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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE\

This chapter describes about review of related especially some

fundamental element of novel. In order to make the discussion of this study

clearly, the writer would like to talk about the theories of characters and

characterization as well as its kind and relationship between literatures with

physical appearance, personality, social status and social relationship of the main

character.

A. Literature

Literature is personal expression of man, which comes from

experiences, thinking, spirit, and conviction in the real description, which around

feeling of the reader. Literary work describes life, which are poured by the

author‘s imagination to influence the reader thinking. Some authors describe the

situation and some characters that make the reader as if the cast who are in that

situation.

Definition of literature has many differences, some interpret literature

is the art of language, literature is the expression of feelings, thoughts, ideas,

passion, conviction, or can be an expression. But in fact it can simply be said as a

literary expression of the human aesthetic by using the language of '' beautiful '' as

a means of expression , Wijayanto (2002:29).

Luken (2003:3) states that literature is traditionally described as the body

of writing that exist because of inherent imaginative and artistic qualities.

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According to Oxford dictionary (2008), literature is writing that are valued as

works of art, fiction, drama, and poetry.

Literary work is a unique phenomenon. It is also organic phenomenon in

the literature there are meaning and function (Endaswara, 2003:7). The function of

literature for readers, there are: 1). Recreation that literature gives entertain to

readers. 2). Education that reading literature will give education with truth and

goodness value. 3). Esthetic that it give esthetic for readers. 4). Moralities that it

gives knowledge so the readers know a good moral. 5). Religious that the

literature will produce the religious works which is follow by readers.

Literature gives pleasure for us. We choose literature that promise an

education and entertainment because first motive for reading a novel or poem is

personal pleasure. When we read a literature book, but there is no pleasure, we

reject it completely or leave it unfinished (Luken, 2003:3). There are five genre of

literature. They are poetry, drama (plays, role play, etc), prose (novels, biography,

etc), nonfiction (newspaper, travel books, etc), and media (website, billboards,

etc). We can choose one of them to get a pleasure.

Literature enables us to imagine the story until we laugh at the foolishness

and respects at the wises of human behavior and thought. Reading literature helps

us to encounter diverse cultures and view points-to confront and interpret reality

in a new light.

From above description and explanation, it gives information for readers

that by reading literary work, the readers can increase their understanding about

human being, thoughts, the world, and life.

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B. Characters

Before we talk about characters, first we should know the meaning of a

character itself. Character is personality or traits. Character is ones who are

involved in the story. Duffy and Petit (1953: 24) stated that ―Character is a person

in a story or a play‖.

The character is one of the important elements of fiction. Characters

are elements which can be found in a movie plot and characters are

inseparable, because plot is not simply a series of event happened that come out

of character to delineate characters. In order word, when we know ‘what

happened to him or her‘ and ‗how did it work out for them‘, so we should

find out the action of the character in a sequence of events. Before we talk

about character itself we should know the meaning of characters itself.

In the Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary, character is a person

appears in novel, play, and other genres of literary work. A novelist may use a

character for many purposes, quite other than a characterization.

According to Nugriyantoro,―The main character is a character that

preferred narrator in the novel is concerned. He is the most telling figure, either as

preparatory or the occurrence of events subject‖ (Nugriyantoro, 2005: 176-177).

So, the main character in a story generally known as the protagonist; the character

who opposes him or her is antagonist. Through quotation above, it can be

mentioned that main character is kind of character, which often shows up

repeatedly as if it dominates every parts of the event in the novel. Regarding to the

meaning of the active-passive in doing something, both of them can act as a

subject that has capability in doing something or as an object that suffers the
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impact from treatment done by the subject or circumstances. In the other words,

main character does not only act as subject but also as object. This kind character

plays important role in the novel and it cannot be ignored.

Kenney (1966: 20) states as follows:

―Flat (simple) characters: the simple, or flat, character is less the

representation of a human personality than embodiment of single
attitude or single attitude or obsession in a character. Foster calls this
kind of character flat because we see only one side of him. The simple
characters can perform many important functions in the work of
fiction. Simple character many appear in minor role in serious fiction,
but will a major part in interior fiction.‖
―Round (complex) character: at the other end of the spectrum is the
complex character, called round by Foster because we see all sides of
him. The complex character is obviously more lifelike than the simple,
because in life people are not simply embodiments of attitudes. The
complex or round character is higher bind of achievement than the
simple complexity of character tends to produce life likeness in the
world of fiction. The complex character is in many ways difficult than
the simple. The simple character need only repeat his basic formula
each business. The fictional character, however complex is not human
being. He is himself an artistic creation.‖

The definition above describe that there are two types of characters,

Flat (simple) characters are static characters who do not change from the

beginning to the end of the play. Flat character is less the representation of

human personality than embodiment of single attitude or single attitude or

obsession in a character. Round (complex) characters, in contrast to the flat

characters, are dynamic and they grow and develop with the play. Everything

about them is revealed in the play. They are usually the main characters of

the play. Analyzing a character is more difficult that a analyzing a plot, because

character is more complex, variable, and ambiguous. In studying a character,

beginning by determining the character standing traits. The complex or around

character is higher bind of achievement than the simple complexity of

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character tend to produce life likeness in the world of fiction. The complex

character is in many ways difficult than the simple.

In literarature, According to Dietch (2003:434) ―There are two types of

characters; they are main or major character and minor character. Major

characters are usually revealed indirectly through behavior whereas minor

characters tend to be revealed directly through explanation‖. Moreover, Tomlison

(2004:25) says:

Each main character, sometimes called the protagonist, will be fully

described, complex individual who passesses both good and bad trait, like a
real person. Such a character is called a round character. A flat character is a
character described in a one-sided or undeveloped manner. Although such a
people do not exist in real life, they may be justified within the story to
propel the plot. Sometimes the character is show as an all-evil or all-
frivolous person; for instance, folktales present flat characters as a symbols
of good and evil. In some stories, a flat character foil may occur as a flat or
as a round character

Based on explanation above means that characters in story have deverence

character. A character has important character story is called main character,

while a character that‘s character is less important, because her/his play

completely, to support, to work with main character only. It is called minor

character or supporting character.

Furthermore, Dickinson (1968: 17) states that: ‗‘character is the

person who can contribute to a story in several ways‘‘. Character can be defined

in different ways, there is no right or wrong. Having character means to have

courage and be willing to do the right thing at the right time. Character is not only

"moral excellence and firmness" because excellence is an illusion. People with

character always do their best and never give up. They have no limits and will not

stop supporting what they think is right without a fight.

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Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters.

Robert (2002:55) stated that the minor character whose function is partly to

illuminate and support the major character. So, According to Robert above, kind

of minor character, often known as a foil, typically contrast physically and/or in

personality with the main character. The contrast itself serves to emphasize the

protagonist‘s characteristic.

Therefore, the writer can say that a character is not always someone but it

can be a thing or authors themselves. The writer often talks about his behavior;

then as the story progresses, the though process of the character. A story can be

told interesting when it depends on the play of the characters, because the

character is the key of the way of story life. In this case someone, things although

the author can be the character, but they have to play in the story of the movie.

C. Characterization

Characterization is the description of the characters in the story. Moreover,

Siti says by mentioning from Wikipedia that characterization is the process of

conveying information about characters in fiction or conversation, Syamsiyah

(2008: 12).

Character are widely considered as an assential element of fictional work

especially in novel and play. The process of creating and developing character

in a work fiction is called characterization. Jones, (1968: 84) states

Characterization is the depicting of clear images of a person. Characterization,

by this definition, means the real description of the characters participating

in the story through their actions.

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Characterizations or disposition is a technique or ways of showing figures.

There are several ways to show character. Analytical way, is how the appearance

of characters directly through the author's description. So the author outlines the

characteristics of the character directly. Dramatic way, dramatic way in depicting

his characters in a way not analyzed directly, but through other things.

The famous method of characterization is any two methods; they are

dramatic characterization and analytic characterization. Jones (1968: 84)

continuous is saying about method of characterization as follows:

―There are two methods of characterization: The Dramatic and the Analytic.
In the dramatic we form our opinion of the characters from what they do and
say, from their environment and from what other characters think of them.
In the analytic method the author comments upon the characters explaining
their motives, their appearances and their thoughts.‖

Furthermore, Little (1966: 83) says that there are some steps of how to

study a character of a movie. They are:

1. Basic Characteristics

a. Physical (age, physical oddities, etc)

b. Social relationship (personal relationship in the other character in

the works; wider social relationship such as social class

occupation)

c. Mental qualities (typical ways of thinking, feeling and acting)

2. Appearance from various points of view

a. How the character sees himself

b. How various other characters see him

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In other words, To analyzes and study the characterization of the main

characters, the writer uses Little (1996: 83) in his books “Approach to Literature”

about steps to analysis of the main characters which is based on these aspects:

1. Physical appearance of the main characters

It contains the physical or performance of the main characters, such as

their age, physical oddities, performance, etc. The use of physical appearance is to

describe: how old they are, how they are look like, about sex (are the main

characters both of them men or women, do the main characters have pale skin,

handsome, beautiful, long, black, brown or white hair, etc).

2. Personality of the main character

The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual‘s

distinctive character. It describes the main character‘s personality such as:

whether or not are they responsible, neat persons or discipline, romantic (romantic

is a kind of person who can create the condition or situation become beautiful)

and careless (is not care the condition around them).

3. Social status of the main characters

This point discusses the background of the main characters, such as: their

educational background, their life in middle, high modern classes.

4. Social relationship of the main characters

Many of the social interactions between people over time. This can be a

positive or a negative relationship. Momentary social interaction can be described

in terms of parental care, dominant-subordinate or aggressive-fearful interactions,

etc. So, a social relationship can be positive and negative.

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Besides, the characteristic have methods but also have types of

characterization. Though all characterization is really about a character‘s

personality, writers use two basic types of characterization to serve varying

purposes. An astute reader is able to pick up on both forms and transform the

written words into a deeper awareness of the nuances of the characters. The types

of characterization are:

a. Direct (Telling)

According Albertine Minderop (Quoted by Pickering and Hoeper) in his

book “Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi” stated that one type is telling, which

relies on exposition and direct commentary by the author. In telling a type

preferred and practiced by many older fiction writers the guiding hand of the

authors is very much evidence. We learn and look only at what the author calls to

our attention (Pickering and Hoeper, 1981: 27).

In direct types any two ways to understand the characters, as follow:

1. Characterization through the use of names

It is a literature often used to give an idea or increase the idea, clarify the

idea and exacerbate the characterization. The name is a story was describing the

characterization that differences with the other name in a story.

2. Characterization through appearance

In literature, characterization through appearance was important in

characterization. It mean was the clothes what wearing or how the expression is a

picture of characterization through the appearance of characters.

3. Characterization by the author

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In this type was gives a large place and free to author or narrator in

established the story. The author was commented about the character and

personality in each character in a story until in mind, feels and flaming of hearts

the characters.

This type of characterization usually removes all doubt from the reader‘s

mind regarding said character. Of course, if there is a biased narrator, then readers

must be particularly cautious when considering the validity of the direct

statement.

b. Indirect (Showing)

The other type according Albertine Minderop (Quoted by Pickering and

Hoeper) in his book “Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi” is the direct, the

dramatic type of showing, which involves the author‘s stepping aside, as it were,

to allow the characters to reveal themselves directly through and their actions.

With showing, much of the burden of character analysis is shifted to the reader,

who is required to infer character on the basis of the evidence provides in the

narrative (Pickering and Hoeper, 1981: 27-28).

In indirect types any two ways to understand the characters, as follow:

1. Dialog

To begin with, the reader must pay close attention to the substance of the

dialog itself. Is it small talk, or is the subject an important one in the developing

action of the plot? In terms of characterization, if the speaker insists on talking

only about himself or only on a single subject, we may conclude that we have

either an egotist or a bore. If the speaker talks only about others, we may merely

have a gossip and busy body (Pickering and Hoeper, 1981: 32)
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2. Action

According Henry James (Quoted by Pickering and Hoeper) stated to build

the character based on action was logical from developing of psychology and

personality; who shows the characters in a story perform in their actions.

This type is much more complex than direct characterization. There is a

simple mnemonic device that can help readers remembers the central areas of

indirect characterization. When developing characters, the ―STEAL‖ acronym can

help you develop a well-rounded personality.

S Speech What does the character say?

How does the character say it?

T Thoughts What does the character think?

E Effects on How do other react to this character?

Other What do they say about the character?

A Actions What does the character do?

L Looks What does the character look like?

Through this types of participation or the interference author presents a

very feel dispositive character that the reader understand and appreciate the

disposition figures based on exposure to the author. But apart from that method

there are other methods to understand characterizations, are:

c. Point of View

According Albertine Minderop (Quoted by Hick and Hutching) in his

book “Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi” stated that the position in which the

narrator stands to the story; the standpoint from which events are narrated (Hick

and Hutching, 1989, 113)

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d. Stream of Consciousness

According Albertine Minderop (Quoted by Pickering and Hoeper) in his

book “Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi” stated that it describes the chaos of

mind that prolonged, in varying degrees that flows in the process of through

leaders in the novel. Stream of consciousness is a characterization techniques

were performed on conscious or unconscious mental and human mindset that

includes thoughts, perceptions, feelings and associations that followed away

(Pickering and Hoeoper, 1981: 55)

e. Figurative Language

According Albertine Minderop (Quoted by Reaske) in his book “Metode

Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi” stated that Language which employs various figures

of speech. In general, figurative language is that kind of language which departs

from the language employed in the traditional, literal ways to describing persons

or objects (Reaske, 1966: 33)

D. Movie

Movie is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates

the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion

causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects

viewed rapidly in succession. A film is created by photographing actual scenes

with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models

using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation;

or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.

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The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally

recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process and then shown

through a movie projector onto a large screen. The adoption of CGI-based special

effects led to the use of digital intermediates.

French theorists are fond of making the differentiation between "film" and

"cinema." The "filmic" is that aspect of the art that concerns its relationship with

the world around it; the "cinematic" deals strictly with the esthetics and internal

structure of the art. In English, we have a third word for "film" and "cinema"—

"movies"—which provides a convenient label for the third facet of the

phenomenon: its function as an economic commodity. These three aspects are

closely interrelated, of course: one person's "movie" is another's "film." But in

general we use these three names for the art in a way that closely parallels this

differentiation: "movies," like popcorn, are to be consumed; "cinema" (at least in

American parlance) is high art, redolent of esthetics; "film" is the most general

term with the fewest connotations.

The film is a work of modern art (literary elements in scenario), the film

can be assessed with a literary approach. Movies, also known as films, are a type

of visual communication which use moving pictures and sound to tell stories

or inform (help people to learn).

Movie made with a screenwriter writes a script, which is the story of the

movie with words that the actors will say. Then a producer hires people to work

on the movie and gets all of the money that will be needed to pay for the actors

and the equipment. Producers usually get the money by borrowing it from a bank

or by getting investors to lend money to the movie production. Some producers

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work for a movie studio; other producers are independent (they do not work for a

movie studio). Actors and directors read scripts to find out what to say and what

to do. The actors memorize the words from the script that they will say in the

movie, and learn the actions that the script tells them to do. Then the director tells

the actors what to do and a cameraman takes motion pictures of them with a

motion picture camera.

A movie or motion picture is the only new visual art form created

in the 300 years. It is a complex, exclusive art, difficult to define, but the

element of the movies is instantaneous and universal. Motion pictures are in

fact both an art form and medium of mass entertainment, and in the latter

capacity they have a significant impact in a sociological sense. Webster (1973:

305) In addition, they have background rooted in science and technology.

Movie offers a special language of projected moving image with sound a

language which incorporates the characteristics of the graphic, plastic, spatial

and narrative arts. It is finally becoming accepted in educational circles an

established art from suitable for study analysis, research in institution of higher

learning.

The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic

film (also called film stock) has historically been the primary medium for

recording and displaying motion pictures.

When filming has finished, an editor puts the moving pictures

together in a way that tells the whole story within a set amount of time. Audio

engineers and sound engineers record music and singing and join it with the

moving pictures. When the movie is done, many copies of the movie are made by
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movie labs and put onto movie reels. Then the movie reels are sent to cinemas. An

electric machine called a projector shines a very bright light through the movie,

and people sitting in a dark room see it on a big screen. And movie have some

genres. A genre is a word for a type of movie or a style of movie. Movies can be

fictional (made up), or true, or a mix of the two. Although hundreds of movies are

made every year, there are very few that do not follow a small number of

set plots, or stories. Some movies mix together two or more genres.

There are several kinds of movie or film as follow:

1) Action – These types of movies are high octane, big budget

movies that show many physical stunts. If there is heroism,

fights involving guns, swords or karate moves, horseback action

or any destructive forces of nature, your keyword is Action. In

these movies, it‘s usually a fight between the good guys and bad

guys, i.e. Fight Club.

2) Adventure- Do you like thrilling stories that take you to

wondrous places? They are similar to action films but the action

may be less and more weight will be given to experiences.

Indian Jones movies belong to this category.

3) Comedies- They are loved by young and old for the feel good

content. A comedy can be based on innocent humor,

exaggerations, facial expressions or downright crude jokes.

Meet the Fockers is an example.

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4) Crime and Gangster Films- Such films trace the lives of

fictional and true criminals, gangs or mobsters. Serial killer

films may be included here, i.e. Gangs of New York.

5) Drama films- They are sensible movies with a strong plot.

Dramas depict true stories or real-like situations. The character

development is note-worthy, i.e. Little Women.

6) Epics/ Historical films – An epic involves elements like war,

romance and adventure. The sets are created carefully to reflect

the time period. Ben Hur is a classic example. Historical movies

tend to pay homage to a legend or hero.

7) Horror- You either love them or hate them. These films expose

our fears and give rise to nightmares. For some, horror films

provide catharsis but others can barely sit through a movie, due

to the violence and gory scenes. i.e Jaws.

8) Musicals/ Dance films – These are entertaining films that are

based on full scale scores or song and dance. They can either be

delightful, light-hearted films for the while family (i.e. The

Sound of Music) or contain a dark aspect (Sweeney Todd) that

is explored through music.

9) War films- These are very true to real life and often depict the

waste of war. Attention is given to acts of heroism, the human

spirit, psychological damage to soldiers and the pain of families

waiting at home. i.e. Flags of Our Fathers.

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10) Westerns- This genre is central to American culture and to its

film industry. They speak of the days of expansion and the trials

with Native Indians. The plots and characters are very

distinctive. Remember Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid?

11) Animation- Computer graphics and special affects are the

backbone of these films which are enjoyed by the young and

old. i.e. Finding Nem.

12) Thrillers- They differ from Horror because they are more

provocative than scary. i.e. The Bone Collector.

13) Sci-Fi – If you like futuristic scenes, movies like Star Wars will

intrigue you. They can be classified as adventure films too.

E. Previous Studies

Research about Analysis of Character has been conducted by some

researchers. Hendra (2013) from Universitas Pamulang ―Unpam‖ Tangerang

Selatan, conducted a qualitative research with the title ―An Analysis of

Characterization Of The Main character Using feminism In Film Iron Lady‖,

and the goal of the study to find out characterization of the main character

using feminism, the writer uses qualitative methodology to analyze the data. The

data consist of biography, journal, magazine, script and olso watching the movie.

At the same time the writer knows what are characterization of the main

character and olso feminism indeed. The writer hopes that this research give

contribution element of film of film like characterization and also feminism.

The second previous study from M.Muntaqif Latif (2016) from Institute

Islamic College (Iain) Tulungagung, conducted a qualitative research with the

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title ―An Analysis Of Characterization Of The Main Characters In ―The Social

Network‖ Movie Script‖, and the goal of the study to find out characterization

of the main character using library research, the writer uses qualitative

methodology to analyze the data. The data consist of analyze movie script and

also watching the movie, then used library research to get suitable data for

information. At the same time the writer knows what are characterization of

the main character.

Based on the research above, the writer wants to analyze the

characterization of the main character in ―Gone Girl‖ Movie script . In my

research, elaborated the following question, How are the main characters‘

physical appearance, How are the main characters‘ personality, social status,

social relationship, movie as a data source and the data consist of movie script

and also watching the movie. The difference of my research between the first

previous studies is to find out characterization of the main character using

feminism, the writer uses qualitative methodology to analyze the data. The

data consist of biography, journal, magazine, script and also watching the

movie. And the second previous study is to analyze the characterization of the

main character in movie. The writer uses qualitative methodology by used library

research to analyze data. The data consist of movie script and also watching

movie. It same with my research. But, we are different object to analyze.