NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.1 Page: 32

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not?
State reasons for your answer.

(i) 4x2 – 3x + 7
Solution:
The equation 4x2 – 3x + 7 can be written as 4x2 – 3x1 + 7x0
Since x is the only variable in the given equation and the powers of x (i.e., 2, 1 and 0) are whole
numbers, we can say that the expression 4x2 – 3x + 7 is a polynomial in one variable.

(ii) y2 + √𝟐
Solution:
The equation y2 + √2 can be written as y2 + √2y0
Since y is the only variable in the given equation and the powers of y (i.e., 2 and 0) are whole
numbers, we can say that the expression y2 + √2 is a polynomial in one variable.

(iii) 3 √𝒕 + t √𝟐
Solution:
1
The equation 3 √𝑡 + t √2 can be written as 3𝑡 2 + √2𝑡
1
Though, t is the only variable in the given equation, the powers of t (i.e., ) is not a whole number.
2
Hence, we can say that the expression 3 √𝑡 + t √2 is not a polynomial in one variable.

𝟐
(iv) y+
𝒚
Solution:
2
The equation y + can be written as y+2y-1
𝑦
Though, y is the only variable in the given equation, the powers of y (i.e.,-1) is not a whole number.
2
Hence, we can say that the expression y + is not a polynomial in one variable.
𝑦

(v) x10 + y3 + t50

Solution:
Here, in the equation x10 + y3 + t50
Though, the powers, 10, 3, 50, are whole numbers, there are 3 variables used in the expression
x10 + y3 + t50. Hence, it is not a polynomial in one variable.
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.1 Page: 32

2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the following:
(i) 2 + x2 + x
Solution:
The equation 2 + x2 + x can be written as 2 + (1) x2 + x
We know that, coefficient is the number which multiplies the variable.
Here, the number that multiplies the variable x2 is 1
∴, the coefficients of x2 in 2 + x2 + x is 1.

(ii) 2 – x2 + x3
Solution:
The equation 2 – x2 + x3 can be written as 2 + (–1) x2 + x3
We know that, coefficient is the number (along with its sign,i.e., - or +) which multiplies the
variable.
Here, the number that multiplies the variable x2 is -1
∴, the coefficients of x2 in 2 – x2 + x3 is -1.
𝝅
(iii) x2 +x
𝟐
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
The equation 2 x2 +x can be written as ( 2 ) x2 + x
We know that, coefficient is the number (along with its sign,i.e., - or +) which multiplies the
variable.
𝜋
Here, the number that multiplies the variable x2 is 2
𝜋 𝜋
∴, the coefficients of x2 in 2 x2 +x is 2 .

(iv) √𝟐x-1
Solution:
The equation√2x-1 can be written as 0x2 +√2x-1 [Since 0x2 is 0]
We know that, coefficient is the number (along with its sign,i.e., - or +) which multiplies the
variable.
Here, the number that multiplies the variable x2 is 0
∴, the coefficients of x2 in √2x-1 is 0.

3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.
Solution:
Binomial of degree 35: A polynomial having two terms and the highest degree 35 is called a
binomial of degree 35
Eg., 3x35+5

Monomial of degree 100: A polynomial having one term and the highest degree 100 is called a
monomial of degree 100
Eg., 4x100
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.1 Page: 32

4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x
Solution:
The highest power of the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Here, 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x= 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x1
The powers of the variable x are: 3, 2, 1
∴, the degree of 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x is 3 as 3 is the highest power of x in the equation.

(ii) 4 – y2
Solution:
The highest power of the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Here, in 4 – y2,
The power of the variable y is: 2
∴, the degree of 4 – y2 is 2 as 2 is the highest power of y in the equation.

(iii) 5t – √𝟕
Solution:
The highest power of the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Here, in 5t – √7,
The power of the variable y is: 1
∴, the degree of 5t – √7 is 1 as 1 is the highest power of y in the equation.

(iv) 3
Solution:
The highest power of the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Here, 3=3 × 1= 3×x0
The power of the variable here is: 0
∴, the degree of 3 is 0.

5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials:

Solution:
We know that,
Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree three a cubic polynomial.

(i) x2 + x
Solution:
The highest power of x2 + x is 2
∴, the degree is 2
Hence, x2 + x is a quadratic polynomial
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.1 Page: 32

(ii) x – x3
Solution:
The highest power of x – x3 is 3
∴, the degree is 3
Hence, x – x3 is a cubic polynomial

(iii) y + y2 + 4
Solution:
The highest power of y + y2 + 4 is 2
∴, the degree is 2
Hence, y + y2 + 4 is a quadratic polynomial

(iv) 1+x
Solution:
The highest power of 1 + x is 1
∴, the degree is 1
Hence, 1 + x is a linear polynomial

(v) 3t
Solution:
The highest power of 3t is 1
∴, the degree is 1
Hence, 3t is a linear polynomial

(vi) r2
Solution:
The highest power of r2 is 2
∴, the degree is 2
Hence, r2 is a quadratic polynomial

(vii) 7x3
Solution:
The highest power of 7x3 is 3
∴, the degree is 3
Hence, 7x3 is a cubic polynomial
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.2 Page: 34

1. Find the value of the polynomial (x)=5x−4x2+3
(i) x= 0
(ii) x=–1
(iii) x = 2
Solution:
Let f(x)= 5x−4x2+3
(i) When x=0
f(0)=5(0)+4(0)2+3
=3
(ii) When x= -1
f(x)=5x−4x2+3
f(−1)=5(−1) −4(−1)2+3
=−5–4+3
=−6
(iii) When x=2
f(x)=5x−4x2+3
f(2)=5(2) −4(2)2+3
=10–16+3
=−3

2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(i) p(y)=y2−y+1
Solution:
p(y)=y2–y+1
∴p(0)=(0)2−(0)+1=1
p(1)=(1)2–(1)+1=1
p(2)=(2)2–(2)+1=3

(ii) p(t)=2+t+2t2−t3
Solution:
p(t)= 2+t+2t2−t3
∴p(0)=2+0+2(0)2–(0)3=2
p(1)=2+1+2(1)2–(1)3=2+1+2–1=4
p(2)=2+2+2(2)2–(2)3=2+2+8–8=4

(iii)p(x)=x3
Solution:
p(x)=x3
∴p(0)=(0)3=0
p(1)=(1)3=1
p(2)=(2)3=8
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.2 Page: 35

(iv) p(x)=(x−1)(x+1)
Solution:
p(x)=(x–1)(x+1)
∴p(0)=(0–1)(0+1)=(−1)(1)=–1
p(1)=(1–1)(1+1)=0(2)=0
p(2)=(2–1)(2+1)=1(3)=3

3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.
𝟏
(i) p(x)=3x+1, x=−𝟑
Solution:
1
For, x=−3 , p(x)=3x+1
1 1
∴p(−3)=3(−3)+1=−1+1=0
1
∴−3 is a zero of p(x).

𝟒
(ii) p(x)=5x–π, x=𝟓
Solution:
4
For, x=5 p(x)=5x–π
4 4
∴p(5)=5(5)–π=4−π
4
∴5 is not a zero of p(x).

(iii) p(x)=x2−1, x=1, −1

Solution:
For, x=1, −1;
p(x)=x2−1
∴p(1)=12−1=1−1=0
p(−1)=(-1)2−1=1−1=0
∴1, −1 are zeros of p(x).

(iv) p(x)=(x+1)(x–2), x= −1, 2

Solution:
For, x=−1,2;
p(x)=(x+1)(x–2)
∴p(−1)=(−1+1)(−1–2)
=((0)(−3))=0
p(2)=(2+1)(2–2)=(3)(0)=0
∴−1,2 are zeros of p(x).

(v) p(x)=x2, x=0

Solution:
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.2 Page: 35

2
For, x=0 p(x)= x
p(0)=02=0
∴0 is a zero of p(x).

𝒎
(vi) p(x)=lx+m, x=− 𝒍
Solution:
𝑚
For, x=− 𝑙 ; p(x)=lx+m
𝑚 𝑚
∴p(− 𝑙 )=l(− 𝑙 )+m=−m+m=0
𝑚
∴− is a zero of p(x).
𝑙

𝟏 𝟐
(vii) p(x)=3x2−1,x=−√𝟑, √𝟑
Solution:
1 2
For, x=−√3, √3; p(x)=3x2−1
1 1 1
∴p(−√3)=3(−√3)2−1=3(3)−1=1−1=0
2 2 4
∴p(√3)=3(√3)2−1=3(3)−1=4−1=3≠0
1 2
∴−√3 is a zero of p(x) but √3 is not a zero of p(x).

𝟏
(viii) p(x)=2x+1,x=𝟐
Solution:
1
For, x=2 p(x)=2x+1
1 1
∴p(2)=2(2)+1=1+1=2≠0
1
∴2 is not a zero of p(x).

4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x + 5
Solution:
p(x)=x+5
⇒x+5=0
⇒x=−5
∴-5 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(ii) p(x) = x – 5
Solution:
p(x)=x−5
⇒x−5=0
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.2 Page: 35

⇒x=5
∴5 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(iii)p(x) = 2x + 5
Solution:
p(x)=2x+5
⇒2x+5=0
⇒2x=−5
5
⇒x=− 2
5
∴x= − 2 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
Solution:
p(x)=3x–2
⇒3x−2=0
⇒3x=2
2
⇒x=3
2
∴x=3 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(v) p(x) = 3x
Solution:
p(x)=3x
⇒3x=0
⇒x=0
∴0 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(vi) p(x) = ax, a≠0

Solution:
p(x)=ax
⇒ax=0
⇒x=0
∴x=0 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).

(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, d are real numbers.

Solution:
p(x)= cx + d
⇒ cx + d =0
−𝑑
⇒x= 𝑐
−𝑑
∴ x= 𝑐 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial p(x).
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.3 Page: 40

1. Find the remainder when x3+3x2+3x+1 is divided by
(i) x+1
Solution:
x+1=0
⇒x=−1
∴Remainder:
p(−1)=(−1)3+3(−1)2+3(−1)+1
=−1+3−3+1
=0

𝟏
(ii) x−𝟐
Solution:
1
x−2 =0
1
⇒x=2
∴Remainder:
1 1 1 1
p(2 )= (2)3+3(2)2+3(2)+1
1 3 3
=8+4+2+1
27
=8

(iii) x
Solution:
x=0
∴Remainder:
p(0)=(0)3+3(0)2+3(0)+1
=1

(iv) x+π
Solution:
x+π=0
⇒x=−π
∴Remainder:
p(0)=(−π)3+3(−π)2+3(−π)+1
=−π3+3π2−3π+1

(v) 5+2x
Solution:
5+2x=0
⇒2x=−5
5
⇒x=−2
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.3 Page: 40

∴Remainder:
5 5 5 125 75 15
(− 2)3+3(− 2)2+3(− 2)+1=− 8 + 4 − 2 +1
27
=− 8

2. Find the remainder when x3−ax2+6x−a is divided by x-a.

Solution:
Let p(x)=x3−ax2+6x−a
x−a=0
∴x=a
Remainder:
p(a)= (a)3 −a(a2)+6(a)−a
=a3−a3+6a−a=5a

3. Check whether 7+3x is a factor of 3x3+7x.

Solution:
7+3x=0
⇒3x=−7 only if 7+3x divides 3x3+7x leaving no remainder.
−7
⇒x= 3
∴Remainder:
−7 −7 −343 −49
3( )3+7( )= − +
3 3 9 3
−343−(49)3
= 9
−343−147
= 9
−490
= 9 ≠0
∴7+3x is not a factor of 3x3+7x
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 43

1. Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:
(i) x3+x2+x+1
Solution:
Let p(x)= x3+x2+x+1
The zero of x+1 is -1. [x+1=0 means x=-1]
p(−1)=(−1)3+(−1)2+(−1)+1
=−1+1−1+1
=0
∴By factor theorem, x+1 is a factor of x3+x2+x+1

(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
Solution:
Let p(x)= x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
The zero of x+1 is -1. . [x+1=0 means x=-1]
p(−1)=(−1)4+(−1)3+(−1)2+(−1)+1
=1−1+1−1+1
=1≠0
∴By factor theorem, x+1 is a factor of x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1

(iii)x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1

Solution:
Let p(x)= x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
The zero of x+1 is -1.
p(−1)=(−1)4+3(−1)3+3(−1)2+(−1)+1
=1−3+3−1+1
=1≠0
∴By factor theorem, x+1 is a factor of x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1

(iv) x3 – x2 – (2 + √𝟐 )x + √𝟐
Solution:
Let p(x)= x3 – x2 – (2 + √2 )x + √2
The zero of x+1 is -1.
p(−1)=(−1)3–(−1)2–(2+√2)(−1)+ √2
=−1−1+2+√2+√2
= 2√2
∴By factor theorem, x+1 is not a factor of x3 – x2 – (2 + √2 )x + √2
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the
following cases:
(i) p(x)=2x3+x2–2x–1, g(x) = x + 1
Solution:
p(x)= 2x3+x2–2x–1, g(x) = x + 1
g(x)=0
⇒x+1=0
⇒x=−1
∴Zero of g(x) is -1.
Now,
p(−1)=2(−1)3+(−1)2–2(−1)–1
=−2+1+2−1
=0
∴By factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x).

(ii) p(x)=x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x + 2

Solution:
p(x)=x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x + 2
g(x)=0
⇒x+2=0
⇒x=−2
∴Zero of g(x) is -2.
Now,
p(−2)=(−2)3+3(−2)2+3(−2)+1
=−8+12−6+1
=−1≠0
∴By factor theorem, g(x) is not a factor of p(x).

(iii)p(x)=x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x – 3
Solution:
p(x)= x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x -3
g(x)=0
⇒x−3=0
⇒x=3
∴Zero of g(x) is 3.
Now,
p(3)=(3)3−4(3)2+(3)+6
=27−36+3+6
=0
∴By factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x).
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

3. Find the value of k, if x – 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:
(i) p(x)=x2+x+k
Solution:
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
By Factor Theorem
⇒(1)2+(1)+k=0
⇒1+1+k=0
⇒2+k=0
⇒k=−2

(ii) p(x)=2x2+kx+√𝟐
Solution:
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
⇒2(1)2+k(1)+ √2=0
⇒2+k+√2=0
⇒k=−(2+√2)

(iii)p(x)=kx2–√𝟐x+1
Solution:
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
By Factor Theorem
⇒k(1)2−√2 (1)+1=0
⇒k=√2−1

(iv) p(x)=kx2–3x+k
Solution:
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
By Factor Theorem
⇒k(1)2–3(1)+k=0
⇒k−3+k=0
⇒2k−3=0
3
⇒k=2

4. Factorize:
(i) 12x2–7x+1
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum=-7 and product=1×12=12
We get -3 and -4 as the numbers [-3+-4=-7 and -3×-4=12]
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

12x –7x+1=12x -4x-3x+1
2 2

=4x (3x-1)-1(3x-1)
= (4x-1)(3x-1)

(ii) 2x2+7x+3
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum=7 and product=2× 3=6
We get 6 and 1 as the numbers [6+1=7 and 6× 1=6]
2x2+7x+3 =2x2+6x+1x+3
=2x (x+3)+1(x+3)
= (2x+1)(x+3)

(iii)6x2+5x-6
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum=5 and product=6× −6= -36
We get -4 and 9 as the numbers [-4+9=5 and -4× 9=-36]
6x2+5x-6=6x2+ 9x – 4x – 6
=3x (2x + 3) – 2 (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) (3x – 2)

(iv) 3x2 – x – 4
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum=-1 and product=3× −4= -12
We get -4 and 3 as the numbers [-4+3=-1 and -4× 3=-12]
3x – x – 4 =3x –x–4
2 2

=3x2–4x+3x–4
=x(3x–4)+1(3x–4)
=(3x–4)(x+1)

5. Factorize:
(i) x3–2x2–x+2
Solution:
Let p(x)=x3–2x2–x+2
Factors of 2 are ±1 and ± 2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

Now,
p(x)= x3–2x2–x+2
p(−1)=(−1)3–2(−1)2–(−1)+2
=−1−1+1+2
=0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x+1)(x2–3x+2) =(x+1)(x2–x–2x+2)
=(x+1)(x(x−1)−2(x−1))
=(x+1)(x−1)(x-2)

(ii) x3–3x2–9x–5
Solution:
Let p(x) = x3–3x2–9x–5
Factors of 5 are ±1 and ±5
By trial method, we find that
p(5) = 0
So, (x-5) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3–3x2–9x–5
p(5) = (5)3–3(5)2–9(5)–5
=125−75−45−5
=0
Therefore, (x-5) is the factor of p(x)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x−5)(x2+2x+1) =(x−5)(x2+x+x+1)
=(x−5)(x(x+1)+1(x+1))
=(x−5)(x+1)(x+1)

(iii)x3+13x2+32x+20
Solution:
Let p(x) = x3+13x2+32x+20
Factors of 20 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10 and ±20
By trial method, we find that
p(-1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3+13x2+32x+20
p(-1) = (−1)3+13(−1)2+32(−1)+20
=−1+13−32+20
=0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x+1)(x2+12x+20) =(x+1)(x2+2x+10x+20)
=(x+1)x(x+2)+10(x+2)
=(x+1)(x+2)(x+10)

(iv) 2y3+y2–2y–1
Solution:
Let p(y) = 2y3+y2–2y–1
Factors = 2×(−1)= -2 are ±1 and ±2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (y-1) is factor of p(y)
Now,
p(y) = 2y3+y2–2y–1
p(1) = 2(1)3+(1)2–2(1)–1
=2+1−2
=0
Therefore, (y-1) is the factor of p(y)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.4 Page: 44

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(y−1)(2y2+3y+1) =(y−1)(2y2+2y+y+1)
=(y−1)(2y(y+1)+1(y+1))
=(y−1)(2y+1)(y+1)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 48

1. Use suitable identities to find the following products:
(i) (x + 4) (x + 10)
Solution:
Using the identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b)x + ab
[Here, a=4 and b=10]
We get,
(x+4)(x+10) =x2+(4+10)x+(4×10)
=x2+14x+40

(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
Solution:
Using the identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b)x + ab
[Here, a=8 and b= −10]
We get,
(x+8)(x−10) =x2+(8+(−10))x+(8×(−10))
=x2+(8−10)x–80
=x2−2x−80

(iii)(3x + 4) (3x – 5)
Solution:
Using the identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b)x + ab
[Here, x=3x, a=4 and b= −5]
We get,
(3x+4)(3x−5) =(3x)2+4+(−5)3x+4×(−5)
=9x2+3x(4–5)–20
=9x2–3x–20

𝟑 𝟑
(iv) (y2+𝟐)(y2– 𝟐)

Solution:
Using the identity, (x + y) (x – y) = x 2 – y 2
𝟑
[Here, x=y2 and y= ]
𝟐
We get,
3 3 3
(y2+2)(y2–2) = (y2)2–(2)2
9
=y4–4

2. Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:

(i) 103 × 107
Solution:
103×107=(100+3)×(100+7)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 48

Using identity, [(x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab
Here, x=100
a=3
b=7
We get, 103×107=(100+3)×(100+7)
=(100)2+(3+7)100+(3×7))
=10000+1000+21
=11021

(ii) 95 × 96
Solution:
95×96=(100-5)×(100-4)
Using identity, [(x-a)(x-b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab
Here, x=100
a=-5
b=-4
We get, 95×96=(100-5)×(100-4)
=(100)2+100(-5+(-4))+(-5×-4)
=10000-900+20
=9120

(iii)104 × 96
Solution:
104×96=(100+4)×(100–4)
Using identity, [(a+b)(a-b)= a2-b2]
Here, a=100
b=4
We get, 104×96=(100+4)×(100–4)
=(100)2–(4)2
=10000–16
=9984

3. Factorize the following using appropriate identities:

(i) 9x2+6xy+y2
Solution:
9x2+6xy+y2=(3x)2+(2×3x×y)+y2
Using identity, x2 + 2xy + y2= (x + y)2
Here, x=3x
y=y
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 48

9x2+6xy+y2=(3x)2+(2×3x×y)+y2
=(3x+y)2
=(3x+y)(3x+y)

(ii) 4y2−4y+1
Solution:
4y2−4y+1=(2y)2–(2×2y×1)+12
Using identity, x2 - 2xy + y2= (x - y)2
Here, x=2y
y=1
4y2−4y+1=(2y)2–(2×2y×1)+12
=(2y–1)2
=(2y–1)(2y–1)

𝒚𝟐
(iii) x2–𝟏𝟎𝟎

Solution:
𝑦2 𝑦
x2–100 = x2–(10)2
Using identity, x2 - y2= (x - y) (x y)
Here, x=x
𝑦
y=
10

𝑦2 𝑦
x2 – 100 = x2–(10)2
𝑦 𝑦
=(x–10)(x+10)

4. Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (x+2y+4z)2
(ii) (2x−y+z)2
(iii)(−2x+3y+2z)2
(iv) (3a – 7b – c)2
(v) (–2x + 5y – 3z)2
𝟏 𝟏
(vi) (𝟒a–𝟐b+1)2

Solutions:
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

(i) (x+2y+4z)2
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Here, x=x
y=2y
z=4z
(x+2y+4z)2 =x2+(2y)2+(4z)2+(2×x×2y)+(2×2y×4z)+(2×4z×x)
=x2+4y2+16z2+4xy+16yz+8xz

(ii) (2x−y+z)2
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Here, x=2x
y=−y
z=z
(2x−y+z)2 =(2x)2+(−y)2+z2+(2×2x×−y)+(2×−y×z)+(2×z×2x)
=4x2+y2+z2–4xy–2yz+4xz

(iii) (−2x+3y+2z)2
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Here, x= −2x
y=3y
z=2z
(−2x+3y+2z)2 =(−2x)2+(3y)2+(2z)2+(2×−2x×3y)+(2×3y×2z)+(2×2z×−2x)
=4x2+9y2+4z2–12xy+12yz–8xz

(iv) (3a – 7b – c)2

Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Here, x= 3a
y= – 7b
z= – c
(3a – 7b – c)2 =(3a)2+(– 7b)2+(– c)2+(2×3a ×– 7b)+(2×– 7b ×– c)+(2×– c ×3a)
=9a2 + 49b2 + c2– 42ab+14bc–6ca
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

(v) (–2x + 5y – 3z)2
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Here, x= –2x
y= 5y
z= – 3z
(–2x+5y–3z)2 =(–2x)2+(5y)2+(–3z)2+(2×–2x × 5y)+(2× 5y ×– 3z)+(2×–3z ×–2x)
=4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2– 20xy–30yz+12zx

𝟏 𝟏
(vi) (𝟒a – 𝟐b+1)2
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
1
Here, x= 4a
1
y= – 2b

z= 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(4a – 2b +1)2 =(4a)2+(– 2b)2+(1)2+(2×4a × – 2b)+(2× – 2b ×1)+(2×1×4a)
1 1 2 2 2
=16a2+ 4b2+12– 8ab– 2 b +4 a
1 1 1 1
= 16a2+ 4b2+1– 4ab – b +2 a

5. Factorize:
(i) 4x2+9y2+16z2+12xy–24yz–16xz
(ii) 2x2+y2+8z2–2√𝟐xy+4√𝟐yz–8xz
Solutions:
(i) 4x2+9y2+16z2+12xy–24yz–16xz
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
We can say that, x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = (x + y + z)2
4x2+9y2+16z2+12xy–24yz–16xz =(2x)2+(3y)2+(−4z)2+(2×2x×3y)+(2×3y×−4z)+(2×−4z×2x)
=(2x+3y–4z)2
=(2x+3y–4z)(2x+3y–4z)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

(ii) 2x2+y2+8z2–2√𝟐xy+4√𝟐yz–8xz
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
We can say that, x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = (x + y + z)2
2x2+y2+8z2–2√2xy+4√2yz–8xz
=(−√2x)2+(y)2+(2√2z)2+(2×−√2x×y)+(2×y×2√2z)+(2×2√2z×−√2x)
=(−√2x+y+2√2z)2
=(−√2x+y+2√2z)(− √2x+y+2√2z)

6. Write the following cubes in expanded form:

(i) (2x+1)3
(ii) (2a−3b)3
𝟑
(iii)(𝟐x+1)3
𝟐
(iv) (x−𝟑y)3
Solutions:

(i) (2x+1)3
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
(2x+1)3=(2x)3+13+(3×2x×1)(2x+1)
=8x3+1+6x(2x+1)
=8x3+12x2+6x+1

(ii) (2a−3b)3
Solution:
Using identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y)
(2a−3b)3=(2a)3−(3b)3–(3×2a×3b)(2a–3b)
=8a3–27b3–18ab(2a–3b)
=8a3–27b3–36a2b+54ab2

𝟑
(iii)(𝟐x+1)3
Solution:
Using identity, (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
3 3 3 3
(2x+1)3 =(2x)3+13+(3×2x×1)( 2x+1)
27 9 3
= 8 x3+1+2x(2x+1)
27 27 9
= 8 x3+1+ 4 x2+2x
27 27 9
= 8 x3+ 4 x2+2x+1
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

𝟐
(iv) (x−𝟑y)3
Solution:
Using identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y)
2 2 2 2
(x−3y)3 =(x)3–(3y)3–(3×x×3y)(x–3y)
8 2
=(x)3–27y3–2xy(x– 3y)
8 4
=(x)3–27y3–2x2y+3xy2

7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities:

(i) (99)3
(ii) (102)3
(iii)(998)3

Solutions:
(i) (99)3
Solution:
We can write 99 as 100–1
Using identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y)
(99)3 = (100–1)3
=(100)3–13–(3×100×1)(100–1)
= 1000000 – 1 – 300(100 – 1)
= 1000000 – 1 – 30000 + 300
= 970299

(ii) (102)3
Solution:
We can write 102 as 100+2
Using identity, (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
(100+2)3 =(100)3+23+(3×100×2)(100+2)
= 1000000 + 8 + 600(100 + 2)
= 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200
= 1061208

(iii)(998)3
Solution:
We can write 99 as 1000–2
Using identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y)
(998)3 =(1000–2)3
=(1000)3–23–(3×1000×2)(1000–2)
= 1000000000 – 8 – 6000(1000 – 2)
= 1000000000 – 8- 6000000 + 12000
= 994011992
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

8. Factorise each of the following:
(i) 8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2
(ii) 8a3–b3–12a2b+6ab2
(iii)27 – 125a3 – 135a + 225a2
(iv) 64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2
𝟏 𝟗 𝟏
(v) 27p3 – 𝟐𝟏𝟔 −𝟐p2+𝟒p
Solutions:
(i) 8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2
Solution:
The expression, 8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2 can be written as (2a)3+b3+3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2 =(2a)3+b3+3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
=(2a+b)3
=(2a+b)(2a+b)(2a+b)

Here, the identity, (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y) is used.

(ii) 8a3–b3–12a2b+6ab2
Solution:
The expression, 8a3–b3−12a2b+6ab2 can be written as (2a)3–b3–3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
8a3–b3−12a2b+6ab2 =(2a)3–b3–3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
=(2a–b)3
=(2a–b)(2a–b)(2a–b)
Here, the identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y) is used.

(iii) 27 – 125a3 – 135a + 225a2

Solution:
The expression, 27 – 125a3 – 135a + 225a2 can be written as 33–(5a)3–3(3)2(5a)+3(3)(5a)2
27–125a3–135a+225a2=33–(5a)3–3(3)2(5a)+3(3)(5a)2
=(3–5a)3
=(3–5a)(3–5a)(3–5a)
Here, the identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y) is used.

(iv) 64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2
Solution:
The expression, 64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2 can be written as (4a)3–(3b)3–3(4a)2(3b)+3(4a)(3b)2
64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2=(4a)3–(3b)3–3(4a)2(3b)+3(4a)(3b)2
=(4a–3b)3
=(4a–3b)(4a–3b)(4a–3b)
Here, the identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y) is used.
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

𝟏𝟗 𝟏
(v) 27p3 – − p2+𝟒p
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟐
Solution:
1 9 1 1 1 1
The expression, 27p3 – 216 − 2p2+4p can be written as (3p)3–(6)3–3(3p)2(6)+3(3p)( 6)2
1 9 1 1 1 1
27p3 – 216 − 2p2+4p = (3p)3–(6)3–3(3p)2(6)+3(3p)( 6)2
1
= (3p–6)3
1 1 1
= (3p–6)(3p–6)(3p–6)

9. Verify:
(i) x3+y3=(x+y)(x2–xy+y2)
(ii) x3–y3=(x–y)(x2+xy+y2)

Solutions:
(i) x3+y3=(x+y)(x2–xy+y2)
We know that, (x+y)3 =x3+y3+3xy(x+y)
⇒x3+y3=(x+y)3–3xy(x+y)
⇒x3+y3=(x+y)[(x+y)2–3xy]
Taking(x+y) common ⇒x3+y3=(x+y)[(x2+y2+2xy)–3xy]
⇒x3+y3=(x+y)(x2+y2–xy)

(ii) x3–y3=(x–y)(x2+xy+y2)
We know that,(x–y)3 =x3–y3–3xy(x–y)
⇒x3−y3=(x–y)3+3xy(x–y)
⇒x3−y3=(x–y)[(x–y)2+3xy]
Taking(x+y) common⇒x3−y3=(x–y)[(x2+y2–2xy)+3xy]
⇒x3+y3=(x–y)(x2+y2+xy)

10. Factorize each of the following:

(i) 27y3+125z3
(ii) 64m3–343n3
Solutions:
(i) 27y3+125z3
The expression, 27y3+125z3 can be written as (3y)3+(5z)3
27y3+125z3 =(3y)3+(5z)3
We know that, x3+y3=(x+y)(x2–xy+y2)
∴27y3+125z3 =(3y)3+(5z)3
=(3y+5z)[(3y)2–(3y)(5z)+(5z)2]
=(3y+5z)(9y2–15yz+25z2)
(ii) 64m3–343n3
The expression, 64m3–343n3 can be written as (4m)3–(7n)3
64m3–343n3 =(4m)3–(7n)3
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

We know that, x3–y3=(x–y)(x2+xy+y2)

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49
∴64m –343n =(4m) –(7n)
3 3 3 3

=(4m+7n)[(4m)2+(4m)(7n)+(7n)2]
=(4m+7n)(16m2+28mn+49n2)

11. Factorise : 27x3+y3+z3–9xyz

Solution:
The expression 27x3+y3+z3–9xyz can be written as (3x)3+y3+z3–3(3x)(y)(z)
27x3+y3+z3–9xyz =(3x)3+y3+z3–3(3x)(y)(z)

We know that, x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)

∴27x3+y3+z3–9xyz =(3x)3+y3+z3–3(3x)(y)(z)
=(3x+y+z)(3x)2+y2+z2–3xy–yz–3xz
=(3x+y+z)(9x2+y2+z2–3xy–yz–3xz)

12. Verify that:

𝟏
x3+y3+z3–3xyz=𝟐(x+y+z)[(x–y)2+(y–z)2+(z–x)2]
Solution:
We know that,
x3+y3+z3−3xyz=(x+y+z)(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)
1
⇒x3+y3+z3–3xyz =2×(x+y+z)[2(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)]
1
=2 (x+y+z)(2x2+2y2+2z2–2xy–2yz–2xz)
1
=2 (x+y+z)[(x2+y2−2xy)+(y2+z2–2yz)+(x2+z2–2xz)]
1
=2 (x+y+z)[(x–y)2+(y–z)2+(z–x)2]

13. If x + y + z = 0, show that x3+y3+z3=3xyz.

Solution:
We know that,
x3+y3+z3=3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – xz)
Now, according to the question, let (x + y + z) = 0,
then, x3+y3+z3=3xyz =(0)(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)
⇒x3+y3+z3–3xyz =0
⇒ x3+y3+z3 =3xyz
Hence Proved
14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:
(i) (−12)3+(7)3+(5)3
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

(ii) (28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3

Exercise 2.5 Page: 49

(i) (−12)3+(7)3+(5)3
Solution:
(−12)3+(7)3+(5)3
Let a= −12
b= 7
c= 5
We know that if x + y + z = 0, then x3+y3+z3=3xyz.
Here, −12+7+5=0
∴ (−12)3+(7)3+(5)3 = 3xyz
= 3 × −12 × 7 × 5
= −1260
(ii) (28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3
Solution:
(28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3
Let a= 28
b= −15
c= −13
We know that if x + y + z = 0, then x3+y3+z3=3xyz.
Here, x + y + z = 28 – 15 – 13 = 0

∴ (28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3= 3xyz
= 0+3(28)(−15)(−13)
=16380

15. Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in
which their areas are given:
(i) Area : 25a2–35a+12
(ii) Area : 35y2+13y–12
Solution:
(i) Area : 25a2–35a+12
Using the splitting the middle term method,
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

We have to find a number whose sum= -35 and product=25×12=300

We get -15 and -20 as the numbers [-15+-20=-35 and -3×-4=300]
Exercise 2.5 Page: 50
25a2–35a+12 =25a2–15a−20a+12
=5a(5a–3)–4(5a–3)
=(5a–4)(5a–3)
Possible expression for length = 5a – 4
Possible expression for breadth = 5a – 3

(ii) Area : 35y2+13y–12

Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum= 13 and product=35× −12=420
We get -15 and 28 as the numbers [-15+28=-35 and -15× 28=420]

35y2+13y–12 =35y2–15y+28y–12
=5y(7y–3)+4(7y–3)
=(5y+4)(7y–3)
Possible expression for length = (5y + 4)
Possible expression for breadth = (7y – 3)

16. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes are
given below?
(i) Volume : 3x2–12x
(ii) Volume : 12ky2+8ky–20k

Solution:
(i) Volume : 3x2–12x
3x2–12x can be written as 3x(x – 4) by taking 3x out of both the terms.
Possible expression for length = 3
Possible expression for breadth = x
Possible expression for height = (x – 4)

(ii) Volume : 12ky2+8ky –20k

12ky2+8ky –20k can be written as 4k(3y2+2y–5) by taking 4k out of both the terms.
12ky2+8ky–20k =4k(3y2+2y–5)
[Here, 3y2+2y–5 can be written as 3y2+5y–3y–5 using splitting the middle term method.]
=4k(3y2+5y–3y–5)
=4k[y(3y+5)–1(3y+5)]
=4k(3y+5)(y–1)
 NCERT Solution For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

Possible expression for length = 4k

Possible expression for breadth = (3y +5)
Possible expression for height = (y -1)