BACK FILLET PLUG OR SLOT

GROOVE OR BUTT
SQUARE V BEVEL U J FLARE V FLARE BEVEL

THE ARROW

THE REFERENCE LINE CARRIES THE DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

THE ARROW POINTS TO THE WELD

THE BASIC SYMBOLS

THE BASIC WELD SYMBOL IS LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE REFERENCE LINE AS FOLLOWS:

SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE REFERENCE LINE REFER TO WELDS ON THE SIDE OF THE JOINT OPPOSITE THE
ARROW

SYMBOLS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE REFERENCE LINE

REFER TO WELDS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE JOINT AS
AS THE ARROW

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

FIELD WELD – THIS WELD BE DONE IN THE FIELD DURING ERECTION. OTHER WELDS ARE DONE EARLIER IN THE FABRICATOR’S SHOP.

WELD ALL AROUND – THIS INDICATES THAT THE WELD SHOULD BE CARRIED FULLY AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE JOINING PIECES.

BACKUP BAR – AS INDICATED IN THIS EXAMPLE, A BACKUP BAR TO SUPPORT THE FIRST PASS OF THE WELD MUST BE PLACED ON THE SIDE OF THE JOINT OPPOSITE THE ARROW.

SPACER – SMALL METAL SPACERS ARE USED TO MAINTAIN A GAP BETWEEN THE PIECS TO BE JOINED, PRIOR TO WELDING.

A SHARP BEND NEAR THE END OF THE ARROW INDICATES THAT THE ARROWHEAD IS POINTING TOWARD THE GROOVED SIDE OF THE BEVEL OR J-GROOVED JOINT

GLASS
THE MAJOR INGREDIENT OF GLASS IS SAND (SILICON DIOXIDE). A HARD BRITTLE INORGANIC SUBSTANCE, ORDINARILY TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT; PRODUCED BY MELTING A MIXTURE OF SILICA,
A FLUX AND A STABILIZER; WHILE MOLTEN MAYBE BLOWN, DRAWN, ROLLED, PRESSED OR CAST TO A VARIETY OF SHAPES.
DURING ITS MANUFACTURED, ORDINARY WINDOW GLASS IS ANNEALED, COOLED SLOWLY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITION, TO AVOID LOCKED-IN THERMAL STRESSES THAT MIGHT CAUSE IT TO BEHAVE
UNPREDICTABLY IN USE.

THICKNESSES OF GLASS
GLASS IS TYPICALLY MANUFACTURED IN A SERIES OF THICKNESSES RANGING FROM APPROXIMATELY 2.5mm, THROUGH 3mm, IS CALLED SINGLE-STRENGTH, OR 6mm TO 22mm, IS CALLED DOUBLE-
STRENGTH, AND ON SPECIAL ORDER, 25mm IS AVAILABLE.

TYPES OF CLEAR GLASS

1. TEMPERED GLASS
TEMPERED GLASS IS PRODUCED BY CUTTING ANNEALED GLASS TO THE REQUIRED SIZES FOR USE, REHEATING IT TO APPROXIMATELY 1200 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, COOLING BOTH ITS
SURFACES RAPIDLY WITH A BLAST OF AIR WHILE ITS CORE COOLS MUCH MORE SLOWLY. ITS FOUR TIMES AS STRONG IN BENDING AND MORE RESISTANT TO THERMAL STRESS AND IMPACT.

2. HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
THE HEAT STRENGTHENED PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO TEMPERING, BUT ITS, ABOUT ONE-THIRD AS HIGH AS TEMPERED GLASS IN TERMS OF BENDING AND STRENGTH.
3. LAMINATED GLASS

ITS MADE BY SANDWICHING A TRANSPARENT VINYL INTERLAER BETWEEN SHEETS OF GLASS AND BONDING THE THREE LAYERS TOGETHER UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE. WHEN ITS BREAKS, THE SOFT
VINYL HOLDS THE SHARDS OF GLASS IN PLACE RATHER THAN ALLOWING THEM TO FALL OUT OF THE FRAME.

4. PATTERNED OR ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS

HOT GLASS CAN BE ROLLED INTO SHEETS WITH MANY DIFFERENT SURFACE PATTERNS FOR USE WHERE LIGHT TRANSMISSION IS DESIRED BUT VISION MUST BE OBSCURED FOR PRIVACY.

5. SPANDREL GLASS
SPECIAL OPAQUE GLASSES ARE PRODUCED FOR COVERING THE SPANDREL AREA (THE BANDS OF WALL AROUND THE EDGES OF FLOORS) IN GLASS CURTAIN. IT IS USUALLY TEMPERED OR HEAT-
STRENGTHENED TO RESIST THE THERMAL STRESSES THAT CAN CAUSED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF SOLAR HEAT BEHIND THE SPANDREL.

6. WIRED GLASS
SIMPLY A ROLLED GLASS INTO WHICH WIRE MESH IS INSERTED DURING THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE. THE WIRE GREATLY INCREASES THE RESISTANCE TO SHATTERING THROUGH IMPACT. ITS
USE FOR SAFETY GLAZING, WHEN ITS BREAKS FROM THERMAL STRESS, THE WIRES HOLD THE SHEET OF GLASS TOGETHER.
TINTED AND REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS
SOLAR HEAT BUILDUP CAN BE PROBLEMATIC IN THE INHABITED SPACES OF BUILDINGS WITH LARGE AREAS OF GLASS, ESPECIALLY DURING THE WARM PART OF THE YEAR. THIS IS USE TO REDUCE
GLARE AND CUT DOWN ON SOLAR HEAT GAIN.

1) TINTED GLASS
TINTED GLASS IS MADE BY ADDING SMALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO THE MOLTEN GLASS MIXTURE TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED HUE AND INTENSITY OF COLOR IN GRAYS,
BRONZES, BLUES, GREEN, AND GOLDS.

2) REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS

REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS APPEAR AS MIRROR FROM THE OUTSIDE ON A BRIGHT DAY AND AT NIGHT, WITH LIGHTS ON INSIDE THE BUILDING, THEY APPEAR AS DARK BUT TRANSPARENT GLASS.

3) INSULATING GLASS
A SECOND SHEET OF GLASS APPLIED TO A WINDOW WITH AN AIRSPACE BETWEEN THE SHEETS CUTS THIS RATE OF HEAT LOSS IN HALF. TWO KINDS OF EDGES SEALS ARE FUSED GLASS EDGES AND A
METAL SPLINE AND ORGANIC SEALANT.

GLASS PRODUCTS
I. GLASS BLOCKS
COMPARABLE IN MANY WAYS TO UNIT MASONRY BUT HAVE THE ADDED FEATURE OF TRANSMITTING LIGHT. THEY ARE MADE INTO TWO SEPARATE HALVES, WHICH ARE HEAT-SEALED TOGETHER TO
FORM A HOLLOW UNIT WITH REASONBLY HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND SOUND INSULATION. THE EDGE SURFACES OF THE BLOCK ARE COATED WITH A GRITTY MORTAR BOND.

TWO TYPES:

1. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS – DIRECT OR DIFFUSE THE DAYLIGHT WHICH PASSES THEOUGH THEM TO IMPROVE THE ILLUMINATION OF THE BUILDING INTERIOR.

THREE STYLES OF FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS:

A. A LIGHT DIRECTING BLOCK – DIRECTS INCOMING LIGHT UPWARD TOWARD THE CEILING. USED ALWAYS ABOVE EYE LEVEL.
B. A LIGHT DIFFUSING BLOCK – DIFFUSES INCOMING LIGHT EVENLY THROUGHOUT THE INTERIOR OF THE ROOM.
C. GENERAL PURPOSES BLOCK

2. DECORATIVELY OR ARCHITECTURAL GLASS – AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF STYLES AND PATTERNS. THESE GLASS MASONRY UNITS PROVIDE ALMOST UNLIMITED DESIGN VERSATILITY WHEN USED IN
WINDOW, OPENINGS AND FACADES, AS INTERIOR WALLS AND DIVIDER PANELING.

PAINT FINISHES

THE PURPOSE OF A FINISH IS TO PROTECT, PRESERVE OR VISUALLY ENHANCE THE SURFACE TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED. FINISHES INCLUDE PLASTIC LAMINATED SURFACE COVERINGS SUCH AS PLASTIC
LAMINATED AND VINYL OF FABRIC WALL COVERING.

PAINT GENERALLY REFERS TO OPAQUE OR CLEAR FILM-FORMING MATERIAL THAT ACTS AS A SHIELD OR BARRIER BETWEEN THE BUILDING MATERIAL AND THOSE ELEMENTS OR CONDITIONS THAT MAY
ADVERSELY AFFECTS OR DETERIORATE. THE PAINT FILM MUST RESIST DETERIORATION DUE TO SUNLIGHT HEAT, TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS, WATER OR MOISTURE VAPOR, MILDEW AND DECAY CHEMICALS AND
PHYSICAL ABRASION. PAINT MAY ALSO SERVE TO MAKE SURFACES MORE SANITARY, IMPROVE HEATING AND LIGHTING EFFECTS, AND PROMOTE HUMAN COMFORT AND SAFETY.

WHEN USING PAINT, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR AND SURFACE TEXTURE MUST BE CONSIDERED. CERTAIN COLORS MAY BE STIMULATING WHILE OTHERS ARE RELAXING. WHITE AND
LIGHT COLORS REFLECT SIZE OF FORM AND SPACE. DARK COLOR CAN INHIBIT THE PERCEPTION OF FORM AND MAY BE USED FOR CONTRAST. FLAT PAINT FINISHES SOFTEN AND DISTRIBUTE, ILLUMINATION
EVENLY. GLOSSY FINISHES REFLECT LIGHT AND CAN CAUSE GLARE, BUT THEY ALSO PROVIDE SMOOTH, EASILY CLEANED, NON-ABSORPTIVE SURFACES.

MOST PAINTS ARE CAREFULLY FORMULATED TO MEET SPECIFIC APPLICATION THAT USE REQUIREMENTS AND ARE READY-MIXED FOR APPLICATION EXCEPT FOR THINNING, STIRRING, OR THE ADDITION
OF AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST. IT IS ALWAYS ADVISABLE THEREFORE TO FOLLOW THE PAINT MANUFACTURERS RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE APPLICATION AND USE OF A PAINT OR OTHER PROTECTIVE
COATING.

PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED
 WOOD, METAL MASONRY, CONCRETE, PLASTIC, ETC.,
SURFACE FINISH TEXTURE
 GLOSS, SEMI-GLOSS, EGG SHELL, SATIN, FLAT,& VARNISH.

CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION AND USE OF A PAINT INCLUDE:

SURFACE PREPARATION
- THE FOUNDATION OF ANY PAINT SYSTEM MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED TO ENSURE PROPER ADHESION OF THE PAINT FILM TO ITS SURFACE.
TYPE OF PAINT
- PAINT MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED.
- SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE THE PAINT VEHICLE, FINISH COLOR, EXPOSURE, AND MANUFACTURER AND/OR TRADE NAME.
METHOD
- DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS BEING APPLIED. COATINGS MAY BE BRUSHED, ROLLED OR SPRAYED ON.
DRYING
- THE TIME AND CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A PAINT TO DRY MUST BE CHECKED.

FILM THICKNESS
- THE DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE NUMBER OF COATS.
- MULTIPLE THIN COATS ARE GENERALLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN A SINGLE THICK COAT.
- A MINIMUM OF 2 COATS IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 5 MIL DFT.

COVERAGE
- A PAINT’S COVERAGE CAN BE ESTIMATED BY ITS PERCENTAGE OF VOLUME SOLIDS:
- ie. PAINT WITH 100% VOLUME SOLIDS:
(NO THINNER)
1 GAL COVERS
1600 SF (149 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT
800 SF ( 74 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT
400 SF ( 37 m2) @ 4 MIL DFT

-PAINT WITH 50% VOLUME SOLIDS

(50% THINNER)
1 GAL COVERS
800 SF (74 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT
400 SF (37 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT

PAINT GENERALLY CONSIST OF:

PIGMENT – FINELY GROUND SOLIDS THAT PROVIDE THE PAINTS COVERINGS OR HIDING POWER OR ITS COLOR.

VEHICLE – LIQUID MEDIUM TO CARRY THE PIGMENT IN SUSPENSION DURING APPLICATION. AND CONSISTS OF BINDERS AND SOLVENTS.

 BINDER SERVE TO FORM THE PAINT FILM AND CAUSE IT TO ADHERE THE SURFACE BEING PAINTED.
 BINDERS ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROTECTIVE QUALITY AND DURABILITY OF THE PAINT FIL OR PROTECTIVE COATING.
 SOLVENTS OR THINNERS ACTS DRYING AGENTS.
 DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SOLVENT USED, A PAINT MAY DRY OR HARDEN BY OXIDATION, EVAPORATION, CHEMICAL ACTION, OR BY THERMOSETTING ACTION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

COLOR
 DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MANUFACTURER.
EXPOSURE
 EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR

CHARACTERISTICS:
PIGMENTED COATING
 LACQUER AND ENAMEL PAINTS
CLEAR COATINGS
 VARNISHES, LACQUERS, SHEELAC, SEALERS
RUST INHIBITIVE COATINGS
 ZINC-PIGMENTED COATINGS
 ZINC, SILICONS, ALKYD, OR ASPHALT OR BASE COATINGS
 ASPHALT OR TAR COATINGS THAT FORM NON-PEMEABLE BARRIERS AGAINST WATER AND OXYGEN TO PROTECT SUBMERGED FERROUS METAL AND TO WATERPROOF MASONRY SURFACES.

CEMENT MORTAR COATINGS

 MIXTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME AND WATER USED TO DAMPPROOF MASONRY MATERIALS AND PROTECT EXPOSED STEEL
PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER COATINGS
 COATING RESISTANT TO MILDEW, MOLD, FUMES, MARINE ENVIRONMENTS ETC.,

PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS VEHICLE OR BINDER:

ALKYDS – USED FOR EXTERIOR PAINTS.
 OIL MODIFIED RESINS THAT HARDEN BY OXIDATION AND EVAPORATION.
 THE MOST COMMON PAINT VEHICLE
 FAST DRYING A HARDER THAN ORDINARY TIME, LOWERS THE GLOSS, AND IMPROVES THE PAINTS WETTING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND ELASTICITY TO RESIST BLISTERING.
 HAVE GOOD DRYING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE FOR EXTERIOR EXPOSURES, AND GOOD COLOR RETENTION.
ASPHALT – USED FOR WATERPROOFING AT FIREWALL AND ROOF DECKING.
 COATINGS WITH A VEHICLE OF BOTH PETROLEUM AND NATURAL ASPHALTS ARE USED TO PROTECT WOOD, MASONRY, CONCRETE AND AS ROOF COATING.
 HAVE GOOD WATER RESISTANCES BUT THERMOPLASTIC IN NATURE.
 ADDITION OF ALUMINUM GLAKES HELPS TO REFLECT THE SUN’S RAYS.
 ADDITION OF EPOXY RESINS MINIMIZES THE COLD FLOW AND MAXIMIZES THE CHEMICAL-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT.

CHLORINATED RUBBER – USED FOR INDUSTRIAL FLOORING.

 USED IN COATINGS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO ALKALIES, ACIDS, CHEMICALS, AND WATER
 MAY BE REMOVED BY COAL TAR SOLVENTS
 HAS LIMITED RESISTANCE TO PROLONGED HEAT EXPOSURE
 USED IN SWIMMING POOLS, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
EPOXY CATALYZED – USED FOR DUCO FINISH.
 TWO COMPONENT COATINGS CONSISTING OF A PIGMENTED PRIMER OR ENAMEL AND AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST.
 MIXED JUST PRIOR TO USE – HAS LIMITED “POT LIFE”
 PRODUCES BY CHEMICAL ACTION A DENSE, HARD FILM SIMILAR TO BAKED ENAMEL.
 HAS EXCELLENT RESISTANT TO SOLVENTS, CHEMICALS, PHYSICAL ABRASION, TRAFFIC WEAR, A CLEANING MATERIALS
 HAS GOOD ADHESION PROPERTIES, COLOR RETENTION AND STAIN RESISTANCE.
 HAS GOOD DURABILITY FOR EXTERIOR EXPOSURE BUT MAY CHALK.
HARDWARE
HARDWARE - METAL PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS BOLTS, HINGES, LOCKS, TOOLS, ETC. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
FINISHING HARDWARE – HARDWARE, SUCH AS HINGES LOCKS, CATCHES, ETC. THAT HAS A FINISHED APPEARANCE AS WELL AS FUNCTION, ESP. THAT USED WITH DOORS, WINDOWS, AND CABINETS,
MAYBE CONSIDERED PART OF THE DECORATIVE TREATMENT OF A ROOM OR BUILDING.
ROUGH HARDWARE – IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, HARDWARE MEANT TO BE CONCEALED, SUCH AS BOLTS, NAILS, SCREWS, SPIKES, RODS, AND OTHER METAL FITTINGS.

SOME FINISHING HARDWARE BRANDS:

1. SARGENT 7. RABBIT
2. STANLEY 8. UNIVERSAL
3. YALE 9. EAGLE
4. CORBIN 10. MASTER
5. SCHLAGE 11. ALPHA
6. KWIKSET 12. YETI

DOORS – AN ENTRANCE WAY

TYPES OF DOOR:
 FLUSH – A SMOOTH-SURFACED DOOR HAVING FACES WHICH ARE PLANE WHICH CONCEAL ITS RAILS AND STILES OR OTHER STRUCTURE WHEN USED INSIDE, IT IS OF HOLLOW CORE, WHEN USED FOR
EXTERIOR IT IS OF SOLID CORE.
 PANEL DOOR – A DOOR HAVING STILES, RAILS AND SOMETIMES MUNTINS, WHICH FORM ONE OR MORE FRAMES AROUND RECESSED THINNER PANELS.

KINDS OF DOORS:
 SWINGING DOOR
 OVERHEAD SWING-UP GARAGE DOOR – A RIGID OVERHEAD DOOR WHICH OPENS AS AN ENTIRE UNIT.
 OVERHEAD ROLL-UP GARAGE DOOR – A DOOR WHICH, WHEN OPEN, ASSUMES A HORIZONTAL POSITION ABOVE THE DOOR OPENING, MADE OF SEVERAL LEAVES.
 ROLL-UP DOOR (SOLID OR SEE-THROUGH ALUMINUM SHUTTERS) A DOOR MADE UP OF SMALL HORIZONTAL INTERLOCKING METAL SLATS WHICH ARE GUIDED IN A TRACK: THE CONFIGURATION COILS ABOUT
AN OVERHEAD DRUM WHICH IS HOUSED AT THE HEAD OF THE OPENING, EITHER MANUAL OR MOTOR - DRIVEN.
 ACCORDION DOOR – A HINGED DOOR CONSISTING OF A SYSTEM OF PANELS WHICH ARE HUNG FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK. WHEN THE DOOR IS OPEN, THE FACES OF THE PANELS CLOSE FLAT AGAINST
EACH OTHER. WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED, THE EDGES OF ADJACENT PANELS BUTT AGAINST (OR INTERLOCK) EACH OTHER TO FORM A SOLID BARRIER.
 BI-FOLDING DOOR - ONE OF TWO OR MORE DOORS WHICH ARE HINGED TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CAN OPEN AND FOLD IN A CONFINED SPACE.
 REVOLVING DOOR - AN EXTERIOR DOOR CONSISTING OF FOUR LEAVES (AT 900 TO EACH OTHER) WHICH PIVOT ABOUT A COMMON VERTICAL AXIS WITHIN A CYLINDRICALLY SHAPED VESTIBULE, PREVENTS
THE DIRECT PASSAGE OF AIR THROUGH THE VESTIBULE, THEREBY ELIMINATING DRAFTS FROM OUTSIDE.
 SLIDING DOOR - A DOOR MOUNTED ON TRACK WHICH SLIDES IN A HORIZONTAL DIRECTION USUALLY PARALLEL TO ONE WALL.
 BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR - A SLIDING DOOR WHICH SLIDES TO COVER A FIXED DOOR OF THE SAME WIDTH OR ANOTHER SLIDING DOOR.
 SLIDING POCKET DOOR - A DOOR WHICH SLIDES INSIDE A HOLLOW OF THE WALL.
 DUTCH DOOR - A HINGED DOOR WHICH IS DIVIDED TO TWO. THE UPPER PART CAN BE OPENED WHILE THE LOWER PORTION IS CLOSED.
 FRENCH DOOR

FINISHING HARDWARES:
A. TO HUNG A DOOR
HINGE- A MOVABLE JOINT USED TO ATTACH SUPPORT AND TURN A DOOR ABOUT A PIVOT, CONSISTS OF TWO PLATES JOINED TOGETHER BY A PIN WHICH SUPPORT THE DOOR AND CONNECT IT TO ITS
FRAME, ENABLING IT TO SWING OPEN OR CLOSED.

TYPES OF HINGES:
1. BUTT HINGE - CONSISTS OF TWO RECTANGULAR METAL PLATES WHICH ARE JOINED WITH A PIN, IN LARGE HINGE, THE PIN IS REMOVABLE, IN SMALL HINGES, IT IS FIXED.
 FAST PIN HINGE - A HINGE IN WHICH THE PIN IS FASTENED PERMANENTLY IN PLACE.
 FULL SURFACE HINGE - A HINGED DESIGNED FOR ATTACHMENT ON THE SURFACE OF THE DOOR AND JAMB WITHOUT MORTISING.
 LOOSE JOINT HINGE - A DOOR HINGED HAVING TWO KNUCKLES, ONE OF WHICH HAS VERTICAL PIN THAT FITS IN A CORRESPONDING HOLE IN THE OTHER, BY LIFTING THE DOOR UP, OFF THE VERTICAL
PIN, THE DOOR MAY BE REMOVED WITH UNSCREWING THE HINGED.
 LOOSE PIN HINGE - A HINGE HAVING A REMOVABLE PIN WHICH PERMITS ITS TWO PARTS TO BE SEPARATED.
 PAUMELLE HINGED - A TYPE OF DOOR HINGE HAVING A SINGLE JOINT OF THE PIVOT TYPE, USUALLY OF MODERN DESIGN.
  OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE - A PAUMELLE HINGE WITH KNUCKLES FORMING AN OVAL SHAPE.

2. SPRING HINGES - A HINGE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE SPRINGS, WHEN A DOOR IS OPENED, THE HINGE RETURNS IT TO OPEN POSITION AUTOMATICALLY, MAY ACT IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY, OR IN BOTH
DIRECTIONS.
 DOUBLE ACTION - EXCELLENT FOR USE IN RESTAURANTS, HOSPITALS, KITCHENS, THE DOOR OPENS BY JUST PUSHING IT WITH THE SHOULDER OR FEET.
 SINGLE ACTION

3. PIVOT HINGE - THE AXLE OR PIN ABOUT WHICH A WINDOW OR DOOR ROTATES.
 VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT HINGE- A SPRING HINGE FOR A DOOR WHICH IS MORTISTED INTO THE HEEL OF THE DOOR, THE DOOR IS FASTENED TO THE FLOOR AND DOOR HEAD WITH PIVOTS.

B. TO FIX ONE SASH

TYPES OF BOLT AND FASTENER:
 CHAIN HEAD AND FOOT BOLT
 DOOR OR BARREL BOLT
 FLUSH BOLT
 CHAIN DOOR FASTENER

C. TO LOCK THE DOOR

LOCKSET – A COMPLETE LOCK SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BASIC LOCKING MECHANISMS AND ALL THE ACCESSORIES, SUCH AS KNOBS ESCUTCHEONS, PLATES, ETC.
 BUTTON – A SMALL REJECTING MEMBER USED TO FASTEN THE FRAME OF A DOOR OR WINDOW.
 KNOB – A HANDLE, MORE OR LESS SPHERICAL USUALLY FOR OPERATING A LOCK.
 ESCUTCHEON – A PROTECTIVE PLATE SURROUNDING THE KEYHOLE OF A DOOR.
 PLATES – A THIN FLAT SHEET OF MATERIAL.
 STRIKES – A METAL PLATE OR BOX WHICH IS SET IN A DOORJAMB AND IS EITHER PLACED OR RECESSED TO RECEIVE THE BOLT OR LATCH OF A LOCK, FIXED ON DOOR.
 LIP STRIKE – THE PROJECTION FROM THE SIDE OF A TRIKE PLATE WHICH THE BOLT OF A LOCK STRIKES FIRST, WHEN A DOOR IS CLOSED; PROJECTS OUT FROM THE SIDE OF THE STRIKE PLATE TO
PROTECT THE FRAME.

USE A DIFFERENT LOCKSET FOR EACH ROOM:

 ENTRANCE LOCKSET – WITH A KEY AND UNIVERSAL BUTTON WHICH WHEN PUSHED STAYS PUT AND LOCKS THE DOOR.
 BEDROOM LOCKSET – SAME AS THE ENTRANCE LOCKSET BUT SIMPLER IN DESIGN.
 TOILET LOCKSET – WITHOUT A KEY HAS A BUTTON THAT IS PUSHED TO LOCK INSIDE.

KIND OF LOCKSET:
 INTEGRAL LOCK – A TYPE OF MORTISE LOCK HAVING ITS CYLINDER IN THE KNOB.
 CYLINDER LOCK – A BORED LOCK WHICH HAS A CYLINDRICAL CASE INTO WHICH A SEPARATE LATCH CASE FITS.

LATCH – A SIMPLE FASTENING DEVISE HAVING A LATCH BOLT, BUT NOT A DEAD BOLT CONTAINS NO PROVISIONS FOR LOCKING WITH A KEY.
NIGHT LATCH – KEY OPERATED LATCH WITH SAFETY PIN.

LIFT LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH WHICH FASTENS A DOOR BY MEANS OF A PIVOTED BAR THAT ENGAGES A HOOK ON THE DOOR JAMB, A LEVER WHICH LIFTS THE PIVOTED BAR USED TO UNFASTEN THE
DOOR.

RABBETED LOCK – A LOCK OR LATCH IN WHICH THE FACE IS FLUSH WITH THE RABBET ON A RABBETED DOOR JAMB.
ROLLER LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH HAS A ROLLER UNDER SPRING TENSION INSTEAD OF A BEVELED SPRING BOLT, THE ROLLER ENGAGES A STRIKE PLATE, HAVING A RECESS FORMED TO RECEIVE.

SCREEN DOOR LATCH – A SMALL LOCKING OR LATCHING DEVICE USED ON SCREEN DOORS AND GENERATED BY A KNOB OR LEVER HANDLE, SOMETIMES EQUIPPED WITH A DEAD BOLT.

HASP – A FASTENING DEVICE CONSISTING OF A LOOP OR STAPLE AND A SLOTTED HINGE PLATE NORMALLY SECURED WITH A PADLOCK.
KEY-PADLOCK – A DEVICE WHICH FASTENS IN POSITION MAYBE OPERATED BY A KEY.

MAGNETIC PADLOCK – A KIND OF LOCK WHICH OPENS BY USING THE CORRESPONDING MAGNET WHICH GOES WITH IT.

HASPLOCK – A KIND OF HASP THAT HAS A BUILT-IN LOCKING DEVICE WHICH CAN BE OPENED ONLY WITH A KEY.

BORED LOCK – A LOCK INTENDED FOR INSTALLATION IN A CIRCULAR HOLE IN A DOOR.

CREMONE BOLT – USED TO FASTEN UPPER AND LOWER DOOR.

DEAD BOLT – A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK, THE BOLT, WHICH IS SQUARE IN SECTION IS OPERATED BY THE DOOR KEY OR A TURN PIECE.

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSER:

 PNEUMATIC TYPE
 SEMI-CONCEALED OVERHEAD TYPE
 CONCEALED TYPE
 OVERHEAD LIQUID TYPE
TYPES OF CABINET HINGED DOOR:
 FLUSH
 OVERLAPPING
 OFFSET

TYPES OF CABINET HINGES:

 BUTT HINGES
 COMMON BUTT
 LOOSE PIN
 T-HINGE
 PIANO HINGE
 DECORATIVE HINGE
 OFFSET HINGES – USED FOR HANGING LIPPED OR OVERLAPPING DOORS, AVAILABLE IN SEMI-CONCEALED AND SURFACE-MOUNTED STYLES.
 PIVOT HINGES – MADE FOR BOTH FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOORS.
 INVISIBLE HINGES – DON’T SHOW FROM THE FRONT AND IS EXPENSIVE. THEY CAN BE USED FOR BOTH FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOOR.
 FLUSH COUNTER HINGE – FOR A DROP DOWN DOOR THAT CAN BE LOWERED TO SERVE AS WORK SURFACES REQUIRE HINGES THAT LAY FLUSH IN THE SURFACE, MORTISE THEM INTO BOTH
SURFACES, THEY DON’T SHOW WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED. A DROPDOWN DOOR ALSO REQUIRES A CHAIN OR STAY SUPPORT TO HOLD THE DOOR’S WEIGHT WHEN IT’S OPEN.

CATCHES FOR CLOSING OF CABINET DOORS IN PLACE

KINDS OF CATCHES:
 FRICTION CATCH – ANY CATCH WHICH WHEN IT ENGAGES A STRIKE, IS HELD IN THE ENGAGED POSITION BY FRICTION.
 MAGNETIC CATCH – A DOOR CATCH FLAT THAT USES A MAGNET TO HOLD THE DOOR IN A CLOSED POSITION.
 BULLET CATCH – A FASTENER WHICH HOLDS A DOOR IN PLACE BY MEANS OF A PROJECTING SPRING ARCTUATED STEEL HALL WHICH IS DEPRESSED WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED.

TYPES OF KNOBS:
 SCREW-IN KNOB
 BOLT-ON KNOB
 FLUSH KNOB
 FLUSH RING
 PULL

OTHER FINISHING ACCESSORIES:

 GRAB BAR – A HAND GRIP USUALLY INSTALLED IN SHOWER, WHICH MAY BE USED FOR STEADYING ARE SELF.
 SELF BRACKET – ANY OVER HANGING MEMBER PROJECTING FROM A WALL OR OTHER BODY TO SUPPORT A WEIGHT.
 METAL BRACKET – USED TO SUPPORT ANY CABINET OR SHELF.
 SPRING DOOR CLOSER – ATTACHED ABOVE A SCREEN DOOR TO AUTOMATICALLY CLOSE IT.
 DOOR STOPPER – TO PREVENT THE DOOR WITH ITS LOCKSET FROM HARMING THE WALL OR TILES.

ROUGH HARDWARES:
NAILS
 COMMON WIRE NAIL WITH HEAD AND FOR STRENGTH.
 FINISHING NAIL WITHOUT HEAD AND FOR BETTER APPEARANCE
 MASONRY OR CONCRETE NAIL USED FOR CONCRETE, MORTAR AND BRICK SURFACE
SIZES, 1”, 1 ½”, 2 “, 2 ½”, 3”, 3 ½”, 4”, 6”

OTHER COMMON HAMMER DRIVEN FASTENER

SCOTCH NAILS BRADS
STAPLES TACKS
SCREWS
CLASSIFIED BY GAUGE (DIAMETER), LENGTH, HEAD TYPE, AND METALLIC MAKE-UP.

TYPES OF SCREW HEAD

 FLAT HEAD SCREW
 OVAL HEAD SCREW
 PHILIPPS HEAD
 SHEET-METAL SCREW
 ROUND HEAD SCREW
 LAG SCREW

WASHERS
 FLAT
 COUNTER SUNK
  FLUSH

BOLTS
BOLTS HAVE THREADED SHAFTS THAT RECEIVE NUTS. TO USE THEM, A HOLE IS DRILLED, PUSHING A BOLT THROUGH AND ADDING A NUT.
BOLTS TIGHTENED WITH SCREW WHILE HOLDING THE NUT WITH A WRENCH.

NUTS

 FLAT SQUARE NUT

 HEX NUT
 SQUARE NUT
 ACORN NUT
 T – NUT
 KNURLED NUT
 WING NUT

HUNGER BOLTS – FOR HANGING FIXTURES FROM WALLS.

U-BOLTS – TO ATTACH FLAT SURFACE TO ROUND POLES AND PIPES.

JOINERY BRACKETS
 MENDING PLATE
 T-PLATE
 FLAT CORNER PLATE
 L-BRACKET

 AWNING – AN ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTED WINDOW.

 BAY WINDOW – A WINDOW WHICH PROJECTS OUTSIDE THE MAIN LINE OF A BUILDING.
 HOPPER WINDOW – A WINDOW SASH WHICH OPENS INWARD AND ITS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM.
 ORIEL WINDOW – A PROJECTED WINDOW BEYOND BUILDING WALL CARRIED BY A CORBEL.
 BATTEN DOOR - A DOOR W/OUT STILES WHICH IS COSTRUCTED OF VERTICAL BOARDS HELD TOGETHER BY HORIZONTAL BATTENS.
 STILE – VERTICAL FRAMES OF PANELLED DOOR.
 TRANSOM – WINDOW OVER A DOOR.
 DOOR JAMB – FINISHED FRAME SURROUNDING A DOOR.
 ANCHOR BOLT – A STEEL BOLT USUALLY FIXED IN ABUILDING STRUCTURE WITH ITS THREADED PORTION PROJECTING.
 PLATE BOLT – A BOLT IN A BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH SECURES THEPLATE OR SILL.
 MACHINE BOLT – A THREADED BOLT HAVING A STRAIGHT SHANK AND A CONVENTIONAL HEAD SUCH AS A SQUARE, HEXAGONAL, BUTTON OR COUNTERSANK.
 CARRIAGE BOLT – A BOLT WITH NECK FOR NON-RATATING MOUNTING.
 LAG SCREW – COMMON HARDWARE FASTENER FOR TRUSS BRACES.
 KNOB BOLT – A DOOR LOCK WITH A SPRING BOLT CONTROLLED BY ONE OR BOTH KNOBS AND DEAD BOLT CONTROLLED BY AKEY.
 BACKSET – THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM THE FACE OF A LOCK OF LATCH TO THE CENTER OF THE KNOB OR LOCK CYLINDER.
 GUSSET – A PLATE ATTACHED TO SIDE OF A JOINT FOR INCREASE HOLDING POWER.
 BRAD – A THIN NAIL WITH SMALL HEAD.
 KERF – IN A SUSPENDED ACOUSTICAL CEILING, AGROOVE CUT INTO THE EDGES OF AN ACOUSTICAL TILES TO RECEIVE SPLINES OR SUPPORTING MEMBERS OF THE CEILING SUSPENSION SYSTEM.
 PERFORATED TAPE – A TYPE OF TAPE USED IN FINISHING JOINTS BETWEEN GYPSUM BOARD.
 SAHARA – USED FOR WATERPROOFING.
 PARQUET – INLAID WOOD FLOORING USUALLY SET IN SIMPLE GEOMETRIC PATTERN.
 VINYL TILE – A FLOOR TILE COMPOSED PRINCIPALLY OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.
 BEVEL – THE ANGLE WITH ONE SURFACE OF A BODY MAKES WITH ANOTHER SURFACE WHEN THEY ARE NOT AT RIGHT ANGLE.
 CHASE – A CONTINOUS RECESS BUILT INTO A WALL TO RECEIVE PIPES, DUCTS, ETC.
 GYPSUM BOARD – MATERIAL USED IN DRYWALL CONSTRUCTION.
 PLOUGH – A GROOVE EXTENDED ALONG THE EDGE OR FACE OF THE WOOD MEMBER BEING CUT PARALLEL TO GRAIN.

BUILDING PROTECTION
PREVENTIONS

 WATERPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING SURFACES AGAINST THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF WATER.

 DAMP-PROOFING – PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED BY WATER REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN WATER ASIDE AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO THE EARTH. THE DAMPNESS THAT
SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE THE BUILDING CAN BE CAUSED BY PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE OR BY CONSIDERATION OF WATER VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE.
 CLEAR PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MASONRY, CONCRETE – THIS IS A CLEAR, INVISIBLE SILICONE WATER REPELLENT SPECIALLY FORMULATED FOR APPLICATION ON MASONRY AND BRICKS (STANDARD
SILICONE REPELLENT) AND FOR LIMESTONE AND CONCRETE THAT SEEPS MUCH RAINWATER (SPECIAL FORMULATED SILICONE REPELLENT). THE SILICONE LIQUID IS APPLIED BY BRUSH OR LOW PRESSURE
SPRAY AND DOES NOT AFFECT THE COLOR OR NATURALNESS OF THE MATERIAL.
 ANAY (TERMITE) PROOFING BY SOIL POISONING – IT IS IMPORTANT TO POISON THE SOIL AGAINST ANAY (WHITE ANTS) IN ORDER TO STOP THE ANAY FROM INFESTING THE MAINPOSTS, WALLS AND FLOORING.
 WOOD PRESERVATIVE (POWDER POST TERMITES) A CHEMICAL LIQUID PAINTED AND APPLIED TO LUMBER TO PRESERVE IT FOR YEARS. IT PROTECTS WOOD AGAINST POWDER POST BEATLES (BUKBOK)
POWDER POET TERMITE (UNOS), DECAY CAUSING FUNGI, SUCH AS SAP STAIN AND SRYROT.
 FIREPROOFING – A CLEAR LIQUID APPLIED EASILY ON WOOD, PLYWOOD, LUMBER AND OTHER BOARD THAT RETAINS THE NATURAL BEAUTY, GIVES ADDED STRENGTH AND PROTECTS MATERIALS AGAINST
FIRE, WEATHER, DECAY, INSECTS AND WARPING. SINCE THE LIQUID PENETRATED INTO THE WOOD, WHEN THERE IS FIRE. IT REACTS BY DISPERSING THE FLAME, PREVENTING PROGRESSIVE BURNING.
 RATPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING ROOMS AGAINST THE INTRUSION OF RATS AND OTHER SMALL DESTRUCTIVE ANIMALS FROM GNAWING THE WOODEN PARTS OF THE HOUSE, HABITATING ON
CEILINGS AND FLOORS OF HOUSES AND BUILDINGS.
 RUSTPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING THE FERROUS MATERIALS LIKE STEEL, IRON FROM RUSTING OR CORROSION.
 FLOOR PROTECTION – WHEN FLOORS ARE SUBJECTED TO WEAR AND TEAR, OR FROM CHEMICAL ABRASIONS AND HEAVY USE, A SPECIAL KIND OF MATERIAL SHOULD BE USED TO PROTECT THE FLOORING.
 DESCALERS, PAINT AND CHEMICAL STRIPPERS – WHEN AN OLD HOUSE HAVING OLE PAINT IS IN NEED OF REPAINTING, PAINT REMOVER IS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE WHICH SOFTENS AND LIFTS THE PAINT.
FOR CLEANING OF BUILDINGS FROM STAINS, RUST, ALGAE OR EVEN CEMENT BUILD UP FROM FORMS OR EQUIPMENT, ETC. A CHEMICAL STRIPPER OR DESCALER IS USED.
 CONTROL, PROTECT AND MANAGE – FOR BUILDINGS THAT NEED TOTAL CONTROL OF THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING INDIVIDUALS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BUILDING AS A WHOLE FROM ROBBERS,
STEALERS, ETC. THERE ARE SO MANY EQUIPMENTS WHICH CAN BE INSTALLED.

THIS IS APPLIED ON THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS:

 ROOF DECKS
 CONCRETE TERRACES AND BALCONIES
 SHEATHING FOR WOOD SHINGLE AND TILE ROOFING
 WATER TANKS
 CONCRETE ROOF GUTTERS
 PLANT BOXES INSIDE
 KITCHEN FLOOR
 TOILETS
 CANOPIES
 BASEMENT FLOOR AND WALLS
 ELEVATOR PITS
 SWIMMING POOL
 MACHINE ROOMS, AIR CON & PUMP ROOMS
 REFRIGERATION & COLD STORAGE ROOMS

THREE TYPES OF WATERPROOFING:

 INTEGRAL TYPE – MEDIUM IN POWDER FORM IS ADDED AND MIXED WITH THE AGGREGATES OF CONCRETE. IN THIS CASE, ONE PACK OF USUALLY .908 KILOS IS ADDED TO ONE BAG
OF KILOS CEMENT. SOME OF THE KNOWN BRANDS ARE SAHARA AND SAKURA.
 MEMBRANE TYPE – RECOMMENDED FOR USE WHERE DIRECT RAIN, OR STANDING WATER ARE EMINENT, THERE ARE ABOUT 14 USES. THE MATERIALS USED DEPENDING ON THE
MANUFACTURER IS EITHER ASPHALT PAPER LAID WITH HOT ASPHALT, IMPREGNATED ASBESTOS FELT, SOMETIMES THICK POLYETHYLENE SHEETS IS ALSO USED. OTHER MATERIALS ARE
PERFORMED SELF SEALING ASPHALT.
 FLUID APPLIED – A FLUID APPLIED ELASTOMERIC COATING BASED ON HAVY SOLIDS ELASTOMER COMPOUND FORMULATED TO WATERPROOF AND PRESERVE THE SUBSTRATE, LIKE
CONCRETE, WOOD, BRICKS AND STEEL. THE WATERPROOFING IS MONOLOTHIC, SEAMLESS, FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE, WITHSTANDS EXTREME THERMAL
MOVEMENT, SETTLING AND CRACKING. IT RESISTS PUNCTURE AND TEARING ABRASIVE OVERLAYMENTS. THIS ELASTOMERIC FLUID CAN BE APPLIED BY ROLLER, BRUSH, SPRAY OR SQUEEGEE.

ROOFING FELTS – THE BASE FELTS USED IN BUILT-UP ROOFING ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO BASIC TYPE – ASBESTOS FELTS AND ORGANIC OR RAG FELTS. THEY LOOK ALIKE, SUPERFICIALLY, BUT THEY DIFFER
WIDELY IN SERVICE.

ASBESTOS:
 ASBESTOS FELTS – COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF ASBESTOS FIBER, A NON-ROTTING, NON-WICKING INORGANIC MINERAL FIBER.
 IDENTICAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES TO FINISHING FELTS.
 MINIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE OR WETTING OR DRYING WHICH MEANS MINIMUM DISTORTION.
 LOSES STRENGTH SLOWLY WHILE AGING.
 EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.
 RAT RESISTANT.

ORGANIC:
 ORGANIC FELTS – COMPOSED OF FIBROUS ORGANIC MATERIALS. SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION BY OXIDATION AND TO WICKING.
 DIFFERENT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES FROM FINISHING PLIES.
 MAXIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE ON WETTING AND DRYING WHICH MEANS MAXIMUM DISTORTION.
 LOSES STRENGTH RAPIDLY WHILE AGING.
 POOR RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.
 POOR RESISTANCE TO ROT.

VAPOR INSULATION (DAMPROOFING)

THE DAMPNESS THAT SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE BUILDINGS CAN BE CAUSED BY PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE OR BY CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE.
PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED BY WATER REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN ASIDE AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO THE EARTH DONE THE OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING. MOISTURE VAPOR ON THE
OTHER HAND CAN PERMEATE MOST ORDINARY BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, PAPER, LATH PLASTER, UNTREATED BRICK, ETC. THE MOISTURE VAPOR WILL CONDENSE WATER WHEN ITS TEMPERATURE
IS REDUCED BY CONTACT WITH A COOL SURFACE OR COOL AIR. HENCE, HIGH HUMIDITY IN A BUILDING MAY RESULT IN CONDENSATION OF WATER NOT ONLY ON THE INSIDE OF WALLS AND WINDOWS BUT ALSO
ON THE OUTSIDE OR WITHIN THE EXTERIOR WALLS, CEILING OR ROOF. MOISTURE VAPOR IS PRODUCED BY COOKING OCCUPANTS, LAUNDERING, EARTH CRAWL SPACES, BASEMENT FLOORS, HUMIDIFIES, ETC.

VAPOR BARRIERS (DAMPROOFING MATERIALS)

THESE ARE MATERIALS WHICH EFFECTIVELY RETARD OR STOP THE FLOW OF WATER VAPOR AND NORMALLY ARE PRODUCED IN SHEETS OR THIN LAYERS. VAPOR BARRIERS SHOULD BE INSTALLED ON THE
WARM SIDE OF THE INSULATION. THEY SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS SURFACES OF ASPHALT OR WAX COATED PAPER, ALUMINUM, OR OTHER METAL FOIL SHEETS OR POLYETHYLENE FILM. THEY CAN BE ATTACHED
TO THE INSULATION AS PART OF THE MANUFACTURED PRODUCT OR INSTALLED SEPARATELY IN OR ON THE WARM SIDE OF THE WALL, FLOOR, OR CEILING. THEY MUST BE CONTINUOUS AND ALLOW NO
OPENINGS THROUGH WHICH VAPOR MAY PASS. ALTHOUGH ASPHALT PAPER IS A GOOD MOISTURE BARRIER, IT IS NOT A VAPOR BARRIER, AND SHOULD BE USED ON THE OUTSIDE OF A BUILDING FOR THAT
PURPOSE.

MATERIALS USED AS VAPOR BARRIERS:

 POLYETHYLENE FILM – THIS IS CHEMICALLY INERT PLASTIC, UNAFFECTED BY ACIDS, ALKALIS AND CAUSTICS, PRODUCED IN ROLLS OF 3 TO 20 FT. WIDE. COMMON THICKNESSES ARE 2,3,4 AND
6 MIL (1MIL = .001 IN.) THIS FILM IS USEFUL NOT ONLY AS VAPOR BARRIER FOR WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORS BUT ALSO AS A BARRIER TO PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF MOISTURE FROM THE EARTH
UPWARD THROUGH A CONCRETE SLAB LAIN ON THE GROUND. POLYETHYLENE FILM CAN BE APPLIED VERTICALLY IN 36 IN. WIDE STRIPS TO STUDDING ON 16 IN. CENTERS WITH A FULL OVERLAP
ON ALTERNATE STUDS. FILMS ARE STAPLED TO STUDS. OVERLAPS AND EXTENSIONS TO FLOORS AND WALLINGS SHALL BE 6 IN.
 ALUMINUM FOIL – USED AS VAPOR BARRIER AS A SINGLE SHEET, OR AS A THIN LAYER OF FOIL LAMINATED TO A HEAVY BACKING OF ASPHALT-IMPREGNATED KRAFT PAPER. THIS IS ALSO
DONE WITH TWO LAYERS OF FOIL LAMINATED WITH ASPHALT CEMENT.
 KRAFT PAPER COATED WITH ASPHALT OR WAX. SOMETIMES TWO LAYERS OF PAPER ARE CEMENTED WITH A CONTINOUS LAYER OF ASPHALT. ANOTHER MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP-
PROOFING OF CONCRETE WALLS IS “WEATHERKOTE” BITUMINOUS EMULSION, BY SHELL.

THERMAL INSULATION

IN COLD WEATHER, WE ARE INTERESTED IN TRANSFERRING HEAT FROM FURNACES, RADIATORS, HEATING PANELS, INTO VARIOUS ROOMS OF OUR BUILDINGS. AT THE SAME TIME WE ARE INTERESTED IN
PREVENTING THAT HEAT FROM BEING TRANSFERRED FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING TO THE OUTSIDE.

DURING THE SUMMER, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HOT OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES TO THE WORKING AND LIVING SPACE WITHIN OUR BUILDINGS.

ALL OF THESE ARE DONE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF MATERIALS WHICH IS BEST PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HEAT, THIS WE CALL THERMAL INSULATION.

KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION

 LOOSE FILL – THIS BULKY AND DIVIDED INTO:
 FIBROUS TYPE
 GRANULAR INSULATION
 FIBROUS LOOSE FILL
 GRANULE
 BLANKET INSULATION- IS MADE FROM SOME FIBROUS MATERIAL SUCH AS MINERAL WOOL, WOOD FIBER, COTTON FIBER, OR ANIMAL HAIR.
 BATTS
 STRUCTURAL INSULATION BOARD
 STRAWBOARD
 CORKBOARD
 BLOCK OR RIGID SLAB INSULATION – THIS TYPE OF INSULATION IS SO CALLED BLOCK OR RIGID BECAUSE THE UNITS ARE RELATIVELY STIFF AND INELASTIC.
 FOAMED PLASTIC INSULATION
 CELLULAR GLASS INSULATION
 FOAMED CONCRETE
 CELLULAR HARD RUBBER
 SHREDDED WOOD OR WOOD FIBER
 RIGID SLAB INSULATION
 RIGID INSULATION- WHICH ARE IMPERVOUS TO MOISTURE PENETRATION RESULTING FROM CONTINUOUS CONTACT WITH THE EARTH AND MOISTURE ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS
PERIMETER INSULATION.
 REFLECTIVE INSULATION
 ALUMINUM FOIL
 COPPER- FOIL INSULATIONS
 REFLECTIVE INSULATION
 SHEET FOIL
 FOAMED-IN PLACE INSULATION – THIS IS POLYURETHANE PRODUCT MADE BY COMBINING A POLYISOCYANATE AND A POLYESTER RESIN. THIS TYPE OF INSULATION CAN BE APPLIED EITHER BY POURING OR
BY SPRAYING. THE BASIC INGREDIENTS FOR BOTH ARE DRAWN FROM THEIR CONTAINERS, MEASURED, AND MIXED BY MACHINE.
 APPLICATION BY POURING
 APPLICATION BY SPRAYING
 SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS – MATERIALS USED ARE POLYURETHANE FOAM ASBESTOS FIBER MIXED WITH INORGANIC BINDERS, VERMICULITE AGGREGATE WITH A BINDER SUCH AS PORTLAND CEMENT OR
GYPSUM AND PERLITE AGGREGATE USING GYPSUM AS A BINDER. MACHINES ARE USED FOR BLOWING THESE INSULATIONS INTO PLACE; AS A RESULT THE SHAPE OR IRREGULARITY OF THE SURFACE BEING
INSULATED IS OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE.
 ASBESTOS FIBER INSULATION
 CORRUGATED INSULATION