tzpfKk;

fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 11
(2016 Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;j g;g Lk;)

tzpff; fy;tpj;J iw
tpQ;Q hd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk

i
tzpfKk; fzf;f Pl;L f;f y;t pAk;
juk; 11
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN:

tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ii
 tpla cs;s lf;f k;

gf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

mwpKfk; vi

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO viii

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; xi

ghlj;jpl;lk; xii - xxiv

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs; 1-92

iii
 gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;f spd; nra;jp
,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;
fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw
Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ.
Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;
rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016 Mk; Mz;b
ypUe;J juk; 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij
milAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
NgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhf
tpUj;jp nra;J
; s;sJ.
,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd;NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhd
xUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;ngw;W> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;
midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;
Ls;sd. NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;
tifapy; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk;
$wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opTepiyf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;
fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gL
P fis Nkw;nfhs;s
Tk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;
tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;
ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rikia
tpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jp
As;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis
fy;tp ntspaPlL; j; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd
tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;
jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;J
ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tp
Kiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;
fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;
fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg; g hsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

iv
 gpu jpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;eJ; khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mz;kpa

Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg; Nghd;W
njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fle;j
,U jrhg;jq;fspy; $basT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2016 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwpeJ
; cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTf;Fl;gLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; y;
Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L ghlrhiy
Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau;
topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.

,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhrid topfhl;bia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;

Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
ahFk;.

Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ

cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy. mNjNghd;W
,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp kpfTk;
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd tplag; gug;gpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;J tjw;F cq;fSf;F
KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>

kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndhf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg; nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gLtPu;fs; vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

,t; t hrpupau; topfhl; b ahdJ ,g; ghlj; JiwAld; njhlu; Gila Mrpupau; f s; >
tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;gg
; zpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.

fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;ij kpf cau;ej

; jhff; fUjp mu;gg
; zpg;Gld;
nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

v
 mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tpg; ghltpjhdk; njhlu;ghf fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;if

fSf;fika xt;nthU vl;L tUlq;fSf;FnkhU KiwAk; midj;Jg; ghltpjhdq;
fSk; kWrPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;b cs;sJ. Njrpa kw;Wk; g+Nfhska uPjpapy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;ff;$bajhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw ehl;by;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; vjpu;ghu;gg ; pd; fhuzkhfNt ,g;Gjpa kWrPuikg;gpw;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu> murpay;>
r%f thzpak; vd;gdtw;wpy; kl;Lkd;wp g+Nfhska uPjpahfTk; ghupastpyhd
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jp te;Js;sJ. vdNt 2015 Mk; Mz;by; vy;yhg; ghltpjhdq;fs;
njhlu;ghfTk;> kWrPuikg;gpwF
; l;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit cUthfp cs;shfpAs;sJ.

Nkw;fhl;ba epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L juk; 11w;fhd tzpfKk; fzf;fl P ;Lf;

fy;tpg; ghlk; njhlu;ghfTk; kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Mrpupau; topfhl;bia vOjp
Kd;itg;gJ njhlu;ghf ehd; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;.

tpNrlkhf ,g;gzpia g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf mu;gg

; zpg;Gld; fUkkhw;wpa vOj;jhsu;
FOtpw;Fk; ,r;nraw;ghl;il kpf ntw;wpfukhf g+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
MNyhridfs;> topfhl;ly;fis toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; kw;Wk; cjtpg;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; MfpNahu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ,jag+u;tkhd ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.

juk; 11w;fhd ,t;tzpfKk; fzf;fl

P L
; f; fy;tp Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ khztu;fSf;F
kpfTk; gaDs;s fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf ghlg; gzpg;ghsu;>
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> Mrpupau; MfpNahu;fSf;F kpfTk; cWJizahf mikAk;
vd cWjpahf ek;GfpNwd;.

fyhepjp m. rptNdruh[h
gzpg;ghsu;
tzpff; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;b iag; gad;g Lj;J tjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;f s;

2016 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juj;jpy; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;glTs;s tzpfKk; fzf;f Pl;Lf;f y;tpAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
juk; 11 ,w;fhf ,e;j Mrpupa topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khztu;fspd; Nju;rr; pfs; tpUj;jpailAk; Kiwapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj

; y; nraw;ghLfisj;
jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; ld; mjw;fhd topfhl;bnahd;whf ,t;topfhl;bapy;
khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t;Mrpupa topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwapDs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;F ,lk;

ngwNtz;ba xOq;FKiwapNyNa jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s rfy
Nju;rr; p kl;lq;fSf;Fk; “fw;wy; NgW” fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;fw;wy; NgWfSf;
Fupa Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisr; rfy khztu;fSk; mile;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapyhd
khztu; ika fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;nfhd;W cq;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLnkd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd topfhl;lnyhd;whf cq;fSf;F xt;nthU Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;jpd; fPOk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j
MNyhridfis mt;thNw gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gJld;>
Nju;rr ; papid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; ePqf; s; nghUj;jkhdnjdf; fUJk;
khztu;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l NtW fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;F
Mf;fuPjpahf cq;fSf;Fg; g+uz Rje;jpuKz;L.

mj;Jld; xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPOk; “ghl cs;slf;fk; nghopg;ghf” ,e;j

Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ cq;fsJ tFg;giwapy; nraw;ghL
fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;glNtz;bait njhlu;gpYk; khztu;fSf;F Fwpg;nghd;whf
toq;fNtz;ba ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;lnyhd;whfTk; mikAk;.

ghl ,izg; g hsu;

vii
 fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; : fy;tprhu; mYty;f s; rig

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl ,izg;G : fyhepjp m. rptNeruh[h
gzpg;ghsu;.
gP. vr;. FRkhtjp>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.

v];. Nf. gpughfud;>

tpupTiuahsu;.
vOj;jhsu; FO :
(cs; s f) gP. vr;. FRkhtjp>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
v];. Nf. gpughfud;>
tpupTiuahsu;.

v];. Mu;. ,uj;d[Pth

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;.

(ntspaf) rpwpkh ehzaf; f hu>

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;>
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> my;gpl;ba.
tre;j udJq;f >
cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;>
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> nj`paj;jfz;ba.
ghl xOq;f ikg;G : Nguhrpupau; rke; j p Nrdhuj; d
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
[atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp Fkhu cYtj;j>
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;.
,rpU ejp\h khdkLt>
tpupTiuahsu;> gl;laf; fzf;fhsu;.
nkhul;Lt gy;fiyf;fofk;.

nkhop xOq;f ikg;G : v];. V. B. Fzghy>

tpupTiuahsu;>
fy;tpkhzp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
Nf. gP. B. Ngu;rpty;>
Kd;dhs; tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
rp. vy;. vk;. eth];>
Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;> ,g;ghfKt.
vk;. vr;. vk;. G`hup>
,isg;ghwpa Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;

viii
Njrpa ,yf;F fs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF

; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis
epuz
; apjJ
; s;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspgg
; ilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;
jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj;
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;
%yKk; Njrj; i jf; fl; b naOg; GjYk; ,yq; i fau; vDk; milahsj;i j
Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;g
tw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;
cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpej ; id> jw;WzpT> Ma;eJ
;
rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Ngh\pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tp
a+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;>
jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpff
; yhdJk; vjpug; huhjJkhd epiyik
fisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr
r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;F
fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)

ix
mbg;gilj; Nju;r ;r pfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(i) njhlu;g hly; Nju;r ; r pfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;rr
; pfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpjj ; pu mwpT> jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT:
ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj
; y;> rupahfTk;
nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT:
nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpjj
; y;
msj;jy; vd;gtw;wpwf; hf xOq;FKiwahf ,yf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

rpjj
; pu mwpT:
NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>
vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspgg
; Lj;jYk;
gjpTnra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopyE
; l;gj; jifik:
fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy>; njhopy; Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

 Mf;fk;> tpupej
; rpej
; id> jw;WzpG> jPuk
; hdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpjj
; y;>
EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpej ; id> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>
jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd
jpwikfs;.
 Neu;ik> rfpgG
; j;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
 kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;rr
; pfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpdw
; d.

r%fr; #oy;:
Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;
vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; gfpue ; ; jspff
; g;gLk; ePjp>
r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
mf;fiwAk;.

capupay; #oy;:
thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu>;
tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.

x
 ngsjpfr; #oy;:
,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;fi ; f>
czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epjj ; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;>
Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G
gw;wpa tpopgG; zu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.
fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy;
El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;
Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
gadspf;ff;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;fi ; fapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j
tho;fi
; fapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.

(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug;
nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+ut ; r; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspgg; Lj;jg;gLk;
,d;g Efu;rr
; p> kfpor
; r
; p> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.

(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpdw ; rpff
; yhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf
; pdw
; cynfhd;wpy; xUtu;
RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj ; Yk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf
khw;wj;jpwN
; fw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;>
ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

xi
ghlj;jpl;lk;

xii
 tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf; fy;tpAk; - juk; 11 - ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

6.0 Jizr; 20
Nritfspd;
cjtp 6.1 tzpf  tq;fp eltbf;iffspd;  tq;fp Nritfspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; 03
apidg; eltbf;if Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Rl;bf; fhl;b tq;fpf; fzf;F tif
ngw;W fis tpidj;  tq;fpf; fzf;F fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
tzpf jpwdhf;F tiffs;  Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;
eltbf;if tjw;F tq;fpr;  Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
fisr; Nritfspd;  eilKiwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nraw; gq;fspg;gpidf; fzf;F  epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw
gLj;Jk; Nfl;lwpthu;.  epiyahd itg;Gf; Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
Kiw fzf;F fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghd  ,yj;jpudpay; gzk;  ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd
xii

mbg;gil njhlu;ghd Nritfs; NritfisAk; mitfsJ Kf;fpaj;

mwptpidf;  fldl;ilfs; toq;fy; Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
fl;b  tutl;ilfs; toq;fy;  ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit
naOg;Gthu;.  nlyu; ml;ilfs; toq;fy;. fspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfisf;
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghd Nritfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
 JupjkhdJ
 tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;lJ.
 midj;Jj; jfty;
fSk; ,yj;jpudpay;
kag;gLj;jp itf;fg;
gly;.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk;
njhlu;ghd Nritfspy;
fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;
 njhopDl;gj; jilfs;
 etPd Kiwapyhd
Nkhrbfs; ,lk;ngwy;.
 Nkhrbfisj; jtpug; g
; jw;
fhd etPd Kiwap
yhd ,yj;jpudpay;
fUtpfspd; Njitg;ghL.

6.2 eilKiwf;  eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;  eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq; 04

xiii

fzf;nfhd; wpd; mD$yq;fs;. fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

iwg; NgZtjd;  fhNrhiyfs; %yk;  fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;
%yk; fpilf;Fk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; fisg; ngaupLthu;.
mD$yq;fis nra;jy;.  eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;g
Ak; fhNrhiy  tq;fp Nkyjpfg;gw;W trjp jw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
njhlu;ghfTk; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Nfl;lwpthu;.  Neub itg;G trjpfisg;  khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;
ngwf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;. gLj;Jthu;.
 epiyapaw; fl;lisfis  fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr;
eilKiwg;gLj;j Kbjy;.
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiw
 ghJfhg;G
 tq;fpf; $w;wpidg; ngwf; fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

 fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;
Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fs;
 tiuNthd;
 ngWgtu;
 tq;fp (tiuAdp)
 fhNrhiynahd;iw
vOJjy;
 fhNrhiyfspy;
FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
 fhNrhiyapy; Gwf; Fwpgg; ply;.

6.3 fhg;GWjpapd;  fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fU  fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;. 03

xiv

Kf;fpaj;Jtj; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;  MAs; fhg;GWjpfF; k; nrhj;J (Mjd)f;

jpidf; Nfl; re;ju;g;gq;fs;. fhg;GWjpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL
lwpe;J ,lu;  MAs; fhg;GWjp fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Kfhikj;Jtj;  nrhj;J / Mjdf; fhg;GWjp  fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis vspikahd
jpw;fhd mbg;  fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs; tifapy; tpsf;Fthu;.
gilfis  fhg;GWj;Jk; cupik /
xOq;fikj; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik.
Jf; nfhs;thu;.  cr;r ed;ek;gpf;if /
mjpcau; ed;ek;gpf;if
 ,og;gl P ;Lj; jj;Jtk;
(f.ngh.j.(rh.j)j;jpy;
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
kpf vspikahf
tpsf;FtJ NghJkhdJ).
juk; 11
tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

6.4 njhlu;ghlypd;  njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU  njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUit 03

mbg;gilg;  epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu; tpsf;Fthu;.
gjq;fspd; ghl ,lk;ngWk; Kiwfs;  epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;ghly; Kiw
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;  mf / cs;sf fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
ijf; Nfl;lwpeJ
;  Gw / ntspaf  njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; Kiw
gad;ghl;bw;Fj;  njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; fisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Njitahd  tha;nkhop  njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfisf;
Kd;dhaj;  vOj;J Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
jj;ij cUthf;  ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw  njhlu;ghlypd; Kiwfisg;
fpf; nfhs;thu;.  rkpf;iQfs;> mil gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
ahsq;fs; (Fwpfs;)  nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;
 njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ
fSf;fhd Kiwfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
xv

 njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiw tplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

fSk;> mjd; mbg;gil
fSk;.
 nra;jp mDg;Ggtu;
 nra;jp
 Clfk;
 nra;jpfisg; ngWgtu;
 Jyq;fis ntspg;
gLj;Jjy;.
 kPstypAWj;jjy;

 tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;j
khd njhlu;ghly; Kiw
nahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;
juk; 11

nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;.
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

6.5 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;  Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fU  Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit 03

Nritfisg;  Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tpsf;Fthu;.
gad;gLj;jp mbg;gilfs;  Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg;
tzpf  Clfk; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
eltbf;if  top / tPjp  nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw
fis tpidj;  tY / rf;jp nahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ
jpwdhf Nkw;  jupg;gplk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzp
nfhs;tjw;fhd  tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;j fis Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
mbg;gilj; khd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw  gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd;
jpwd;fisg; nahd;iwj; njupT nra; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr; Rl;bf;
ngw;Wf; Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;thu;. nfhs;s Ntz;ba
xvi

fhuzpfs;.
 fpuak; / nryT
 nghUj;jg;ghL
 ghJfhg;G
 fpilg;gdT
 tzpf eltbf;iffis
tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;
tjw;F Nghf;Ftuj;J
gq;fspgG; r; nra;Ak; Kiw.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

 gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J
KiwfSk;> mtw;wpy;
fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;
fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk;.
 ngUe;njU
 Gifapuj top
 thd; top
 ePu; top

6.6 cs;ehl;L>  cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;  cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 04

xvii

ntspehl;L  rpy;yiw tpahghuk;  rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

tpahghuq;fspy;  gz;Gfs; / jd;ik  rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;
<LgLk;  nkhj;j tpahghuk; Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
gpuptpdu;fsh  gz;Gfs; / jd;ik  nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
tjw;Fj; Njit  rpyy
; iw nkhj;j tpah  nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;
ahd mbg; ghuq;fSf;fpilNa Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
gilj; jpwd; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs;  nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; rpy;yiw
fis ntspg; tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
gLj;jpf;  ntspehl;L tpahghuk; NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhl;Lthu;.  ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhu
zq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

7.0 tzpf 06
Kfhikj;
Jtj;jpd;
mbg;gilj; 7.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;  “Kfhikj;Jtk;” vDk;  Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUtpid 03
jpwd;fis jpd; mbg;gilj; vz;zf;fU vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
tpUj;jp jpwd;fisg;  Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpfs; /  Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg;
nra;J ngw;Wf; fUkq;fs;. ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;thu;. nfhs;thu;.  jpl;lkply;
 xOq;fikj;jy;
 newpg;gLj;Jjy;
 fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
xviii

7.2 re;ijg;gLj;j  “re;ijg;gLj;jy;” vDk;  re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid 03

ypd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fU. vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
fisj; Njb  re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit (4p)  re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa
awpthu;.  cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; cUg;gbfis ($Wfisg;) ngaupl;Lf;
 tpiyaply; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,lk;
 Nkk;gLj;jy;
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

8.0 tzpf 54
nkhd;wpd; 8.1 tzpfnkhd;  epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;  epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; 05
epjpf;$w;Wf; wpd; tpahghuf;  tpahghuf;fzf;F fhl;Lthu;.
fisj; fzf;ifj;  Muk;g kPjp  tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf;
jahupg;ghu;. jahupg;ghu;.  nfhs;tdTfs; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 cl;Rikf;$ypfs;  tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupj;J
 ,Wjp ,Ug;G nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;
 tpw;gidfs; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 tpw;gidf; fpuak;.
 nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lk;

8.2 tzpfj;jpd;  ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F  ,yhg el;lf; fzf;if tpsf;Fthu;. 10

xix

,yhg el;lf;  tpw;gid tpepNahfr;  tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfis

fzf;ifj; nryTfs; / tpepNahf mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
jahupg;ghu;. nryTfs;  epiya epUthfr; nryTfis
 epiya epUthfr; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
nryTfs; / epUthf  epjpAk; Vida nryTfis
nryTfs; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 epjp kw;Wk; Vida  Vida tUkhdq;fis nkhj;j
nryTfs; ,yhgj;Jld; Nru;gg
; hu;.
 nkhj;j ,yhgk; /  Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;
el;lj;ij mwpf;ifg; fzpg;gpLthu;.
gLj;Jjy;  Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ij
 Vida tUkhdq;fs; %yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wk;
 Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;if /
juk; 11

tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

8.3 epjpahz;Lf;  ml;LWr; mbg;gil  ml;LW mbg;gilfis vspikahf 05

Fupa nrYj;j  nrYj;j Ntz;ba tpsf;Fthu;.
Ntz;ba nryT nryTfs;  nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisr;
fs;> ngwNtz;  ngwNtz;ba nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
ba tUkhdq; tUkhdq;fs;  ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr;
fisr; nrk;ikg; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
gLj;Jthu;.

8.4 epjpahz;Lf;  mwtplKbahf; fld;  mwtplKbahf; flid mwpKfg; 03

Fupa mwtpl  mwtplKbahf; flidg; gLj;Jthu;.
Kbahf; gjptopj;jy;.  mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;
flidr;  mwtplKbahf; fld; gLj;Jthu;.
xx

nrk;ikg; nryT  mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ik

gLj;Jthu;.  mwtplKbahf; fld; ahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg;gjptpid
fhuzkhfr; nrhj;Jf; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Fiwtiljy;.

8.5 epjpahz;Lf;  eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;  eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; 05

Fupa eil Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; ngWkhdj; Nja;tplYf;fhd fhuzq;
Kiway;yhr; Nja;tply; (Mjdk;> nghwp> fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nrhj;Jf; cgfuzk;).  Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F
fSf;F  nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ngW ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLthu;.
ngWkhdj; khdj; Nja;tpLtjw;fhd  ngWkhdj; Nja;Ntw;ghl;Lf; fzf;nfhd;wp
Nja;tpLthu;. fhuzq;fs;. D}lhf Nja;tpw;F fzf;F itg;ghu;.
 Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy;  ngWkhdj; Nja;T nrynthd;whf ,Ug;g
ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;. jdhy; ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;
juk; 11

Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijr; tpsf;Fthu;.

 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

 ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhd
fzf;F itg;G
 ngWkhdj; Nja;Ntw;
ghl;Lf; fzf;F
(f.ngh.j. (rh.j.)
tFg;gpy; eilKiw
ay;yhr; nrhj;Jf;
fSf;F ngWkhdj;
Nja;tply; njhlu;ghf
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiw>
ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;>
fzf;F itj;jy;
xxi

vd;gd kl;Lk; NghJ

khditahFk;).

8.6 tzpfj;jpd;  epjpepiyikf;$w;W /  Ie;njhifapy; / epjpepiyikf; 07

,yhgj; Ie;njhif $w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.
jd;ikiaAk;  cupik  Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;W
epjp epiyik  eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs cUg;gbfis eilKiw> eilKiw
iaAk; ntspg;  eilKiway;yhg; my;yhjJ vd tifg;gLj;jpf;
gLj;Jthu;. nghWg;Gf;fs; fhl;Lthu;.
; eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs;  Ie;njhifia / epjpepiyikf;
 eilKiw my;yhr; $w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
nrhj;Jf;fs;  nrk;ikahf;fYld; $ba epjpf;
 tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; $w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
fzf;Fk; Ie;njhifAk; /
juk; 11

tUkhdf;$w;Wk; epjp
epiyikf;$w;Wk;
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

8.7 ,yhg Nehf;  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fis 05

fw;w epWtdq; mikg;Gf;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
fspd; epjpf;  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd;
$w;Wf;fisr; fsJ Nehf;fq;fs;. Nehf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Rl;bf;fhl;b>  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;  ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd;
ngWtdTf; fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;. epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf;
nfhLg;gdTf;  ngWtdT nfhLg;gdT fhl;Lthu;.
fzf;fpidj; (nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;)  ngWtdTf; nfhLg;gdTf;
jahupg;ghu;. fzf;F fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;
 tUkhdr; nryTf; jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fzf;F.  ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;ifj;
jahupg;ghu;.
xxii

8.8 ,yhg Nehf;  tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F  tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if 04

fw;w epWt  Nkyjpfk; my;yJ FiwT mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
dq;fspd;  tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;fpidj;
tUkhdr; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf;
nryTf; fhl;Lthu;.
fzf;fpidj;  tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;fpidj;
jahupg;ghu;. jahupg;ghu;.
 Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if

8.9 cw;gj;jpf; fpua  cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;  cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. 10

ml;ltiz  %yf;fpuak;  cw;gj;jpf; fpua %yq;fspd;
iaj;  Neu;nghUs; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
jahupg;ghu;.  Neu; $yp  %yf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 Neu; Vida  cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijf;
nryTfs; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;  nkhj;j cw;gj;jp fpuaj;ijf;
fpuak; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 Neupy; nghUs;  cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;
 Neupy; $yp ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 Neupy; Vida  mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyap
nryTfs; idj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
xxiii

 cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;  tpupjhis my;yJ nghUj;jkhd

fhd fpuak; Kiwnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
 mynfhd;wpw;fhd ,yhg cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijAk; mynfhd;
vy;iy. wpd; tpwg
; id tpiyiaAk; fzpgg ; pLk;
 mynfhd;wpw;fhd Kiwapid vspikahd Kiwapy;
tpw;gid tpiy Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tpupjhis (Excel spread
sheet) gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;ijAk; mynfhd;wpw;
fhd tpw;gid tpiyap
idf; fzpg;gpLk; Kiw
njhlu;gpy; mwpKfg;
gLj;jy;.
juk; 11
 tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
9.0 KjyPLfs; 10
njhlu;ghff; 9.1 KjyPl;bd;  KjyPL njhlu;ghd  KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj; 05
Nfl;lwpe;J Kf;fpaj;Jtj; mwpKfk;. njspTgLj;Jthu;.
nghUj;j jpid Njb  gy;NtW KjyPl;L  gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfisr;
khd jPu;kh awpthu;. topKiwfs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
dq;fSf;F  Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Fk;  nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiw
tUthu;. epiyahd itg;Gf; nahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ
fzf;Fk;. Kf;fpakhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
 nrhj;Jf;fis fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
(Mjdq;fs;)f;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 gq;Fr; re;ijapy;
KjyPL nra;jy;.
xxiv

 nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L
topKiwnahd;iwj;
njupT nra;jy;.

9.2 gq;Fr; re;ij  gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL  gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;tjd; 05
apy; KjyPL nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf;
nra;tjd; mwpKfk;. fhl;Lthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;  gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL  rhjhuz gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjd;
jpidj; Njb nra;Ak; topKiwfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
awpthu;.  rhjhuz gq;Ffisf;  jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspy; KjyPL
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;. nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
 jpiwNrup cz;bay; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
fisf; nfhs;tdT  gpizfs; gupkhw;W Mizf;FOtpd;
nra;jy;. Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 gpizfs; gupkhw;W
juk; 11

Mizf;FOtpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. 90
 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd
MNyhridfs;

tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; xxv juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : tzpf eltbf;iffis tpidj;jpwdhf;Ftjw;F tq;fpr;

Nritfspd; gq;fspg;gpidf; Nfl;lwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 tq;fp eltbf;iffspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf;fhl;b tq;fpf; fzf;F tif
fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpgg; jw;Fj; Njitahd eilKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd NritfisAk;> mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
Ak; tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd NritfsJ tiuaiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tq;fp eltbf;iffs;

tq;fpf; fzf;F tiffs; nlyu; ml;il ,yj;jpudpay;

gz tiffs;

Nrkpg;Gf; eilKiwf; fldl;ilfs;

fzf;Ffs; fzf;Ffs;
tutl;ilfs;
epiyahd
itg;G f;fs; ,yj;jpudpay;
gzk; njhlu;ghd
gy;NtW fzf;F NritfsJ
tiffis Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
xg;gpLjy;

,yj;jpudpay; gzq;fspd; tiuaiwfs;

Nkhrbfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fupa
etPd
juTfs; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpa
Kiwapyhd
mopT Wjy; mwpTf;FiwT
Nkhrbfs;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 1 juk; 11
 nghJthf tzpf tq;fpfspy; gpd;tUk; fzf;F tiffs; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;
 eilKiwf; fzf;Ffs;
 epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; tq;fpfs; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F cr;r Nritnahd;wpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
,jw;fhf tq;fpfs; gpd;tUk; Nritfisg; gutyhd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wd.

fldl;il (Credit Card)

tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpD}lhf fld; vd;w mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,t;tl;il
%yk; tzpf tq;fpapd; mDkjpapidg; ngw;Ws;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J thbf;if
ahsu;fs; Fwpgg ; pll
; njhiff;Fl;gl;ljhfg; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. mNjNghd;W jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhif tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l Kiwapy; gzj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. ,jw;fhf tq;fpf; fzf;nfhd;W Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtrpakpyi ; y.
c+k; : tPrh fldl;il> kh];lu; fldl;il

tutl;il (Debit Card)

tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; gzj;jpid mbg;gilapy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tzpf tq;fpfs; jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tutl;il
fis toq;Fk;. ,q;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J tq;fpf; fzf;fpy;
fhzg;gLk; gz kPjp tiuapy; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a
KbtJld; Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; (tpw;gidahsu;) fzf;fpw;F tuT ml;il
cupikahsupd; fzf;fpypUe;J gzk; khw;wg;gLk;. tuT ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp
gzj;ij kPsg;ngwTk; KbAk;. c+k; : PET tPrh tutl;il> BOC tPrh tutl;il

jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ml;ilfs; (ATM Card)

nghJthfr; NrkpgG; g; Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba NritfSf;F xj;j Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW tzpf
tq;fpfspdhy; my;yJ Vida tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ml;il tifnahd;Nw
,JthFk;. ,q;F midj;Jr; NritfSk; fzpdpapd; JizAld; jd;dpaf;f
nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk; ,lk;ngWk;.
,jd; %yk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; Kiwikg;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Nritfis
toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNtis> ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit
fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ midj;Jj;
juTfSk; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; njhopDl;gj; jilfs;> ,ufrpa
,yf;fj;ij kwe;Jtply;> ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpdJ gpiofs; vd;gd ,lk; ngWtjw;Fupa
re;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gd ,q;F $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukq;fisj; jtpug ; g
; jw;fhd
topKiwfisj; Njbawpa Ntz;ba Njitg;ghLk; NknyOe;Js;sJ.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;FupathW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ
tq;fpf; Nritnahd;wpd; Njitg;ghL njhlu;ghf khztu;fis mwpar; nra;J
tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; Ngzg;gLk; fzf;F tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;f
nkhd;iw RUf;fkhf toq;fTk;
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd rpW tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 2 juk; 11
  Nrkpg;G> epiyahd itg;Gg; Nghd;w fzf;F tiffis Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd khjpupg; gbtq;fslq;fpa njhFjpia xt;nthU khztUf;Fk;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

 Mrpupau; tq;fpahfTk;> khztu;fs; fzf;if Muk;gpfF

; k; thbf;ifahsu;fshfTk;
nraw;gLk; tifapy; khjpupg; gbtq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jpf; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;
fhd Kiwapidr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf mwpar; nra;aTk;.

 g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupg; gbtj;jpD}lhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW

fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
- tq;fpapdhy; fzf;Fg; Gj;jfnkhd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk; (tq;fpg; Gj;jfkw;w
fzf;F tiffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.)
- kpd;fhe;jg;Gy ml;iliag; g+uzg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
- khjpupf; ifnahg;g ml;ilnahd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk;>
- milahs ml;il NjitahdJ vdTk;>

,izg;G 6.1.1 ,idg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;. ,q;F juk; 11y; ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;s ghl tplaq;fspy; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpdd
; u; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 6.1.1:
(1) gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
epajpfs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs; epiyahd
itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;

1. tl;btPjk; ...................................... .........................................

2. fzf;Fj; njhlu;gpy;
tq;fpapdhy; toq; ...................................... .........................................
gLk; Mtzq;fs;
3. fhR itg;gpyply; ...................................... .........................................
4. fhR kPsg; ngwy;. ...................................... .........................................
5. Vida trjpfs; ...................................... .........................................

(2) gpd;tUk; ml;ilfspd; gz;GfisAk; NritfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.

ml;il tiffs; gz;Gfs; Nritfs;

tutl;il ...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
fldl;il ...................................... .........................................
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jd;dpaf;f ...................................... .........................................
nlyu; ml;il ...................................... .........................................
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tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 3 juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
 epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; eilKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
 NrkpgG
; f; fzf;fpwF
; k; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;fpwF
; kpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghL
fisf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghf tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; %d;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nritfspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;
,uz;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 4 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

mD$yq; f isAk; fhNrhiy fs; n jhlu; g hf Tk;
Nfl;lwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
 eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhNrhiyfis tq;fpapy; itg;gpypLtjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 5 juk; 11
 vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tzpf tq;fp

eilKiwf;fzf;F

eilKiwf; eilKiwf;
fzf;nfhd;wpd; fzf;nfhd;iw
mD$yq;fs; Muk;gpj;jy;

Nkyjpfg; gw;W Neub itg;G ghJfhg;G

trjpfisg; ngwy; trjpfs;

fhNrhiy %yk; epiyapaw; fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfk;

nfhLf;fy; fl;lis trjp fpilf;fg; ngwy;
thq;fy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s y;

,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

cs;slf;fpa tq;fpf$ ; w;wpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; gpuptpdu;fs; fhNrhiy
tiujy;

nrYj;Jgtu;
ngWgtu; tiugtu;
(tq; fp)

jpfjpaply;

ngWgtupd; ngau; gpwg;gpg;gtupd;

vOJjy; / fhR ifnahg;gkply;
FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;

gzj;njhifia
,yf;fj;jpYk;
vOj;jpYk; nghJKiwf; rpwg;G Kiwf;
vOJjy; FWf;Ff; FWf;Ff;
Nfhbly; Nfhbly;

rkhe;jpukhf ,U tzpf tq;fp

NfhLfs; nghJthf xd;wpd; ngau;
mtrpakhdJ. Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 6 juk; 11
 eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:

 fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjhdJ fhRf; nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fis tpl kpfg; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> ,yFthdjhfTk;> Neuj;ijr;
Nrkpf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

 gy;NtW tifapyhd tUkhdq;fs;> Vida ngWtdTfs; Nghd;w fpilg;gdT

fis Neubahf eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; nryT itf;f KbAk;. ,it Neub
itg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

 tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fld; jtizf; fl;lzk;> fhg;GWjpj;

jtizf; fl;lzk; Nghd;wdtw;iw tq;fpapd; eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf
nrYj;Jk;gb eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd; tq;fpf;F mwptpj;jy; toq;f
KbAk;. ,it epiyapaw; fl;lisfspd; %ykhd nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;wiof;
fg;gLk;.

 eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; Nghjpastpyhd gzk; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; $l

tq;fpapd; mDkjp ngw;Wf; fhNrhiyfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;a
KbAk;. ,t;trjpahdJ FWq;fhyf; flndhd;whFk;. mj;Jld; ,J tq;fp
Nkyjpfg; gw;W vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

 Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapd;NghJ eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; RUf;fnkhd;W eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff;
fpilf;fg; ngWk;. mjid> tq;fpf$ ; w;W (tq;fpf; fzf;F tpguk;) vd miog;gu;.
tq;fpf; $w;W fpilj;jjd; gpdd
; u; fzf;FupikahsDf;F fhR Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhd jpwd; fpilf;Fk;.

eilKiwf;fzf;F:
fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhf tzpf tq;fpfspy;
Muk;gpff
; g;gLk; fzf;F eilKiwf; fzf;F MFk;. ,jw;fhf> tzpf tq;fpfs;
eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsu;fSf;Ff; fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfj;jpid toq;Ffpdw
; d.

tq;fpf$
; w;W tpguk; (tq;fpf;fzf;F tpguk;):
Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapy; (khjj;jpw;nfhU Kiw) tq;fpapdhy; eilKiwf;
fzf;FupikahsUf;F> mtuJ fzf;Fj; njhlu;ghf vOj;J %yk; mDg;gg;gLk;
jfty;fspd; RUf;fNk ~tq;fpf;$w;W| vd miof;fg;gLk;.

fhNrhiy:
“eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsnuhUtu; Fwpj;j gzj; njhifapid Fwpj;j
egnuhUtUf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;gb tzpf tq;fpf;F toq;Fk; vOj;J %ykhd
fl;lisNa” fhNrhiyahFk;.

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fs;:

tiugtu; / fl;lis ,Lgtu; : eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd;
nrYj;Jgtu; / fl;lisiag; ngWgtu; : Fwpj;j tzpf tq;fp
gzk; ngWgtu; : fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ngaiuAila egu; / fhtp

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 7 juk; 11
 fhNrhiyia tiujy;:
fhNrhiyia tiuAk;NghJ Fwpj;j epge;jidfs; gpd;gw;wg;glhjpUg;gpd; Fwpj;j
fhNrhiyahdJ nfhLg;gditr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fupa fhNrhiynahd;whff;
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

me; e pge; j idfshtd:

 tq;fpapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l khjpupf; ifnahg;gj;Jld; nghUe;jf;$bathW
xg;gkpLjy;.
 fzf;Fupikahsu; Fwpjj ; njhifapid ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; vOJjy;.
 njspthd vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJjy; / jl;lr;R nra;jy;.
 rupahd Kiwapy; jpfjp ,ly;.
 jpUj;jq;fSf;Ff; ifnahg;gkply;.

fhNrhiynahd;wpy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;:

fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;jukhd NfhLfis tiujy; “FWf;Ff;
Nfhbly;” vdg;gLk;. rpy fhNrhiyfspy; FWf;Ff; NfhLfs; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
FWf;Ff; Nfhblg;gl;l fhNrhiynahd;iwf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;F tq;fpf;
fzf;nfhd;W mtrpakhdJ vd;gjdhy; Nkhrbfis ,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fhNrhiyapy; Nfhblg;glyhk;. FWf;Ff;

Nfhbly; Kiwfs; ,U tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>

nghJKiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:
fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; tiujy; nghJKiwf;
FWf;Ff;NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUkhW fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy;
fhl;l KbAk;.

; J
yy .
m h jJ
j ; jf ;
hw l ;Lk
k k
if F
; f/
d
Nth
W
ng

rpwg;G Kiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:

fhNrhiynahd;wpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; my;yJ NfhL
fspd;wp tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; rpwg;G
Kiwf; FWf;Ff; NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; fhl;lyhk;.

;fp
tq
q ;if ;fp
, y tq
q ;if
, y

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 8 juk; 11
 fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;:
fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; Fwpgg; plg;gl;Ls;s ngaiu mt;thNw fhNrhiyapd;
gpd;gf;fj;jpw;Fupa gFjpapy; vOJtJ Gwf; Fwpg;gply; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
fhNrhiyia ,d;ndhUtUf;Ff; ifkhw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ tq;fpapy;
itg;gpypLk;NghJ fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j; Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;jpwF
; upa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpfF
; k; NghJ gpdt
; Uk; tpdhf;fis
khztu;fSf;F toq;fpr; rpW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
- jdpegnuhUtu; Muk;gpf;ff;$ba fzf;F tiffs; vit?
- tzpfu;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd fzf;F tiffs; vit?
- mf;fzf;Ffs; %yk; tzpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; vit?
- mf;fzf;fpD}lhf vt;thW nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.

 juk; 11 ,w;Fupa ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyif ed;whf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
 ,q;F gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;JkhW njupag;gLj;jTk;.
 jpfjp
 gzk; ngWgtu;
 ngWkhdk; / njhif
 fl;lisiag; ngWgtu;
 fl;lisapLgtupd; ifnahg;gk;
 fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fk;
 tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk;
 tq;fpf;fpisapd; ,yf;fk;
 eilKiwf; fzf;F ,yf;fk;
 FWf;Ff; Nfhbly; (nghJ> rpwg;G)
 fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuy;
 mbapjo;
 Gwf;Fwpg;gply;
 ngupJgLj;jg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;wpid (mb ,jOld;) jahupj;Jf;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. ,izg;G 6.2.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidiaAk;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mt;tpla Ma;tpid midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
Gyg;gLkhW Kd;itf;fTk;.
 ,izg;G 6.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;
fSf;F toq;fp mjd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
 gpdt
; Uk; MNyhridfisg; gpdg ; w;wp> nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; xUtUf;F
xU tpdh tPjk; Kd;itj;J mjw;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpgg ; Lj;jg;
gl;bUf;Fk; fhNrhiyapy; vOJtjpy; (g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;) <LgLj;jTk;. khztu;
vz;zpfi; fiag; nghWj;Jg; nghUj;jkhdthW fhNrhiyiag; g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;
khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 9 juk; 11
  khztu;fs; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspjj
; jd; gpdd
; u; gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 fhNrhiynahd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfs;
 fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fs;
 fhNrhiyia tiujy; / vOJjy;
 fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;
 fhNrhiyapy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
,izg;G 6.2.1:

fkyehjd; gpugy;akhd tpahghupnahUtuhthu;. mtu; 2014.05.30 Mk;

jpfjpapy; nfhs;tdT nra;j &gh 50 000 ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs;
njhlu;ghf tpkYf;F 200125 Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l ,yq;if tq;fpf;
fhNrhiynahd;wpD}lhf mj;njhifapidr; nrYj;JkhW jdJ
,ypfpjuhd tpy;gl;bw;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. NkYk; tpky; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba nfhLg;gdnthd;wpw; fhf ,f;fhNrhiyia NtnwhUtUf;Fr;
rhl;Ljy; nra;tjw;fhd NjitAk; tpkYf;F ,Ue;jJ.
,yq;if tq;fp ,y. 7010 fpis ,y. 055

,izg;G 6.2.2:

khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

 fUk;gyifapy; fhzg;gLk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

 mt;tpla Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis ed;F
,dq;fz;L tpilaspf;fTk;.
 ngWgtupd; ngaupid vOjTk;.
 gzj;njhifia ,yf;fj;jpy; vOjTk;.
 gzj;njhifia vOj;jpy; vOjTk;.
 gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij ,lTk;.
 fhe;j ik epuiy milahsg;gLj;jTk;.
 fhNrhiy toq;fpa jpfjpiaf; Fwpf;fTk;.
 tq;fpapd; ,yf;fj;ij ,dq;fz;L mjid milahskplTk;.
 tq;fpf; fpisapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
 fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
 fhNrhiyapdJ mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
 ngWgtu; ahu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
 ,f;fhNrhiyapy; rhjhuz Kiwapyhd FWf;Ff; Nfhblnyhd;iw ,lTk;.
 mjid tpNrl FWf;Ff; Nfhblyhf khw;wTk;.
 ,f;fhNrhiy gpwpnjhU egUf;Ff; rhl;Ljy; nra;a Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;
Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd Gwf;Fwpg;gplnyhd;iwr; nra;aTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy;
fhzg;gLk; fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 Vida khztu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilapidg; g+uzg;gLj;Jk;/
vOJk; KiwahdJ rupahdjh vd;gjid Nkw;ghu;it nra;aTk;. tpilahdJ
gpioahapd; mjidj; jpUj;Jk; Kiwapid ePq;fs; Kd;itf;fTk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 10 juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fs; Ie;jpid vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiyf;fikag; gpd;tUk; Ie;J jfty;fis khjpup
fshff; nfhs;thu;.
 nghUj;jkhd jpfjpnahd;iwf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 ngWgtupd; ngau; (fUJNfhshff; nfhs;sg;gl;ltupd; ngaiu) vOJthu;.
 njhifia vOj;jpYk;> ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOJthu; (fUJNfhs; ngWkhdk;).
 njspthf vOJjYk;> gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij
,Lthu; (fUJNfhs; ifnahg;gk;).
 fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuiy milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhNrhiy ngWgtiu milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk; my;yJ toq;fg;gl;l ,yf;fj;ij vOJthu;.
 mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 nghJ my;yJ rpwg;G FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
 Gwf;Fwpg;gply;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 11 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : fhg; GWjpapd; Kf;f paj;Jtj;jpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J ,lu;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilfis xOq;fikj;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nrhj;J / Mjd fhg;GWjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

fhg;GWjpapd; fhg;GWjp fhg;G Wjpia

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tpsf;Fjy;

MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;J /Mjd fhg;GWjp

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

cau; fhg;GWjp ,og;gPl;Lj;

ek;gpf;if nra;Ak; cupik jj;Jtk;

fhg;GWj;JNthUf;Fk; fhg;GWjp ,lk;ngw;w

fhg;GWjp nra;gtUf;Fk; nra;tjw;Fs;s Nrjj;jpw;fhd
,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; rl;luPjpahd cupik ,og;gPl;bid khj;jpuk;
Kf;fpa jfty;fis
nrYj;Jjy;
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 12 juk; 11
 fhg;GWjp:
,lu;fis xd;wpizj;J xU gpuptpdUf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid / el;lj;jpid
xUikg;ghl;Lld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tNj fhg;GWjpahFk;.

MAs;:
capUf;F Vw;glf;$ba gy;NtW ,lu;fs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; fhg;GWjp
tifNa MAs; fhg;GWjpahFk;.

nrhj;J (Mjd):
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,lu;fspd; ,og;Gf;fSf;fhd fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf;
fhg;GWjpahFk;.

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUk; jj;Jtq;fs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik:
capUf;F my;yJ nrhj;njhd;wpwF
; f; fhg;GWjp nra;tjw;F fhzg;gLk; rl;luPjpahd
cupikiaNa ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. MAspd; my;yJ nrhj;jpd;
epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapdhy; nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;Wk;> mit mopTWtjdhy;
nghUshjhug; gpujp$ynkhd;Wk; Vw;glf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNj ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;
gLfpd;wJ.
cr;r ek;gpf;if:
fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghf ,U gpuptpdu;fSk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpwF
; upa Kf;fpakhdit
vdf; fUjf;$ba midj;J jfty;fisAk; xspTkiwtpd;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;:
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ,og;gPL Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;NghJ> nrhj;jpid Kd;gpUe;j
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fupa ,og;gN P l toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,j;jj;J
tj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;. (,j;jj;JtkhdJ MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.)
(ftdpf;fTk;: f.ngh.j. (rh.j) ,y; ,k;%d;W jj;Jtq;fs; kl;Lk; fye;Jiuahlg;
gLk;.)
nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp (Mjd) MAs; fhg;GWjp

 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd  fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd

khdJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; ngWkhdj; khdJ jdpegupd; tpUg;gk;> ,aYik
jpw;fika jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. apdbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;wk;  fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;w
nra;a KbAk;. ,ayhJ.
 ,og;G Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk Vw;gl;l  ,og;G Vw;gl;lhYk;> Vw;glhtpbDk;
,og;gl
P b
; w;fika ,og;gl P L
; j; njhif ,og;gPlhdJ toq;fg;gLk;.
toq;fg;gLk;.
 ,og; g P l ; L j; jj; J tk; ,q; F  ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;glh
nry;thf;Fg; ngWk;. jpUf;Fk;
 Vida mD$yq;fSf;F cupik  Vida mD$yq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;
fpilahJ. nfhs;s KbAk; (cgfhug;gzk;).
 FWfpa fhyk; nfhz;lJ.  ePz;l fhyj;jpw;FupaJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 13 juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ,j; Nju;r ; r p kl; l j; j pw;F upa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf; F k; N ghJ NrjKw; w
thfdq;f isf; nfhz;l glf; fhl;r pfisAk;> tzpfnkhd;W jPa pdhy;
mopTWk; fhl;rpnahd;wpidAk; tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 ,q;F tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,t;thwhd ,lu;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjw;fhf
vLf;ff;$ba topKiwfis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 gpd;du;> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.
 fhg;GWjp
 fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
 nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
 MAs; fhg;GWjp
 ,izg;G 6.3.1y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fSf;F mika ed;whf
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW khztu;fis thrpg;gpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
 gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fs;
MAs; ,lnuhd;wh my;yJ nrhj;J ,lnuhd;wh vd;gjid Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.
 juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fsp
D}lhf NkNy ePq;fs; tifg;gLj;jpa MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfSf;Fupa
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy;
xg;gpLtjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 14 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 6.3.1:

mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

jpBnud Vw;gl;l jPapdhy; efuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

ngUk;ghyhd tzpf epiyaq;f Sf;F g; ghupa Nrjk;.

mjpf kio fhuzkhf tpisepyq;f Sf;F k;

tPLfSf;F k; ghupa Nrjk;.

,b> kpd;dy; fhuzkhf

,U egu;f s; capupoe;J s;s du;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
;  gy;NtW fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;l jftw; gbtq;fs;.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 fhg;GWjpapd; tiffisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fhg;GWjpf; jj;Jtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 15 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilg; gjq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

Nfl;lwpe;J gad;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd Kd;Maj;jj;ij
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapidg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njhlu;ghlw; nrad;Kiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 16 juk; 11
 vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

njhlu;ghly;

tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw mbg;gilfs;

nra;jp
mf / cs;sf
mDg;G gtu; kPstypAWj;jy;

Clfk; Jyq; fy;

Clfk; ngWgtu;

rkpf;iQfSk; Gw / ntspaf
tha;nkhop
FwpaPLfSk;
%yk;

vOj;J ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;

%yk;

Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;

- xypngUf;fp
- $l;lq;fs; - fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyr;
- fye;Jiuahly; rhjdq;fs;
- nrayku;T - njhiyNgrp
- fUj;juq;F - vz;khdg; gjhif
- kpd;dQ;ry; (Email)
- ,d;lnfhk; (Inter Com)

- fbjk;
- mwptpj;jy; - tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;
- mwptpj;jy; gyif - gy;NtW milahsq;fSk;
- mwpf;iffs; FwpaPLfSk;
- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;

tha;nkhop vOj;J rkpf;iQfSk;

,yj;jpudpay;
%yk; %yk; FwpaPLfSk;

Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;

Kiwfs;

- fbjk; - njhiyefy; (Fax)

- Rw;wwpf;iffs; - vz;khdg; gjhif
- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; - ,izak;
- Rtnuhl;b - kpd;mQ;ry; (Email)
- gjhif - thndhyp
- njhiyf;fhl;rp - tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;
- KfE}y; (Face book) - nghjpaply; Fwpfs;
- $l;lq;fs;
- fye;Jiuahly; - xypngUf;fp
- nrayku;T - njhiyNgrp
- fUj;juq;F

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 17 juk; 11
 njhlu;g hly;:
nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilapy; ahNjDk;
Clfnkhd;wpd; %yk; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLjNy njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

Kiwfs;:
cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly;:
epWtdj;jpYs;s gy;NtW Clfq;fspD}lhf ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;>
fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilNa gupkhw;wg;gLjy; cs;sfj;
njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

ntspafj; njhlu;ghly;:
egnuhUtu; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;W NtNwhu; egUld; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;Wld;
nra;jp> jfty;. fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gupkhw;wk; nra;jy; ntspafj;
njhlu;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; Kiwfs;

tha;nkhop %yk; $l;lq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;
vOj;J %yk; fbjk;. mwptpj;jy;> Rw;wwpf;if
,yj;jpudpay; njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> xypngUf;fp>
fzpdp> tiyaikg;G> njhiyNgrp
rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPLfSk; tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;> nghjpaply; Fwpfs;

njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfs; (%yq;fs;):

 nra;jp mDg;Ggtu;
 nra;jp
 Clfk;
 nra;jpiag; ngWgtu;
 Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
 kPstypAWj;jy;

njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;:
 rupahdJ / nghUj;jkhdJ
 tpiuT
 nryT
 njspthd jd;ik
 gad;gLj;Jtjd; ,yFj;jd;ik
 tpsf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$baJ / Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyapy;
nra;jpfs;> fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiwfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw cs;sf> ntspaf vd tifg;
gLj;j KbAnkdTk;> mj;Jld; vOj;J> tha;nkhop %yk; vd;wthWk; tifg;gLj;j
KbAk; vdTk; tpsf;fTk;.
 gpd;du; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fj;ij
toq;fTk;.
 njhlu;ghlyhdJ xU nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;jTk;
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 18 juk; 11
  ,izg;G 6.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjpup ml;ltizia khztu;fs; /
FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> juk; 11w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngwr; nra;aTk;.
 tpilaspff ; Ntz;ba ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
aspf;fr; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpilfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;
ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;.
 njhlu;ghliy mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
 njhlu;ghly; KiwfisAk; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; ngaupl;Lf; $Wjy;.
 njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilfis njhlu;ghly; nrad;KiwapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;
jpf; fhl;Ljy;.
 njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

,izg;G 6.4.1:

tpilaspf;f Ntz;ba ml;ltiz

(1) ePq;fs; mwpe;j njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis ,aYkhdstpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.

(2) mj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis tzpfnkhd;wpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gpdt

; Uk;
,U Kiwfshf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.

cs;sf ntspaf

(3) KjyhtJ ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwapid njhlu;

ghly; Clf mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

vOj;J tha;nkhop ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQ / FwpaPL

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 19 juk; 11
 (4) tzpfnkhd;W njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

(5) gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

2015.03.14 Me; jpfjp K.gfy; 10.30 kzpfF; fpis Kfhikahsu;fspd; $l;l
nkhd;W gpujhd kz;lgj;jpy; eilngWk; vdTk;> mjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf rKf
kspff ; Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> kpdd
; Q;ry; (E-mail) %yk; fpis Kfhikahsu;fSf;F
fk;gdpapd; Kfhikahsuhy; mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;tpd; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;

mbg;gilfSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fisr; rl;lfj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.

(1) (2) (3)

mDg;G gtu; nra;jp Clfk;

---------------- ---------------- ----------------

(6) (5) (4)

kPs typAWj;j y; Jyq; fy; ngWgtu;

-------- ---------------- ----------------

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 20 juk; 11
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
 fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapd;
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;> njhlu;ghly; Jiwfis ,dq;
fz;L () milahsj;ij ,Lq;fs;.

Clfk; Jiwfs;

; QfSk;
,yj;jpudpay;

FwpaPLfSk;
njh. njhlu;ghly;

tha;nkhop
vOj;J
,y. Kiwfs;

rkpfi

mf

Gw
01. fbjk;
02. fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;
03. $l;lq;fs;
04. njhiyf;fhl;rp
05. gjhif
06. thndhyp
07. kpd;dQ;ry;
08. fye;Jiuahly;
09. njhiyefy;
10. xypngUf;fp
11. Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
12. njhiyNgrp
13. mwptpj;jy; gyif
14. Rw;wwpf;iffs;
15. Rtu;g; gj;jpupif
16. KfE}y; (Face book)
17. nrayku;T
18. vz;khdg; gjhif
19. fUj;juq;F
20. kzp
21. C.C.T.V (Gifg;glf;fUtp)
22. ,yj;jpudpay; kzp

 njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

 njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 21 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.5 : Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpf eltbf;if

fis tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfsJ mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

Nghf;Ftuj;J
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J
Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; nra;jy;
mbg;gilfs;

fpuak; ,aysT
Clfk; top tY jupg;gplk;
fpilg;gdT
- Nkhl;lhu; - ngUe;njU tpi uT
- Giftz;b - ePu; top - tpkhd epiyak;
- fg;gy; ghJfhg;G
- thd; top - Gifapuj epiyak;
ts;sk; - Gifapujg; - JiwKfk;
- Mfha ghij - Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;
tpkhdk;

- krF vz;nza;
- kpd;rhuk;
- epyf;fup
- thA

Nghf;Ftuj;J:
ahNjDk; Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ gpuahzp
fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; nray;KiwNa Nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 22 juk; 11
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfs;:
Nghf;;Ftuj;J Kiwikia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; fhuzpfNs
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfshFk;.

top / khu;f;fk;: Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpuahzg; ghijiaf;

Fwpf;Fk;.
Clfk;: gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdj;
ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
rf;jp / tY: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jpNa
tYthFk;.
jupg;gplk;: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fs; jupj;J epw;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; ,lNk jupg;gplq;fshFk;.

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;b a fhuzpfs;:
 nghUj;jg;ghL
 nryT / fpuak;
 nfhs;ssT / ,aysT
 nghUj;jg;ghLk; ghJfhg;Gk;
 Ntfk; / tpiuT
 fpilg;gdTj;jd;ik

gy; N tW Nghf; F tuj; J topKiwfspy; fhzg; g Lk; mD$yq; f Sk;

gpujp$yq;fSk;:

Nghf;Ftuj;J mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs;

Kiwfs;

(1) njU / tPjp  gpuahz KbT tiuapy; gad;  tPjpj; jilfs; Vw;glyhk;.
gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.  tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gl ,l
 ve;jnthU re;ju;gg; j;jpYk; gad; Kz;L.
gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.  #oy; khriltjpy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

(2) Gifapuj tPjp  xNu jlitapy; mjpfstpyhd  rpyNtisfspy; gpuahzk;

nghUl;f isAk; > $bastp KbAk; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j
yhd gpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;L KbahJ ,Uf;Fk;.
nry;y Kbjy;.  Fwpj;j fhy ml;ltizf;
 gpuahzpfSf; F g; gy; N tW fika nraw;gLjy; fhuzkhf
trjpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. gpuahzpfSf;F Njitahd
 ePzl; J}ug; gpuahzpfSf;fhd Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;j Kbah
tpNrl trjpfs; fhzg;gly;. jpUj;jy;.
 nrytpdk; / fpuak; FiwT.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 23 juk; 11
 Nghf;Ftuj;J mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs;
Kiwfs;

(3) fly; / ePu; topg;  xNu jlitapy; mjpf  nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L

Nghf;Ftuj;J nghUl;fisAk; $basT nry;tjw;F $ba fhyk;
gpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;L vLf;Fk;.
nry;y KbAk;.  midj;Jr; re;ju;g;gq;
 fl;lzk; FiwT. fspYk; ,k;Kiwapidg;
 ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
Jizahf mikjy;. cjhuzk;: fly;f sw;w
 $ba vil nfhz;l nghUl; ehLfspYk; > gpuNjrq;
fisAk; nfhz;L nry;y fspYk; ,k; K iwiag;
KbAk;. gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

(4) Mfha  tpiuthdJ.  $ba nryT nfhz;lJ.

tpkhdg;  gpuahzpfSf;F trjpfs;  tpgj; J f; f s; Vw; g Lk;
ghij mjpfkhff; fhzg;gly;. nghOJ Nrjq;fs; ghup
 ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj; astpy; Vw;gLk;.
Jizahf mikAk;.  $ba epiw nfhz; l
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;y Kbahik.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspf;Fk; Kiwapidf; Nfl;lwptjd; %yk;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F glq;fisAk;
ehd;F FOf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J> mit njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.
 ,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s glq;fspy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j
glj;jpw;F 1> 2> 3> 4 vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gil
fis vOjp> mjw;Ff; fPo; cs;s ntw;wplj;jpw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;
fis gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapypUe;J njupT nra;J Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.
Mfha tpkhdk;> ts;sk;> cyq;F thD}u;jp> kUjhid Gifapuj epiyak;>
Bry;> nfhOk;G - gJis Gifapuj tPjp> kpd;rf;jp> fg;gy;> fl;Lehaf;f - by;yp
Mfha tpkhdg; ghij> epyf;fup> nfhOk;G kj;jpa Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;>
`k;ghe;Njhl;ilj; JiwKfk;> fLtiy - khj;jiw mjpNtfg; ghij> ngw;Nwhy;>
fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epiyak;> nfhOk;G - jpUNfhzkiy flw; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;
ghij> kpd;rhuj; njhl&e;JJ.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 Nghf;Ftuj;J vDk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg; ngaupLthu;.
 nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 24 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 6.5.1:

glk; A

glj;jpw;F
nghUj;jkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 25 juk; 11
glk; B

glj;jpw;F
nghUj;jkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 26 juk; 11
glk; C

glj;jpw;F
nghUj;jkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 27 juk; 11
glk; D

glj;jpw;F
nghUj;jkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 28 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr; N ritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw; W tzpf
eltbf;i ffisr; nraw;g Lj;J k; Kiw njhlu;g hd
mbg; g ilawptpidf; fl; b naOg; G thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.6 : cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tpahghuq;fspy; <LgLk; gpuptpdu;

fshtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis ntspg;
gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpwF
; k;> rpyy
; iw tpahghuj;jpwF
; kpilapyhd NtWghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tpahghuk;

cs;ehl;L
ntspehl;L

nkhj;j rpy;yiw ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp

gz;Gfs; NtWghLfs; gz;Gfs; cjhuzq;fs; cjhuzq;fs;

cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;:
xU ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; eilngWk; tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; ,t;tif
apDs; cs;slq;Fk;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuk;:
gz;Gfs;:  ,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpw;gid nra;jy; tpahghuk;.
 nghUl;fs; rpwpastpy; Njitg;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Efu;
Nthdpd; Njitfs; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.
 Efu;NthDf;F ,yFthfg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 29 juk; 11
  re;ijahdJ Efu;NthDf;F kpf mz;kpj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 gy;NtW tifg; nghUl;fs; fhzg;gly;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:  Efu;NthDf;Fj; Njitahd ehshe;j Njitfisg; g+u;jj
; p
nra;jy;.
nkhj;j tpahghuk;:
kPs tpw;gid nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpahghukhFk;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:
 kPs tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk;.
 ghupastpy; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;gid nra;jYk;.
 xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; myFf;fhd tpiy Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
 njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghUspd; msTfSld; khj;jpuk; njhlu;GilaJ.

nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;:

rpy;yiw tpahguk; nkhj;j tpahghuk;

 ,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpwg

; id ,lk;  kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
ngWk;. tpw;gid ,lk;ngWk;.
 gy;NtW tiffisf; nfhz;l  tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf nghUl;fspd;
nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;. tiffs; fhzg;gLk;.
 nghJthf tpiy mjpfkhf  nghJthf tpiy Fiwthff;
,Uf;Fk;. fhzg;gLk;.
 nghJthff; fopTfs; toq;fg;  nghJthf fopTfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
gLtjpy;iy.

ntspehl;L tpahghuk;:
xU ehL Vida ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpahghukhFk;. ,jid ,wf;Fkjp>
Vw;Wkjp vd ,Utifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;:

,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp

czTg;nghUl;fs; ijf;fg;gl;l Mil

Mil tif (%yg;nghUs;) Njapiy
Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; ,wg;gu;
,ae;jpuk; Njq;fha;j; JUty;
kpd;rhu cgfuzq;fs; thridj; jputpaq;fs;
NfhJik kh ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs;
kUe;J tiffs; fhuPak;
ghy; kh lau; (Lotus)
vz;nza;
eWkzg;nghUl;fs;
lau;
jq;fk;
gyif
rPnke;J
,Uk;G

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 30 juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;f tpw;gid
afj;jpypUe;J khztnuhUtUf;F mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;>
mr;rq;fj;jpdhy; mt;tg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jp
epWtdnkhd;wpypUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

 ,jw;fika rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fis vspik

ahd Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;. NkNy Fwpgg; plg;gl;l mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis
ntspehnlhd;wpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjhapd; ntspehl;L tpahghuj;Jld;
njhlu;Gwf;$ba KiwfisAk; tpgupf;fTk;.

 ,izg;G 6.6.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;ij

khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; mtu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

 khztu;fsJ tpilfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ghl tplaq;fs; ntspg;gL

khW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izg;G 6.6.1:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

(1) cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpahghu epiyaq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;ba

nyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
(2) mt;tl;ltizapD}lhf nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpw;gidafq;fshf mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;jp vOJq;fs;.
(3) mt;thW mtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gilfs;
vit vdf; $Wf.
(4) rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fSf;Fupa gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
(5) Nkw;fhl;ba mtjhdpg;gpD}lhf rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
(6) Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;fhd %d;W cjhuzq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd ehd;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 31 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj; J tj; j pd; mbg; g ilj; j pwd; f is
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;f isg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUf;fis vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
 Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg; ngaupLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

Kfhikj; J tk;
mwpKfk; fl; L g;g Lj; j y;

fUkq;fs; xOq;f ikj;j y;

jpl; l kply; newpg; g Lj; J jy;

Kfhikj;Jtk;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis / ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L tsq;fis
tpidj;jpwdhfTk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; gad;gLj;Jk; El;g KiwNa
“Kfhikj;Jtk;” vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tsq;fspypUe;J cr;r mstpyhd
gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tpidj;jpwd; vdTk;> Fwpjj
; fhyj;jpDs; Fiwe;j
nryTld; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy; tpisjpwd; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;;.

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;:
 jpl;lkply;
 xOq;fikj;jy;
 newpg;gLj;Jjy;
 fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 32 juk; 11
 jpl;lkply;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk;> mt;thW jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l
me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwiaj;
jPuk
; hdpjj
; y; ~jpll
; kply;| vdg;gLk;. nghUj;jkhd jpll
; kplyhdJ vjpuf
; hyj;Jld;
tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

xOq;fikj;jy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L mjid mile;J nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; xg;gilf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa
~xOq;fikj;jy;| vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisf;
nfhz;L xt;nthU Nehf;fq;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
xJf;fPL nra;jy; xOq;fikj;jypy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

newpg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L
mjpfhuq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiw ~newpg;gLj;Jjy;| vdg;gLk;. mikg;gpd;
Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;
newpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpdhy; jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njit
ahd eltbf;iffs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wjh vd;gijj; Njbawpe;J> mt;thW ,lk;
ngwhjpUg;gpd; mjw;Fj; Njitahd gupfhu eltbf;iffis xOq;fikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwiaf; ~fl;Lg;gLj;jy;| vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ,izg;G 7.1.1
,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwapidf; fhl;Lk;
ml;ltizapD}lhf fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. mjD}lhf
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis ntspgg ; Lj;Jq;fs. ,jw;fhf
,izg;G 7.1.1 ,y; khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthf tpsq;FkhW ngupJgLj;jp
Kd;itf;fTk;.

 ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpYk; my;yJ Ntiyj;jpll ; nkhd;wpYk; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; J vdTk;> ,jw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;
gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; khztu;fSf;F vspikahd Kiwapy; njspTgLj;jTk;.
,q;F ghlrhiynahd;wpd; tFg;giwapy>; tpQQ ; hd Ma;T $lj;jpy>; E}yfj;jpy>;
rpw;Wz;br;rhiyapy;> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; tpisahl;L tpoh Nghd;witfspy;
Kfhikj;Jtk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpgg ; Lj;jTk;. mNjNghd;W tzpfq;
fshd rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyak;> itj;jparhiy Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Kfhikj;
Jtk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 33 juk; 11
  ,jidg; gw;wp kpfTk; $ba tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,izg;G
7.1.2 ,d; nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;. ,q;F ghlrhiyf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jiyg;Gf;fisj; jPuk; hdpff
; Tk;.

 khztu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;du; FOf;fspd; jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

 khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis kjpg;gPl;bw;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.

,izg;G 7.1.1:

ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;.

(1) jpl;lkply; (2) xOq;fikj;jy;

 ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; Nkw;fhl;ba Nehf;fq;fis epiw
jP u ; k hdpj; j y; . Ntw;W tjw;f hf ghlrhiynahd;
 rpwe;j ew;gpuirfis cUthf;Fjy;. wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuptpdu;fspilNa
 ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l fUkq;fs; gfpu;jy;. (gjtpfisg;
khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;. gpupj;J toq;f y;. )
 jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd; nfhz;l  mjpgu;
khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.  gFjpj;jiytu;
 #oiy Nerpf;Fk; khztu;fis  ghlj;jiytu;
cUthf;Fjy;.  ghlg; nghWg;ghrpupau;
 #oiy Nerpf;ff;$bajhd  khztu; jiytu;
mikg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; #oiy  tFg;Gj; jiytu;
cUthf;Fjy;.  vOJtpidQu;
 Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg;  mYtyf cjtpahsu;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; nghUj;j  fhtyhsp
khd topKiwfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
 tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b mjpgu;
 fiy tpohf;fs;
cg mjpgu; cg mjpgu;
 rka epfo;r;rpfs; (mgptpUj; j p) (epUthfk; )
 rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fsJ Ntiyj;
jpl;lq;fs; ghlj; jiytu; ghlj; jiytu;
 rpwe;j fw;wy; #oy; khztu; jiytu; khztu; jiytu;
 r%fj;jpw;F rpwe;j MNyhrid
fis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; tFg;Gj; jiytu; tFg;Gj; jiytu;
Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fs;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 34 juk; 11
 (3) newpg;gLj;jy; (4) fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
 xt;n thU gjtpfspdbg;gilapy;  ghlrhiynahd;wpy; Nehf;fq;
xg;g ilf;f g;g l;l Ntiyfis fis epiwNtw; W tjw;f hf
rupahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;wpf; Nkw;n fhs;s g;g l; l topKiwfs;
nfhs;t jw;F j; jiyikj;J rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngW
tj;ij Vw;W eltbf;i f Nkw; fpdw; jh vd;gjidj; Njbawpjy;
nfhs; s y; . fl;Lg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWk;.
 mjpgu; %yk; ghlrhiyia  md;whl Rj;jpfupg;G eltbf;if
newpg;gLj;Jjy;. fs; ,lk;ngWfpwjh vd;gjid
 Mrpupau; %yk; khztu;fis khztu; jiytu;fs; %yk; Njb
newpg;gLj;Jjy;. awpjy;.
 tFg;G khztu;fis tFg;Gj;  ghlrhiyapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; y;
jiytu; %yk; newpg;gLj;Jjy;. nrad;Kiwfs; cupathW ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidg; guPli
; rg;
ngWNgWfs; %yk; Njbawpjy;.
 ghlrhiyapy; ,y;y tpisahl;L
tpoh rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidj;
Njbawpjy;.

,izg;G 7.1.2:

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

 gpdt
; Uk; jiyg;Gf;fspypUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpid ,dq;fhzTk;.
 rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiyak;
 nerTj; njhopw;rhiy
 jdpahu; itj;jparhiy
 ghlrhiy tFg;giw

 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;wthW gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;f hd

jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;fhd ,lj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpdJ Nehf;fq;
fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwfisf; Fwpgg ; plL
; f;
fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epiyaj;jpd; / ,lj;jpd; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;
fhf mjpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 cq;fsJ epiyaj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; xOq;FKiwahf
vt;thW newpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Ntiyj;jpll; q;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngWfpdw
; jh? vd;gjid vt;thwhd
Kiwapy; Njbawpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 jiyg;Gf;Nfw;wthW cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fSf;fika
Kfhikj;Jtk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ? vd;gjid RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 35 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 7.1.3:

jpl;lkply;:
mikg;nghd;wpdJ Nehf;fq;fisj; jPuk
; hdk; nra;tjw;Fk;> mtw;iw epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd topKiwfisj; jPuk ; hdk; nra;Ak; topKiwNa
jpllkply; vdf; Fwpg; g plyhk; . jpl; l kplyhdJ vjpu; f hyj; J ld; tzpf
eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapid Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

xOq;fikj;jy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mikg;gpd; njhopy;
mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa xOq;fikg;G
vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fis mjdJ Nehf;fj;ij
mile;J nfhs;sf;$bathW xJf;Fjy; xOq;fikj;jy; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

newpg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F khdpl tsq;fisr;
rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L mjpfhuq;fis cUthf;Fk; nrad;
KiwNa newpg;gLj;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:
jPuk
; hdpff
; g;gl;l ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wjh vd;gjidj; Njbawpe;J> mit cupa Kiwapy; ,lk; ngwh
jpUg;gpd; Njitahd fUkq;fis xOq;fikg;Gr; nra;Ak; nray; KiwNa
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
 Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 36 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj; J tj; j pd; mbg; g ilj; j pwd; f is
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : re;ijg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;bidj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa cUg;gbfisg; ngaupLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

re;ijg;gLj;jy;

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; tpiy ,lk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

product Price Place Promotion

re;ijg;gLj;jy;:
kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ngWkjpfSld; $bajhd
nghUnshd;iw cUthf;fp toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| vdf;
Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;g q; f is epiwNtw; Wtjw;f hfg; nghUl;f isAk; >
NritfisAk;>
cw;gj;jpia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;>
tpiy Fwpj;jy;>
tpepNahfpj;jy;>
Nkk;gLj;jy;>
Nghd;w fUkq;fspd;NghJ tpUg;gq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;
g+u;jj
; p nra;jy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
midj;J tzpfq;fSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd vz;zf;fUthf
~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| mikfpd;wJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 37 juk; 11
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit:
,yf;Fr; re;ijapd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;Lr; rhjfkhd Jyq;fiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba
khwpfsJ njhFjpnahd;wpd; fyitNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;
gLk;.

tpUg;gq;fis g+u;jj
; p nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vjpug
; hu;fF
; k; Efu;Nthu;fisf; nfhz;l
njhFjpNa ~,yf;Fr; re;ij| vdf; fUjg;gLk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ
gpujhdkhf ehd;F gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;: Efug;gLtjd; / ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Njitfs;>

tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tifapy; re;ijapy; Kd;itf;
fg;gLk; ve;jnthd;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; vd miof;fg;
gLk;. mjhtJ> mit nghUs; my;yJ Nrit vDk;
tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.

tpiy: ahNjDk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritnahd;iwf; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;F Efu;Nthd; nrYj;Jtjw;F tpUk;Gk; gzg;
ngWkhdNk ~tpiy| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

,lk;: nghUs; my;yJ Nritapid Efu;NthUf;Fk; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;Fk; Kiw ~,lk;| vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Nkk;ghL: tzpfj;jpdhy; tpwg

; idia mjpfupff
; r; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; cgha topKiwfs; ~Nkk;gLj;jy;| vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

,j;Nju;rr; p kl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpfF
; k; NghJ ,izg;G
7.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpapd; glj;jpid khztu;fSf;F
Kd;itj;Jf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
 fyitf;Fupa gpupTfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. mjhtJ kdpj Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ ,q;F re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ vdTk;> mjd; gpujhd gpupTfshf>
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;>
tpiy>
,lk;>
Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gjid njspTgLj;jTk;.

 mjd; gpdd
; u; ,izg;G 7.2.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapid
Ak;> ,izg;G 7.2.2y; khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu;fSf;F
toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

 khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J (MrpupauJ tpUg;gj;jpdbg;gilapy;)

xU FOtpd; rhu;gpy; (ghy;khg; nghjp xd;W> Ngidnahd;W> Gj;jfnkhd;W)
Nghd;w cw;gj;jpfspy; xt;nthU nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 38 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 7.2.1:

,tw;iwr; re;ijg;gLj;J ,t;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUis

tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg; Efu;NthDf;F tpwg ; id
gLk; cgha topKiwfs; nra;jy; njhlu;ghf
vit? cw;gj;jpahsd; cw;gj;jp
  nra;Ak;NghJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
vit?

1 2 3 4 5
,jid Efu;NthDf;F  6 7 8 9  ,tw;wpw;F cw;gj;jp
tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhfg; ahsu; vt;thW tpiy
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 0 njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;>
Kiwfs; vit? fopT> gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba fhyk;>
Vida nfhLg;gdTfs;
vd;git ahit?

,izg;G 7.2.2:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

 re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit njhlu;ghd glj;jpd; tpsf;fj;jpid njspthfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff;
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
 cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;
 tpiy
 ,lk;
 Nkk;gLj;jy;
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j nghUSf;Fupa re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; cq;fsJ
jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghd gpdt
; Uk; tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpidr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fis re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitg;glj;jpd; / ghlE}ypd; Jiznfhz;L
Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.
 cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis Mrpupau; topfhl;bapdbg;gilapy;
tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 39 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 7.2.3:

c
tpepNahfpj;j y; w; juk;
g
miktplk; , gz;Gfs;
j;
,Ug; G
Nghf;Ftuj;J
 l
k;
jp
g;  tbtikg;G
nghjpaply;
cs;thq;fg;gLk; gFjp ngh tpahghuf;F wp
U msT
s; nghWg;G
re; i jg; Nritfs;
gLj; j y;
fyit

Nk
tpsk;guk; k; fopTfs;
jdpahu; tpw;gidfs; g nfhLg;g dTfs;
kf;fs; njhlu;G
tpw;gid Nkk;ghL
 L
j;
tp
iy  gl;bay; tpiy
fld; epge;jidfs;
j nfhLg;g dTfs;
y;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 40 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
 tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupjJ
; nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij / el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

epjpf; $ w; W f; f s;

tUkhdf; $ w; W epjp epiyikf; $ w;W

>

tpahghuf; fzf;F
>

,yhg el;lf; fzf;F

>

Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;

epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;:
fzf;fPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapd; ,Wjp tpisthf epjpf; $w;Wf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
,t;tifapy; tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; tUkhdf;$w;Wk; (tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F)
epjpepiyikf;$w;Wk; (Ie;njhif) jahupf;fg;gLk;.

tpahghuf; fzf;F:
tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpjj; fzf;fl P L
; f; fhy ,Wjpapy; nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lj;jpidf;
fzpgg; pLtjw;fhf tpahghuf; fzf;Fj; jahupff ; g;gLk;. ,jpy; tpwg
; id tUkhdq;
fSk;> ,t;tpwg ; id tUkhdq; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l tpwg ; idf;
fpuaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 41 juk; 11
tpahghuf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup

......................................................... tzpfk;
.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghuf; fzf;F

Muk;g ,Ug;G xxx tpw;gidfs; xxx

nfhs;tdTfs; xx
$l;Lf: cl;Rikf;$yp xx xx
xxx
fop: ,Wjp ,Ug;G (xx)
tpw;w ruf;fpd; fpuak; xxx

nkhj;j ,yhgk; (,yhg xx

el;l fzf;fpwF
; nfh/nr) xxx xxx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.1.1 ,y;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tzpfj; jfty;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fp ,U tzpfq;
fspd; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elj;jTk;.
 tzpfnkhd;wpd; nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLjYf;fhf
tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L tUkhdkhfpa tpw;gid tUkhdq;fSk;> mt;tpwg ; idg;
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l fpuaq;fs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;. ,q;F tpw;gidf; fpuaj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLk; Kiwapid khztu;fSf;F njspTgLj;jTk;;.
 gpd;du; tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspD}lhf tpahghuf;
fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupgg
; jpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;. ,jw;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
,izg;G 8.1.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspYk; MNyhridfspYk;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 khztu;fspdhy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs; rupah vd;gjid mwpe;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;. gpioahapd; mtw;wpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
 ,t;thwhd tifapy; gy gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,izg;G 8.1.1:
rhe;jd; tzpfk;

uk;ah tzpfk;
tpw;gid fs; nfhs; t dTfs; tpw;g idfs; nfhs;t dTfs;t;
&gh 100 000 &gh 60 000 &gh 75 000 &gh 60 000

cl;Rikf;$yp
&gh 25 000 cl; R ikf; $ yp &gh 25 000

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 42 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.1.2:

epY}fh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpwf

; hd jfty;fs
gpd;tUkhW:
&gh
tpw;gidfs; 150 000
2015.01.01y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 45 000
2015.12.31y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 15 000
nfhs;tdTfs; 88 000
cl;Rikf;$yp 2 000

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
 ,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gid tUkhdj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 ,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.
 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j ,yhgj;jpidf;
fzpg;gplTk;.
 ghlE}ypd; JizAld; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd
tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupf;fTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 Muk;g ,Ug;G> nfhs;tdTfs;> cl;Rikf;$yp> tpw;gidfs; vd;gdtw;iw
tpahghuf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.
 tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupjJ
; nkhj;j
,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 43 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpepNahfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 epu;thfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 epjp Vida nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 nkhj;j ,yhgj;Jld; Vida tUkhdq;fis ,izg;ghu;.
 tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
 Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk; %yjdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tUkhdf;$ w; W
(tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F)
>

tpahghuf; f zf; F
>

nkhj;j ,yhgk; / nkhj;j el;lk;

>

,yhgel;l f; fzf;F

- tpepNahfr; nryTfs; $l;L f:

- epu;thfr; nryTfs; Vida tUkhdq;f s;
- epjp> Vida nryTfs;

Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lk;

>

%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;W jy;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 44 juk; 11
,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; %yNk tzpfnkhd;wpd; cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgW
fzpgg; plg;gLk;. tzpfnkhd;W ,yhgk; cioj;Js;sjh? my;yJ el;lkile;Js;sjh
vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuf;
fzf;ifj; jahupj;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;s tUkhdq;fs; nryTfs; fzf;Ffis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupff; g;gLk;. tpahghuf; fzf;fpd;
%yk; ngwg;gl;l nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;Jld; epjpahz;Lf;fhd
tUkhdq;fs; nryTfis xg;gpLtjd; %yk; Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ Njwpa
el;lk; fzpf;fg;gLk;.
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup
Nfhriy tzpfk;
.....12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
&gh &gh &gh

20......01.01y; ,Ug;G xxx tpw;gidfs; xxx

nfhs;tdTfs; xx
$l;Lf:- cl;Rikf;$yp xx xx
xxx
fop:- .........12.31y; ,Ug;G (xx)
tpw;gidf;fpuak; xxx
nkh.,yhgk; (,yhgel;l fzf;fpwF;
nfh.nr.) xx
xxx xxx
tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
tpsk;gur; nryTfs; x nkh.,yhgk; fP.nfh.t. xx
nfhLj;j fopT x ngw;w fopTfs; x
tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk; x ngw;w juF x
mwtplKbahf; fld; x KjyPl;L tUkhdq;fs; x
Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T x xx

epu;t hfr; nryTfs;

fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk; xx
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs; x
epu;thfr; nryTfs; x
vOJfUtpfSk; mr;rbj;jYk; x
fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T x xx

epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;

tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b x
tq;fpf; fl;lzk; x
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b x xx
xxx
Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;
%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ. xx

xxx xxx

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 45 juk; 11
tUkhdf;$w;W khjpup:
......................................................... tzpfk;
.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdf;$w;W
&gh &gh &gh
tpw;gidfs; xxx
tpw;g idf;f puak;:
Muk;g ,Ug;G xx
nfhs;tdTfs; xx
$l;Lf: cl;Rik$ypfs; xx xx
xx
,Wjp ,Ug;G (xx)
tpw;gidf; fpuak; xx (xx)
nkhj;j ,yhgk; xx
Vida tUkhdq;fs; xx
fop:- tpepNahfr; nryTfs; xx
tpsk;gur; nryTfs; x
nfhLj;j fopT x
tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk; x
mwtplKbahf; fld; x
Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T x x

epu;t hfr; nryTfs;

fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk; x
x
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs;
x
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
x
vOJfUtpfSk; mr;rbj;jYk;
x x
fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;

x
tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b
x
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b x
x (xx)
tq;fpf; fl;lzk;
Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ xx

tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F

tpahghuf; fzf;ifAk; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;ifAk; jdpj;jdpahfj; jahupg;gJ
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;whYk;> nghJthf tzpfq;fs; tpahghu> ,yhg
el;lf; fzf;Ffisj; njhlu;r;rpahfj; jahupf;Fk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ
,izg;G 8.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; jfty;fs; kPJ
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupgg; jpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
 gpdd
; u; ,izg;G 8.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpid khztu;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfs; rupahditah vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;J toq;fg;gl;l
jfty;fspD}lhf tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; njhlu;r;rpahditahfj;
jahupg;gjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 46 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.2.1:
Rtu;zh tzpk;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j
tUlj;jpw;fhd guPl;ir kPjp

fzf;fpd; ngau; tuT nryT

&gh &gh

fhR kPjp 6 000 -

tq;fp kPjp 3 000 -
rpy;yiwf; fhR kPjp 100 -
fl;llk; 20 000 -
,Ug;G 2015.01.01 4 000 -
nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000 -
tq;fpff
; ld; - 15 000
tpw;gidfs; - 55 000
fld;gl;Nlhu; 12 000 -
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; - 20 000
nfhLj;j fopT 2 000 -
ngw;w fopT - 4 000
rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500 -
jsghlk; 15 000 -
fhg;GWjp 1 200 -
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800 -
kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000 -
Vida tUkhdq;fs; - 1 500
vOJfUtpfs; 500 -
tq;fpf; fl;lzk; 900 -
fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy; 2 000 -
Nkhl;lhu; 25 000 -
%yjdk; - 35 000
tpsk;gur; nryTfs; 1 000 -
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b 500 -
130 500 130 500

ftdpf; f Tk; : - nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; tpwg

; id nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sd.

,izg;G 8.2.2:
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;:

(1) guPli
; r kPjpapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tUkhdq;fis nryTfs; ntt;Ntwhf tifg;
gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

(2) tpw;gidf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLf.

(3) nryTg;gl;baiyg; gpdt

; Uk; Jiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
 epu;thfr; nryTfs;
 epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 47 juk; 11
 (4) ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fpilmikg;G khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp 2015.12.31
Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpid
jahupf;fTk;.
(5) ,t;tzpfj;jpd; epjpahz;bd; Njwpa ,yhgj;jpid my;yJ Njwpa el;lj;jpid
%yjdf; fzf;fpwF ; khw;Wtjw;fhd FwpgN
; gl;Lg; gjptpid vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
(6) tFg;gpYs;s Vida khztu;fspdhy; fzpgg ; plg;gl;l Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ
el;lj;Jld; ckJ tpilahdJ rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpll; wpAq;fs;.
(7) tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; jfty;fis tUkhdf;$w;wpd; %yk;
(epiyf;Fj;J tbtpy;) Kd;itf;fTk;.

tpilfs;:

(1) tUkhdq;fs; &gh nryTfs; &gh

ngw;w fopTfs; 4 000 nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000
Vida tUkhdq;fs; 1 500 2015.01.01 ,y; ,Ug;G 4 000
nkhj;j ,yhgk; 21 000 nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000
26 500 rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1200
(2) tpw;gidf;fpuak; &gh Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800
2015.01.01 ,Ug;G 4 000 kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000
nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000 vOJfUtpfs; 500
34 000 tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900
fl;llg; gOJghu;jj
; y; nryTfs; 2 000
tpsk;gur; nryTfs; 1 000
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b 500

(3) epu;thfr; nryTfs; &gh

rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1 200
kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000
vOJfUtpfs; 500
fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy;
nryTfs; 2 000
10 200
tpepNahfr; nryTfs; &gh epjp kw;Wk; &gh
nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000 Vida nryTfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800 tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900
tpsk;guk; 1 000 tq;fpf; fld;tl;b 500
3 800 1 400

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 48 juk; 11
(4) Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j
tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F

&gh &gh &gh &gh

2015.01.01y; ,Ug;G 4 000 tpw;g idfs; 55 000

$l; L f: nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000
tpw;gidf;f puak; 34 000
nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.nr. 21 000
55 000 55 000
tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000 nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.t. 21 000
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800 ngw;w fopTfs; 4 000
tpsk;guk; 1 000 3 800 Vida tUkhdq;fs; 1 500 5 500

epu;t hfr; nryTfs;

rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1 200
kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000
vOJfUtpg; nghUl;fs; 500
gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs; 2 000 10 200

epjp kw;Wk; Vida

nryTfs;
tq;fpf; fl;lzk; 900
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b 500 1 400
15 400
Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf; 11 100
fzf;f pw; F khw;wpaJ
26 500 26 500

(5) ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F tuT 11 100

%yjdf;fzf;F nryT 11 100

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 tUkhdf;$w;wpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ij ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpwF
; khw;Wthu;.
 Fwpj;j tUkhdk; nryTfis ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfnkhd;wpd; tUkhdf;$w;wpidj;
jahupg;ghu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 49 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.3 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisAk; ngw

Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ml;LW / epYit mbg;gilapid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
 epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
 epjpahz;Lf;Fupa ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;

^
ml;LW mbg;gilapy;

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;

c+k;:  nrYj;jNtz;ba epWtd thlif c+k;:  ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif

 nrYj;jNtz;ba kpd;fl;lzk;  ngwNtz;ba juFf; fl;lzk;

ml;LW mbg;gil:
tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpjj ; epjpahz;Lf;Fupa cz;ikahd tUkhdq;fSk; nryT
fSk; fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;lhYk;> ngwg;glhtpbDk;> fhrhf nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk;>
nrYj; jg; glhtpl; lhYk; > Fwpj; j epjpahz; L f; F upajhf ,Ug; gpd; Njwpa
,yhgj;ijf; fzpgg ; pLk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ml;LW
mbg;gilahFk;.

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs;:

epjpahz;bw;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;bd; ,Wjp tiu nrYj;jg;
glhjpUf;Fk; nryTfs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpthdJ
Fwpj;j nrytpdf; fzf;F tuT
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdf; fzf;F nryT
fhuzk; : - Fwpj;j nryTfs; mjpfupg;gjdhy; ~tuthf| ,Ug;gJld;> Fwpj;j
epYitr; nryTfs; nghWg;nghd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ ~nrythf|
mikAk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 50 juk; 11
 ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;:
epjpahz;Lf;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;L ,Wjp tiuapy; NjwhJs;s
tUkhdq;fs; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpT

ngwNtz;ba tUkhdf;fzf;F tuT

Fwpj;j tUkhdf; fzf;F nryT

fhuzk; : - ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; nrhj;jhf ,Ug;gjdhy;. nrhj;J mjpfupgG

;
tuthfTk;> tUkhdq;fs; mjpfupgg
; jdhy;> mt;tUkhdq;fs; nrythf
Tk; mikAk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ,izg;G 8.3.1y;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa
gl;banyhd;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp khjhe;j nkhj;j tUkhdq;f s;
nrytpdq;fis fzpgg ; jw;fhf mtu;fisr; rpej
; idf; fpswnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;t
jpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;. khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; xOq;FgLj;jp
vOjTk;.
 ,jd; gpd;du; khztu; Jyq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Nkw;fhl;ba tPl;bd;
[dtup khjj;jpwf
; hd nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfisf; fzpgg
; jw;F ,Jtiu
apy; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; vd;gtw;iwr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 mt;tPl;bd; ,yhgj;ij kPz;Lk; fzpg;gplTk;.
 ,izg;G 8.3.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fpU\;zh tzpfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;baiy khztu;fSf;F toq;fp> mjid thrpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
 ,r;nraw;ghL ehd;F gbKiwfspdbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jw;fika
xU gbKiw Kbtile;jjd; gpd;du;> ,uz;lhtJ gbKiwia Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;
KiwfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; MNyhridfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 tpil vOJk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.3.3y; fhl;lg;gl;l Kiwf;fika ml;ltiz
nahd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
mt;thwpd;Nwy; ePq;fs; xU gpujp nra;j gbtnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 KjyhtJ tpdhtpw;F tpil mspj;j gpd;du; mt;NtisapNyNa ,izg;G
8.3.4y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,jw;fhd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; khztu;fis
<Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 khztu; tpilfsJ rup. gpiofis cWjp nra;jjd; gpd;du; mtw;wpy; gpiofs;
,Ug;gpd; rup nra;tjpy; <LglTk;.
,k;KiwfSf;Nfw;g gbKiw xOq;fpwf
; ika Fwpj;j xt;nthU tpdhf;fSf;Fk;
tpilia vOjp rupahd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpYk; rup nra;tjpYk;
khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 51 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.3.1:

tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk; ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay;:

 [dtup khjj;jpw;F nrYj;jpa kpd;rhuf; fl;lzj; njhif &gh 12 000 MFk;.
mk;khjj;jpw;fhf NkYk; 1 000 &gh nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.

 khjk; &gh 5 000 tPjk; thliff;F tplg;gl;l tPl;bw;F &gh 4 000 kl;LNk
fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,izg;G 8.3.2:

fpU\;zhtpd; tzpfk;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:

(A) khjk; &gh 2 500 fhg;GWjpj; jtizf; fl;lzj;jpy; tUlj;jpDs; nrYj;jg;gl;l

fhg;GWjp fl;lzj; njhif &gh 25 000 MFk;.

(B) tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; fl;llj;jpd; khjhe;j thlif &gh 15 000

MFk;. tUlj;jpDs; &gh 150 000 thlif nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(C) tzpfj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpnahd;W khjhe;jf; Fj;jif &gh 10 000

tPjk; ,d;ndhU tzpfnkhd;wpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tUlj;jpDs; ngw;w
nkhj;jj; njhif &gh 100 000 khFk;.

(D) NtW tzpfnkhd;wpw;F Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W &gh 60 000 khjhe;j

thlif apdbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mjd; %yk; mt;tUlj;jpDs;
ngw;w Nkhl;lhu; thlif tUkhdk; &gh 500 000 khFk;.

,izg;G 8.3.3:
tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

1k; tpdh:
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “  ” vDk; milahsj;ij
,lTk;.

nfhLf; f y; nrYj;j g;g l Ntz;b a ngwNtz; b a

thq; f y; nrytpdnkhd; w hFk; tUkhdnkhd; w hFk;
A

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 52 juk; 11
2k; gbKiw:

2k; tpdh:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fSld; nrk;ikahf;fg;glNtz;ba

ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

nfhLf;fy; nrk; i kahf; f g; g l Ntz;b a

thq;fy;fs; nfhLf;f y; thq;f y;f s; (ngWkhdj;Jld;)
A

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

3k; gbKiw:

rupahd ,ul;ilg; gjpT.

nfhLf; f y; tuT itf;f g;gl nryT itf;f g;gl

thq;f y; f s; Ntz;b a fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;b a fzf;F (&gh)
A

C
D

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 53 juk; 11
4k; gbKiw:

,t;tpul;ilg; gjptpid NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wf.

nfhLf;fy; fzf;Ffs;
thq;fy;fs;

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 54 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.3.4:

khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpilfslq;fpa ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

1k; tpdh: nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “  ” vDk; mil

ahsj;ij ,lTk;.

nfhLf; f y; nrYj;j g;g l Ntz;b a ngwNtz; b a

thq;f y; f s; nrytpdnkhd; w hFk; tUkhdnkhd; w hFk;
A 

B 

C 

D 

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

2k; gbKiw

2k; tpdh:

nfhLf; f y; nrk;i kahf;f g;g l Ntz;b a ngWkhdq;f s;

thq;f y; f s;
A nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; &gh 5 000

B nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll thlif &gh 30 000

C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdk; &gh 20 000

D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdk; &gh 220 000

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 55 juk; 11
3k; gbKiw:
3k; tpdh:

nfhLf; f y; tuT itf;f g;gl nryT itf;f g;gl

thq; f y; Ntz;b a fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;b a fzf;F (&gh)

A fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; nrYj;j Ntz;ba

fzf;F &gh 5 000 fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf;
fzf;F &gh 5 000

B fl;ll thliff; fzf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll

&gh 30 000 thliff; fzf;F
&gh 30 000

C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F

tUkhdf; fzf;F &gh 20 000
&gh 20 000

D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf;

thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F fzf;F &gh 220 000
&gh 220 000

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

4k; gbKiw:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjpTfis NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wjy;.

fhg;GWjpf; fl;l zf; fzf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba

&gh &gh
fhg;GWjpf; fl;l zf; fzf;F
fhR 25 000 &gh &gh
nr.Nt.fh.f/F 5 000 fhg; GWjp 5 000

fl;l l thliff; fzf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba

&gh &gh fl;ll thliff; fzf;F
fhR 150 000 &gh &gh
nr.Nt.th.f/F 30 000 thliff; 30 000
fzf; F
Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F
&gh &gh &gh &gh
fhR 100 000 Fj; j iff; 20 000
ng.Nt.F.f/F 20 000 fzf; F

ngwNtz;ba
Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F
&gh &gh &gh &gh
fhR 500 000 Nkhl;lhu; 220 000
ng.Nt. 220 000 tUkhdf;
Nkhl;lhu;.f/F fzf; F

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 56 juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 ml;LW epYit mbg;gilia tpgupg;ghu;.
 nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpid
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpidr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 57 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.4 : epjpahz;Lf;F upa mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;i kg;

gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
 mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjptpid
Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

mwtplKbahf; fld;

fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrytpdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

nrhj;Jf; FiwtilAk;.

tpepNahfr;nryTfs; mjpfupf;Fk;.

mwtplKbahf;fld;:
fld;gl;NlhuplkpUe;J flid mwtpLjy; ,ayhJ vd cWjpahf mwpag;gl;ljd;
gpd;du; mf;fld; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtplKbahf; fldhfg; gjptopf;fg;gLk;.
mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ tzpfj; jpd; nrytpdnkhd; whff; fUjg;g Lk;.
fld;gl;Nlhu; kuzkiljy;> Kwptiljy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; gzk;
fpilf;fhjpUg;gpd; tzpfj;jpw;F mwtplKbahf; fld; vDk; nrytpdnkhd;W
Vw;gLk;. NtW tifapy; Fwpg;gpLtjhdhy; fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrhj;Jf; Fiw
tilAk;. ,jw;fika Fwpg;Ngl;by; gpd;tUkhW ,ul;ilg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.

,ul;ilg;gjpT tpsf;fk;

mwtplKbahf; fld; fzf;F tuT mwtplKbahf;fld; nry

fld;gl;Nlhu; fzf;F nryT nthd;whFk;.
nryT mjpfupjj ; y; tuthFk;.
fld;gl;Nlhu; nrhj;njhd;whFk;.
nrhj;Jf; Fiwjy; nrythFk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 58 juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ,j;Nju;rr
; p kl;lj;jpwF
; Vw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpfF
; k; nghOJ
gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LglTk;.

“tzpfnkhd;W flDf;F tpw;gid nra;jjd; %yk; ngwNtz;ba gzkhdJ

cWjpahff; fpilf;fg; ngwhJ vdj; njupatupd; mjw;F vd;d nra;a KbAk;”.

 ,g; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtpl Kbahf; fldhff; fUjp> tzpfj;jpd; nrytpd

nkhd;whf gjpT nra;ag;gLk; vd tpsf;fTk;.

 ,e;epiyikapid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;

gl;l khztu; MNyhridg;gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 8.4.1:
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
 gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpla Ma;tpd;
kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.
 tpla Ma;T I
 tpla Ma;T II
 tpla Ma;T III
 cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpypUe;J rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk;.
 tpla Ma;tpypUe;J Nknyof;$ba gpur;rpidfspd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
fhuzq;fs; vit vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 mg;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;gg
; jw;F cq;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jPu;Tfs; vit
vdf; $Wf.
 ,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgw;wpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;
Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 cq;fsJ gpur;rpidiaf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfisAk;
NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

,izg;G 8.4.2:
tpla Ma;T - I

Mde;jd; Kjyhsp “Mde;jh ];Nlhu;];” vDk; ngaupy; tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr;

nry;fpwhu;. mtu; cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp jd;dhy; ed;fwpe;jtu;fSf;F flDf;Fk;
tpwg
; id nra;tJz;L. flDf;F tpwg ; id nra;ag;gl;l guprr
; akhd thbf;ifahsu;
fsplkpUe;J &gh 20 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ue;jJ.

ry;khd; vDk; jdJ thbf;ifahsnuhUtu; ,Uja Nehapd; fhuzkhf jpBnud

,we;J tpl;likapdhy; mtuplkpUe;J ngwNtz;ba 4 000 &ghtpid mwtpl;Lf;
nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 59 juk; 11
tpla Ma;T - II

Fkhupd; tzpfkhdJ cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;tJld; flDf;fhd tpwg
; idfspd; ngWkhdk; &gh 35 000 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; &gh 80 000 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

tzpfj;jpd; fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd jPgdpd; Kiwaw;w gof;ftof;fq;fspd; fhuzkhf

mtu; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;
toq;fg;gl;l jPug
; n
; ghd;wpd; %yk; ,tu; Kwptile;jtu; vd;gJ cWjpahfptpl;lJ.
tzpfj;jpw;F mtuplkpUe;J &gh 1 000 fpilf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

tpla Ma;T - III

jduh[; Kjyhsp cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid

nra;Ak; tzpfuhthu;. fld; tpw;gid %yk; ngwNtz;ba fhR &gh 24 000
vdTk;> cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; %yk; &gh 60 000 ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;
fzf;F ,ypfpju; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd fkhy; vd;gtu; ePz;l fhykhfj; jiykiwthfp cs;shu;.

mtuplkpUe;J &gh 4 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ug;gjhf fzf;F ypfpjuhd milf;fyehjd;
Kjyhspf;F mwptpj;J tpl;lhu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;
 ,izg;G 8.4.1 ,d; gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 mwtplKbahf; fld; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %d;wpid Kd;itg;ghu;.
 mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jk; ehl;Fwpg;ig Kd;itg;ghu;.
 mwtplKbahf; flidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.
 mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ ,yhgj;jpYk;> nrhj;Jf;fspYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;
jpid Kd;itg;ghu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 60 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.5 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;
fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;fpD}lhfg; ngWkhdj; Nja;itf; fzf;Ffspy;
gjpT nra;thu;.
 ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpidj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;fhd Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd

fhuzq;fs; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;

>fhyk; fle;jitahjy;
> ngsjPf mopTfs; fpuak; ,opTg; gad;jU
> ghtidf; fopT ngWkhdk; MAl; fhyk;
> goikahjy;

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;:

kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fpd;wp tzpfj;jpd; cw;gj;jp my;yJ epu;thf eltbf;if
fSf;fhf ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiway;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. fl;llk;> ,ae;jpuhjpfs;> Nkhl;lhu;> jsghl
cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;witfs; tzpfj;jpd; ePzl ; fhyj; Njit fUjpg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; nrhj;Jf;fshFk;. fhyq; flg;gjdhy; my;yJ gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; gad;jU
MAl;fhyg; gFjpfspy; nrhj;jpd; FiwtilAk; ngWkjpahdJ nkhj;jg; ngWkhdj;
Nja;T vdg;gLk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 61 juk; 11
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;  fhyf;fopT / fhyq; fle;jitahjy;.

ngsjPff; fhuzpfs;  mopTWjy;> mupj;jy;> JUg;gpbj;jy;.

Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; Nja;tpidf; fzpj;jy;:

xU tUlj;jpw;fhd ngWkhdj; fpuak; - ,opTg; ngWkhdk;

=
Nja;Tg; ngWkhdk; nrhj;jpd; gad;jU MAl;fhyk;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfs;:

ngWkhdj; Nja;Tf; fzf;F tuT

ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;F nryT

(ftdpf; f Tk; : f.ngh.j rhjhuz ju kl;lj;jpy; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;

fSf;F g; ngWkhdj; Nja; t ply; > Neu;N fhl; L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj;
Nja;tpLjy;> ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf;Ff; fzf;F itj;jy; vDk; %d;W tplaq;fs;
kl;Lk; vspikahff; fye;Jiuahlg;gLjy; NghJkhdJ.)

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F
toq;fTk;.

“,w;iwf;F Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; 200 000 &ghtpw;Ff;

nfhs;tdT nra;j Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd;
jw;Nghija epiy vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;”

 khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; Kiwahf vOJq;fs;.

 ,jD}lhfg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspfn ; fhzu;tjw;F
Kaw;rpf;fTk;.
 ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpT nra;a Ntz;LnkdTk;> mjidg;
gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjptpid Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; topfhl;lTk;.
 ngWkhdj;Nja;T njhlu;ghf NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.5.1 ,d;
tpla Ma;tpidAk;> ,izg;G 8.5.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;jpidAk;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 khztu;fs; Jyq;fy;fis ntspgg ; Lj;jpajd; gpdd
; u; mit njhlu;ghff; fzf;F
itg;G Kiwapidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 62 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.5.1:
tpla Ma;T
fhq;Nfrd;JiwapYs;s fjpuf ; hku; rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiy
nahd;wpw;F cupikahsuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. mtu; jdJ cw;gj;jp eltbf;if
fSf;fhf ,ae;jpunkhd;W &gh 30 000 j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tsT nra;jhu;. mt;tpae;
jpuj;jpid Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd me;epWtdj;jpdhy;
cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ie;J tUl ,Wjpapd; gpd;du; mt;tpae;jpuj;jpid
&gh 5 000 j;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;a KbAnkd mtu; fUJfpd;whu;.

%yg;nghUl;fis njhopw;rhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf if coT ,ae;jpu

nkhd;W &gh 80 000j;jpwF; f; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tzpfj;jpdJ fUj;Jg;gb
mjidg; gj;J tUlq;fs; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. gj;J tUl ,Wjpapy;
&gh 10 000j;jpwF
; tpwg
; id nra;tjw;F mtu; vz;Zfpwhu;. tzpfk; tpuptilAk;
nghOJ ,t;coT ,ae;jpuj;jpid tpw;gid nra;J Gjpa nyhwpnahd;iw
thq;Ftjw;F mtu; vz;zpAs;shu;.

,izg;G 8.5.2:

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
 gpdt
; Uk; jiyg;GfspypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpwF
; f; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp ,ae;jpuk;
 if coT ,ae;jpuk;
 tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpwF
; upa nrhj;Jf;fs; vj;Njit fUjpf; nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 nrhj;njhd;iw ePz;lfhyg; gad;ghl;bd; gpd;du; mr;nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghf cq;fshy; ahJ $wKbAk;.
 cq;fsJ tpilf;Fupa fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 Fwpjj
; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdk; Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
Kd;itf;fTk;.
 Fwpj;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzpg;gplTk;.
 ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd FwpgN
; gl;Lg; gjpTfisf;
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fzf;Ffspy; gjpe;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

,ae;jpuf; fzf;F ,ae;j pug; ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf; fzf;F

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;ghl;L f; fzf;F

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 63 juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
 Fwpj;j ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;njhd;W Nja;TWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; nrhj;njhd;wpd; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidg; NgNul;Lf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.
 tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; Fwpj;j nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 64 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.6 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgj;jd;ikiaAk; epjp epiyikiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
tpNrl fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; / Ie;njhifapy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.
 epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; / Ie;njhifapd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw my;yhjit>
eilKiwahdit vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 epjpepiyikf;$w;iw / Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif

fUj;Jf; $wy;
cs;slf;fk;
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;
nrhj;Jf;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;
eilKiwr; nghWg;Gf;fd; cupik
nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiw my;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;
cupikahsupd;
cupik
cjhuzq; f s; : ePzl
; fhy
KjyPLfs; eilKiw
 tq;fp kPjp
my;yhg;
 fhR
nghWg;Gf;fs;
 ruf;fpUg;Gf;fs; Mjdk; nghwp
 fld;gl;Nlhu; cgfuzq;fs;
eilKiwg; %yjdk;
 fpilf;fNtz;ba
tUkhdq;fs; nghWg;Gf;fs;

tq;fpf;fld;
cjhuzq; f s; : cjhuzq; f s; :
 fhzp  fld;nfhLj;Njhu;
gw;Wf;fspdhy;
 fl;llk;  nrYj;jNtz;ba
%yjdk;
 Nkhl;lhu;; nryTfs;
FiwtilAk;.
 ,ae;jpuk;

Njwpa ,yhgj;jpdhy; Njwpa el;lj;jpdhy;

%yjdk; mjpfupf;Fk;. %yjdk;
FiwtilAk;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif
Fwpgg
; pll
; jpfjpapy; tzpfnkhd;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vd;gtw;wpd;
ngWkjpfisf; fhl;Lk; $w;W epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif vdg;gLk;.
tUkhdf; $w;wpidj; jahupjj ; jd; gpdd; u; vQ;rpAs;s midj;Jf; fzf;F kPjpfSk;
mjhtJ nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vDk; kPjpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif jahupf;fg;gLk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 65 juk; 11
 epjpepiyikf; $w;wpd; khjpupaikg;G fpilaikg;G> epiyf;Fj;J tbtq;fspy;
KiwNa gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLk;.
......................................................... tzpfj;j pd;
.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;W
njhif f pu ak ; j p u z ; l Njwpa
(&gh) (&gh) ngWkhdj; n g W k j p
Nja;T (&gh)
(&gh)

cupikahz; i k eilKiw my;yhr;

%yjdk; xxx xxx nrhj; J f; f s;
$l; L f: fhzpAk; fl;llKk; xxx xx xxx
Njwpa ,yhgk; xx xx ,ae;jpu cgfuzk; xx xx xx
fopf; f : xxx xxx xx xxx
gw;Wf;fs; (xx) KjyPLfs; xx
xx
eilKiw eilKiwr;
my;y hg; nrhj; J f; f s;
nghWg;G f;f s; ,Ug;Gf;fs; xx
tq;fpff
; ld; xx fld;gl;Nlhu; xx
eilKiwg; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; xx
nghWg;G f;f s; tq;fp kPjp xx
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; x fhR kPjp xx
nrYj;j Ntz;ba
nryTfs; x xxx
xxx xxx

......................................................... tzpfj;j pd;

.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W
&gh &gh &gh
fpuak; jpuz; l ng.Nj Njwpa nfWkjp
eilKiw my;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;
fhzpAk; fl;llKk; xxx xxx xxx
,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs; xx xx xx
KjyPLfs; xxx xxx xx
eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs;
,Ug;Gf;fs; xx
fld;gl;Nlhu; xx
ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;
tq;fp kPjp xx
fhR kPjp xx xxx
nkhj;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs; xxx
%yjdKk; nghWg;G f;fSk;
%yjdf; fzf;F xxx
$l; L f: Njwpa ,yhgk; xx
xxx
fopf; f : gw;Wf;fs; (x) xxx
eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
tq;fpff
; ld; xx
eilKiwg; nghWg;G f;f s;
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; xx
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; x xx
xxx
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 66 juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk; fzf;fPl;Lr;
rkd;ghl;bidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp mjidg; gl;banyhd;whf Kd;itf;Fk;
Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpar; nra;aTk;.
nrhj;Jf;fs; = %yjdk; + nghWg;Gf;fs;
fl;llk; + fld;gl;Nlhu; + fhR
91 000 + 37 000 + 21 000 = 140 000 + 9 000
 ,izg;G 8.6.1w;Fupa up\;thd; tzpfj;jpdJ jfty;fis khztu;fSf;F
toq;fTk;.
 mf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jp tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;t
jw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fp ,izg;G 8.6.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;l
tizia toq;fTk;.
 mt;tl;ltizapd; KjyhtJ gbKiwf;fhf khztu;fSf;F tpilnaOJtjw;F
MNyhrid toq;fp mjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
 gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.6.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpil ml;ltizapypUe;J KjyhtJ
gbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J khztu;fspd; tpilAld;
xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW MW gbKiwfSk; KbAk; tiuapy; gbKiw gbKiwahf
khztu;fisf; nfhz;L tpilapidg; ngw;W xt;nthU gbKiwfSf;Fk;
Vw;wthW cq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; mtu;fis
<LgLj;jTk;.
,izg;G 8.6.1:
up]t
; hd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; fhzg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>
cupik vd;gd gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
&gh
fhzp 400 000
fl;llk; 200 000
,ae;jpuk; 300 000
Nkhl;lhu; 400 000
jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 150 000
KjyPL 100 000
2015.12.31y; ng.Nja;T Vw;ghL:
- fl;llk; 20 000
- ,ae;jpuk; 60 000
- Nkhl;lhu; 80 000
- jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 15 000

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000

fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000
tq;fp kPjp 65 000
fhR kPjp 34 000
tq;fpf; fld; 400 000
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000
ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif 6 000
2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000
Kbtile;j tUlj;jpd; Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000
gw;Wf;fs; 24 000

Nkw;fhl;ba jfty;fspD}lhf up];thd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy;

cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;wpidj; jahupf;fTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 67 juk; 11
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
 ,q;F cq;fSf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s tpilapid toq;Ftjw;fhd ml;ltiz
apy; gbKiw gbKiwahf tpdtg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.
 ,q;F KjyhtJ gbKiwf;F tpilaspff ; g;gl;ljd; gpdd
; u; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;
gl;l tpilAld; rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;.
 ,k;Kiwf;fika gbKiw gbKiwahf Mrpupaupd; MNyhridapd; fPo ;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;J nraw;ghl;by; <LglTk;.

,izg;G 8.6.2:
tpilaspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; jpuz;l ngWkhdj; Njwpa ngWkhdk;

nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) Nja;T (&gh) (&gh)

fhzp 400 000 - 400 000

fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000
,ae;jpuk; - 60 000 -
Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 - -
jsghl cgfuzq;fs; - - -
............. ............... .................
ePz;lfhy KjyPL .................

2k; gbKiw:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000

fld;gl;Nlhu; .............
ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif .............
tq;fp kPjp .............
fhR kPjp .............

3k; gbKiw:

(&gh)

2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000

$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; ................

fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)

2015.12.31y; %yjdk; .................

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 68 juk; 11
 4k; gbKiw:

eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh)

tq;fpff
; ld; ............

5k; gbKiw:

eilKiwhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

fld;nfhLj;Njhu; ............
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; ............ ............

6k; gbKiw:
up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;
2015.12.31 ,y; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W

(&gh) (&gh) eilKiw fpuak; n g W k hd j ; Njwpa

my ; y h r ; (&gh) Nja;T ngWkhdk;
n r hj ; J f ; f s ; (&gh) (&gh)

2015.01.01y; fhzp ............ ............ ............

%yjdk; ........... fl;llk; ............ ............ ............
,ae;jpuk; ............ ............ ............
(+) Njwpa ,yhgk; ........... Nkhl;lhu; ............ ............
............
jsghlk; ............ ............ ............
(-) gw;Wf;fs; ..........
2015.12.31y;
%yjdk; .......... KjyP L

eilKiw eilKiwr;
my; y hg; nrhj; J f; f s;
nghWg; G f; f s; ,Ug;Gf;f s; ............
tq; fpf;f ld; .......... fld;gl;Nlhu; ............
ngwNtz;b a ............
eilKiwg; fl;ll thlif
nghWg; G f; f s; tq;fp kPjp ............
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; ........... fhR kPjp ............ ............
nfhLf;fNtz; ba
kpd;fl;lzk; .......... ..........

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 69 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.6.2:
tpil njhlu;ghd ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Njwpa ngWkhdk;

nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh) (&gh)

fhzp 400 000 - 400 000

fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000
,ae;jpuk; 300 000 60 000 240 000
Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 80 000 320 000
jsghlk; 150 000 15 000 135 000
1 450 000 175 000 1 275 000
KjyPL 100 000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000

fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000
ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif 6 000
tq;fp kPjp 65 000
fhR kPjp 34 000
405 000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000

$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000
fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)
2015.12.31y; %yjdk; 1 325 000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

tq;fpff
; ld; 400 000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000 55 000

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 70 juk; 11
6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W
(&gh) eilKiw fpuak; jp uz ;l Njwpa
(&gh)
my ; y h r ; (&gh) n g W k hd j ; ngWkhdk;
n r hj ; J f ; f s ; Nja;T (&gh)
(&gh)

2013.01.01y; fhzp 400 000 400 000

%yjdk; 1 000 000 fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000
,ae;jpuk; 300 000 60 000 240 000
Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000 Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 80 000 320 000
jsghlk; 150 000 15 000 135 000
gw;Wf;fs; (24 000) 1 325 000 1 450 000 175 000 1 275 000
2013.12.31y;
KjyP L 100 000

eilKiw eilKiwr;
my; y hg; nrhj;Jf;fs;
nghWg; G f; f s; ,Ug;Gf;f s; 220 000
tq; fpf;f ld; 400 000 fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000
ngwNtz;b a
eilKiwg; fl;ll thlif 6 000
nghWg; G f; f s; tq;fp kPjp 65 000
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000 fhR kPjp 34 000 405 000
nfhLf;fNtz; ba 4 000 55 000
kpd;fl;lzk;
1 780 000 1 780 000

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;
 ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpthu;.
 epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw> ei;Kiway;yhj vDk; jiyg;G
fspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.

tUkhdf;$w;W> epjpepiyikf;$w;W vd;git mlq;fpa gapw;rpfs;

rpytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 71 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.7 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf$

; w;Wf;fisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;b ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;

Nehf;fq;fs;
cjhuzq;fs;

mq;fj;jtu;fspdJk;  rkar; rq;fq;fs;

r%fj;jpdJk;  ,isQu; fofq;fs;
eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;  tpisahl;Lf; fofq;fs;
 eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs;
 ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;

epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;

tUkhd topfs;
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;
fzf;F tUkhdr; nryTf;fzf;F
cjhuzq;fs;:
 mq;fj;Jtf;
fl;lzq;fs; fhR ngWtdTfSk;
fhRf; nfhLg;gdTfSk; epjpahz;Lf;Fupa
 ed;nfhilfs;
tUkhdq;fSk;
nryTfSk;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 72 juk; 11
 ,yhgNehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;:
,yhg Nehf;fpyy;yhJ r%f eyd;fis Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L elhj;jpr; nry;yg;
gLk; tpisahl;Lr; rq;fq;fs;> eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fs;> jUk epWtdq;fs;
Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;:

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F:
,J tzpf epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupff
; g;gLfpdw
; fhNrl;bd; RUf;fj;ij xj;jjhFk;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F:
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,f;fzf;fpidr; rkg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; kPjp Nkyjpfk; my;yJ FiwT vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J ml;LW
mbg;gilapy; jahupf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf ,J ,yhgNehf;f tzpfnkhd;wpd;
,yhgel;lf; fzf;fpid xj;jpUf;Fk;.
mq;fj;J tf;fl;l zk;:
tUlhe;jk; mq;fj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpdw
; J.
,r;re;jhthdJ ,t;tikg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd topnahd;whff; fhzg;gLk;.
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:

......................................... VL
......................... jpfjpapy; KbtilAk; tUlj;jpw;fhd
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F

ngWtdT &gh nfhLg;gdT &gh

fhR kPjp x thlif x
mq;fj;Jtr; re;jh x cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT x
ed;nfhilfs; x cgruizr; nryT x
nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;G x kPjp (fP.nfh.nr) x
xx xx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,r;nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ghlrhiy khztu; rq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngwf;
$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;F xj;jjhf nghJthf tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngwf;
$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;gpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J
,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fs; Ngzpr; nry;Yk;
fzf;FfSld; ngWtdTfs; nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gtw;iw fzf;F itj;jy;
njhlu;ghf vspikahd tifapy; mwpKf nkhd;iwr; nra;Aq;fs;.

 ,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty; gj;jpuj;jpid ed;whf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;

 ,izg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;wjd;

gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.7.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fzf;fpid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp
,izg;G 8.7.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; tpilaspf;FkhW
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

 NkYk; khztu;fspd; Njly;fis njspTgLj;jp nghUj;jkhdthW ghltplaq;

fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp itg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 73 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 8.7.1:
fy;Kid tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpd; 2015.12.31y; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpwf
; hd jfty;fs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
&gh
(1) nfhLg; g dTfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; 1 500
ghJfhtyu; rk;gsk; 7 500
jghw; fl;lzk; 500
tpisahl;Lg; nghUl; nfhs;tdT 2 000
nyhj;ju; rPlL
; mr;rply; nryT 2 000
fhg;GWjp 1 500

ngWtdTfs;
mq;fj;Jtu; re;jh 4 000
ed;nfhil 9 000
nyhj;ju; rPl;L tpw;gidfs; 5 000

(2) fhR kPjp 2015.01.01 ,y; &gh 2 000

(3) tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpy; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ vz;zpf;if 100 Ngu;fshf ,Ug;g
Jld; xUtuplkpUe;J tUlhe;j mq;fj;Jtf; fl;lzkhf &gh 50 mwtplg;gLk;.
(4) 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; rk;gsk;> fhg;GWjp vd;gtw;wpwF
; KiwNa &gh 500
tPjk; nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.

,izg;G 8.7.2:
fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fzf;fpy; Fwpj;j ,ilntspfspy; rupahd tpilapid
vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;F
&gh &gh
kP.fP.nfh.t. 2 000 .........
......... .........
......... .........
kP.fP.nfh.nr. .........

................ ...............

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
 ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupgg
; jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifj; jahupgg ; hu;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 74 juk; 11

.
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.8 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; tUkhdr; nryTf;

fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
 Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W

Nehf;fk; nryTfs;
tUkhdq;fs;

- thlif
- mq;fj;jtu; re;jh - kpd;rhuk;
- ed;nfhilfs; - Vida nryTfs;
- Vida tUkhdq;fs;;

Nkyjpfk; / FiwT

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W

 epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs; nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. epjpahz;bw;fhd Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf;
fzpg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl ,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 75 juk; 11
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:

................... epWtdj;jpd;
............. Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F

nryTfs; &gh &gh

tUkhdq; f s; :
mq;fj;jtu; fl;lzk; x
ngw;w ed;nfhil x
Vida tUkhdq;fs; x
gioa gj;jpupif tpw;gid x xx
nryTfs; :
thlif x
rk;gsk; x
kpd;rhuk; x
njhiyNgrp x (xx)
Nkyjpfk; / FiwT xxx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bw;FupathW ,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy;-
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bdbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; MNyhridfis ,q;F gpd;gw;wp
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

 ,t;thwhd Kiwapy; gapw;rpfs; gytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp nfhs;sy;

nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifAk;> tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifAk; jahupgg
; jpy; mtu;fis
<LgLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
 ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; 06 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 76 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd; w pd; epjpf;$ w; W f; f isj; jahupg;g hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.9 : cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpd; %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
 %yf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;jpid fzpg;ghu;.
 cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
 mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
 tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp mynfhd;
wpd; tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpf;Fk; Kiwapid vspikahf Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

fpuaj;jpd; $Wfs;

cw;gj;jpf;fpua tiffs;

Neupy; nryTfs; Neu;r; nryTfs;

Neupy;nghUs; Neupy; $yp Vida Neupy;

nryTfs;

cw;gj;jp
Nke;jiyf; fpuak; Neu;nghUs; Neu;$yp Vida Neu;
nryTfs;


nkhj;j
cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; < %y / Kjd;ikf; fpuak;


mynfhd;wpw;fhd
cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;


mynfhd;wpw;fhd
tpw;gid tpiy

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 77 juk; 11
tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; fpuaq;fis
cs;slf;fpajhf cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiznahd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.
Neu;r; nryTfs;: cw;gj;jp nghUnshd;Wld; Neubahf ,dq; fhzf;$ba
nryTfs;. ,r;nryTfs; Neupy; nghUl;fs;> Neupy; $ypfs;>
Vida Neupy; nryTfis cs;slf;Fk;.
Neu;nghUs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpapdN
; ghJ xt;nthU myF njhlu;
gpYk; njspthf ,dq;fhzf;$bajhd ngsjPf tsq;fspd;
ngWkhdkhFk;.
Neu;$yp: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; Neubahf gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk; $ypahFk;.
Vida
Neu; nryTfs;: nghUs; mynfhd;Wld; Neubahf ,dq;fhzf;$ba nghUs;>
ciog;G my;yhj Vida nryTfs;.
%yf;fpuak;: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; midj;J
Neu;r;nryTfspdJk; $l;Lj;njhifahFk;.
Neupy; nryTfs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpAld; Neubahf ,dq;fhz Kbahj
nryTfs;.

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak;:

cw;gj;jp mynfhd;Wld; njspthf ,dq;fhzKbahj> vdpDk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;jpd; rhu;gpy; Vw;gLk; nryTfs; cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd miof;fg;
gLk;. ,J Neupy; nryTfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = %yf;fpuak; + cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

Gj;jfnkhd;iw mr;rpLjYf;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

Neu;nghUl; fpuak; - fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R / tu;zik
Neu;$ypf; fpuak; - ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;FgtUf;fhd rk;gsk;
Vida Neu; nryTfs; - vOj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; gjpg;Gupik

mr;rply; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;fhd cuha;T vz;nza;

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; > Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk;
njhopw;rhiyapd; kpd;fl;lzk;
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuak; =
cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;Jld; ,yhg vy;iyiar; Nru;j;Nj

myfpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mg;nghOJ>

mynfhd;wpw;fhd = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + myfpw;fhd ,yhg vy;iy

tpw;gid tpiy cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 78 juk; 11
 cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiz:
&gh &gh
epjpahz; L f; F upa cw; g j; j pf; f puak;
Neu;nghUs; x
Neu;$yp x
Neu; Vida nryTfs; x
%yf;fpuak; / Kjd;i kf; fpuak; xx xx
,iwf; fl;lzk; x
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x
,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T x
cw; g j;j p Nke; j iyf;f puak; xx xx
nkhj;j cw;g j;j pf; f puak; xxx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ Mrpupau; Nkir /
fjpiu / fUk;gyif / mYkhup / Gj;jfk; / Ngid Nghd;w nghUl;fspd;
xd;iwg; ngaupl;L my;yJ mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,jid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;
fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J Neu;nghUs;> Neu;$yp>
Neu; Vida nryTfs;> nghJ Nke;jiyf;fpuakhfpa Neupy; fpuak; vDk;
cUg;gbfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

 ,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd msT Neuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

 ,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpidAk; ,izg;G 8.9.2w;Fupa

tpilapidj; jahupg;gjw;F MW gbKiwfisf; nfhz;l gj;jpuj;jpidAk;
khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

 xt;nthU gbKiwapYk; tpilnaOJk; nghOJ fye;Jiuahly; ,lk;ngwy;

Ntz;Lk;.

 Kjyhk; gbKiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpwF

; khztu;fspdhy; tpilaspfF ; k;
nghOJ Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ
gbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;g
jw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupau; jdJ KOikahd>
Mf;fuPjpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

 ,t;thW ,uz;lhk; gbKiwapypUe;J Mwhk; gbKiw tiuapy; khztu;fSf;F

tpilnaOJtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l
tpilapid khztu;fspd; tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupaupd;
Mf;fuPjpahd gq;Fgw;wyhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

 ,jw;fhf tpupjhs;fs; %yk; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpup

mikg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 79 juk; 11
 gbKiw nraw;ghL epiyfhl;b (fl;lis)

(1) fzpdpapd; Excell work sheet Start

xd;wpidj; jpwj;jy;. Ms Excell, work sheet
Neu;nghUs; x
(2) Excell work sheet xd;wpy; fpua Neu;$yp x
ml;ltiznahd;iwj;
jahupj;jy;. Neu; Vida nryTfs; x
%yf;f puak; xx
%yf;fpuak;> Nke;jiyf;fpuak; njhopwr; hiy ,iwf;fl;lzk; x
vd;gtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhif Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x
iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
() my;yJ (Sum) vDk; fl;lis ,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj; Nja;T x
iag; gad;gLj;jTk; cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; xx
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; xx
(3) myfpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf;
fzpgg; ply; = (nkhj;jf;fpuak;
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
vz;zpf;if) vd;gtw;iw cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
cs;slf;fpf; fl;lisapidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

,izg;G 8.9.1:

jr;Rj; njhopyhspahd tpkyd; gyiffisf; nfhz;L jsghlj;

njhopw;rhiynahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf &gh 120 000 nrytpl;L
jr;Rr; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j
Jld;> mjid elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf khjk; &gh 20 000 thlifapy;
fl;llnkhd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. jr;Rj; njhopwr
; hiyapy; Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhf jr;Rj; njhopyhsp xUtiuAk; fhtyhsp xUtiuAk;
khjk; 10 000 &gh rk;gsj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJld; rk;gskhdJ
cupathW nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

tpkyd; mYkhup cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf &gh 90 000 ngWkjpahd

Njf;Fg; gyiffis nfhs;tdT nra;jJld; 2015 [dtup khjj;jpy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l 10 mYkhupfSf;F jr;Rj; njhopyhspfF
; rk;gs
khf &gh 50 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W mYkhup tbtikg;gpw;
fhf &gh 10 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
mYkhupia nkU$l;Ltjw;fhf kzw;fljhrp> epwg; g+r;Rf;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F &gh 8 000 Kk; Mzpfs; nfhs;tdtpw;F
&gh 2 000 Kk; nrytplg;gl;lJ.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 80 juk; 11
 2015 [dtup khjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l mYkhupfSf;fhd
kpd;rhuf; fl;lzkhf &gh 6 000 nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJld; jr;R
,ae;jpug; gOJghu;j;jYf;fhf &gh 4 000 Kk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
,t;thNw ,ae;jpuj; Nja;tpwf
; hf jr;R cgfuzf; fpuaj;jpy; 10%j;ij
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;T njhlu;ghd rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapid ,izg;G 8.9.2d; ml;ltizf;fika
vOJq;fs;. xU gbKiwf;F tpilaspf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
tpilfSld; xg;gplTk;.

(1) ,t;tzpfj;jpdhy; nrytplg;gl;l fpuag; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

(2) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpuaq;fis fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lq;fs;.
(3) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhf
Vw;gLk; %yf;fpuak;> cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.
(4) 2015 [dtup khjj;jpwf
; hd fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupjJ ; > nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;jpidf; fzpf;fTk;.
(5) xU mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhd fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.
(6) mYkhup xd;wpd; cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpw;F 40% ,yhg vy;iy Nru;f;fg;gl;L
mjd; tpwg; id tpiyiaj; jPuk; hdpff
; g;gLkhapd; xU mYkhupff; hd tpwg; id
tpiy ahJ?

,izg;G 8.9.2:
tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:

1tJ gbKiw:

fpuag;gl;bay;

nryTfs; ngWkhdk;
(&gh)

1.
2.
3.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 81 juk; 11
 2k; gbKiw:
%yf;fpuak; &gh
Neu;nghUs; - gyif ............
Neu;f;$yp - jr;Rf;$yp ............
Vida Neu;r; nryTfs; - tbtikg;ghsUf;fhdJ 10 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - ................................. .............
cuha;T vz;nza; 2 000
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000

nra;if:-
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp = ,ae;jpuj;jpd; fpuak; x ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;
= ..........................................................................
= ..........................................................................

3k; gbKiw:

%yf;fpuak;:
(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................

4k; gbKiw:

2015 [dtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiz

&gh &gh

Neu;nghUs; ...........
Neu;f;$yp 50 000
Vida Neu;nryTfs; ...........
%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; ...........
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
.................... ...........
.................... ...........
.................... ...........
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; ........... ..........

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 82 juk; 11
 5k; gbKiw:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

= .................................................
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh ................................................

6k; gbKiw:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpwf

; hd + mynfhd;wpwf
; hd
fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy

= .............. + ................

/ mYkhup xd;wpwf
; hd tpwg
; id tpiy = &gh ................................................

,izg;G 8.9.3:

tpilfspd; ml;ltiz

1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

&gh
,ae;jpuq;fs; 120 000
gyif 90 000
njhopw;rhiy fl;ll thlif 20 000
fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000
jr;ru; $yp 50 000
tbtikg;ghsu; 10 000
kzw; fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R 8 000
Mzpfs; 2 000
kpd;rhuk; 6 000
,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000
,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 83 juk; 11
 2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
&gh
Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000
Neu;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000
Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - kzw; fljhrp
epwg;g+r;R  8 000
Mzpfs; 2 000
fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000
njhopw;rhiy thlif 20 000
njhopw;rhiy kpd;rhuk; 6 000
,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000

nra;if:
,ae;jpuj;jpd; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp = ,ae;jpuf;fpuak;  ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;
10 1
= 120 000 
100 12
1
= &gh 12 000 
12
= &gh 1 000

3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

%yf;fpuak; (90 000 + 50 000 + 10 000) = &gh 150 000

(10 000 + 10 000 + 31 000) = &gh 51 000

4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

2015 rdtup khjj;j pw;f hd fpua ml;l tiz

& gh &gh

Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000

Neu;f;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000
Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000
%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; 150 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;: - kzw;fljhrp / epwg;g+r;R 8 000
- Mzp 2 000
- njhop. fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000
- njhop. thlif 20 000
- kpd;rhuk; 6 000
- ,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000
- ,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000 51 000
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; 201 000

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 84 juk; 11
 5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
201 000
= = 20 100
10
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh 20 100

6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + mynfhd;wpw;fhd

fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy
= 20 100 + (20 100  40%)
= &gh 20 100 + 8 040
= &gh 28 140
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = &gh 28 140

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
 ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
 cw;gj;jpf; fpua cUg;gbfis ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
 %yf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 cw;gj;jp myFf;fpuak;> myFf;fhd tpw;gid tpiy vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
 tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
vspikahd tifapy; mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpg;gpLk;
Kiwia Kd;itg;ghu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 85 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : KjyP L fs; njhlu; g hfj; Nfl; l wpe; J nghUj; j khd
jPu ;k hdq;f Sf;F tUthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gilf; fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

KjyPL

nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;iwg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpy;
gzj;ij Kjyply;

KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

rpw;wsT gq;Fr; re;ijapy;

tzpfnkhd;iw KjyPL nra;jy;
Muk;gpj;jy; nrhj;Jf;fs; /
Mjdq;fisf;
tq;fpnahd;wpy; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
gzj;ij
itg;gpyply;
jpiwNrup rhjhuz
cz;bay;fisf; gq;Ffisf;
nfhs;tdT nfhs;tdT
nra;jy; nra;jy;

Nrkpg;Gf; epiyahd
fzf;F itg;G f;
fzf;F
fhzpnahd;iwf; thfdq;fisf;
jq;f Mguzq;fisf; nfhs;tsT
nfhs;tdT nra;jy; nfhs;tdT
nra;jy; nra;jy;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 86 juk; 11
 KjyPL
 egnuhUtu; jhd; cioj;j tUkhdj;jpy; Nrkpjj
; gzj; njhifapypUe;J mD$yq;
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; mjid VjhtJ KjyPnlhd;wpy;
<LgLj;Jjy; KjyPL vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

 Nrkpg;G itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; itg;gpyply;.
 tq;fpnahd;wpy; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; Ngzy;.
 fhzp> Mguzq;fs; Nghd;w nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jy;.
(,g;ghl tplaq;fs; nraw;ghL 9.1.2y; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.)

KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;:-
 Nehf;fk;
 ,lu;
 mD$yq;fs;

xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiwfspd; %yKk; nghJthf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba

mD$yq;fs;:-
 tl;b tUkhdk;
 ghJfhg;G
 %yjd ,yhgk;
 gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;
 gpiz cWjpfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfspdJk; mD$yq;fs;:

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F:
 tl;b tUkhdk; fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
 gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.
 Vida mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
cjhuzk; : - gupR fpilj;jy;> nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;Gf;fspdhy; ntw;wp tha;g;Gf;
fpilj;jy;.

epiyahd itg;Gf;fs;:
 nghJthf cau; tl;b tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;.
 gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.
 gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.

nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:

 eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpw;fhd cupik fpilj;jy;.
 mr;nrhj;jpidg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
 ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fhrhf khw;wf;$ba epiy fhzg;gly;
(%yjd ,yhgj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.)
 gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw Kbjy;.
 thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F tplKbAk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 87 juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; nrhw;
nwhliu vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glf;$bathW nghUj;jkhd tifapy;
Kd;itf;fTk;.

rPl;bOg;gpd; %yk; cq;fSf;F &gh 1 000 000 fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

 ,J njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jp

,jw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

 ,jw;fika KjyPL vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.

 gpd;du; KjyPl;L topKiwfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; tpsf;fj;i jg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;t jw;f hfg; gpd;t Uk; nraw;g hl;b y; <LgLj;j Tk;.

 ,izg;G 9.1.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidAk; ,izg;G 9.1.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg;
gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

 ,jw;fhf juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.

 Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fis

Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

 khztu;fspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fSld; Nkyjpfg; ghl tplaq;fisAk;

Nrfupj;J khztu;fspd; mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd
tifapy; nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 9.1.1:
tpla Ma;T
mur Copauhd rk;ge;jd; jdJ 35 tUlr; Nritapd; gpd;du; Xa;T ngw;whu;.
mtuJ kfshd rhtpj;jpup mur tq;fpnahd;wpy; Nrit Gupfpd;whu;. kfd; Kusp
tzpf Kfhikj;Jtg; gl;ljhupahthu;. mtu; gy;NtW tzpf eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLfpd;whu;.

rk;ge;jdpd; Xa;t+jpar; rk;gskhf xNu Kiwapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w &gh 1 000 000
Tld;> mtupd; Nrkpg;gpypUe;j &gh 2 000 000 Tk; mtuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,tu; ,g;gzj;jpidf; $ba mD$yj;jpidj; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KjyPL

nra;tJ njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. MapDk; KjyPL njhlu;ghf
mtUf;F r; rpwe;j tpsf;fkpUf;ftpy;iy. ,t;ntz;zj;jpidj; jdJ FLk;g
mq;fj;jtu;fSld; fye;JiuahLk;nghOJ gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOe;jd.
mjhtJ>

,e;ehl;fspy; tq;fp tl;bahdJ cau;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. epiyahd itg;ngd;iw

Muk;gpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd rhtpj;jpup $wpdhs;. vdpDk; ,e;ehl;fspy; fhzp>
jq;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpiyahdJ Fiwe;Js;sjhy; mJ njhlu;gpYk; rpwpJ rpej
; pjJ
; g;
ghu;j;J epiyahd itg;nghd;iw Muk;gpg;gJ njhlu;ghf vz;zpdhy; vd;d vd
Kusp tpdTfpwhu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 88 juk; 11
 ,izg;G 9.1.2:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

(1) cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpla Ma;tpid thrpjJ
; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpidg;
ngWq;fs;.

(2) Fwpj;j ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W KjyPL vd;why;
vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

(3) ,t;tpla Ma;tpypUe;J ntspgg

; Lk; KjyPlL
; topKiwfs; %d;wpd; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

(4) gpd;tUk; KjyPl;L topKiwfis ,dq;fz;L xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiw

fspd; %yKk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fs; ,uz;L tPjk; vOJf.
 tq;fp itg;Gf;fs;
 nrhj;Jf;fspy; KjypLjy;

(5) xUtu; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

(6) rk;ge;jd; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba NtW KjyPl;L topKiw

fisg; ngaupLq;fs;.

(7) cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F

Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
 ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 KjyPL nra;af;$ba gy;NtW topKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.
 khw;W KjyPlL; topKiwfSs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwapidj;
njupT nra;Ak; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba fhuzpfis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 89 juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : K jy P L n jhlu; g hfj; N jb awpe ; J n ghU j; j kh d
jPu ;k hdq;f Sf;F tUthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 : gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;

Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 gq;Fr; re;ij KjyPl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

gq;Fr; re;ijapy;
KjyPL nra;jy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

gq;Ffisf;
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
(rhjhuz gq;Ffs;)

mD$yq;fs;

mD$yq;fs; epiyahd tl;b Fiwe;j ,lu;

Vida %yjd gq;Fyhgk; gpizfshf Vw;Wf;

mD$yq;fs; ,yhgk; fpilj;jy; nfhs;s g;gly;

fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsu; rigapy;

jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd
njhlu;Ggly; jifik fpilj;jy;

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 90 juk; 11
 gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Kjyply;:
,yq;ifapy; gq;Ffisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ij
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;re;ijapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpfs; kl;LNk tpahghu
eltbf;iffis ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; guptu;j;jid
epiyaj;jpd; %yk; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ijapd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it
nra;ag;gLfpdw
; d. mNjNghd;W ,yq;ifg; gpizfs; nryhtzp Mizf;FOtpd;
%yk; ,jd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:

fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba
kw;Nwhu; KjyPl;L topnahd;whFk;. gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhf me;eltbf;iffs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;W jdJ gq;Ffis toq;Fk;
re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpy; my;yJ nraw;gLfpd;w nghJf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; gq;Ffisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;j xUtiu mg;gq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ
gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ ,g;gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gq;Fgw;wyhk;.
,jw;fhfg; gq;FyhgNk mD$ykhff; fpilf;fpdw ; J. fk;gdpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
gq;F tiffSs; rhjhuz gq;Ffs; kpf Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.

rhjhuz gq;Ffs;:
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; %yjdj;ij jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gq;fhsu;fSf;F
toq;Fk; gq;F tifNa ,JthFk;. ,g;gq;Ffspy; Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rhjhuz gq; F fisf; nfhs; t dT nra; t jd; %yk; fpilf; F k;

mD$yq; fs;:
 thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
 gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;
 %yjd ,yhgk; fpilj;jy;
 gq;Ffis tpwg ; id nra;tjd; %yk; mtw;iwg; gzkhf khw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 gpizfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
 Vida eyd;fs; fpilj;jy;.
 ,af;Fdu; rigapy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWk; jifik fpilj;jy;.
 fk;gdpAld; njhlu;Gila jPu;khdq;fs; vLg;gjw;fhd ,aYik fpilj;jy;.

gq;Fyhgk; toq;fy;:
fk;gdpapy; ciof;fg;gLk; ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa gq;Fyhgk; jPuk
; hdpff
; g;gLk;.
nghJthf ,yhgkw;w re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; gq;F yhgk; gpufldg;gLj;jhJ ,Ug;gJld;>
$ba ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; $ba gq;Fyhgk; ngwf;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.

fk;gdpapy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; fpilj;jy;:

fk;gdpapd; KfhikahdJ ,af;Fdu; rig %yNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
rhjhuz gq;fhsu;fspypUe;Nj mt; ,af;Fdu; rigahdJ njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
,it Neubahf rhjhuz gq;Fjhuu;fs; ,af;Fdu; rigf;Fj; njupT nra;t
jw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs;:
murpd; FWq;fhy epjpj; Njitiag; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; Mtzk; jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,tw;wpidg;
gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhfTk; nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAk;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 91 juk; 11
 jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjdhy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fs;:
 jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspd; %yk; $ba tl;b fpilj;jy;.
 KOikahd ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy; (,lu; FiwT)
 tpiuthfg; gzkhf khw;w Kbjy;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
 juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

 gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjypLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;af;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.
 khw;W KjyPl;L topKiwfspy; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfKk; fzf;fl
P ;Lf;fy;tpAk; 92 juk; 11