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M (T) U (T) : Upper Side Band Lower Side Band Upper Side Band Lower Side Band

This document provides an overview of different amplitude modulation techniques including double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), conventional amplitude modulation (CAM), and single sideband (SSB) modulation. It defines the system diagrams and equations for modulation and demodulation of signals using these techniques. It also summarizes the channel bandwidth, power, and implementation complexity of each AM format.

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43 views

M (T) U (T) : Upper Side Band Lower Side Band Upper Side Band Lower Side Band

This document provides an overview of different amplitude modulation techniques including double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), conventional amplitude modulation (CAM), and single sideband (SSB) modulation. It defines the system diagrams and equations for modulation and demodulation of signals using these techniques. It also summarizes the channel bandwidth, power, and implementation complexity of each AM format.

Uploaded by

HaroonRashid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EGR 496: Communication Systems, Spring 2020

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Reference Sheet

Double side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) amplitude modulation (AM):

m(t) u(t)

Ac cos (2̟fct)

Figure 1: System diagram for DSB-SC amplitude modulation.

u(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t)


m(t): message signal
Ac : carrier amplitude
fc : carrier frequency
u(t): modulated signal

Spectrum=Fourier transform:
ˆ ∞
M (f ) = F{m(t)} = m(t)e−j2πf t dt
−∞
Ac Ac
U (f ) = F{u(t)} = M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc )
2 2

U(f)

upper side lower side lower side upper side


band band band band

-fc fc f

Figure 2: Spectrum of DSB-SC modulated signal. Generic (triangular) message signal is used.

DSB-SC demodulation

p(t)
r(t) LPF d(t)

Ac cos (2̟fct + φ)

Figure 3: System diagram for DSB-SC amplitude demodulation.


r(t) = ku(t): received signal 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
p(t) = kA kAc
2 m(t) cos(φ) + 2 m(t) cos(2π2fc + φ)
c

kAc
d(t) = 2 m(t) cos(φ): demodulated signal
Note: For an ideal channel we assumed k = 1

Conventional amplitude modulation (CAM)

u(t) = Ac [1 + am(t)] cos(2πfc t)


Ac : carrier amplitude
fc : carrier frequency
u(t): modulated signal
a: modulation index 0 ≤ a ≤ 1
m(t) is assumed normalized −1 ≤ m(t) ≤ 1.

Spectrum=Fourier transform:
ˆ ∞
M (f ) = F{m(t)} = m(t)e−j2πf t dt
−∞
Ac Ac aAc aAc
U (f ) = F{u(t)} = δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc ) + M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc )
2 2 2 2
Demodulate with envelope detector:

r(t) C R d(t)

Figure 4: Envolope detector.

r(t) = ku(t): received signal 0 ≤ k ≤ 1


d(t) ≈ kAc [1 + am(t)]: demodulated signal
Note: For an ideal channel we assumed k = 1

Choose R and C such that W  1/RC  fc where W is message bandwidth.

Singe side band (SSB) amplitude modulation

Modulated signal for lower side band:


Ac Ac
u(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t) + m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)
2 2
Modulated signal for upper side band:
Ac Ac
u(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t) − m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)
2 2
Hilbert transform
ˆ ∞
1 1 m(τ )
m̂(t) = HT {m(t)} = ~ m(t) = dτ
πt π −∞ t−τ

F{m̂(t)} = −jsgn(f )M (f )

HT {cos(2πfm t)} = cos(2πfm t − π/2) = sin(2πfm t)


HT {sin(2πfm t)} = sin(2πfm t − π/2) = − cos(2πfm t)

Power

Instantaneous power of a signal x(t) is |x(t)|2 .

Average power of a signal x(t) is


ˆ T /2
1
lim |x(t)|2 dt
T →∞ T −T /2

1
´ T /2 2 dt
Let Pm = limT →∞ T −T /2 |m(t)| be the message power.
A2c
Power in DSB-SC signal: P = 2 Pm .

A2c
Power in CAM signal: P = 2 (1 + a2 Pm ).
A2c
Power in SSB signal: P = 4 Pm .

Table 1: Summary of AM formats

DSB-SC CAM SSB


Channel Bandwidth 2W 2W W
A2c A2c A2c
Power 2 Pm 2 (1 + a2 Pm ) 4 Pm
Implementation Medium Easy Hard

Complex Fourier series

For periodic signal x(t) with period T and frequency f0 = 1/T


X
x(t) = X[k]ej2πkf0 t
k

where ˆ t0 +T
1
X[k] = x(t)e−j2πkf0 t dt
T t0
Fourier transform pairs
1 1
F{x(t) cos(2πf0 t)} = X(f − f0 ) + X(f + f0 )
2 2
1 1
F{x(t) sin(2πf0 t)} = X(f − f0 ) − X(f + f0 )
j2 j2

Integrals
ˆ d
eax d
ax
e dx =
a c

c
ˆ d d ˆ d
udv = uv − vdu

c c c
ˆ d
1 d
dt = ln(t)

c t c

Complex numbers
√
j= −1
ejθ = cos(θ) + j sin(θ)
e−jθ = cos(θ) − j sin(θ)
j = ejπ/2
−1 = ejπ
1
cos(θ) = [ejθ + e−jθ ]
2
1
sin(θ) = [ejθ − e−jθ ]
2j

sin(πx)
sinc(x) =
πx
rect(t) tri(t)

1 1

-0.5 0.5 t -1.0 1.0 t

sgn(t)
u(t)

1
1

t
t
-1

Figure 5: Rect function, tri function, step function, signum function. (rect(t) = Π(t), tri(t) = Λ(t))

Figure 6: Unit circle (cos, sin).

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