121)

 Energy saving procedures for fishing vessels by means of numerical optimization of hull resistance

The shapes of the proposed changes are shown in increasing the wetted area of the hull or its weight.
Figure 6. This element is mounted to the boat transom, direct-
Table 4 shows the results from calculations on ly on the waterline, mimicking the shape of the hull
the hull of the B25 vessel with the application of at the transom.
a ducktail device. Reduction of the total resistance at Since it extends the length of the waterline,
full scale was equal to 9.03%. Given the analogous the Froude number is reduced and the intensity of
nature of flow for all vessels studied, there is justi- the wave system in the boat’s wake is suppressed.
fication to seek the potential use of this device in all The effect of the device is shown in Figure 8 (flow
similar vessels as similar flow effects may occur. without the ducktail) and Figure 9 which show the
The ducktail device (Figure 7) extends the length wave system behind the stern without and with the
of the waterline of a ship without significantly device fitted. The suppression of wave height can be
observed.

Results generalization example

and geometry parameterization

Due to the similar nature of the flow of the wave

systems for all boats studied, it is possible to gen-
eralize the results by preparing proposals for the
parameterization of the geometry of bulbous bows
for design purposes. For example, the geometrical
parameterization of a streamlined bulbous bow is
given in Figure 10. The shape is defined by the coor-
dinates x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 in the reference system with
the origin located at the intersection of the design
waterline and its perpendicular raised from the fore-
Figure 7. The ducktail device applied to B25 series vessel
most point of the bow. The positions of these points
are described by the coordinates where the variables
denoted li refer to the length, ti to the draught and
bi to the breadth. Their dimensionless values relate
to the corresponding dimensions of the vessel under
consideration. The values are shown in Table 5.
The geometry of the bulbous bow can be calcu-
lated for a given vessel by multiplying the relative
value (Table 5) by its corresponding dimension
(Table 1) of the main hull. E.g., in order to calculate
the value l1 for the B280 fishing vessel: l1 = 0.087,
therefore Lpp = 0.087·23.5 = 2.05  m. In order to
Figure 8. Wave system in the wake of B25 series boat without determine the values of ti and bi, the draught and
the ducktail device, LWLm = 4.8 m, Fn = 0.267 breadth are used.

Conclusions

The presented procedure and examples of calcu-

lation results show that the proposals for modifica-
tions to the shape of the hulls have the potential to
decrease the impact on aquatic ecosystems by reduc-
ing the associated propulsion power; consequently,
this will reduce a vessel’s fuel consumption as well
as the emissions of exhaust gases and CO2. Based
on calculations for one B410 series fishing vessel,
Figure 9. Wave system in the wake of B25 series boat with a generalized set of design variables was formu-
the ducktail device, LWLm = 5.03 m, Fn = 0.261 lated that allows for the calculation of streamlined

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 49 (121) 25

 Tomasz Abramowski, Karol Sugalski

Figure 10. Values describing the location of the points x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 defining the shape of the streamlined bulbous bow.
Variables denoted li refer to the length, ti to the draught and bi to the breadth. The origin is located at the intersection of the
design waterline and its perpendicular raised from the foremost point of the bow

Table 5. Bulbous bow geometry parameterization for all fishing vessels

General relative value, K15 STOREM4 B25 KB21 B403, B410 B280 B275 B368
defined according to Figure 10 [–] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
l1 0.087 1.47 1.41 1.90 1.65 2.00 2.04 2.30 1.30
t1 0.296 0.59 0.74 0.68 0.65 0.80 0.89 0.95 0.59
t2 0.141 0.28 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.28
t3 0.700 1.40 1.75 1.61 1.54 1.89 2.10 2.24 1.40
t4 0.815 1.63 2.04 1.87 1.79 2.20 2.44 2.61 1.63
t5 0.370 0.74 0.93 0.85 0.81 1.00 1.11 1.19 0.74
b1 0.081 0.40 0.43 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.60 0.66 0.42
b2 0.110 0.55 0.58 0.72 0.72 0.79 0.81 0.90 0.57

bulbous bow geometries for multiple hull designs. an assessment, based on economic indicators such as
The OpenFoam system used for calculations could internal rate of return, net present value and payback
be used for further systematic shape optimization of period of the invested capital, is planned.
the hulls of fishing vessels. A ducktail device may only be used on vessels
The proposed designs will be of greater signifi- that carry out fishing operations and release their
cance in situations where fishery areas are more dis- fishing gear from their sides. The operation of
tant from ports and fishing vessels need to operate this device is based on extending the length of the
and transfer at full speed. Both proposed designs waterline of the ship without increasing the wetted
(ducktail and streamlined bulbous bow) reduce the area and suppressing the wave system in a vessel’s
wave component of the total resistance – an obvious wake.
focus of the optimization due to the intensive wave
flows (all vessels have Froude number above 0.3). References
An accurate economic assessment of the use of
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plied Mechanics 43, 1. pp. 157–178.
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Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 49 (121) 27