Lehigh University

Lehigh Preserve
Fritz Laboratory Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering

1964

Shear strength of high-strength bolts

James J. Wallaert

John W. Fisher

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Recommended Citation
Wallaert, James J. and Fisher, John W., "Shear strength of high-strength bolts" (1964). Fritz Laboratory Reports. Paper 1822.
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I
I
I rHE SHEAR STRENGTH OF HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS

I
by

James J. Wallaert

John W. Fisher

I
I This work was carried out as part of the
project on Large Bolted Connections,sponsored
I financially by the Pennsylvania Department of High-
ways, the Department of Commerce - Bureau of Public
Roads,and the American Institute of Steel Construc-
I tion. Technical guidance is provided by the Research
Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints.

I
I Fritz Engineering Laboratory.
Department of Civil Engineering
Lehigh University
I Beth~ehem, Pennsylvania

I
I July 1964

I
I Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 288.20

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I TAB L E oF CON TEN T S

I ABSTRACT
Page

I 1. INTRODUCTION 2

I 1.1 Purpose and Objective 2

1.2 Historical Bac~ground 4

I 2. THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A325 AND ALLOY STEEL BOLTS 6

I 2.1 Bolt Material Properties and Bolt Description 6

2~2 Plate Material Properties 8

I 2.3 Description of Test Jigs 8

I 2.4 Bolting Up Procedure

2.5 Bolt Jig Instrumentation

10

10

I Z.6 Test Procedure 11

2.7 The Experimental Program 13

I 3. TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 17

I 3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Effect of Type of Testing Device 20

I 3~3 Effect of Initial Bolt Preload 22

I 3.4 Condition of the Faying Surfaces

3.5 Location of the Shear Planes

23

24

I 3.6 Effect of Bolt Grade 25

3.7 Effect of Bolt Diameter 26

I 3.8 Effect of Connected Material 27

I ii

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.3.9 Effect of Grip and Loading Span

3.10 Effect of End Restraint

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

6. TABLES AND FIGURES

7. REFERENCES
I
I A B S T R ACT

I
In many bolted connections the fasteners are subjected to
I shear loading.
:::;.:','
The objective of this study was to determine the be-
,-' :.~..." ';

I havior of single high-strength bolts under static shear loadings.

A total of 75 A354 BC,A3.54 BD andA490 bolts were tested in jigs

I made of A440and constructional alloy steel. In addition, 72 A325

bolts were tested, 66 in A7 steel jigs and 6 in A440 steel jigs.-

The effect of a number of variables upon the ultimate shear

strength and deformation at ultimate load was studied. The vari.ables

were internal bolt tension, location of the shear planes, condition of

I the faying surfaces, bolt grade and diameter, connected materi.al, grip

I and loading span, end restraint in the tension jigs, and type of test-

ing device. The only variables which significantly affected the ulti-

I mate shear strength were the location of the shear plane, the grade of

bolt, and the type of testing device.

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1. I N T ROD U C T ION I
1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE
I
Before evaluating the behavior of a bolted or riveted structural
I
connection the behavior of the component parts must be determined. The

static strength of the connected material is dete~ined by coupon tests I

of plate material from the same ingot and rolling as the connected

material. The other component of the structural connection is the fasten-

I
er or the connecting medium. The fasteners in a butt-type splice joint
I
under load are subjected mainly to a shearing force. A means of deter-

mining the shear strength and behavior of individual fasteners is desir- I

able so that their performance may be ,compared to that of fasteners in a

large connection. Also, a knowledge of their behavior is necessary if

I
theoretical studies of large joints is undertaken.
I
Figure 1 depicts the results of typical double shear tests con-

ducted on the "A14l rlvet ;.,Jhe high-strength A325 bolt, and the new higher-
I
strength A490 bolt. The ordinate in Fig. 1 is average shear stress on

the fastener, while the abcissa is the deformation of the fastener

I
under applied load. This figure shows that the A490 bolt has a higher I
load-carrying capacity than the A325 bolt and that both can carry more

load than the hot-driven rivet. It also shows that ductility decreases I
as fastener strength increases.
I
Because the A354 BD and A490 bolts have greater proof loads

and tensile strengths than the A325 bolt, they create greater slip resis- I
-2- I
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tance and have higher shear strengths. When the higher-strength bolts
I are used in high-strength steel joints, the joints will be better pro-

I portioned because fewer bolts are required. A research program wasini-

tiated to study the basic tensile 'and. shear properties of the A354 BC,

I A354BD, and A490 bolts. The behavior of these bolts in direct tension

and torqued tension, and their respons~to.other special tests can be

I found in Ref. 1. Results of similar tests conducted on the A325 bolt

I can be found in Ref. 2.

The main objective of the study as reported herein was to

I determine the double shear strength of single A325, A354 BC, A354 BD, and

I A490 bolts and to investigate the effect of a number of variables

shear strength and the deformation at ultimate lo·ad.

o~

A second objective
the

I was to establish the complete load-deformation relationship of the

fasteners.. With this information the analysis of the load-deformation

I behavior of large joints can be determined, since their performance de-

pends not only on the strength of the fastener but also on its deforma-
I tion capacity.

I The test series described in this report represents one phase

in the study of the ultimate strength of bolted joints. The interpreta-

I tions and conclusions reported herein are based on the results of double

I shear tests of single 7/8 in. and 1 in. fasteners tested in A7, A440, and

constructional alloy steel shear-inducing testing jigs.

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1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A considerable amount of experimental and theoretical work has

I
been conducted on bolted and riveted joints. In general, most of these
I
tests were on small scale specimens; only a few large specimens have been

tested. Although many of the studies concerned with joint strength, the I
single and double shear behavior of single bolts has been inve~tigated.

C. Batho(3) in 1931 used various grades of single black bolts

I
installed in single and double shear tension jigs to determine the rela- I
tionship between the installed torque and the slip load. Bathois tension

jigs were very similar to those in the study reported herein. However,
I
only one of the bolts was tested to failure.

ings were taken up to slip load for all tests.

Load and deformation read-
I
Wilson and Thomas(4) conducted static and fatigue tests on I
1 in. rivets loaded in double shear.

joint varied from two to eight.

The number of fasteners in the

Baron and Larson(5), who also conducted

I
static and fatigue tests, showed that the substitution of high-strength
I
A325 bolts for rivets does not change the plate efficiencies of a joint

subjected to static 'load. I

Munse, Wright, and Newmark(6) conducted an extensive test
I
series using 3/4 in. A325 bolts to determine the static and fatigue be-

havior of bolted joints. They found that the initial bolt tension has I
little effect on the ultimate shear strength. Their tests of two-bolt

'-ad-a. ri::'hre':e~bo'itL lrap:"'~}oih[t'S:: an!d-=- ttilMboH:: butt'-' joints~ indicated c. that~:the

I
type of joint has little effect on the ultimate shear strength.
- .:.--
The
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I ultimate shear stress was about 77 ksi in the two-bolt butt joints in

which bolt failure occurred.

I Tests conducted on large bolted joints at Fritz Laboratory

included material calibration(7)(8)(9). The basic shear- strength of

I single A325 bolts was determined by placing a bolt in a loading jig

I that produced double shear. Bolts were installed in jigs with both

lubricated and non-lubricated faying surfaces, and were torqued to var-

I ious degrees of tightness. Bolts in the non-lubricated jigs failed at

slightly higher loads, indicating that friction carries an insignifi-

I cant portion of the ultimate load. Also, the internal tension of the

I bolts had no significant effect upon the ultimate shear stress.

Recent tests at the University of Illinois(lO) demonstrated

I that the type of joint material has little effect on the single shear

I strength of A325 and A354 bolts.

bolts are about 25% stronger in

Also, it was found that the A354 BD

dir~ct shear than the A325 low-hardness

I bolt and 5% stronger than the A325 high-hardness bolt.

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2. THE E X PER I MEN TAL STU D Y 0 F
I
-·A 3 2 .s AND ALL 0 Y S TEE LBO L T S
I
2.1 BOLT MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND BOLT DESCRIPTION I
The A325 bolts used in the experimental program were manufactured

from quenched and tempered medium carbon steel in accordance with ASTM
I
A325 (11). The A354 and A490 bolts were manufactured from quenched a!1d·
I
tempered alloy steel in accordance with ASTM A354 (12) and ASTM A4.90 (13) ,

respectively. The manufacturers were asked to supply bolts with tens~le I

strengths near the minimum called for in the appropriate ASTM specifi-

cations so that minimum shear strengths could be determined. A number

I
of A354 bolts used for this study were of a special manufacture.

heavy-head bolts were made to conform to the size requirements speci-

The
I
fied in ASTM A325 by reheat-treating AISI 4140 alloy steel bolts ob- I
tained from a Canadian firm. Because of this reheat-treating, these

bolts had physical properties different from those of the other bolts
I
tested.
I
Table 1 describes the various lots of bolts used in this in-

vestigation, including bolt types A354 BC, A354 BD, A325, and A490. I
Lots AC, CC, and DC of A354 BCbo1ts were used. AC lot bolts
I
had heavy heads while CC and DC lots both had regular heads. The three

lots of A354 BD bolts, lots ED, FD, and GD, had regular heads. Although I
A490 bolt lots KK and JJ were originally not part of this investigation,

the test results are included for completeness.

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A325 bolts from lots Q,R, S, and T were from the same heat
I and heat-treatment. They were cut to length and threaded by cutting,

I after heat-treatment as required. The A325 bolts from lots 8B, Y, and

Z were from different heats and the threads were rolled after heat-

I treatment.

I number.
Both ends, of each bolt were stamped with a lot designation and

The bolts were center-drilled to accommodate the C-frame

I extensometer which was used to measure the changes in length due to

tightening.
I The bolt shanks were measured with a micrometer to see whether

I the actual bolt diameter varied greatly from the nominal diameter. The

7/8 in. diameter bolts were undersizecl'by:a maximum 0.003 in. and the

I I in. diameter bolts were undersized by a 'maximum of 0.005in G

I The mechanical properties of 'the bolts were determined from

full-size tensiie tests and 0.505 in. dia~eter tensile specimens. Tabie

I 2 summarizes 'the tensile test results. The full-size bolt tensile

strengths are compared to the 0.505 in. coupon tensile strengths. Except
I for two lots of A325 bolts, the tensile strength of the full size speci-

I mens were greater, probably in part because the bolt threads prevented

normal necking and thus increased the tensile strengths. Also, the full-

I size specimens were affected by variations in material strength due to

the quench and tempering process, white the effects of this process were
I much less when the 0.505 in. specimens were machined to· size~ The

I difference in strength between bolt and coupon sample was greatest for

the larger diameter bolts, lots DC and FD.

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-8-
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Additional details of the testing procedure and results are

given in Refs. 1 and 2.

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2.2 PLATE' MATERIAL PROPERTIES I
In order to determine the effect of the connected material on

the ultimate shear strength of the bolt, some jigs were made with A440
I
steel plates and other were made with constructional alloy steel plates.
I
The tensile strengths of the jig materials were determined by

tests of coupons cut from the same materials as the plates. The 40
I
A440 steel coupons and the 6 constructional alloy steel coupons tested

were 1 in. thick and were machined to a 1.50 in. width. An 8 in. gage
I
length was used in strain measurements. The A440 coupons had a mean
.,,'1"
I
static yield stress of 43 ksi and, a tensile strength of 76 ksi.' The

A440 tests and results are detailed in Ref. 9. The constructional. alloy I
coupons ha~ a yield strength :at 0.2% offset of 110.3 ksi and an ultimate

strength of 120 ksi.

I
I
2.3 DESCRIPTION OF TEST JIGS I
Two types of shear-inducing test jigs were used, as shown in

Fig. Z, to determine the double shear strength of the single bolts.

I
Double shear test jigs were used because they'provide" good symmetry and I
because the large bolted joints tested in Fritz Laboratory are usually

double shear connections. The plates of the compression jigs (Fig. 2a) I
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I were subjected to axial compressive loads, while axial tensile loads were

applied to the plates of the ten~ionijig~ (Fig. 2b).

I The 4 in. compression test jig shown in Fig. 2a was composed

.,
of two 1 in. lap plates connected to two 1 in. main plates by a single
I test bolt. The 4 in. tension jig, shown in Fig. 2b, was similar to a

I butt-type joint with two 1 in. lap plates and two 1 in. main plates.

Three bolts were used to connect the material in the tension jig so

I that only the test bolt was critical. As is the usual practice, the

bolt holes in the plates of both test jigs were 1/16 in. larger than
I the nominal bolt diameter.

I For grips exceeding 4 inches additional plies of 1 in. material

were used to provide the desired grip lengths. Each lap plate in the
I 8 in. grip test jigs consisted of two 1 in. plies, and the main plate

I member was composed of four 1 in. plies to provide equal lap and main

plate bearing area. This arrangement assured a constant loading span-

I grip ratio of 1:2, where the loading span is defined as the thickness

of the main plate (2 in. or 4 in.) and the grip is defined as the
I thickness of the gripped material. All plies were arranged symmetri-

I cally about the bolt jig centerline.

minimize axial strains.

The jigs were wide enough to

The bearing and bending conditions of the bolts

I in the test jigs were comparable to these conditions in the larger joint

tests.
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2.5 BOLT JIG INSTRUMENTATION
I
In the instrumentation of a typical tension jig, shown in
I
Fig. 3, two 0.0001 in. Ames dial gages were attached to the main plates

at the centerline of the bolt hole. The plungers of the dial gages I
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I rested on yokes tack-welded to the lap plates at the initial level of

the dial gage support. This instrumentirtion permitted measurement ,'of

I the relative movement of the centerlines of the bolts due to shear and'

bending. This measurement also included the deformation of the holes

I due to bearing stresses.

I The deformation of the compression jigs was usually measured

by placing one 0.0001 in. dial gage between the fixed and moving heads

I of the testing machine as shown in Fig. 4. The deformation measurement

;thus included the relative movement of the bolt due to shear and bend-
I ing, the bearing deformation in the lap and main plates, the axial

I shortening of the plates, and the deformation within the testing machine

itself.

I To determine the order of magnitude of the deformations within

I the testing machine and other portions of the test assembly and to

determine what influence these had on the compression test jig deforma~

I tion readings, one test was conducted with the dial gages mounted on

the test jig in a manner similar to that of a tension jig.

I
I 2.6 TEST PROCEDURE

I In a few initial tests th~ shear jig was placed in the testing

machine and loaded continuously' until ,failure. However, slip occurred

I in both tension and compression jigs, indicating that the assembly pro-

I cess was not altogether successfuL As a result it was necessary to

remove residual slip by loading the jigs until they slipped into bear-

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I
ing and then removing the load before actual testing was begun. A load

of approximately 30 kips was applied to jigs connected by 7/8 in. bolts

I
and 60 kips was applied to jigs connected by 1 in. bolts.
I
The tension jig tests were conducted in a 300 kip universal

hydraulic testing machine (Fig. 3). After the test jig was gripped and
I
the residual slip was removed, the specimen was loaded continuously until

failure occurred. Load and deformation readings were recorded at 10 kip

I
intervals until the difference in deformation readings was 0.01 in. There- I
after, a deformation criteria was used to control the test, and load read-

ings were taken at 0.02 in. intervals. On most of the tension specimens I
the gages were not removed from the test jigs after ultimate load had

been reached.
I
The compression jig tests were also conducted in the hydraulic I
testing machine. The test jig was placed in the center of the testing

heads with the bolt perpendicular to a line between the loading screws.
I
The movable head was lowered until it was in contact with the test jig,
I
the jig was loaded to remove residual slip, and then the load was removed.

The dial gage was then placed between the heads and initial readings were I
tl!ken. Load and de-formattonreadings were recorded at 10 kip intervals

until a deformation criterion of 0.02 in. controlled the load readings.

I
The load was applied to both jigs so that the cross head move-
• ,I .; . , .... J • ., \ - - .- , ••• '
I
mentwas 0.1}1--1.u.- per--min. in the elastic range and 0.02 in. per min. in

the inelastic range.

I
Several tests of A325 bolts in tension test jigs indicated that I
the loading speed had little if any effect on the load-deformation curve.
I
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I At several load increments in the. inelastic range the loading valve on

the testing machine was closed and the load was allowed to stabilize.

I In most cases this took only a few minutes. It was found that the load

dropped only 1 kip in 100 kips. Thus the difference between static and
I dynamic shear loading readings was negligible. All plotted points in the

I figures are dynamic readings.

I
2.7 THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
I The experimental program was formulated to measure the effect of

I certain variables on the ultimate

deformation at ultimate load.

shear strength of the bolts and their

The testing program was influenced by

I earlier work on rivets (14) (15) as well as by the behavi.or of bolts in

tests on large bolted connections(7)(8)(9).

I The variables investigated were (1) type of testing device

I (compression or tension jig), (2) initial bolt preload, (3) condition

of faying surfaces, (4) location of shear planes, (5) bolt grade,

I (6) bolt diameter, (7) type of connected material, (8) grip and loading

span, and (9) end restraint in tension jig. These variables are dis-
I cussed in turn in this section of this paper.

I The first variable, the type of testing jig, influenced the

complete load-deformation curve of an A325 bolt in past tests(9).

I Bolts tested in compression jigs had ultimate strengths 10% greater than

I bolts tested in tension jigs. It was thought desirable to know how the

type of testing jig influences the behavior of A354 Be and A354 BD bolts.

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Whether initial bolt preload, the second variable, affects the

shear strengths of bolts is an important consideration. It is generally

I
believed that rivet clamping force, a factor similar to bolt preload, is
I
removed when a rivet yields and that the ultimate shear strength of the

rivet is not effected by the clamping force(15). This paper answers the I
question whether a similar assumption can be made for the bolts tested:

engineers have asked how installing a bolt by moderate torquing or by

I
torquing to near-failure affects its ultimate shear strength.
I
The third variable, the condition of the faying surfaces, was

considered because it was thought that some load could be carried by

I
frictional forces in the joint if all clamping forces were not removed.

The effect of friction was evaluated by comparing clean mill scale joints
I
with joints in which the faying surfaces had been lubricated. I
The location of the shear planes, variable number four, was

thought important because the shear planes may pass through the threads
I
or the thread run-out. In these areas the shear strength is lower than I
elsewhere along the bolt, and whether the reduction in shear strength is

proportional to the reduction in the shear area was studied. I

The fifth variable, bolt grade, is obviously important. It
I
was known that the A490 and A354 BD bolts are stronger than the A354 Be

bolt, and that the A325 is weakest of all. However, it was of practical I
interest to determine exactly how large a shear load each bolt could
I
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I The effect on shear strength of variable number six, bolt

diameter, had been questioned in the past. Tests of rivets had shown

I no consistent relationship between ultimate shear strength and rivet

diameter (15) , and it was thought desirable to determine the nature of

I this relationship for bolts.

I The type of connected material, the seventh variable, was

thought worthy of consideration because bolts are used to £asten a

I variety of steels with dissimilar p~operties that may influence bolt

shear strength.
I It was thought that shear strength might decrease with an

I increase in grip length, the eighth variable. It had been demonstrated

that the ultimate strength of rivets decreases about 10% with an increase
I of grip length from 1 in. to 5 in. (15). Longer rivets were thought to

I be weaker because they did not fill the holes as well as shorter rivets

and because they had different strength properties than shorter rivets

I because of the differences in working the material during driving.

However, the effect of grip length on bolt strength had not been deter-
I mined.

I The ninth and last variable, end restraint in the tension jig,

had already been studied for riveted aluminum joints(16). It was thought

I desirable to know whether minimization.of lap plate prying action. in a

tension jig (to be explained later) would result in bolt shear strength
I approaching that obtained in a compression jig. In a joint using several

I fasteners the plates are restrained from bending freely between the in-

terior fasteners and therefore cannot produce lap plate prying on any

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fasteners except those at the plate ends. If this restraint in tension

jigs caused the bolts to shear at the same loads as in compression jigs,
I
the use of the compression jig in testing could be justified to some
I
extent.

Table 3 describes the bolt lots used in the study, together

I
with the number of bolts tested in the A7, A440, and constructional

alloy steel tension and compression jigs. The reported grip included
I
the nominal grip of 4 or 8 in. plus one or two 1/8 in. hardened washers. I
Except for A325 bolt lots Q, R, and S, the shearing plane

passed through the full shank area and not through the thread or thread
I
run.;out. For bolt lots DC and FD, this requirement necessitated machin- I
ing 0.16 in. and 0.20 in., respectively, off the underside of the bolt

head so that the shear planes did not pass through the threads. As far I
as could be ascertained, the machining had no adverse effect upon the

bolt behavior. 36 A354 bolts were tested in tension jigs and 39 A354
I
bolts were tested in compression jigs. In addition, 69 A325 bolts were I
tested in compression jigs and 3 A325 bolts were tested in tension jigs.
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I 3. T EST RES U L T S AND A N A L Y SIS

I 3.1 INTRODUCTION

I The double shear test results are given in Tables 4 and 5 for

the compression jig and tension jig tests, respectively. The ultimate
I strength and fracture load values are given in kips; the deformations

I are reported in inches. Average load and deformation values were com-.

puted at ultimate and fracture loads. The bolt grades include A325,

I A354 BC, A354 BD, and A490 high-sttength.

The shear test results for the compression and tension jigs
I are sununarized in Table 6. Included are mean values of the shear

I strength and the deformation at ultimate load of bolts tested in A440

and constructional alloy steel jigs. The shear stress was obtained by

I dividing the ultimate load by the appropriate shear area. For the bolts

whose shear planes did not pass through the shank, the shear stress was
I obtained by dividing the load by the actual shear area. When both shear

I planes passed through the shank, twice the nominal shank area was used.

When one shear plane passed through the thread run-out, the run-out

I diameter was measured and the area computed and added to the shank area.

If one shear plane passed through the fully threaded portion of the bolt,
I the nominal root area was added to the shank area. When both shear

I planes passed through the fully threaded portion, twice the root area was

added.

I The special studies conducted on A325 bolts are sununarized in

I Table 7. This includes tests of bolts with the shear planes through

the threads or thread run-out and the tests comparing normal mill scale

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faying surfaces with lubricated mill scale faying surfaces.
I
The bolt tensile strengths given in Table 8 are based on

the ulti~ate tensile load obtained from direct tensiontests(l) and I

the stress area. The bolt tensile strengths were used to compute the

minimum shear strengths given in Table 8 for bolts tested in A440 and
I
constructional alloy steel jigs. These minimum shear strengths were
I
computed on the basis of the formula:

L min =
G';in
(1)
I
(jact

~
where vmin is the minimum bolt tensile strength as specified in ASTM's
I
A325, A354, and A490. The actual bolt tensile strengths cr-ac tare I
given in .Table 8 and were computed on the basis of the tensile test

results on full-size bolts. The ultimate shear strength l:"act is the I

double shear strength of a single fastener in either a tension or a com-

pression jig.
I
The following average minimum shear strengths for the three I
types of bolts tested were computed .without regard to the type of

connected material because it had no effect upon the ultimate shear I

strength. As would be expected, the tension jig test gave the lowest

values for minimum shear strength. The minimum shear strengths for
I
A325, A354 Be, and A354 BD (or A490) bolts tested in tension jigs was I
76.7 ksi, 78.7 ksi, and 91.9 ksi respectively. However, for the same

bolt grades ~ested in compression jigs, the minimum shear strengths I

were 86.5 ksi, 86.8 ksi and 102.8 ksi respectively.
I
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I ;-19-

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The deformation of the fasteners in the tensio~ jigs as
I reported in Table 5 included the effects of shearing, bending, and

I bearing deformation of .the bolts as .well as the .localizedbearing de-

formation of the main ~nd lap plates •..For the compression jigs, the

I . deformation measurement included, in addition to the aforementioned

deformations, axial deformation of the test jig and deformation with-

I in the testing machine. One test was conducted with the gages mounted

I on the compression jig in a manner similar to that of the'tension jig •.

Figure 5 shows the load-deformation curves for the DC lot'bolts tested

I in the two groups of compression jigs. It can be seen that the deforma-

tion at ultimate load is less for the bolt tested in the specially-
I instrumented compr~ssion j~g than for the bolt tested in the normal

I compression jig.

Figure 6 illustrates A325 bolts at various stages of loading •.

I The stress-deformation curve shows the points at which loading of the

compression jig was stopped and the jig was removed to be sawed in
I half.
,
The first three .stages show little visible deformation. How-

ever, stages 4, 5, and 6 show an increasing amount of sheCjlr, bending,

and bearing deformation, as can be seen from the photographs in Fig. 6.

I The photographs show that the plate bearing deformations were greater.

near the shear plane.

I As was expected, the type of bolt head (regular or heavy) had

I no appreciable effect on the shear strength of single bolts in double

shear.
I
I
I
 I
-20-
I
.3.2 EFFECT OF TESTING DEVICE

The influence of the type of testing device on the ultimate

I
shear strength and deformation at ultimate load is illustrated in I
Fig. 7, where typical mean stress-deformation curves for bolts of the

same lot tested in both tension and compression jigs are compared. I
Both Fig. 7 and the summary in Table 6 show that the ultimate shear

strength of bolts tested in tension jigs is lower than that of bolts

I
tested in compression jigs.
I
Considering all of the test results, the ultimate shear

strength for bolts tested in A440 steel tension jigs is 6% to 13% lower
I
than that obtained in A440 steel compression jigs. This same trend was

observed in the constructional alloy steel jigs, where the reduction in

I
strength varied. from 8% to 13%. In general, the deformation at ulti- I
mate load can not be compared because different deformation measuring

systems were used. However, one DC lot bolt was tested in a compression
I
jig instrumented in a similar manner as the tension jig (see Fig.

The deformation at ultimate load for this bolt was 0.224 in. almost
?).
I
identical to that of DC lot bolts tested in a tension jig. Thus, the I
deformation within the testing machine itself due to compressive forces

is appreciable. I
The lower shear strength of a bolt tested in a tension jig is
I
due to lap plate prying action, a phenomenon which tends to bend the lap

plates of the tension jig outward.. The lap plate prying mechanism is I
shown in Fig. 8. Due to the uneven bearing deformations of the test bolt,

the resisting force P/2 does not act at the centerline of the lap plate,
I
I
I
I
.. -21-

I
but acts at a distance "e" to the left of it. This sets up a clockwise.
I moment ~ = P/2(e) which tends to bend the lap plate away from the main

I plate. This moment is resisted by the tensile force ~T in the bolt.

Catenary action may also contribute to the increase in bolt

I tension near ultimate load. However, it is believed that this effect

I is small. in comparison to the tension induced by lap plate prying.

any case, the catenary effect is present in both the tension and com-
In

I pression jigs.

I If, for the sake of illustration, Mise's Yield Criterion is

extended to ultimate conditions, it can be shown that:

I 0-u
2
= +
2
Tu
k ... (2)

I where
~ = ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

~ = tensile stress component

I iu = shear stress component at ultimate load

k = a constant
I If this equation must be satisfied, i t follows that i f o-t increases

I due to I1T, the ultimate shear stress Lu must necessarily decrease

because (J is a constant for a given bolt lot. Hence the lower shear
u
I strength for bolts tested in tension jigs is to be expected.

I Lap plate prying action in tension tests has been observed in

the past. Tests of large bolted joints have shown that the bolt under

I the highest combined tension and shear stress will be the first bolt in

the joint to fail (17). Also, the lap plate prying action is visible in
I these· large joint tests as can be seen in Refs. 8 and 9. Tests reported

I
I
 I
-22-

I
in Ref. 10 of bolts under combined tension and shear have indicated that

the tensile component does reduce the ultimate shear strength of the
I
fastener.
I
I
3.3 EFFECT OF INITIAL BOLT PRELOAD

The effect of initial bolt preload on shear strength is

I
illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10 for A325 and A490 bolts respectively.

Two different grades of bolts were tested. Lot 8B consisted of A325

I
bolts with heavy heads and short thread lengths. The A490 bolts I
(lot KK) had dimensions similar to the 8B lot bolts. All compression

shear jigs of these bolts had a 4 in. grip and both shearing planes
I
passed through the bolt shank. The pre loads were induced by turning

the nut against the resistance of the gripped material. The faying
I
surfaces were clean mill scale and all bolts were from the same lot. I
The A325 bolts were elongated to either a "snug" preload

(about 8 kips), ~ turn-of-nut, or 1~ turn-of-nut. The A490 bolts

I
(see Fig. 10) were tested at "snug" preload, ~ turn-of-nut, and 1 turn- I
of-nut. The torqued tension calibration curves for the 8Band KK lot

bolts are given in the upper portion of Figs. 9 and 10 respectively. I

These curves were established by torquing bolts in a commercial bolt

calibrator with 1/8 in. of thread in the grip. Both the bolt tension
I
and bolt elongation were measured as described in Refs. 1 and 2. The
I
lower portions of Figs. 9 and 10 show the relationship between bolt

shear strength and initial preload as determined from measured bolt I

I
I
I
-23-

I
elongations. The figures show that there is no consistent variation of
I ultimate shear strength with initial bolt preload •. The variation in

I mean shear strengths for the different magnitudes of induced preload

was almost the same as the variation in the individual bolt shear strengths

I for a given preload.

I A number of explanations may be advanced for these results.

When a bolt is torqued to a certain preload, most of the inelastic de-

I formations develop in the threaded portion of the bolt and not in the

shank, and all failure planes in these bolts were through the bolt
I shanks. One would therefore expect the internal bolt tension to have

little influence on the shear strength.

Furthermore, measurements of the internal tension in bolts in-

I stalled in large joints have indicated(17) that at ultimate load there is

little initial clamping force remaining in the bolt. Any tension intro-
I duced into the bolt by lap plate prying action would be present regard-

I less of initial tension. Studies of bolts under combined tension and

shear show that tensile forces up to 20 - 30 percent of the tensile

I ,
strength do not greatly effect the shear strength
(10)
0

I
I 3.4 CONDITION OF THE FAYING SURFACES

Tests with two different types of surface conditions were con-

I ducted using two different lots of A325 bolts. 27 compression jigs were

tested for each bolt lot, 9 with clean mill scale faying surfaces and
I 18 with lubricated surfaces. The results of these tests are summarized

I
I
 I
-24-
I
in Table 7, and details of the individual tests are given in Ref. 18.
I
The condition of the faying surface had a slight influence

on the ultimate shear strength. The mean test values given in Table 7 I
show that bolts tested in lubricated jigs had shear strengths which

were 2 to 5% lower than those tested in clean mill scale jigs.

I
Because displacement readings were not taken during all tests I
it is impossible to compare the mean load-deformation curves. However,

Fig. 11 shows typical results of two tests and clearly indicates that
I
test jigs with lubricated faying surfaces produced lower shear strengths
I
and greater flexibility than those with clean mill scale surfaces.

Apparently, there is a certain amount of load transfer through friction I

in the compression test jig.
I
3.5 LOCATION OF THE SHEAR PLANES
I
The shear resistance of the high strength bolts is directly I
affected by the available shear area. Four different combinations of

shear areas are possible: (1) both shear planes through the shank;
I
(2) one shear plane through the shank, the other through the thread

runout; (3) one shear plane through the shank, the other through the
I
threads; and (4) both shear planes through the threads. Twelve' shear I
tests of A325 bolts, 3 tests for each of 4 possible sh~a:r~i:i1'ahe: c-ofu.:~,r

binations, were conducted in compression jigs in an effort to ascertain I

the relative influence of shear plane locations on shear strength and

deformation of a bolt.
I
I
I
I
-25-
I
I The influence of the shear plane location on the ultimate shear

strength is illustrated by the test results in Table 7 and Fig. 12 for

I lots T, Q, R, and S which correspond to the four different shear combina-

tions respectively. When both shear planes passed through the bolt

I shanks, the highest average shear strength and deformation capacity were

obtained, the shear strength being about-70% of the tensile strength.

I When both shear planes passed through the threaded portion and calcula-

I tions were based on the root area, the lowest average shear strength and

deformation were obtained, the shear strength being about 60% of the

I tensile strength. The values for specimens with one shear plane through

the threads were close to those for specimens with both planes through
I the threads. When one plane passed through the shank and the other through

I the thread r~n-out, the average shear stre~gth lay bet~een the two limiting

values defined by the shear strength of the threads and the shank.

I
I 3.6 EFFECT OF BOLT GRADE

I The effect of bolt grade is illustrated in Table 6 by a com-

parison of the test data for the different grades of bolts. Figure 13

I contains typical stress-deformation curves for lots CC and ED of A354

bolts and, for comparison, lot 8B of A325 bolts. All bolts were tested
I in 4 in. A440 steel tension jigs. As was expected from a knowledge of

I the material properties of the bolts, the double shear strengths of the

A354 BC and A354 BD (or A490) bolts were higher than the double shear

I strengths of the A325 bolts •.

I
I
 I
-26-
I
The data in Table 6 shows that the double shear strength was

72% of the tensile strength for·A325 bolts, 63% for A354 BC bolts and
I
61% for A354 BD bolts (A490). I
A comparison of the failures of the three types of fasteners

is shown in Fig. 14. Comparing the ends of the tested bolts which are
I
still intact reveals that there is an apparent decrease in the relative
I
shear displacement with increasing bolt strength. This would confirm

the hypothesis that the A325 bolts have more shear deformation capacity I
than either the A354 or the A490 boits. However, as was noted earlier

and can be seen visually in Fig. 6, the deformation of the bolts depends
I
not only on the relative shearing displacement but also on the bending
I
and bearing deformations in the bolt and in the connected plate material.

Because of the relative increase in the shear strength, it was expected

. . ' .
I
that, for a given connected material, the plate bearing deformations for

the A490 bolts would be greater than for the A325 bolts. As a result,
I
the total deformations for the three grades of bolts do not differ as

much as one might expect. For the three bolt lots shown in Fig. 14,
I
the total deformations at ultimate load were. 0.183 in., 0.178 in., and I
( ) 0.174 in. for the A325, A354 BC, and A354 BD bolts, respectively. Simi-

lar results were obtained for the other bolt lots and testing conditions.
I
I
3.7 EFFECT OF BOLT DIAMETER I
The influence of diameter on the ,shear-deformation relationship

was determined by tension and compression shear tests on 7/8 in. and 1 in. I
I
I
I
-27-
I
I bolts. The test data in Tables 4, 5, and 6 shows that 7/8 in. bolts and

1 in. bolts of the same grade have nearly identical shear strengths (ksi).

I Thus, the data indicates that bolt diameter has no appreciable effect on

shear strength.

I Figure 15 is a typical stress-deformation curve for 7/8 in. and

I 1 in. A354 BD bolts tested in A440 steel tension jigs. The figure shows

that there is no appreciable difference in the shear strengths but that

I the total deformation for the 1 in. bolt is greater than that for the

7/8 in. bolt. The rate of increase of bearing area is only 14% while
I the rate of increase of shear area is 30%. Thus higher bearing stresses

II and greater bearing deformations occur for the 1 in. bolt than for the

7/8 in. bolt. Therefore, the deformation at ultimate load of a 1 in.

I bolt was greater than that of a 7/8 in. bolt when the plate thicknesses

were identical.
I
I 3.8 EFFECT OF CONNECTED MATERIAL

I The effect of connected material on the ultimate shear strength

and deformation is illustrated by the data in Tables 4 and 5 for bolts

I that have been tested in both A440 and constructional alloy steel jigs.-

I Figure 16 is a typical shear-deformation curve showing the effect of

this variable. It can be seen that the ultimate shear strengths are very

I ne~rly the same, but the total deformation for the bolt tested in the A440

steel jig is 0.116 in. greater, almost twice as large as the deformation
I of the same bolt tested in the constructional alloy steel jig.

I
I
-28-
I
I
The test data shows that for a particular type of fastener the

variation in shear strength due to the type of connected material is no

I
greater than the difference in shear strengths between the different

bolt lots for that type of fastener. Thus the test data indicates that
I
the type of connected material has no influence on the ultimate shear I
strength.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.9 EFFECT OF GRIP AND LOADING SPAN

Research on A14l steel rivets showed that an increase in grip

I
length reduced the shear strength(lS). This reduction was due mainly to

stresses caused by the greater bending of the longer rivets. Also,

I
differences in the working of the rivet material during driving contri- I
I
I
I
-29-
I
buted to the reduction of ultimate shear strength. Consideration of
I these facts about A14l steel rivets led to the thought that an increase

I in grip length might possibly influence the shear strength of a high

strength bolt.

I The effect. of grip.length was investigated by comparing the

I behavior of a bolt installed in a 4 in. grip ~est jig (see Figs. 2a and

2b) to that of a bolt installed in an 8 in. grip test jig. The 8 in.

I tension and compression jigs were made by adding two 1 in. plates to

the lap plates of the jig and two 1 in. plates to the main plates. In
I this manner, the ratio of loading span to·grip was kept constant at

I 1:2. It should be noted, however, that this test jig configuration

introduced·two test variables, the total grip length and the loading

I span length.

I The effect of loading span and grip length on the shear-de-

formation relationsh1p for A440 steel tension jigs is illustrated in

I Fig. 18. The results shown are typical regardless of the type6f:test

jig or types of connected material. The differences in the shear

I strength and deformation at ultimate load were negligible. Within the

elastic and initially plastic portion of the load-deformation curve,

I the behavior of the 8 in. grip bolts was nearly the same as that of the

I 4 in. grip bolts.

I
I
I
I
 I
-30-

I
3.10 EFFECT OF END RESTRAINT

In a large bolted joint which contains many fasteners, the

I
lap plates are restrained from bending freely between the interior

fasteners. Therefore, it was thought desirable to determine what

I
effect the restraint of the free ends of the lap plates had on the I
shear strength and deformation of single bolted joints. Similar studies

h ave b een cond uc t e d on .

r~vete
d a 1'· ..
um~numJo~nts
(16) • If some way could
I
be found to eliminate the lap plate prying" action in a tension jig, the

shear strength of a bolt tested in this manner should approach the shear
I
strength of the same lot of bolts tested in a compression jig. Special I
tests were conducted in an effort to determine the importance of lap

plate prying and to determine why the tension test jig tests yielded I
shear strengths 8 to 13% lower than those obtained in a compression 'jig.
I
In tests of large bolted joints(8)(9)J it was visually evident

that only the end fasteners at the lap plate are subjected to lap plate I
prying. Hence, the interior bolts in large joints may behave in a manner

similar to that of a bolt installed in a compression jig.

I
The special tension jig shown in Fig. 19 was used to eliminate I
lap plate prying. Bolt "A" was installed in a slotted hole and carried

none of the shear load, its only function being to keep the lap plates
I
from bending outward. The initial tension of this bolt was small in

order to minimize the frictional load transfer.

I
Three special tension jigs fabricated from A440 steel were used I
to test three A325 bolts from Lot 8B. The results of these tests are com-

pared in Fig. 19 with the average shear stress-deformation curve for the
I
I
I
I
-31-
I
I 8B lot bolts tested in compression jigs and standard tension jigs.

figure shows that the shear strength for a bolt tested in a special ten-
This

I sion jig from which lap plate prying is eliminated approaches the shear

strength of a bolt tested in a compression jig. This result could be

I expected if one considers Eq. 2. In the special te~sion jig, the ten-

I sile stress art due to lap plate prying action is about zero. Thus the

only tensile force is that induced by the catenary action which is pre-

I sent in both jigs.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
 I
4. 5 U M MAR Y AND CON C L U 51 0 N S I
The following conclusions are based on the results of 147
I
tests of 7/8 in. and 1 in. high strength A325, A354 BC; A354 BD, and I
A490 bolts installed in test jigs which subjected the bolts to double

shear. I
(1) The type of bolt head (heavy or regular) had no signifi-
I
cant effect on the shear strength or deformation at ultimate load.

(2) The ultimate shear strength ofA354 BD and A490 bolts

I
tested in tension jigs was, on the average, 10% lower than the same

bolts tested in compression jigs. Comparable reductions in shear strength

I
may be obtained for A354 BC and A325 bolts. The actual bolt deformations I
at ultimate load were not affected by the type of testing device (Fig. 7).

(3) The amount of initially induced bolt preload, as deter-

I
mined by measuring .the bolt elongation, did not influence the ultimate I
shear $trength of either A325 or A490 bolts (Figs. 9, 10).

(4) The ultimate shear strength of an A325 bolt based on the

I
root diameter was reduced 14% when one or both shear planes pass through
I
the threads.

(5) Compression test jigs with lubricated faying surfaces had

I
slightly lower shear strengths than those with clean mill scale faying

surfaces.
I
(6) The shear strength of A354 BD and A490 bolts is 16% I
greater than the shear strength of A354 BC bolts and 25% greater than

A325 bolts (Fig. 13).

I
-32-
I
I
I
-33-
I
I (7) There was no apparent influence of bolt diameter on the

shear strength for the diameters considered. However, because the bolt

I shearing area increases faster than the bolt bearing area, the deforma-

tions at ultimate load are greater for the 1 in. bolt than for the 7/8 in.
I bolt (Fig. 15).

I (8) The type of connected material had little or no influence

on the shear strength. However, the higher the yield point of the

I connected material, the lower the plate bearing deformations (Fig. 16).

I (9) For a grip-loading span ratio of 2,1, the grip and load-

ing span had no significant effect on the shear strength or deformation

I at ultimate load for either A325 or A354 BD bolts (Fig. 18).

I (10) When lap plate prying action in a tension jig was mini-

mized, the shear strength of bolts tested in tension jigs approaches

I the shear strength of bolts tested in compression jigs (Fig. 19).

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
 I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ,-
I
I
The investigation reported herein was conducted at Fritz

Engineering Laboratory,Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsy1v~riia. I

Professor William J. Eney is Head of the Civil Engineering Depart-

ment and of the Laboratory and Dr. Lynn S. Beedle is Director of

I
the Laboratory. The Pennsylvania Departme~t of Highways, the De-
I
partment of Commerce - Bureau of Public Roads, and the American In-

stitute of Steel Construction jointly sponsored the research project. I

The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. Lynn

S. Beedle for helpful suggestions and constructive criticism. Sincere

I
appreciation is also due ,Messrs. Richard Christopher and Gordon Sterling I
for their help during ,the testing program. Russell, Burdsall & Ward

Bolt and Nut Co. and Bethlehem Steel CO_,are also to be thanked for I
supplying the bolts used in this study.
I
Special thanks are due to Mr. K. Harpel, Laboratory Foreman,

for his coope~ation during the testing program; to Mr. H. Izquierdo I

for preparing the drawings; to Miss Valerie Austin for typing the manu-

script with great care; and to Mr. William Dige1 for reviewing the
I
manuscript.
I
The authors also wish to acknowledge the guidance and advice

of Committee 10, Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural

I
Joints under the chairmanship of Dr. J. L. Rumpf.
I
-34-
I
I
I
I
I
I Table 1

I
0.505" COUPON TEST RESULTS

I
0.505" Bolt % %
I Bolt
Grade Lot
Bolt
Dia~
No.of
. Tests
Tensile'
Strength
Tensile
Strength
E1ong.
in 2"+
-
Reduct.
in area

I AC 7/8 3 140. 3ks~,

,.
..... :,COI ~
140.8ksi 21.2 57.2

A354 BC CC 7/8 3 133.0. 134.8 21.6 62.2

I DC 1 3 131.6 137.0 22.6 63.1

I ED 7/8 3 164.9 168.3 16.6 59.1

A354~BD FD 1 3 149.8 163.8 16.7 58.1

I GD 1'/8 3 160.9 163.3 18.8 58.1
,
.'
I A490
,
KK 7/8 3 153.4 168.6
-
20.0 55.5

8B 7/8 3 106.8 115.2 21.0 -

I Q,R,S,T 7/8 3 121. 7 116.5 20.7 -
I A325 y 1 3 123.6 120.6 22.3 -
: 'z 7/8 3 112.9 130.7 19.7 -
I
I
I
I
I
I
 I
Table 2
I
BOLT DESCRIPTION
T
I
I
I
BOLT NUT

Bolt Length
Width
Across Height
Thread
Length
Width
Across Height
I
Grade Lot Dia. L F1ats,F H T F1ats,W J

A354 BC AC 7/8 5-k 1-7/16 35/64 1~ 1-7/16 55/64

I
A354 BC

A354 BC
CC

DC
I
7/8

1
5-k

5~
i
1-5/16

1~
35/64

39/64
2

2-k
1-5/16

1~
3/4

55/64
I
A354 BD ED 7/8 5~ 1-5/16 35/64 2 1-5/16 3/4 I
A354 BD FD 1 5~ 1~ 39/64 2-k 1~ 55/64

A354 BD GD 7/8 9~ 1-5/16 35/64 2~ 1-5/16 3/4

I
A490

A490
KK

JJ
7/8

1
5~

5~
1-7/16

1-5/8
35/64

39/64
1~

1-3/4
1-7/ 16

1-5/8
55/64

63/64
I
A325 8B 7/8 5~ 1-7/16 35/64 1~ 1-7/16 55/64 I
A325 Q 7/8 5~ 1-5/16 35/64 2-k 1-5/16 3/4

A325 ,I R 7/8 5~ 1-5/16 35/64 3-k 1-5/16 3/4 I

A325

A325
S

T
7/8

7/8
5~

6~
1-5/16

1-5/16
35/64

35/64
5~

2-k
1-5/16

1-5/16
3/4

3/4
I
A325 y 1 5~ 1~ 35/64 2-k 1~ 55/64 I
A325 Z 7/8 5~ 1-5/16 35/64 2 1-5/16 3/4
I
I
I
I
I
I Table 3

I THE TESTING PROGRAM

I
I Bolt;
Length
Under Thread
Jig s T e s t e d
A440 A440 Q & T Q & T A7
Grade Lot Dia. Head·* Head Length Grip Camp. Tens. Camp. Tens. Camp.
I AC 7/8 H 5\ l~ 4-1/8 3 - 3 - -
-
I A354 BC CC

DC
7/8

1
R

R
O
5\

5~
2

2\
4\

4-1/8
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3 . -
.

I ED 7/8 R
O
5~ 2 4\ 3 3 3 3 -
A354 BD FD 1 R 5~ 2\ 4-1/8 3 3 3 3 -
I GD 7/8 R 9~ 2\ 8\ 3 3 3 3 -

I A490
KK

JJ
7/8

1
H

H
5~

5~
l~ 4-1/8·

1-3/4 4-1/8 ! -
3 3

-
-
-
-
3
-
-
I 8B 7/8 H 5~ l~ 4-1/8 3 3 - - -
Q 7/8 R 5~ 2\+ 4 - - - - 3
I R 7/8 R 5~ 3.lz;++ 4 - - - - 3

5~-t+t - - - -
I A325 S

T
7/8

7/8
R

R
5~

6~ 2\
4

4-3/4 - - - -
3

I y 1 R 5~ 2\ 4 - -
I,
- - 27

Z 7/8 R 5~ 2 4 - - i
- - 27
I Note: Shear planes passed through the full shank except where noted.

I * H - Heavy Head, R - Regular Head, 0 - Machined to avoid shear plane

through thread run-out •.
+ One shear plane through thread run-out.
I ++ One shear plane through threads.
+++ Two shear planes through threads.
I
I
 Table 4
I
INDIVIDUAL BOLT TEST RESULTS
FOR COMPRESSION JIGS
I
Ultimate Deform Fracture Deform
I
Bolt Lot Bolt Strength, at U1t., Load, at Fracture
and No. Dia.

1. A354 BC Bolts
Steel kips inches kips inches -
I
AC-12
AC- 2
AC-32
7/8
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
A440
119.4
114.0
114.5
.2465
.2141
.2044
92
50
82
.265
.270
.245
I
Ave. AC 7/8 A440 116.0 .2217 75 .260-------
AC-25
AC-18
7/8
7/8
Q & T
Q & T
119.3
119.3
.1662
.1662
80
80
.195
.195
I
AC- 4 7/8 Q & T 117.3 .1647 100 .224
Ave. AC
CC-37
7/8
7/8
o&
A440
T 115~6

112.5
.1583
.2024
86
90
.199
.216
I
CC-1 7/8 A440 120.3 .2174 80 .258
CC-15
Ave. CC
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
118.1
117.0
.2232
.2143
104
91
.243
.239
I
CC- 3 7/8 Q & T 108.6 .1561 72 .192
CC-31
CC-19
7/8
7/8
Q & T
Q & T
110.9
109.8
.1610
.1651
50
66
.211
.200 I
Ave. CC 7/8 Q & T 109.8 .1607 63 .201
DC-28
DC-35
DC-12
1
1
1
A440
A440
A440
148.6
150.5
144.8
.2599
.2400
.2290
124
120
120
.276
.277
.260
I
~27i
Ave. DC
DC- 9
DC-11
1
1
1
A440
Q & T
Q & T
147.9
152.3
142.2
.2429
.1765
.1600
121
128
89
.207
.211
I
DC-10 1 Q & T 161.0 .1700 141 .194
Ave. DC 1 Q & T 151.8 • 1688
-
119
- _ ...

.204 I
2. A354 BD bolts

ED-20
ED- 1
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
128.8
132.7
.1796
.1934
115
93
.199
.260
I
ED-ll 7/8 A440 134.2 .1700 124 .180
Ave. ED
ED- 3
7/8
7/8
A440
Q & T
131.2
145.7
.1810
.1530
111
136
.213
.165
I
ED- 7 7/8 Q & T 141.1 .1435 128 .160
ED-30
Ave. ED
7/8
7/8
Q -& T
Q & T
130.7
139.2
.1480
.1482
121
128
.157
.161 I
FD- 2 1 A440 177 .4 .2100 161 .225
FD- 3
FD- 9
Ave. FD
1
1
1
A440
A440
A440
181.0
183.3
180.6
.2300
.2480
.2293
160
160
160
.250
.267
.247
I
FD-14
FD-29
FD-20
1
1
1
Q & T
Q & T
Q & T
176.6
169.3
179.0
.1642
.1768
.1870
168
153
160
.177
.196
.205
I
Ave. FD 1 Q & T 174.9 .1760 160 .193
I
I
 I
Table 4 (cont'd)

I -
Ultimate Deform Fracture Deform
I Bolt Lot
and No.
Bolt
Dia. Steel
Strength,
kips
at U1t.,
inches
Load,
kips
at Fracture
inches

120
I GD- 8
GD-40
GD-22
7/8
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
A440
139.3
133.7
131. 7
.1989
.1852
.2036
125
120
.225
.198
.225
A440 134.9 .1959 122 .216
I Ave. GD
GD- 6
GD-28
7/8
7/8
7/8
Q
Q
&
&
T
T
146.6
137.3
.1359
.1650
133
126
.162
.179
GD-20 7/8 Q T 136.8 .1490 131 .157
I Ave. GD 7/8 Q
&
& T 140.2 .1500 130 .166

3. A490 Bolts
I KK-34 7/8 A440 137.5 .2744 90 -
125 .286
I KK-63 7/8 A440 140.0 .2662

I I KK-14
Ave. KK
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
135.0
137.5
.2479
.2628
108
108
-
.286

I 4. A325 Bolts

8B-29 7/8 A440 102.9 .262 42 .292

8B-34 7/8 A440 103.2 .228, 80 .242
I I
8B-137
Ave. 8B
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
105.9
104.0
.260
.250
85
72
.283
.272
_.

I T-17
T-25
T-26
7/8
7/8
7/8
A7
A7
A7
110.2
111.6
109.1
.259
.279
.250
95
90
85
.304
.322
.271

I Ave. T
Q- 2
7/8
7/8
A7
A7
110.3
95.7+
.263
.213
90
-
.299
-
...-

Q- 3 7/8 A7 93.3+ .189 - -

99~6+ .265 - -
I Q-11
Ave. Q
7/8
7/8
A7
A7 .99.2+ .222 - -
' --"-'--'.'-'-'--

R- 5 7/8 A7 85.0++ .164 65 .282

I R- 8
R-12
7/8
7/8
A7
A7
81.1++
81.6++
.150
.156
-
-
-
-
Ave. R 7/8 A7 82.6++ .157 65 .282

I S- 9
S-lO
7/8
7/8
A7
A7
63.2+++
68.5+++
.107
.131
-
63.6
-
.145
S-14 7/8 A7 70.5+++ .123 60.0 .140

I Ave. S 7/8 A7 67.4+1+ .120 61.8 .142

I + One shear plane through thread run-out.

I
++ One shear plane through threads.

i
l +++ Two shear planes through threads.

'I
 I
Table 5

INDIVIDUAL BOLT TEST RESULTS I

FOR TENSION JIGS

I
Ultimate Deform Frac.ture Deform
Bolt Lot
and No.
Bolt
Dia. Steel
Strength,
kips
a't Ult.,
inches
Load,
kips
at Fracture
inches I
1. A354 BC Bolts

CC-13 7/8 A440 102.8 .1781 93 .205

I
CC-27 7/8 A440 104.9 .1904 100 .201
CC-10
Ave. CC
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
103.5
103.7
.165.8
.1781
90
94
.185
.197
I
CC-11 7/8 Q & T 101.2 .1432 89 .157
CC-28
CC-20
7/8
7/8
Q & T
Q & T
101.3
100.9
.1433
.1248
87
83
.168
.160
I
Ave. CC 7/8 Q & T 101.1 .1371 86 .162
DC-39
DC- 4
1
1
A440
A440
138.5
140.4
.2135
.1950
133
130
.233
.205
I
DC-16 1 A440 135.8 .2284 125 .245
Ave ..· DC 1 A440 138.2 .2123 129 .228 I
DC-38 1 Q & T 130.7 .1488 118 .181
DC- 7
DC-36
1
1
Q &T
Q & T
132.5
131.2
.1632
.1572
122
120
.179
.213 I
Ave. DC 1 Q & T 131.5 .1564 122 .191

2. A354 BD Bolts I
ED-32 7/8 A440 124.5 .1800 113 .200
ED-24
ED-12
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
123.2
124.0
.1677
.1732
108 .
115
.221
.203 I
Ave.· ED 7/8 A440 123.9 .1736 112 .208
ED-10
ED-35
7/8
7/8
Q & T
Q & T
128.8
120.0
.1192
.1165
103
115
.160
.128
I
ED-29 7/8 Q & T 120.7 .1033 101 .142
Ave. ED
FD-13
7/8
1
Q & T
A440
123.2
151.2
.1130
.2474
106
130
.143
.279
I
FD-5 1 A440 156.3 .2557 132 .292
FD-27
Ave. FD
1
1
A440
A440
165.7
157.7
.2233
.2476
152
138
.252
.274
I
FD-31
FD-28
FD:-30
1
1
1
Q & T
Q & T
Q & T
160.7 .
152.0
157.5
.1357
.1327
.1253
155
143
145
.145
.162
' .150
I
Ave. FD 1 Q & T 156.6 .1312 148 .152
I
I
I
I 1
I,'

I
I
Table 5 (cont'd)

I Bolt Lot Bolt

Ultimate
Strength,
Deform
at U1t.,
Fracture
Load,
Deform
at Fracture
I
and No. Dia. Steel kips kips
I GD-39 7/8 " A440 120.5
inches

.1706 112
inches

,.190
GD-37 7/8 A440 - .1836 - , -
I GD-26
Ave. Gl)
7/8
7/8
"
A440
A440
124.2
122.2
.1632
.1725
110
III
.195
.. 192
GD-11 7/8 Q &T 123.5 .1408 - -
I GD~ 6
GD-26
7/8
7/8
Q &T
Q&T
122.5
124.3
.1377
.1760
-
-
-
-
Ave,. GD 7/8 Q& T 123.4 .1515 - -
I 3. A490 Bolts

I KK-38
KK-35
KK-54
7/8
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
A440
124.0
125.1
124.2
.2008
.2139
.1910
110
120
115
-
-
-
I Ave. KK
JJ-14
7/8
1
A440
Q &T
124.4
151.2
.2019
.1703
115
148
-
.215
JJ-52 1 Q &T 149.0 .1491 145 .160

I JJ-1
Ave. JJ
1
1
Q &T
Q&T
154.9
151. 7
.1448
.1547
-
147
-
.188 /

I 4. A325 Bolts
8B-109 7/8 A440 94.0 .2000 75 -
8B-12 7/8 A440 90.0 .1730 74 .181
I 8B-188
Ave. 8B
7/8
7/8
A440
A440
93.3
92.4
.1760
.1830
76
75
.195
188

I
I
I
I
I
I
 Table 6
Summary of Test Results

Compress~on J~ T ens~on J'~g

Bolt Ultimate Shear Deform. At Ultimate Shear Deform. At
Grade Lot Dia. Stress. ksi Ultimate inches Stress, ksi Ultimate, inches'
A440 Q& T Avg. A440 Q& T ~440 Q& T ~vg. A440 Q & T

AC 7/8 96.6 96.4 96.5 .2217 .1583 - - - - -

A354BC CC 7/8 97.3 91.3 94.3 .2143 .1607 86.3 84.2 85.2 .1781 .1371
DC 1 94.2 96.6 95.4 .2429 .1688 88.0 83.7 85.9 .2123 .1564

ED 7/8 110.0 116.0 113.0 .1810 .1482 103. -' 102. I 103.0 .1136 .1130
A354BD FD 1 115.0 111.4 113.2 ~2293 .1760 100. 99.7 100.0 .2476 .1312'
GD 7/8 112.3 116.8 114.1 .1959 .1500 102.0 102. <; 102.5 .1725 .1515

A490
KK 7/8 114.5 - 114.5 .2628 - 103.8 - 103.8 .2019 -
JJ 1 - - - - - - 96.5 96.5 - .1547

A325 8B 7/8 86.7 - 86.7 .250 - 76.9 - 76.9 .1830 -

Note: All the stresses and deformations are the average of three tests.
I
I
Table 7
I
I SUMMARY OF SPECIAL TESTS OF A325 BOLTS*

:1 !

Ult.
i
!
Faying ILocation Shear Deform j
~

I Bolt
Grade Lot
Dia.
in.
Grip
in.
-r-
No.
Test
Surface
Condition
of Shear
Planes
Stress,
ksi
at
Ult. in.

T 7/8 ! 3 Mill Scale Shank 91.7 0.250

I Q 7/8
4-3/4

4 3
i
Mill Scale Shank & 84.8
,
0.223
Thread
I Run-out

R 7/8 4 3 Mill Scale Shank & 77.7 0.158

I A325 S 7/8 4 3 Mill Scale

Threads

Threads 72.9 0.123

I Z 7/8 4 9 Mill Scale Shank 93.2 -

Z 7/8 4 18 Lubricated Shank 88.2 -
I y 1 4 9 Mill Scale Shank 81.6 -
,
I
y
I 1 !
I
4 18 Lubricated Shank 79.4 - ,

I
* Tests conducted in A7 stee10mpreSSi~jigs.
I
I
I
I
I
I
 I
I
\I I
~ Table 8

~OLT SHEAR STRENGTHS

I
Ml.nl.mum Sear
h Strength s Ksl..
I
Bolt
Compress~on Jig
Bolt
Grade Lot
Tensile
Dia. Strength"'- A440 Q& T Avg. A440
Tension Jig
Q& T Avg. I
- - -
A354 BC
AC

CC
7/8

7/8
140.8ksi. 85.9

134.8 90.2
85.5

84.6
85.7

87.4 80.0 78.0 79.0

I
DC

ED
1

7/8
137.0

168.3
85.9

98.0
88.0

103.2
87.0

100.6
80.5

92.0
76.4

91.4
78.4

91".7
I
A354 BD FD 1 163.8 105.3 102.0 103.7 91.9 91.3 91.6 I
GD 7/8 163.3 103.0 107.0 105.0 93.5 94.5 94 .. 0

A490
KK 7/8 168.6 102.0 - 102.0 .92.1 - 92.1 I
--
JJ 1 163.5 - - - - 88.7 88.7

A325 8B 7/8 115.2 86.5 - - 86.5 76 .. 7 - 76.7

I
* Based on tests of full size bolts. The tensile strength was computed as
I
P/As where:
As ';" 0~7854(D.:.0-.9743) ~
n
A = tensile stress area
I
s
D,=-nomina1 bolt diameter
I
n = threads per inch

P = average ultimate tensile strength I

I
I
I
I
 I 120

I
I 80

SHEAR
I STRESS,
KSI 141 Rivet

II 40

I
I o 0.10 0.20
DEFORMATION, INCHES
0.30

Typical Shear-Deformation Curves for A141

I Fig. 1
Steel Rivet, A325 and A490 Bolts
P

I
I
Test Bolt
I
I
I
I
I
I
I p

I (a) (b)

I Fig. 2 Schematic of Testing Jigs for Single Bolts

 I
I
I
I
I
I
Fig. 4 Compression Jig Set-Up and
Instrumentation
I
I
Fig. 3 Tension Jig Set-Up and
Instrumentation I
I
100
Normal Compression
Jig Test I
Compression o
I
Test

I
SHEAR
STRESS,
KSI
I
I
I
o .04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 .28
I
Fig. 5
DEFORMATION, INCHES

Effect of Deformations within the Compression

I
Jig Assembly on the Deformation at Ultimate Load
I
I
I 100

I A325 Bolts
88 Lot Compression Jig

I
I SHEAR
STRESS,

I KSI

I
I
I DEFORMATION, INCHES
.20

I Fig. 6 Deformation of A325 Bolts at Various Stages of Loading

I 100 A440 Compression Jig

0
o
- 0 - -0-0 0
0 _g_-o..
0 c:r-o'o
I 80
o
o
6
O -0-
0--0 _o~o
0 0 "0
'-C)

:;'-0
"'0 A440 Tension Jig

I 60
SHEAR
I STRESS,
KSI
40

I
I 20

I o .12 .16 .20 .28

DEFORMATION, INCHES
I Fig. 7 Typical Shear-Deformation Curves for A354 BC
Bolts Tested in Tension and Compression Jigs
I
 I
I
I
I
I
p
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
P Cf.. of lap plate
I
Fig. 8 Lap Plate Prying Mechanism I
I
I
I
I
 I
I ':~ ,

60
I
•
I 40
BOLT Torqued Tension
I TENSION,
KIPS
't~ Thd. in Grip
8B Lot
20
I
I
o
I
---------.---------. -~--

I
I
80 ------- ...:--------------1----
Snug ~2 ~2
Turn . . 1 Turn I

I 60

ULTIMATE
I SHEAR
STRESS,
KSI 40
I
I 20

I
I o .02 .04 .06 .08 .10
BOLT ELONGATION, INCHES

I Fig. 9 Effect of Bolt Preload on the Shear Strength of A325 Bolts

I
I
 I
60
• I
I
Torqued Tension
40 I/~ Thd. in Grip I
BOLT
KK Lot
TENSION,
KIPS I
20
I
I
o .08
I
120
- - -..- - - - - - - - - - ,I
100 I
80
I
ULTIMATE I
SHEAR
STRESS, 60
KSI
I
40 I
20
I
I
o ·04 .06
ELONGATION, INCHES
.08
I
Fig. 10 Effect of Bolt Preload on the Shear Strength of A490 Bolts
I
I
 I ..,------ Clean Mill Scale Faying Surface

I 100

I
I 80

I Lubricated Faying Surface

LOAD, 60
I KIPS

+
I 40 ~.
I 20
t t
I
I o 0.04 0.08 0.12
DEFORMATION, INCHES
0.16

I Fig. 11 Effect of Lubrication on the Shear-Deformation Relationship

I ~-~----"",
Lot T \
100 \
I ~~-

Q ""
~--~ ""
I 80
"
R
",
'\.

I LOAD, 60
KIPS S
'\

I 40

I
I
20
Lot S
~~ Lot R Lot Q Lot T

I o 0.10 0.20
DEFORMATION, INCHES

I Fig. 12 Shear-Deformation Curves for Different Failure Planes

 I
I
@-_QJl---o:DO-oco.J6-..... ~A354 SO Bolt
100

~~~
8..---0
8--0 ......
"
ED Lot

" 0
I
/J • ,
.JII.~"''-'~.
80 /
all

<:#00
• __

~
I:::.A-- .-;::A--
L.>
A354 BC Bolt
CC Lot I
I Ii:::.-. I:::.
,r A325 Bolt
I
I
o 00
I
• • ~.. ~
yl:::. 8B Lot
60 ~_ I:::. ,z:,
SHEAR
:'0
STRESS,
KSI
1:::., Ii:>
I
I
I
o .04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 I
DEFORMATION, INCHES

Fig. 13 Typical Shear-Deformation Curves for Bolts I

Tested in A440 Steel Tension Jigs

I
I
A354 BO BOLT I
A354BC BOLT
I
I
A325 BOLT
I
I
Fig. 14
-
Bolts After Failure in Shear I
I
I
I 100

o -
~o
I 80
•
.0
;'
0...0_ --tl
,n' 0
0 .
0

I ."
,0 0
Q;tp I" FD Lot

60

I SHEAR
STRESS,
KSI
40
I
I 20

I o .16 .20 .24 .28

I DEFORMATION, INCHES

Fig. 15 Typical Shear-Deformation Curves for 7/8 in. and

I 1 in. Bolts Tested in A440 Steel Tension Jigs

I • • • ••
I
100 Q aT Steel~ I .-R.
FD Lot 0\0<;'" -
o
~
~
...... . .F . ..
.
~.
0 0 "0
• 0 \.0
• •• •
80 o 9 19
/
• •
A440 Steel
I FD Lot

I SHEAR
STRESS,
KSI
I
I
I
o .04 .08 .12 .16 .20
I DEFORMATION, INCHES

I Fig. 16 Typical Shear-Deformation Curves for A354 BD Bolts

Tested in Tension Jigs of Different Steel
 I
I
A325 Bolt
A440 Steel
I
I
I
I
A490 Bolt
Q & T Steel
I
I
Fig. 17 Sawed Sections of A325 Bolt in A440 Steel and
A490 Bolt in Constructional Alloy Steel I
4" Grip
I
ED Lot
100
,.o~----
-tJ--o o
I
....... 0
/ ~ S"G' •
so .fl
/
rip
GO Lot I
01
I
I
SHEAR
STRESS, I
KSI

I
I
I
o .04 .os .12 .16 .20 .24
DEFORMATION. INr.~l:'C
I
Fig. 18 Effect of Grip and Loading Span on the
Shear-Deformation Curve I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 100

I Compression Jig

80
I
I SHEAR
60
Jig
STRESS,
I KSI
40
Slotted Hole

I Bolt A

• Special Tension Jig

I Test Bolt

I o .28

DEFORMATION, INCHES

I
Fig. 19 Influence of End Restraint on the

I Shear Strength of A325 Bolts

I
I
I
I
I REF ERE N C E S

I
1. Christopher, R. J. and Fisher, J. W.
I CALIBRATION OF ALLOY STEEL BOLTS, Fritz Laboratory Report
No. 288.19, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., July, 1963

I 2. Rumpf, J. L. and Fisher, J. W.

CALIBRATION OF A325 BOLTS, Journal of the Structural
Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. ST6, Dec. 1963

I 3. Batho, C.
INVESTIGATIONS ON BOLTS AND BOLTED JOINTS, First Report
of the Steel Structures Research Committee, London, 1931
I 4. Wilson, W. M. and Thomas, F. P.
FATIGUE TESTS OF RIVETED JOINTS, University of Illinois

I Bulletin No. 302, University of Illinois Experiment

'Station, 1938

5. Baron, F. and Larson, E. W.

I COMPARISON OF BOLTED AND RIVETED JOINTS, Transactions
ASCE, Vol. 120, Paper No. 2778, 1955

I 6. Munse, W. H., Wright, D. and Newmark, N.

LABORATORY TESTS OF HIGH TENSILE BOLTED STRUCTURAL JOINTS,
Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 80, May~ 1954

I 7. Foreman, R. T. and Rumpf, J. L.

STATIC TENSION TESTS OF COMPACT BOLTED JOINTS,
Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 126, Part II, p. 228, 1961
I 8. Bendigo, R. A., Hansen, R. M. and Rumpf, J. L.
LONG BOLTED JOINTS, Journal of the Structural Division,
I 9.
ASCE, Vol. 89, ST6, 1963

Fisher, J. W., Ramseier, P. o. and Beedle, L. S.

TESTS OF A440 STEEL JOINTS FASTENED WITH A325 BOLTS,
I Publications, IABSE, Vol. 23, 1963

10. Chesson, E., Faustino, N. L. and Munse, W. H.

I STATIC STRENGTH OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS UNDER COMBINED
SHEAR AND TENSION, University of Illinois, March 1964

I 11. American Society for Testing and Materials

HIGH STRENGTH STEEL BOLTS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL JOINTS,
INCLUDING SUITABLE NUTS AND PLAIN HARDENED WASHERS
A325-61T
I
I
I
 I
I
12. American Society for Testing and Materials
TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION FOR QUENCHED AND TEMPERED
ALLOY STEEL BOLTS AND STUDS WITH SUITABLE NUTS,
A354-58T, 1958
I
13. American Society for Testing and Materials
TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH. STRENGTH ALLOY STEEL
I
BOLTS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL JOINTS, INCLUDING SUITABLE
NUTS AND PLAIN HARDENED WASHERS, A490-64T, 1964
I
14. Davis, R. E., Woodruff, G. B. and Davis, H. E.
TENSION TESTS OF LARGE RIVETED JOINTS, Transactions,
ASCE, Vol. 105, p. 1193, 1940 I
15. Munse, W. H. and Cox, H. L.
THE STATIC STRENGTH OF RIVETS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
TENSION AND SHEAR, University of Illinois Engineering
I
Experiment Station Bulletin No. 437, Vol. 54, No. 29,
Dec. 1956

Francis, A. J.
I
16.
THE BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINUM ALLOY RIVETED JOINTS, The
Aluminum Development Association, Research Report
No. 15, London, 1953
I
17. Wallaert, J. J. and Fisher, J. W.
THE HISTORY OF INTERNAL BOLT TENSION IN BOLTS CONNECTING I
LARGE JOINTS, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No.

18.
288.13, Lehigh University, 1964

Kaplan, S.
,.
I
DOUBLE SHEAR TESTS OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS, Fritz
Engineering Laboratory Report No. 271.4, Lehigh
University, 1959 (Summarized by J. L. Rumpf in
I
SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS, Fritz Lab.
Report 271.3, 1958)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I