Siberia

"Siberian" redirects here. For the Federal district, see Siberian Federal District. For
other uses, see Siberia (disambiguation) and Siberian (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Serbia.
Coordinates:  60°0′N 105°0′E

Siberia

Сибирь

Geographical region

       Siberian Federal District

       Geographic Russian Siberia
       North Asia, greatest extent of Siberia

Country Russia
Region Northern Asia, Eurasia

Parts West Siberian Plain

Central Siberian Plateau
others...

Area
 • Total 13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi)

Population
 (2017)
 • Total 33,765,005
 • Density 2.6/km2 (6.7/sq mi)
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сибирь, tr. Sibír', IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive
geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and Northern Asia. Siberia has
been part of modern Russia since the 17th century.
The territory of Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to
the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins. The Yenisei
River conditionally divides Siberia into two parts, Western and Eastern. Siberia
stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and
to the national borders of Mongolia and China.[1]
With an area of 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), Siberia accounts for
77% of Russia's land area, but it is home to approximately 33 million people—23% of
the country's population. This is equivalent to an average population density of about 3
inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi) (approximately equal to that of Australia),
making Siberia one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth. If it were a country
by itself, it would still be the largest country by area, but in population it would be the
world's 35th-largest and Asia's 14th-largest.
Worldwide, Siberia is well-known primarily for its long, harsh winters, with a January
average of −25 °C (−13 °F),[2] as well as its extensive history of use by Russian
and Soviet governments as a place for prisons, labor camps, and internal exile.
European influences, especially Russian, are strong in the southwestern and central
part of the region, due to its high Russian population from Eastern Europe, which began
to settle the area in the 18th-century CE.[3]

Contents

 1Etymology
 2Prehistory
 3History
 4Geography
o 4.1Mountain ranges
o 4.2Geomorphological regions
o 4.3Lakes and rivers
o 4.4Grasslands
o 4.5Geology
o 4.6Climate
 4.6.1Global warming
 5Fauna
o 5.1Order Artiodactyla
o 5.2Order Carnivora
 5.2.1Family Felidae
 5.2.2Family Ursidae
 6Flora
 7Politics
 8Borders and administrative division
o 8.1Major cities
  9Economy
 10Sport
 11Demographics
 12Religion
 13Transport
 14Culture
o 14.1Cuisine
 15See also
 16References
 17Bibliography

Etymology[edit]
The origin of the name is unknown. Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from
the Siberian Tatar word for "sleeping land" (Sib Ir).[4] Another account sees the name as
the ancient tribal ethnonym of the Sirtya [ru] (also "Syopyr" (sʲɵpᵻr)), an ethnic group
which spoke a Paleosiberian language. The Sirtya people were later assimilated into
the Siberian Tatars.[citation needed]
The modern usage of the name was recorded in the Russian language after the
Empire's conquest of the Siberian Khanate. A further variant claims that the region was
named after the Xibe people.[5] The Polish historian Chyliczkowski has proposed that the
name derives from the proto-Slavic word for "north" (север, sever),[6] same as Severia.
Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. He said that the neighbouring
Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not
have known Russian. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words
with Turkic origin, "su" (water) and "bir" (wild land).[7]

Prehistory[edit]
Main article: Prehistory of Siberia
The region has paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals
from the Pleistocene Epoch, preserved in ice or in permafrost. Specimens of Goldfuss
cave lion cubs, Yuka the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon,
a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma River, and bison and horses from Yukagir have
been found.[8]
The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last
500 million years of Earth's geological history. Their activity continued for a million years
and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million
years ago,[9] – estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.[10]
At least three species of human lived in Southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: H.
sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and the Denisovans.[11] In 2010 DNA evidence identified
the last as a separate species.

History[edit]
Main articles: History of Siberia and List of Russian explorers
Chukchi, one of many indigenous peoples of Siberia. Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis
Choris (1816)

During past millennia different groups of nomads – such as the Enets, the Nenets,

the Huns, the Xiongnu, the Scythians and the Uyghurs inhabited various parts of
Siberia. The proto-Mongol Khitan people also occupied parts of the region. In 630 the
Khan of Sibir in the vicinity of modern Tobolsk was known as a prominent figure[citation
needed]
 who endorsed Kubrat as Khagan of Old Great Bulgaria. In the 13th century, during
the period of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.[12]

Map of the Siberian Route in the 18th century (green) and the early 19th century (red).

With the breakup of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Khanate of Sibir formed in the

late-15th century. Turkic-speaking Yakut migrated north from the Lake Baikal region
under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th century.[13] Siberia
remained a sparsely populated area. Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... it is doubtful
that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".[14]
The growing power of Russia in the West began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in
the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area. The
Russian Army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new
settlers who migrated from European Russia. Towns such
as Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk and Tobolsk developed, the last becoming the de
facto capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at
Qashlik, near Tobolsk. Gerardus Mercator, in a map published in 1595,
marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a
left tributary of the Ob River.[15] Other sources[which?] contend that the Xibe, an
indigenous Tungusic people, offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the
Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a russification of their ethnonym.[5]
By the mid-17th century Russia had established areas of control that extended to
the Pacific. Some 230,000 Russians had settled in Siberia by 1709.[16] Siberia became
one of the destinations for sending internal exiles.[17][18][need quotation to verify][19]
The first great modern change in Siberia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, constructed
during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia
of Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917). Around seven million people moved to Siberia
from European Russia between 1801 and 1914.[20] Between 1859 and 1917 more than
half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East.[21] Siberia has extensive natural
resources: during the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these took place, and
industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.[22]
At 7:15 a.m. on 30 June 1908 the Tunguska Event felled millions of trees near
the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) River in central Siberia. Most scientists
believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Even though no crater
has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars
of this event.[23]

Siberian Cossack family in Novosibirsk

In the early decades of the Soviet Union (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the
government used the Gulag state agency to administer a system of penal labour camps,
replacing the previous katorga system.[24] According to semi-official Soviet estimates,
which did not become public until after the fall of the Soviet government in 1991, from
1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons,
many of them in Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were internally
deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities
in several cases).[25]
Half a million (516,841) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943[26] due to food
shortages caused by World War II.[citation needed] At other periods, mortality was comparatively
lower.[27] The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of
much research and debate. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of
northeastern Siberia. The best-known clusters included Sevvostlag (the North-East
Camps) along the Kolyma River and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners lived
in 1952.[28] Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan,
developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.[29]
From the era of Imperial Russia, to Soviet Russia, to modern Russia, all forms of
extradition to Siberia have used a brutal system of prisoner transport called Road
Prisons (étapes).
Geography[edit]
Further information: Geography of Russia and North Asia §  Geography

Lena
Gulf of Ob Taymyr Peninsula
Sakha Republic
Novaya Zemlya Severnaya Zemlya
Laptev Sea
Kara Sea Arctic Ocean
New Siberian Islands
Yenisei Central Siberian Plateau
Kolyma
Ob Siberian Federal District
Verkhoyansk Range

Urals Federal District

Kazakhstan
Ob Stanovoy Range
Irtysh Lake Baikal Manchuria
Altai Mongolia Korea
Tian Shan Gobi Sakhalin
Syr Darya North China Plain Amur
Taklamakan Yangtze Plain Sea of Okhotsk
Himalayas Plateau Japan
Pamir Pacific Ocean
Hindukush
Tibetan
Physical map of Northern Asia.
Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the Altai Mountains

The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, Lake Baikal

Vasyugan River in the southern West Siberian Plain

View from Haiyrakan mountain, Tuva

Siberian taiga

Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula

With an area of 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), Siberia makes up

roughly 77% of Russia's total territory and almost 9% of Earth's land surface
(148,940,000 km2, 57,510,000 sq mi). While Siberia falls entirely within Asia, many
authorities such as the UN geoscheme will not subdivide countries and will place all of
Russia as part of Europe and/or Eastern Europe. Major geographical zones include
the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.
Eastern and central Sakha comprises numerous north–south mountain ranges of
various ages. These mountains extend up to almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), but above
a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation.
The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate
was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are
numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with larch forest, except in the
extreme north where the tundra dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of gelisol).
The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers.
The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on
the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak is at 4,750 metres (15,580 ft).
Mountain ranges[edit]

 Altai Mountains
 Anadyr Highlands
 Baikal Mountains
 Khamar-Daban
 Chersky Range
 Chukotka Mountains
 Dzhugdzhur Mountains
 Gydan Mountains
 Kolyma Mountains
 Koryak Mountains
 Sayan Mountains
 Tannu-Ola Mountains
 Ural Mountains
 Verkhoyansk Mountains
  Yablonoi Mountains
Geomorphological regions[edit]
See also: Great Russian Regions

 Central Siberian Plateau

 Central Yakutian Lowland
 East Siberian Lowland
 East Siberian Mountains
 North Siberian Lowland
 South Siberian Mountains
 West Siberian Lowland
Lakes and rivers[edit]
Main article: Rivers in Russia

 Alazeya River
 Anabar River
 Angara River
 Indigirka River
 Irtysh River
 Kolyma River
 Lake Baikal
 Lena River
 Lower Tunguska River
 Novosibirsk Reservoir
 Ob River
 Popigay River
 Stony Tunguska River
 Upper Angara River
 Uvs Nuur
 Yana River
 Yenisei River
Grasslands[edit]

 Ukok Plateau – part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site[30]

Geology[edit]
The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is somewhat
flat. Many deposits on this plain result from ice dams which produced a large glacial
lake. This mid- to late-Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of
the Ob and Yenisei rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into
the Caspian and Aral seas via the Turgai Valley.[31] The area is very swampy, and soils
are mostly peaty histosols and, in the treeless northern part, histels. In the south of the
plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of
the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation, most of which is no longer visible.[why?]
The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that
formed an independent continent before the Permian (see the Siberian continent). It is
exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores
of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. Much of the area includes
the Siberian Traps—a large igneous province. This massive eruptive period was
approximately coincident with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event
is said to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme
northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally
deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the
deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme
northwest, the taiga is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.
[32]
 Soils here are mainly turbels, giving way to spodosols where the active layer
becomes thicker and the ice content lower.

Belukha Mountain

Verkhoyansk Range

The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some

authors refer to it as the Eastern Siberian platform), bounded on the northeast and east
by the Late Carboniferous through Jurassic Verkhoyansk foldbelt, on the northwest by
the Paleozoic Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the
Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian Baykalian foldbelt.[33]:228 A regional geologic
reconnaissance study begun in 1932, followed by surface and subsurface mapping,
revealed the Markova-Angara Arch (anticline). This led to the discovery of the Markovo
Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo 1 well, which produced from the Early Cambrian Osa
Horizon bar-sandstone at a depth of 2,156 metres (7,073 ft).[33]:243 The Sredne-Botuobin
Gas Field was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and
the Proterozoic Parfenovo Horizon.[33]:244 The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971,
producing from the Vendian Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft),
which lies below Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps.[33]:244
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Russia

     polar desert      tundra      alpine tundra      taiga      montane forest

     temperate broadleaf forest      temperate steppe      dry steppe
Vegetation in Siberia is mostly taiga, with a tundra belt on the northern fringe, and a temperate forest zone in the south.
The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has short summers and long,
brutally cold winters. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short
(about one month long) summer.
Almost all the population lives in the south, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The
climate in this southernmost part is Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold
winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average is
about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). January averages about −20 °C (−4 °F) and July about +19 °C
(66 °F) while daytime temperatures in summer typically are above 20 °C (68 °F).[34]
[35]
 With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly
fertile chernozem soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as
was proven in the early 20th century.
By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is
continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about
−5 °C (23 °F) and an average for January of −25 °C (−13 °F) and an average for July of
+17 °C (63 °F),[36] although this varies considerably, with a July average about 10 °C
(50 °F) in the taiga–tundra ecotone. The Business oriented website and blog Business
Insider lists Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, in Siberia's Sakha Republic, as being in
competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold. Oymyakon is a
village which recorded a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) on 6 February
1933. Verkhoyansk, a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of
−69.8 °C (−93.6 °F) for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town
is alternately considered the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold, meaning the coldest
inhabited point in the Northern hemisphere. Each town also frequently reaches 86 °F
(30 °C) in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's
greatest temperature variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often being
well over 170–180+ °F (94–100+ °C) between the seasons.[37][failed verification]
Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate
in West Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East
(Irkutsk, Chita) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate
(Köppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach
+38 °C (100 °F). In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of
the Yana River has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493
metres (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, as far as Imperial Russian plans of settlement were
concerned, cold was never viewed as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia
sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in
the winter.
Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimetres (20 in) only
in Kamchatka where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains –
producing the region's only major glaciers, though volcanic eruptions and low summer
temperatures allow limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most
of Primorye in the extreme south where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy
summer rainfall.
hideClimate data for Novosibirsk, Siber
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May
−12.2 −10.3 −2.6 8.1 17.5
Average high °C (°F)
(10.0) (13.5) (27.3) (46.6) (63.5)
−16.2 −14.7 −7.2 3.2 11.6
Daily mean °C (°F)
(2.8) (5.5) (19.0) (37.8) (52.9)
−20.1 −19.1 −11.8 −1.7 5.6
Average low °C (°F)
(−4.2) (−2.4) (10.8) (28.9) (42.1)
19 14 15 24 36
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(0.7) (0.6) (0.6) (0.9) (1.4)
Source: [38]

Global warming[edit]
Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand
at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global
warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas,
which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times
more powerful than carbon dioxide.[39] In 2008, a research expedition for the American
Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the
atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the result of methane clathrates being
released through holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of
the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.[40][41]
Pleistocene Park has been created in Siberia in order to do research in relation Siberia
and global warming, including working towards possible solutions to the problem.

Fauna[edit]
A Siberian tigress and cub.

Order Artiodactyla[edit]

 Manchurian wapiti[42]
 Siberian musk deer[43]
Order Carnivora[edit]
Family Felidae[edit]

 Amur leopard[44]
 Amur tiger[45]
Family Ursidae[edit]

 Asian black bear[46]

 Brown bear[47]
 Polar bear

Flora[edit]
 Picea obovata[48]
 Pinus pumila[49]
See also: Category:Flora of Siberia

Politics[edit]
Main article: Siberian regionalism

Borders and administrative division[edit]

Map of the most populated area of Siberia with clickable city names (SVG)

Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century

The term "Siberia" has a long history. Its meaning has gradually changed during ages.
Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of Ural
Mountains, including the Russian Far East. According to this definition, Siberia
extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from
the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian Central Asia and the national borders of both
Mongolia and China.[50]
Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[51] and modern Russian
ones[52] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to
the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the
Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both
Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of
the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Ural Federal District, as well as Sakha
(Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically,
this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern
federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition
excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in
some wider definitions of Siberia.
Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast,
not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East)
[53]
 or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus
excluding all subjects of other districts).[54] In Russian, the word for Siberia is used as a
substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself and
less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it.
Ulan-Ude

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia

Federal subjects of Siberia (GSE)

Subject Administrative center

Ural Federal District

Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug Khanty-Mansiysk

Kurgan Oblast Kurgan

Tyumen Oblast Tyumen

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Salekhard

Siberian Federal District

Altai Krai Barnaul

 Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk

Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk

Republic of Khakassia Abakan

Kemerovo Oblast Kemerovo

Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk

Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk

Omsk Oblast Omsk

Tomsk Oblast Tomsk

Tuva Republic Kyzyl

Far Eastern Federal District

Buryat Republic Ulan-Ude

Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Yakutsk

Zabaykalsky Krai Chita

Amur waterfront in Khabarovsk
Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai

Yakutsk is the capital of the Sakha Republic

Federal subjects of Siberia (in wide sense)

Subject Administrative center

Far Eastern Federal District

Amur Oblast Blagoveshchensk

Chukotka Autonomous
Anadyr
Okrug

Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan

Kamchatka Krai Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk

Magadan Oblast Magadan

Primorsky Krai Vladivostok

Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

 Ural Federal District

Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk

Sverdlovsk Oblast Yekaterinburg

Major cities[edit]
The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is
the city of Novosibirsk. Other major cities include:

 Barnaul
 Irkutsk
 Kemerovo
 Krasnoyarsk
 Novokuznetsk
 Omsk
 Tomsk
 Tyumen
Wider definitions of Siberia also include:

 Chelyabinsk
 Khabarovsk
 Vladivostok
 Yekaterinburg – Some sources such as Encyclopædia
Britannica include this city as it lies in the Ural Mountains.
Inhabitants have distanced themselves though saying that
there is a difference between Siberian and Urals culture.[55]

Economy[edit]
Russia is a key oil and gas supplier to much of Europe.

Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically

valuable metals. It has some of the world's largest deposits
of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as
well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas.[56] Around 70% of
Russia's developed oil fields are in the Khanty-Mansiysk region.[57] Russia contains
about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in
Siberia. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer.[58]
Siberian agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the
region. However, in the southwest where soils are exceedingly fertile black earths and
the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping
of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers
of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of
the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding
of reindeer in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years.
[citation needed]
 Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of
revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly
than they are able to recover. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest
fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus
Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has
declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR.[59]
While the development of renewable energy in Russia is held back by the lack of a
conducive government policy framework,[60] Siberia still offers special opportunities for
off-grid renewable energy developments. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to
connect to central electricity and gas grids, and have therefore historically been
supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. In such cases renewable
energy is often cheaper.[61]

Sport[edit]
KHL game HC Sibir Novosibirsk vs Amur Khabarovsk

Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade

Professional football teams include FC Tom Tomsk, FC Novosibirsk, and FK Yenisey

Krasnoyarsk.
The Yenisey Krasnoyarsk basketball team has played in the VTB United League since
2011–12.
Russia's third most popular sport, bandy,[62] is important in Siberia. In the 2015–16
Russian Bandy Super League season Yenisey from Krasnoyarsk became champions
for the third year in a row by beating Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk in the final.[63][64] Two or
three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League,
the 2016–17 champions SKA-Neftyanik from Khabarovsk as well
as Kuzbass from Kemerovo and Sibselmash from Novosibirsk. In 2007 Kemerovo got
Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy.[65] Now Khabarovsk has the world's
largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, Arena Yerofey.[66] It was venue for
Division A of the 2018 World Championship. In time for the 2020 World Championship,
an indoor arena will be ready for use in Irkutsk. That one will also have a speed skating
oval.[67]
The 2019 Winter Universiade was hosted by Krasnoyarsk.

Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Siberia
See also: Siberian Bukharans and Ukrainians in Siberia

Tomsk, one of the oldest Siberian cities, was founded in 1604.

According to the Russian Census of 2010, the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal
Districts, located entirely east of the Ural Mountains, together have a population of
about 25.6 million. Tyumen and Kurgan Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but
administratively part of the Urals Federal District, together have a population of about
4.3 million. Thus, the whole region of Asian Russia (or Siberia in the broadest usage of
the term) is home to approximately 30 million people.[68] It has a population density of
about three people per square kilometre.
All Siberians are Russian citizens, and of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are
Slavic-origin Russians and russified Ukrainians.[69] The remaining Russian citizens of
Siberia consists of other groups of non-indigenous ethnic origins and those of
indigenous Siberian origin.
Among the largest non-Slavic group of Russian citizens of Siberia are the approximately
400,000 ethnic Volga Germans,[70] Russified Romanians with ancestral origins from
Bessarabia (present-day Moldova) also live in Siberia. The original indigenous groups of
Siberia, including Mongol and Turkic groups such as Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts,
and Siberian Tatars still mostly reside in Siberia, though they are minorities
outnumbered by all other non-indigenous Siberians. Indeed, Slavic-origin Russians by
themselves outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, both in Siberia as a
whole and its cities, except in the Republic of Tuva.
Slavic-origin Russians make up the majority in the Buryat, Sakha, and Altai Republics,
outnumbering the indigenous Buryats, Sakha, and Altai. The Buryat make up only 25%
of their own republic, and the Sakha and Altai each are only one-third, and the
Chukchi, Evenk, Khanti, Mansi, and Nenets are outnumbered by non-indigenous
peoples by 90% of the population.[71]
According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but of these, 300,000
are Volga Tatars who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus
also non-indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 Siberian Tatars which are
indigenous to Siberia.[72]
Of the indigenous Siberians, the Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the
most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland,
the Buryat Republic.[73] According to the 2002 census there were 443,852
indigenous Yakuts.[74] Other ethnic groups indigenous to Siberia
include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, Yupiks, and Yukaghirs.
About seventy percent of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments. Many
people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses. Novosibirsk is the
largest city in Siberia, with a population of about
1.5 million. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Omsk are the older,
historical centers.

Religion[edit]
Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk

See also: Shamanism in Siberia and Religion in Russia

There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including Orthodox Christianity, other
denominations of Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism and Islam.[75] The Siberian Federal
District alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims. An estimated 70,000 Jews live in
Siberia,[76] some in the Jewish Autonomous Region.[77] The predominant religious group is
the Russian Orthodox Church.
Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of shamanism, and polytheism is popular.
[78]
 These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There
are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century.[79] The
vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: Ak
Ana, Anapel, Bugady Musun, Kara Khan, Khaltesh-
Anki, Kini'je, Ku'urkil, Nga, Nu'tenut, Num-Torum, Pon, Pugu, Todote, Toko'yoto, Toma
m, Xaya Iccita and Zonget. Places with sacred areas include Olkhon, an island in Lake
Baikal.

Transport[edit]
Many cities in northern Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached
by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia.
Siberia can be reached through the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Siberian
Railway operates from Moscow in the west to Vladivostok in the east. Cities that are
located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate Baikal–Amur
Railway (BAM).

Culture[edit]
Cuisine[edit]
Stroganina is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made
from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish.[80] It is a popular dish with native Siberians.[81]

See also[edit]
  Siberian regionalism

References[edit]
1. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in
Russian)  https://archive.today/20120712213914/http://encycl.yandex.r
u/dict/bse/article/00070/76500.htm?text=
%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C. Archived
from  the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May2010  –
via Yandex. Missing or empty |title= (help)
2. ^ "Arctic Oscillation and Polar Vortex Analysis and Forecasts".
Atmospheric and Environmental Research,  Verisk Analytics.
Retrieved 20 May 2018.
3. ^ Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 9780199754182.
4. ^ Euan Ferguson (19 May 2007).  "Trans-Siberian for softies".  the
Guardian. Retrieved 14 January  2016.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002).  The Manchus. Peoples of
Asia.  14  (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 213.  ISBN  978-0-631-23591-0.
Retrieved 28 December 2013.
6. ^ Czaplicka, M.C. (1915). Aboriginal Siberia.
7. ^ Baikaloff, Anatole (December 1950). "Notes on the origin of the
name "Siberia"". Slavonic and East European Review.  29  (72): 288.
8. ^ "Meet this extinct cave lion, at least 10,000  years old – world
exclusive".  siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 30 January  2016.
9. ^ "Yellowstone's Super Sister". Archived from the original  on 14
March 2005. Retrieved  17 April 2010.  [...] the Siberian Traps is the
prime suspect in wiping out 90 percent of all living species 251 million
years ago – the most severe extinction event in Earth's history..
Discovery Channel.
10. ^ Benton, M. J. (2005). When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass
Extinction of All Time. Thames & Hudson.  ISBN  978-0-500-28573-2.
[need quotation to verify]

11. ^ " DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman'," BBC News.
25 March 2010.
12. ^ Naumov, Igor V. (2006). "The Mongols in Siberia". In Collins, David
Norman (ed.).  The History of Siberia. Routledge Studies in the History
of Russia and Eastern Europe. Translated by Collins, David Norman.
London: Routledge. p.  44. ISBN 9781134207039. Retrieved 11
June  2019. In 1207 Chinggis Khan sent his troops north under the
command of his elder son Jochi to subjugate the 'forest peoples'.
Jochi was able to do so in the space of three years. The only
exception was the remote northern tribes. Most of Siberia became part
of the Mongol Empire.
13. ^ Pakendorf, B.; Novgorodov, I. N.; Osakovskij, V. L.; Danilova, A. B.
P.; Protod'Jakonov, A. P.; Stoneking, M. (2006). "Investigating the
effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: Genetic variation and the
origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics.  120  (3): 334–
353.  doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541.  This article
incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
14. ^ Richards, 2003 p. 538.
15. ^ Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris
desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Iunioris
16. ^ Sean C. Goodlett. "Russia's Expansionist Policies I. The Conquest
of Siberia". Falcon.fsc.edu. Archived from the original  on 11 May
2011. Retrieved  15 May  2010.
17. ^ For example: Prison without a roof
18. ^ https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/768263225708257284
19. ^ Barker, Adele Marie (2010). Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce
(eds.). The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. The World
Readers. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
p. 441.  ISBN  9780822346487. Retrieved  11 June 2019.  Throughout
Russian history there is a long-standing tradition of imprisoning and
sentencing to internal exile (within the country proper) political and
religious dissidents. [...] Among those sentenced to internal exile were
[...] the Decembrists [...]. Several were executed; others were exiled to
Siberia, the Far East, and Kazakhstan.
20. ^ Fisher, Raymond H.; Treadgold, Donald W. (1958). "Review: The
Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement
from Emancipation to the First World War". The American Historical
Review.  63  (4): 989–990.  doi:10.2307/1848991.  JSTOR  1848991.
21. ^ The Russian Far East: A History. John J. Stephan (1996). Stanford
University Press. p.62. ISBN 0-8047-2701-5
22. ^ Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold? Archived 24 April
2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Globalist, 23 February 2004.
23. ^ Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.;
Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001). "Probable asteroidal
origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" (PDF). Astronomy &
Astrophysics. 377(3): 1081–
1097. Bibcode:2001A&A...377.1081F. doi:10.1051/0004-
6361:20011054.
24. ^ The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special
Settlements. Lynne Viola (2007). Oxford University Press US.
p.3. ISBN 0-19-518769-5
25. ^ Robert Conquest in "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment," Europe-Asia
Studies, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–1319 states: "We are all
inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with
their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added
four to five million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5
million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken,
these are surely 'high' figures."
26. ^ Zemskov, "Gulag," Sociologičeskije issledovanija, 1991, No. 6, pp.
14–15.
27. ^ Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. Livre noir du Communisme:
crimes, terreur, répression. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.
206. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 – "300,000 known deaths in the camps from
1934 to 1940."
28. ^ Courtois and Kramer (1999), Livre noir du Communisme, p.239.
29. ^ Chamberlain, Lesley (27 April 2003).  "Dark side of the moon".
Arlindo-correia.org. Retrieved  11 June 2019.  Today's major industrial
cities of Noril'sk, Vorkuta, Kolyma and Magadan, were camps
originally built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.
30. ^ "Altai: Saving the Pearl of Siberia". Archived from  the originalon 22
March 2007. Retrieved  30 November  2006.
31. ^ Lioubimtseva E.U., Gorshkov S.P. & Adams J.M.; A Giant Siberian
Lake During the Last Glacial: Evidence and Implications ; Oak Ridge
National laboratory Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback
Machine
32. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Taiga. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland.
Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the
Environment. Washington DC
33. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Meyerhof, A. A., 1980, "Geology and Petroleum Fields
in Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian Strata, Lena-Tunguska Petroleum
Province, Eastern Siberia, USSR", in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the
Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M. T., editor, Tulsa:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063
34. ^ "Novosibirsk climate". Worldclimate.com. 4 February 2007.
Retrieved 15 May 2010.
35. ^ "Omsk climate". Worldclimate.com. 4 February 2007. Retrieved  15
May 2010.
36. ^ "Kazachengoye climate". Worldclimate.com. 4 February 2007.
Retrieved 15 May 2010.
37. ^ Business Insider, February
2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/verkhoyansk-russia-most-
miserable-place-2014-2
38. ^ Гидрометцентр России (in Russian). Archived from  the
original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
39. ^ Ian Sample, "Warming hits 'tipping point'". The Guardian, 11 August
2005
40. ^ Connor, Steve (23 September 2008).  "Exclusive: The methane time
bomb".  The Independent. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
41. ^ N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel'cheva
(2007), Methane release on the Arctic East Siberian
shelf, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9, 01071
42. ^ Valerius Geist (January 1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution,
Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books. p.  211. ISBN 978-0-8117-
0496-0. Retrieved 30 January  2016.
43. ^ Nyambayar, B.; Mix, H. & Tsytsulina, K. (2008). "Moschus
moschiferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  2008.
Retrieved 30 January  2016. Database entry includes a brief
justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
44. ^ Uphyrkina, O.; Miquelle, D.; Quigley, H.; Driscoll, C.; O'Brien, S. J.
(2002).  "Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera
pardus orientalis)"  (PDF). Journal of Heredity.  93  (5): 303–
11.  doi:10.1093/jhered/93.5.303. PMID 12547918. Archived from the
original  (PDF)  on 4 February 2016. Retrieved  30 January 2016.
45. ^ Miquelle, D.; Darman, Y.; Seryodkin, I. (2011). "Panthera tigris ssp.
altaica".  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved  30
January  2016.
46. ^ Garshelis, D. L.; Steinmetz, R. & IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group
(2008).  "Ursus thibetanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. 2008. Retrieved  30 January 2016.
47. ^ McLellan, B.N.; Servheen, C. & Huber, D. (2008). "Ursus
arctos".  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved  30
January  2016.
48. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus pumila".  IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. 2013: e.T42405A2977712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-
1.RLTS.T42405A2977712.en.
49. ^ A. Farjon (2013).  "Picea obovata". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. 2013: e.T42331A2973177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-
1.RLTS.T42331A2973177.en.
50. ^ Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и
Ефрона(The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, in
Russian)
51. ^ Сибирь—Большая советская энциклопедия (The Great Soviet
Encyclopedia, in Russian)
52. ^ Сибирь- Словарь современных географических названий[permanent
dead link]
 (in Russian)
53. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.  "Siberia-Britannica online
encyclopedia".  Britannica.com. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
54. ^ "Siberia". Archived from the original on 24 August 2000. Retrieved 4
June  2008., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
55. ^ David Filipov (5 January 2017).  "This Russian city says: 'Don't call
us Siberia'".  The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
56. ^ Statistics on the Development of Gas Fields in Western Siberia,
Daily Questions on Energy and Economy
57. ^ Schlindwein, Simone (26 August 2008). "The City Built on Oil: EU-
Russia Summit Visits Siberia's Boomtown". Spiegel Online. Spiegel.
Retrieved 8 August  2014.
58. ^ "Norilsk raises 2010 nickel output forecast".  Reuters. 29 January
2010. Retrieved  8 August 2014.
59. ^ "FAO   National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)". 16 January
2005. Retrieved  14 January 2016.
60. ^ Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian renewable energy:
The potential for international cooperation. Ashgate.
61. ^ Overland, Indra (2011). "The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise
for Renewable Energy?".  Sibirica. 9  (2): 1–
20.  doi:10.3167/sib.2010.090201 – via ResearchGate.
62. ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved  14 April 2016.
63. ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved  14 April 2016.
64. ^ https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_Y0lhvnE7pU/hqdefault.jpg
65. ^ "Информация о стадионе "КЛМ стадиона "Химик", Кемерово –
Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru.
Retrieved 14 April  2016.
66. ^ "Информация о стадионе "Арена "Ерофей", Хабаровск –
Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru.
Retrieved 14 April  2016.
67. ^ "Google Translate".
68. ^ "Census 2010 official results (Russian) Archived 28 February 2013
at the Wayback Machine"
69. ^ "Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life". The
Ukrainian Weekly. May 4, 2003.
70. ^ "Siberian Germans". Everyculture.com. Retrieved  15 May  2010.
71. ^ Batalden 1997, p. 37.
 72. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from  the original on 27 February 2002.
Retrieved 21 February 2003.
73. ^ World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian
Federation: Buryats.
74. ^ World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian
Federation: Yakuts.
75. ^ Arnold, Thomas Walker (1896).  The Preaching of Islam: A History
of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald
Constable and Company. pp. 206–207. Retrieved 11
October2015.  Of the spread of Islam among the Tatars of Siberia, we
have a few particulars. It was not until the latter half of the sixteenth
century that it gained a footing in this country, but even before this
period Muhammadan missionaries had from time to time made their
way into Siberia with the hope of winning the heathen population over
to the acceptance of their faith, but the majority of them met with a
martyr's death. When Siberia came under Muhammadan rule, in the
reign of  Kuchum Khan, the graves of seven of these missionaries
were discovered [...]. [...] Kuchum Khan [...] made every effort for the
conversion of his subjects, and sent to Bukhara asking for
missionaries to assist him in this pious undertaking.
76. ^ "Planting Jewish roots in Siberia". Fjc.ru. 24 May 2004. Archived
from  the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved  15 May  2010.
77. ^ "Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel", The
Christian Science Monitor. 7 June 2010
78. ^ Hoppál 2005:13
79. ^ "Secrets of Siberian Shamanism | New Dawn  : The World's Most
Unusual Magazine".  www.newdawnmagazine.com. 16 May 2013.
Retrieved 9 January 2017.
80. ^ Rasputin, V.; Winchell, M.; Mikkelson, G. (1997). Siberia,
Siberia.  Northwestern University Press. pp.  322–323.  ISBN  978-0-
8101-1575-0.
81. ^ Motarjemi, Yasmine; Moy, Gerald; Todd, E. C. D.
(2013).  Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Amsterdam:  Elsevier
Science, Academic Press. p. 176.  ISBN  978-0-12-378613-5.

Bibliography[edit]
 Batalden, Stephen K. (1997). The Newly Independent
States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics.
Contributor Sandra L. Batalden (revised ed.). Greenwood
Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0897749404. Retrieved 24
April 2014.
 Bisher, Jamie (2006). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of
the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135765958.
Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Bisher, Jamie (2006). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of
the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135765965.
Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Black, Jeremy (2008). War and the World: Military Power
and the Fate of Continents, 1450–2000. Yale University
Press. ISBN 978-0300147698. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard
Sunderland (eds), Peopling the Russian Periphery:
Borderland Colonization in Eurasian history (London,
Routledge, 2007).
 Etkind, Alexander (2013). Internal Colonization: Russia's
Imperial Experience. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-
0745673547. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia:
Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated,
reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0521477710. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia:
Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990 (Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1994).
 Jack, Zachary Michael, ed. (2008). Inside the Ropes:
Sportswriters Get Their Game On. U of Nebraska
Press. ISBN 978-0803219076. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Steven G. Marks, Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian
Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–
1917 (London, I.B. Tauris, 1991).
 Mote, Victor L. (1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart. Westview
series on the post-Soviet republics (illustrated ed.).
Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813312989. Retrieved 24
April 2014.
 Igor V. Naumov, The History of Siberia. Edited by David
Collins (London, Routledge, 2009) (Routledge Studies in
the History of Russia and Eastern Europe).
 Stephan, John J. (1996). The Russian Far East: A
History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University
Press. ISBN 978-0804727013. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
 Pesterev, V. (2015). Siberian frontier: the territory of fear.
Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), London.
 Wood, Alan (2011). Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of
Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581 – 1991 (illustrated
ed.). A&C Black. ISBN 978-0340971246. Retrieved 24
April 2014.
 Alan Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia: From Russian
Conquest to Revolution (London, Routledge, 1991).
 Condé Nast's Traveler, Volume 36. Condé Nast
Publications. 2001. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  Yearbook. Contributor International Work Group for
Indigenous Affairs. International Work Group for
Indigenous Affairs. 1992. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
show

Earth's primary regions and subregions

show

Russia articles

show

Soviet Union topics

Russia portal

Geography portal

Media
mmons

Travel guides
ivoyage

Source texts
isource
Data
idata

9827w (data)

80-2

18020107

5597

02

453
333752

4742

ntities: viaf-251794742
Categories: 
 Siberia
 North Asia
 Eurasian Steppe
 Geography of Russia
 Regions of Russia
 Geography of Kazakhstan
Navigation menu
 Not logged in
 Talk
 Contributions
 Create account
 Log in
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 Edit
 View history
Search
Search Go

 Main page
 Contents
 Featured content
 Current events
 Random article
 Donate to Wikipedia
 Wikipedia store
Interaction
 Help
 About Wikipedia
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Contact page
Tools
 What links here
 Related changes
 Upload file
 Special pages
 Permanent link
 Page information
 Wikidata item
 Cite this page
In other projects
 Wikimedia Commons
 Wikinews
 Wikivoyage
Print/export
 Download as PDF
 Printable version
Languages
 Български
 Deutsch
 Ελληνικά
 Español
 Français
 Magyar
 Română
 Српски / srpski
 Türkçe
122 more
Edit links
 This page was last edited on 12 May 2020, at 14:27 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement

 Mobile view