Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(2): 1869-1872
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
www.phytojournal.com Seasonal incidence of insect pests on rice and
JPP 2020; 9(2): 1869-1872
Received: 08-01-2020 impact of various abiotic factors on their
Accepted: 12-02-2020
incidence
SD Patil
Assistant Professor, Department
of Entomology, Zonal SD Patil, DV Kusalkar, HM Patil and KD Bhoite
Agricultural Research Station,
Igatpuri, Tal. Igatpuri, Nasik,
Abstract
Maharashtra, India
The incidence of brown plant hopper (Nirparvata lugens (Stal.) was started from 32nd MW i.e. first week
DV Kusalkar of September with its peak during 42nd MW i.e. third week of October. The continuous increase in
Associate Director of Research, population of brown plant hopper was recorded since 36th MW to 42nd MW. Incidence of brown plant
Zonal Agricultural Research hopper showed significant negative correlation with rainfall (r = -0.488), morning relative humidity (r = -
Station, Igatpuri, Tal. Igatpuri, 0.614) and positive correlation with maximum temperature. The incidence of stem borer was commence
Nasik, Maharashtra, India during 34th MW and increased gradually 37th MW. The incidence of leaf folder was initiated in 37th MW
and reached to its peak in 40th MW. The correlation analysis regarding leaf folder and stem borer
revealed a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and significant negative correlation
HM Patil with evening humidity, respectively.
Associate Professor,
Department of Agronomy, Keywords: Rice insect pests, seasonal incidence, abiotic factors, brown plant hopper, yellow stem borer,
Zonal Agricultural Research leaf folder
Station, Igatpuri, Tal. Igatpuri,
Nasik, Maharashtra, India
Introduction
KD Bhoite India is world’s second largest rice producer and consumer next to China. In India total area
Assistant Professor, under rice 43.79 million hectors with production of 109.70 million tonnes with productivity of
Department of Botany, Zonal 2494 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2018) [1]. However, in Maharashtra state it is cultivated over an area
Agricultural Research Station,
Igatpuri, Tal. Igatpuri, Nasik,
about 14.66 lakh/ha with production about 34.19 lakh tonnes having productivity 1.84
Maharashtra, India tonnes/ha (Anonymous, 2018) [2]. Major Rice growing districts in Maharashtra are Thane,
Ratnagiri, Raigad, Sindhudurg Kolhapur and Nashik.
Rice, Oryza sativa (Linnaeus) is one of the important cereal crops, being the staple food for
more than 65 per cent of the world population (Mathur et al., 1999) [3]. It is cultivated in almost
all the tropical, subtropical and temperate countries of the world. One of the major constraints
of rice production and low productivity in India is the occurrence of insect pests at various
stages of the crop growth. The rice crop is subject to attack by more than 100 species of insects
and 20 of them can cause economic damage (Pathak and Khan, 1994) [4]. The rice crop is
subjected to sustain damage by considerable number of pests among them. There are sucking
pests like brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) Rice gundhi bug, Leptocorisa
acuta (Thunberg) which cause damage by sucking cell sap. The brown plant hopper (BPH) is
economic important pest and they damage plants directly by sucking the plant sap and by
ovipositing in plant tissue causing plant wilting or hopper burn (Turner et al., 1999) [8].
Damage to the rice crop is caused directly by feeding on the phloem (Sogava, 1992) [9] and
indirectly by transmitting plant viral disease like grassy stunt viruses (Powell et al., 1995) [10].
The yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) is the principle devastator causing
‘dead heart’ and ‘white ear’ leading to major economic damage (Satpathi et al., 2012) [5]. The
rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee), so far, was considered as a minor pest,
has assumed major pest status during the last two decades (Nanda et al., 2000) [6]. The larvae
fold the leaves and scrape the green tissues of the leaves and cause scorching and leaf drying.
The yield loss caused by leaf folder reported to the extent of 5 to 25% (Kulgagod et al., 2011)
[7]
. Recently, emphasis is being given on ecological based pest management strategies. The
main components of any pest management programme is to study the incidence period of the
pest, population distribution on crop and regular monitoring or survey of field. Seasonal
Corresponding Author:
SD Patil
incidence studies helps in planning need based application of insecticides as it clearly reveals
Assistant Professor, Department the insect’s peak activity as well as insect free periods during crop growth. The insect pest
of Entomology, Zonal population shows fluctuations depending on various abiotic (environmental factors) and biotic
Agricultural Research Station, (natural enemies) factors of an area. In the current experiment an attempt was made to know
Igatpuri, Tal. Igatpuri, Nasik, the effect of abiotic factors on the pest population trend on rice crop during kharif 2019.
Maharashtra, India
~ 1869 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
Materials and Methods obtained by various researchers (Krishnaiah et al., 2005,
The experiment was conducted during the kharif, 2019, at the Khan and Misra, 2003, Jiang et al., 2009) [19, 20, 21].
Agricultural Research Station Farm, Igatpuri Maharashtra The incidence of leaf folder infestation was commenced
India. In the experiment, the variety Indrayani was grown for second week of September and the larval population increased
this study. Later the seedlings of sufficient age were gradually till 40th week with 6.5 larvae/ 10 hills and the pest
transplanted to main field with a spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 in populations reached its highest level during first week of
hills and all the agronomical practices viz. irrigation, fertilizer October (6.5 larvae/10 hills) (Table 1). Later, the population
application and intercultural operations were followed as started declining when the crop attained maturity. Other
recommended for rice crop in this area to raise the crop. No scientists also reported the infestation of C. medinalis varied
chemical pesticides were applied throughout the crop period from 1.4 to 33.2 per cent in rice from July to October (Pawan
to get a natural pest incidence on the crop. et al., 1996) [12]. The correlation analysis revealed that a
Seasonal incidence of insect pests on rice was studied on a positive significant correlation with maximum temperature (r
separate plot of 100m2. The nursery was raised adjacent to the =0.529) (Table 2) and negative non significant correlation
main experiment plot so as to study the population build up of minimum temperature (r = -0.0179), evening relative
the pests. The pest population was recorded in this humidity (r = -0.314), morning relative humidity (r = -0.281)
unprotected plot at 7 days interval from the occurrence or and rainfall (r = -0.337). Similar result of incidence of leaf
initiation of pest infestation and was continued up to maturity. folder in relation to RH was declared by other scientists (Sabir
The incidence of pests was recorded on 10 randomly selected et al., 2006, Khan and Ramamurthy, 2004, Hafeez et al.,
hills, in case of each insect. Weather data was also recorded 2010) [15, 16, 17]. These results are in close association with
simultaneously from the meteorological observatory available finding of some scientists, who reported that minimum
at the Agricultural Research Station, Igatpuri farm, to work temperature, temperature gradient, morning relative humidity
out relationship between the occurrence of insect pests and and average relative humidity had a influence on leaf folder
weather parameters. population. Others also reported a positive non-significant
The number of motile (adult and nymphs) stages of brown correlation between rainfall and C. medinalis (Boopathi,
plant hoppers (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens on all the 10 hills 2012) [18].
was recorded and total count was averaged and expressed in In the present study, Yellow stem borer appeared in rice crop
per hill basis (Justin and Preetha, 2013) [11]. In case of leaf during third week of August and the pest population reached
folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis the number of leaf folder its peak level during the second week of September (14.00)
larvae/10 hills were recorded by selecting 10 hills randomly (Table 1). Thus, the maximum activity of pest is observed
(Powell et al., 1995) [10]. In case of yellow stem borer (YSB), from August to September. However, in case of white ears the
Scirpophaga incertulas,the population counts were taken on rise was gradual and reached its highest level during first
number of dead hearts/white ears and total number of week of November (5.71). The correlation analysis revealed
tillers/panicle from 10 randomly selected hills (Sogava, 1992) that the yellow stem borer incidence (i.e. % dead heart)
[9]
. The per cent incidence (dead heart/white ears) was showed a positive non significant correlation with morning
calculated as follows: and minimum temperature (r = 0.339 & 0.195) (Table 2). A
negative non significant correlation was observed with
maximum temperature with r = 0.373. The incidence of borers
was higher in the vegetative stage as compared to
reproductive stage. Similar result was earlier obtained as the
incidence of borers was higher in the vegetative than in the
Weekly data of pest population were correlated with the reproductive stage in both seasons on rice (Pathak and Khan,
prevailing climatic factors such as maximum Temperature, 1994, Pujari and Bora, 2007) [4, 14]. However, the per cent
minimum temperature, morning and evening relative white ears are found to be in a negative non significant
humidity, rainfall and natural enemy population prevailing in correlation with rainfall, morning RH and minimum
the field. The correlation coefficient (r) analysis was carried temperature. A negative significant correlation was observed
out by using Microsoft Excel software. with evening relative humidity. Further, similar result
regarding white ear head was obtained i.e. significant negative
Results and Discussion correlation with relative humidity and negative correlation
In the present studies, BPH appeared in rice crop during first with minimum temperature and rainfall.
week of August (5.8/hills) and reached highest level during The incidence of yellow hairy caterpillar, long horn caterpillar
2nd week of October (38.5/hills) (Table 1). Later on the and semilopper were also recorded on rice crop in low to
population of Brown plant hopper decreased as the crop medium intensity. The incidence of yellow hairy caterpillar,
reached the harvesting stage around 3rd week of November. long horn caterpillar and semilopper was starter in 37 th, 36th
The correlation analysis of N. lugens revealed a significant and 36th MW and reached to its peak in 38th MW (1.8), 39th
negative correlation with rainfall (r = -0.488) and morning MW (1.2) and 37th MW (1.0), respectively. The incidence of
relative humidity (r = - 0.614). A significant positive natural enemies as spiders were not observed. The correlation
correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.519) was analysis regarding yellow hairy caterpillar, long horn
observed (Table 2). A similar influence of daily relative caterpillar and semilopper showed non significant correlation
humidity and mean temperature on N. lugens was also with various weather factors.
~ 1870 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
Table 1: Seasonal incidence of various pests infesting rice (Kharif 2019)
No. of % Infestation No. of Temperature Humidity
No. of No. of
No. of Leaf of yellow stem Hairy (°C) (%)
Long horn semi Rain fall Rainy
MW Period BPH / folder borer catter
catter looper/ (mm) Days
hill larvae / piller/ Max Min Mor Eve
% DH % WE piller/ hill hill
hill hill
30 23 -29.7.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.5 22.2 98 95 724.8 5
31 30.7-5.8.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.3 21.5 100 100 1210.8 7
32 6-12.8.19 5.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.8 22.1 99 93 444.5 7
33 13-19.8.19 9.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.1 22.0 98 94 112.4 7
34 20-26.8.19 10.6 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 25.6 21.9 97 84 101.5 6
35 27-2.9.19 7.7 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 25.9 21.8 96 85 180.4 7
36 3-9.9.19 9.0 0 10.0 0 0 0.8 0.6 24.6 21.7 100 99 278.7 7
37 10-16.9.19 10.5 1.3 14.0 0 1.4 1.0 1.0 23.7 21.4 99 96 279.4 7
38 17-23.9.19 14.2 3.7 12.0 0 1.8 1.0 0 27.3 21.7 92 78 80.2 5
39 24-30.9.19 27.4 4.1 0 0 1.4 1.2 0 27.6 22.0 94 87 96.1 5
40 1-7.10.19 31.9 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 28.5 20.9 95 79 74.4 4
41 8-14.10.19 33.5 6.2 0 0 0 0 0 30.4 21.7 78 59 0.0 0
42 15-21.10.19 38.5 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 28.9 19.9 70 63 14.0 2
43 22-28.10.19 12.5 0 0 1.42 0 0 0 26.7 20.8 88 77 104.8 4
44 29-4.11.19 0 0 0 4.61 0 0 0 29.7 21.8 88 63 51.1 4
45 5-11.11.19 0 0 0 5.71 0 0 0 28.8 19.8 88 60 1.8 0
Table 2: Correlation coefficient (r) of insect pest population on rice with prevailing weather factors during kharif 2019
Weather factors
Insect pest Relative Humidity % Temperature (0C)
Rainfall (mm)
Morning Evening Maximum Minimum
Brown Plant Hopper *-0.488 *-0.614 -0.387 *0.519 -0.289
Leaf folder -0.337 -0.281 -0.314 *0.529 -0.0179
Stem borer (WE%) -0.275 -0.234 *-0.578 0.4547 -0.4468
Stem borer(DH%) -0.088 0.339 0.323 -0.373 0.195
Yellow Hairy caterpillar -0.135 0.129 0.145 -0.064 0.1674
Long horn caterpillar -0.1100 0.2397 0.3046 -0.1673 0.2124
Semi looper 0.0520 0.3061 0.3989 -0.4289 0.0321
*Correlation is significant at 0.5 level when value of r is greater than 0.497
**Correlation is significant at the 0.1 level when value of r is greater than 0.426
Conclusion 4. Pathak MD, Khan ZR. Insect pests of rice. International
The seasonal incidence revealed that the population of BPH Rice Research Institute, P.O box 933, 10999, Manila,
was appeared in rice crop during first week of August i.e. Philippines, 1994, 1-17.
after getting medium shower of rain and the population 5. Satpathi CR, Chakraborty K, Shikari D, Acharjee IP.
increase with increase in rainfall. The leaf folder population Consequences of Feeding by Yellow Stem Borer
didn’t get affected by rainfall, morning RH and temperature, (Scirpophaga incertulas Walk.) On Rice Cultivar Swarna
so it was better to take preventive measures from the start of Mashuri (MTU 7029), World Applied Sciences Journal.
August month. The research on major insect pests of rice 2012; 17(4):532-539.
revealed that the incidence of yellow stem borer or the per 6. Nanda UK, Mahapatro GK, Sahoo A, Mahapatra SC.
cent dead hearts were observed highest during at vegetative Rice leaf folder: Integrated Neem derivatives in its
phase of plant and per cent white ears were highest during management. Pestology. 2000; 24(7):31-34.
reproductive phase of the crop. So if it was controlled at early 7. Kulgagod SD, Hegade M, Nayak GV, Vastrad AS, Hugar
stage it would not have loss in reproductive phase. The PS, Basavanagoud K. Evaluation of nsecticides and
incidence of leaf folder infestation commenced during first Biorationales against yellow stem borer and leaf folder in
forth night of September and attained its peak population rice crop. Karnataka J Agric. Sci. 2011; 24(2):244-246.
during October month. 8. Turner R, Song YH, Uhm KB. Numerical model
simulations of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and
References white-backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera
1. Anonymous, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) migration. Bulletin of
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Entomological Research. 1999; 89:557-568.
Agriculture, Government of India, 2018. 9. Sogawa K. A change in biotype property of brown plant
2. Anonymous, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, hopper populations immigrating into Japan and their
Economic Survey of Maharashtra, Government of probable source area. Proceedings of Association for
Maharashtra, 2018. Plant Protection of Kyushu. 1992; 38:63-68.
3. Mathur KC, Reddy PR, Rajamali S, Moorthy BTS. 10. Powell KS, Gatehouse AMR, Hilder VA, Gatehouse JA.
Integrated pest management of rice to improve Antifeedant effects of plant lectins and an enzyme on the
productivity and sustainability. Oryza. 1999; 36(3):195- adult stage of the rice brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata
207. lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1995; 75:51-59.
~ 1871 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com
11. Justin CGL, Preetha G. seasonal incidence of yellow
stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in Tamil
Nadu. Indian J Entomol, 2013, 109-112
12. Pawan K, Singh R, Pandey SK. Population dynamics of
rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in
relation to stage of the crop, weather parameters. 1996;
20(3):205-210.
13. Prasad YG, Satpathi CR, Katti G. Effect of Seasonal
Variation on Life Table of Brown Plant Hopper
Nilaparvata lugens Stål on Rice Plant in Eastern India.
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;
10(3):370-373.
14. Pujari D, Bora DK, Saurabh Sarma. Seasonal incidences
of rice stem borers in Assam. Insect Env. 2007; 13(3):99-
101.
15. Sabir AM, Ahmed S, Sahi MUL, Abdul Qadir. Pest
weather interaction of major insect pest in rice
ecosystem. 2006; 4:203-212.
16. Khan ZH, Ramamurthy VV. Influence of Weather factors
on the Activity of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis (Guenee). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences.
2004; 12(2):263-266.
17. Hafeez M, Khan RB, Sharma D, Singh JVV, Saurav G.
Seasonal incidence, infestation and trap catches of
Cnaphalocrocis mendinalis (Guenee) in rice. Annals of
Plant Protection Sciences. 2010; 18(2):380-383.
18. Boopathi T. Influence of weather factors on the
population dynamics of chewing pests of low land paddy
in Mizoram. Indian journal of Entomology. 2012;
74(4):329-335.
19. Krishnaiah NV, Prasad ASR, Rao CR, Pasalu IC,
Lakshmi VJ, Narayana VL et al. Effect of constant and
variable temperature on biological parameters of Rice
brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Indian
Journal of Plant Protection. 2005; 33(2):181-187.
20. Khan A, Misra DS. Abundance of spider fauna in relation
to biotic and abiotic factors in lowland rice ecosystem of
Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Plant Protection Bulletin. 2003;
55(1/2):14-15.
21. Jiang J, Yuan ZY, Yue LY, Liang ZL, Wen Z.
Correlation analysis on dynamics of plant hopper
population and meteorological factors in different
resistant rice varieties. Journal of South China
Agricultural University. 2009; 30(2):26-29
~ 1872 ~
